Participation in Empowering Women and the Potential of the Local Community Economy, a Case Study in Merauke Regency, Papua Province

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 9, Issue 12, December 2018, pp. 167–176, Article ID: IJMET_09_12_020 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=9&Issue=12 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359

PARTICIPATION IN EMPOWERING WOMEN AND THE POTENTIAL OF THE LOCAL COMMUNITY ECONOMY, A CASE STUDY IN MERAUKE REGENCY, PAPUA PROVINCE

Alexander Phuk Tjilen, Fitriani, Hesty Tambayong, Albertus Yosep Maturan Faculty of Social and Politic Science, Musamus University, Merauke, Indonesia

Samel Watina Ririhena, Fenty Y. Manuhutu Faculty of Economy and Business, Universitas Musamus, Merauke, Indonesia

ABSTRACT The research objective is to explain the empowerment of women's participation and the development of the economic potential of local communities in Merauke Regency. The focus of this study is how participation and economic potential can be developed. The research method used in this study is descriptive qualitative. The research was carried out through observation, literature, data collection, interviews with community leaders, religious leaders, eucalyptus oil refiners, officials of relevant agencies namely the Forestry and Plantation Service of Merauke Regency, Merauke Regency Culture and Tourism Agency and held discussions with several stake holders. The results of the study show that women's participation and empowerment programs in Merauke district have not yet developed. Regional potential that can be developed by utilizing women's participation is the development of superior culture-based potential, tourism villages, non-timber forest products, ecology and agriculture. Keywords: Empowerment, participation, local women, cultural contributions, village tourism Cite this Article: Alexander Phuk Tjilen, Fitriani, Hesty Tambayong, Albertus Yosep Maturan, Samel Watina Ririhena and Fenty Y. Manuhutu, Participation in Empowering Women and the Potential of the Local Community Economy, a Case Study in Merauke Regency, Papua Province, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(12), 2018, pp. 167–176. http://www.iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=9&Issue=12 1. INTRODUCTION Women's participation in the economic field is one indicator of increasing welfare, with high participation rates that will result in economic improvement in a region. Women's potential to be developed has the same position as men, by talking about the economy of course talking about

http://www.iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 167 [email protected] Alexander Phuk Tjilen, Fitriani, Hesty Tambayong, Albertus Yosep Maturan, Samel Watina Ririhena and Fenty Y. Manuhutu women too. Where women are agents of development whose role is greatly needed in economic development. At present women are educated people, have the same rights as men, are free to work other than as housewives and generate independent income, this is a sign that household welfare is increasing. The existence of programs from the Central Government in development involving the role of women and children is carried out holistically, integratedly, and in order to reduce economic inequality. The Government's program for women's participation can improve the economy where women are more than men, and women can do it as part of efforts to improve women's welfare, so empowerment of women is needed by holding various training and guidance activities at Balai in order to create themselves. hanging between women. In empowering women, they can implement various women's empowerment programs, both in the fields of economics, health, education and others. That, helps women to develop their potential and encourage economic and social change in society. In 2016 there were still gaps in the achievement of development between men and women, this can be seen from the Indonesian Gender Development Index (IPG) which is still at 92.74. Even though it is above the world average but still the acceleration of development for Indonesian women is still slower than men. (Ministry of PP and PA, 2016). The Gender Empowerment Index (IDG) is an illustration of women's active participation in politics, economics and decision-making and the control of economic resources, even though the trend continues to rise but from the composite indicator the value is stagnant. Various forms of obstacles that minimize opportunities to gain access to development for women must be removed, so that they can benefit from the opportunities that exist, and participate in productive activities that can improve the quality of life. While in the Indonesian Human Development perspective as measured by the Human Development Index (HDI) the comparison of life expectancy, literacy, education and living standards for all countries around the world. HDI is used to classify whether a country is a developed, developing or backward country and also to measure the influence of economic policy on quality of life. The results of the State of Indonesia's achievements according to the 2016 Central Bureau of Statistics state that it is at the middle level of the achievement of HDI 70.18 which means that the status of human development in Indonesia has increased from "moderate" to "high" The results of empowering women who are lower than men are a common thing. Although efforts to empower women have experienced significant developments (Betaubun et al., 2018a, 2018b; Fitriani et al., 2018; Kalalo, 2018; Kore et al., 2018; Lamalewa et al., 2018a, 2018b; Maturbongs et al, 2017), they have not yet received maximum results, especially in the fields of politics and economics. Some of the challenges faced include because there is still a dichotomy between public and private space that limits women's roles. Women do not have financial competitiveness, women have shortcomings in economic power as well as social conditions, so they have difficulty entering the political realm which is dominated by men (UNDP, 2010). Gender inequality has a negative impact on various aspects of development, ranging from economic, social to defense and security. Some international institutions see gender inequality as having strong links with poverty, inequalities in access to education, health services, and access to finance. Women's activities in the family become limited in the process of socialization and reproduction, but also carry out economic activities together with men outside the household. Women in helping their husbands work, plunge into a living even though they have to keep on doing housework.

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This shows the great responsibility and role of ethnic Papuan women in improving family welfare, but in general there are still various obstacles which among others are caused by the condition of women still lacking in obtaining opportunities to participate in agricultural development. Of the total workforce, women generally work in the informal sector with the largest percentage in the agriculture, plantation and fisheries sector by 28 percent, followed by large and small-scale trade sectors at 23 percent. 2016 Sakernas data shows that even though women have the same level of education, the wages they receive are lower than men. In general, women working in the informal sector still face various obstacles, including limited access to financial and capital resources, access to information about products or markets, and access to skills training and product capacity improvement. Even though the role of women in economic development has had a big impact. Based on data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) in 2016, the Gender Empowerment Index for Papua Province reached 63.69 while for Merauke district it reached 60, 88, this result is quite satisfactory when compared with the average achievement results of all Iindonesia 70.83. The development of the number of micro and small business actors in Indonesia, almost 70 percent managed by women cannot be denied that the development policies that have been implemented since 2016 have touched more than 3000 women's home industries in 21 districts. The development of Indonesia's Gender Development Index (GDI) data is 92.6 while the world GDI on average is 93.8. With this amount, Indonesia ranks sixth in all ASEAN countries. The government uses the Gender Empowerment Index (GEI) to evaluate gender empowerment programs, with an average Indonesian GEI during 2010-2016 of 70.10. Although the Gender Empowerment Index from 2010 to 2016 continues to increase every year, the fact that there are gaps between men and women in Indonesia still exists. They have received facilities, such as technical training and production equipment assistance. As a result of the evaluation conducted in 2018, a number of female perpetrators claimed to have benefited a lot because they could increase income to help the family economy. (Kemenpppa, 2018) Empowerment and poor people to participate in, negotiate with, influence, control, and hold institutions that affect their lives (Narayan, 2002). The same thing happened to the Papua provincial government that by accepting facilities for the involvement of ethnic Papuan women to show their active participation in domestic work and to do jobs that are needed for the welfare of their families or households and communities (Palit, 2017) . The involvement of women in the empowerment of ethnic Papuans begins with a situation that is aware of the problems faced and tries to find solutions that can be used to solve their problems. Papuan ethnic women as individuals are basically born with power or power, but the strength of measure is different between one individual and another individual. This condition is influenced by various interrelated factors such as knowledge, ability, status, wealth, and position. In general, women in Papua in household decision making (66.7%) have high status because they are not only wives or housewives, but are also recognized as partners of husbands, even as community leaders. The purpose of this study is to explain the empowerment of women's participation and the development of the economic potential of local communities in Merauke Regency. 2. METHODOLOGY Use descriptive qualitative research method by collecting data in the form of primary data and secondary data. Primary data is collected through observation and interview. Secondary data is collected through documentation, namely by means of literature studies, collection of reports, statistical data, and archives.

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Interviews were conducted in depth informants with informants consisting of community leaders, religious leaders, eucalyptus oil refiners, officers of relevant agencies namely the Forestry and Plantation Service of Merauke Regency, the Merauke Culture and Tourism Service and several stake holders. The research location is carried out in Merauke Regency located in the easternmost region of Indonesia which is directly adjacent to Mappi Regency and Boven Digoel Regency in the north, Papua New Guinea to the east, and to the Arafura Sea to the south and west. Geographically, the area of 45,071 Km2 is located in the southern part of the Papua Province, has a coastline length of 350 Km and a river length of 770 Km and has swamps of 1,425,000 ha. 3. FINDING AND DISCUSTION

3.1. Women's Participation There are many opinions that explain the meaning of participation, briefly Sjafari (2012) explains the meaning of participation is involvement in decision making; Involvement in supervision: Engagement where the community gets benefits and rewards; Participation as an empowerment process; . Participation means working partnerships; Participation as a result of stakeholder influence regarding decision making, supervision and resource use. The public sector in developing countries is often unable to provide public services and infrastructure for the rural poor. Participation taps for community resources for better development. It attempts to reduce the gap between governments and people (Meshack. 2004). This participation is expected from the whole community, where women's participation is included. The form of women's activities is very important in the social, economic and ecological fields. As a driver in improving family welfare, with this potential women can be used in the process of economic recovery which is still covered by these various elements. In addition to women who are very potential and have a contribution in the field of small, medium enterprises and cooperatives, the two women are referred to as businesses, managers, supervisors / assistants, and laborers, although of course they continue to improve quality and professionalism. Successful women are supported by the strength of women who are the dominant factor in their success as business people, honest, more loyal, resilient, patient, thorough, careful, serious, courageous, risky, not easy to give up, have a business spirit or entrepreneurial effort, willingness, enthusiasm, high dedication and loyalty, opening up, working seriously, always maintaining a good name, unselfishness, discipline in financial administration and management, where these benefits must always be maintained and developed. As the formation of women's abilities that exist in various occupations and professions. There is almost no work that cannot be done by women as is done by men. And the quality of work is not lower than that of men, but jobs require large physical labor, such as ports, but there are jobs that are more appropriate for women because they demand more femininity. There are several things that must be considered about the differences between men and women. It is a fact that women's participation in achieving development goals is very much expected today. Various roles and tasks are offered for women, in this case of course we must always be selective not to be fooled so that we forget their nature. In interpersonal relationships (association) each individual is given the opportunity to develop his personality in order to be close to perfect. Women, in getting along, get many opportunities to live up to the process of socialization, both as a subject or object in shared life. The success of women is supported by the strengths of women which is the dominant factor in its success as a business actor, including painstaking, honest, more trustworthy, resilient, patient, thorough, serious, diligent, brave enough to take risks, resilient, not easy to give up, have http://www.iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 170 [email protected] Participation in Empowering Women and the Potential of the Local Community Economy, a Case Study in Merauke Regency, Papua Province a soul business or entrepreneurship, strong will, enthusiasm, high dedication and loyalty, open, work sincerely, always maintain a good name, not selfish, discipline in The patriarchal culture that subordinates women begins with the family. Such treatment occurs at the family level which then extends to the public sphere. Men are given special privileges by this culture so that it becomes the center of power at both the family and public levels, while women are only a complement. This leads to inequality and injustice for women, which causes women's limitations in property ownership, as well as access and control over resources (Latuheru and Sahupala, 2018; Puspitawati, 2013). Thus, this will reduce the existence of women in the family and society. Administration and financial management, where these advantages must always be maintained and developed. Women in Merauke district show active participation in doing domestic work and doing work to make a living needed for the welfare of the family or household and community. Women's activities in the family are not limited to the process of socialization and reproduction, but also carry out economic activities together with men outside the household. But in the position in the family, men have more role in decision making and activities to hunt animals in the forest, while women have more role in the field of fishing and farming. Women's participation in helping her husband to work, earning a living even though he must continue to work in domestic work. This shows the responsibilities and roles of women in improving family welfare, but in general there are still various obstacles, among others, caused by the condition that women farmers still lack the opportunity to participate in agricultural development. Women's participation can be developed through clarity of status and a more equitable role in decision making in the family and community. One effort to achieve this is through a family- oriented community awareness program and training and mentoring from the Government so that women's participation will increase.

3.2. The concept of economic empowerment The use of different empowerment concepts by various experts from various fields of expertise has created a definition of empowerment. community empowerment is a process that goes through so that people gain greater control over their affairs / problems and improve initiatives related to their own destiny. The community must fulfill two social conditions in order to experience the empowerment process, that is, community members must have a sense of community and community members must actively participate in the community's activities. Community feeling is seen as: (1) a spirit of togetherness; (2) a feeling of a trustworthy power structure; (3) an awareness that mutual benefits arise because of togetherness; and (4) a spirit that comes from a shared experience that is maintained as an art, (Pahri, 2017) The form of assistance in the empowerment process in general economic empowerment system according to Mardi Yatmo Hutomo includes approaches, for example: (1) capital assistance; (2) infrastructure development assistance; (3) Assistance Assistance (4) strengthening and building business partnerships; and (5) Strengthening Business Partnerships (Hutomo, 2000). In general, the implementation of empowerment programs for women in Merauke Regency, aspects of human resource development have not been optimal. There is no systematic effort and strategic plan for the development of human resources in the framework of people's economic development. Therefore, the development of human resources in the context of empowering the people's economy, must be taken seriously. Because human resources are the most fundamental element in strengthening the people's economy.

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Looking at the concept in the implementation of the concept of women's empowerment in Merauke Regency, there is no denying that art and culture are still very strong, especially in the roles and positions of men and women, so the form of women's participation and the importance of encouraging male involvement through each stage of activities home industry business both from upstream to downstream activities. In the production process, women's economic empowerment should also begin in the first stage of activities so that women have the ability to compete in achievement for example in maintaining the household, family environment situation and the success of their business such as immigrant communities and in carrying out activities or tasks provided by their companion. Companions from individuals or community institutions must be created or recruited from communities from one tribe or utilizing tribal leaders and religious leaders. In addition, mentors and home industry training personnel are also needed.

3.3. Local Superior Potential Indonesia as a developing country has many development problems. Some of which often stick out include poverty and unemployment. The unemployment rate is closely related to the low number of employment opportunities in urban areas due to massive urbanization and the not optimal utilization of abundant natural resources in the countryside. In reducing the unemployment rate of the working age population in Indonesia, it is necessary to provide the skills needed to manage the abundant natural resources in rural areas that have not been able to process. Various approaches have been taken by the government in order to overcome the problem of unemployment and poverty.

3.3.1. Potential Based Culture The local village community in Merauke Regency has the potential of local wisdom that is capable of producing specific products, this is carried out by producing nokken. Noken is a Papuan handicraft in the form of a tote bag like a backpack made of woven tree bark but resting on the head. The forms of Noken are very diverse but, noken is commonly used to carry items such as firewood, crop crops, groceries, commonly used to carry personal needs, the use of unique Noken can also be used to carry baby and animal children. Noken has a high economic value, because noken is also used in ceremonies and as a memento for guests, and through the ability of the noken craftsmen to be mature women as is the tradition and culture in Papua. Women who do weaving / knitting and selling activities. All activities of women in order to produce noken do as a distraction in their life cycle, (Marit, 2016). Consideration that this Noken production potential is proposed as local superior potential, taking into account the production potential of traditional Papuan Noken bags that have obtained cultural art patents which are ancestral heritage. Women are able to weave / knit noken while nursing their children, women are able to cradle their children in a noken while selling, women are able to weave / knit noken while keeping merchandise (selling), women are able to sell noken along with selling their produce.

3.3.2. Development of tourism village potential The development of natural tourism and tourism based on local culture, is the realization of the interconnection of public order carried out independently by nature itself in order to improve quality by adhering to the preservation of nature and the value of local culture, natural and cultural tourist attractions. Development so far has been the area that aims to develop local tourism potential sourced from natural, socio-cultural or economic in order to contribute to improving the welfare of the http://www.iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 172 [email protected] Participation in Empowering Women and the Potential of the Local Community Economy, a Case Study in Merauke Regency, Papua Province community. Nature tourism is also an attractive choice to visit. One of the famous ones is Wasur National Park. In this National Park, we can witness the natural condition of the native Merauke which is a blend of swamp areas and savanna fields. Then, many typical Merauke animals such as deer and a kind of kangaroo can be found in this National Park. The uniqueness of the term "Musamus" termite nest reaches up to 8 meters high and is found throughout the trip to Sota. The natural condition of Merauke is different from the natural conditions of Papua in general. Merauke also has a diversity of regional languages and the potential of traditional dances that can be developed. In this regard, tourism development currently uses community approaches or community based development. In this case, the local community builds, owns, and directly manages tourism facilities and services, so that the community is expected to receive direct economic benefits and demands for active community participation in the development process from planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation (Sunaryo, 2013 ) Community-based tourism focuses on paying attention to the involvement of local communities which is an absolute requirement to achieve the development of tourist attraction in a destination, with the development of a tourist attraction that involves community participation and is expected to have sustainable tourism development in several aspects including ecological (Samudro and Mangkoedihardjo, 2006), economic and socio-cultural aspects. Reviewing the development of tourism potential is based on the consideration that people's lives are still very dependent on natural resources, which have natural beauty that is still natural, and can be developed without destroying nature. 3.3.4. DEVELOPMENT OF POTENTIAL NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS The development of non-timber forest products as a petition for Merauke district is intended to increase the income of local communities that women can work on. The potential for developing non-timber forest products, fostering community awareness of forest areas, increasing foreign exchange in the non-timber forestry sector and creating new jobs in the forestry sector from non- timber commodities (Salaka et al., 2012). In addition, through the development of Non-Timber Forest Products, it is expected that utilization will be used as an alternative source of food, sources of medicinal ingredients, fiber producers, sap-sap producers that can improve the local and national economy (Wibowo, 2013). Forest Area in Merauke Regency has 4,461,166.92 Ha of forest area which is rich in timber products and non-timber forest products. Proposing the development of non-timber forest products from non-timber forest products is a forest resource that has a comparative advantage and is directly related to the community (Baharinawati, 2017) with the consideration that Merauke Regency has enormous forest potential and has a protected forest in the form of an extensive Wasur National Park 412,387 Ha with superior forestry commodities in Merauke Regency i gambir skin, masoi, rattan, rahai seeds and bus wood seeds. Based on the development of this potential, women in general can be involved in all regional potentials with a focus on the activities they have carried out so far such as the acquisition of eucalyptus oil, rattan, resin, etc.

3.3.5. Ecological potential and agricultural products Ecological potential in Papua province is very abundant, this requires a very large workforce, in general the indigenous people of Papua have been given the potential to process food available in customary forests to make it easier for Papuans to meet food needs (sago, tubers, fish in swamps, vegetables and fruits) by gathering and hunting animals.

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The pattern of fulfilling these needs for life has been going on for generations in the lives of the population. Tend to plant food crops to fulfill their own needs, with shifting farming patterns in locations driven by better use of land with topsoil, and aiming to assert the ownership rights of communal land as belonging to the keret group. The area of agricultural land cultivated by native Papuan farmers is relatively lower compared to non-Papuan farmers, (Turu, 2014). The potential of ecological wealth derived from flora and fauna is an abundance of food sources that are naturally available in this land form, among others: sago, freshwater fish, vegetables, fruits, and animals (wild boar, deer, cassowary, kangaroo, cuscus, monitor lizard) and birds of paradise of various kinds of birds). The suitability of land for agriculture and plantations in Merauke Regency is 2,491,821.99 hectares of land which is very potential to be developed as part of agricultural land, especially rice cropping. Rice production in Merauke has resulted in rice self-sufficiency for Merauke Regency, and supported food needs in the Papua Province. In addition to food crops, Merauke also continues to develop the plantation sector with commodities such as coconut, oil palm, cotton, sugar cane, rubber and cashew. Activities to fulfill the living needs of indigenous Papuans in Merauke Regency consist of: (1) farming activities (cultivating traditional agricultural land), (2) gathering forest products (sago, natural honey, rebon, sago caterpillars, fish), and (3 ) hunting animals (deer, cassowary, pigs, cuscus). The ability to cultivate is generally still traditional in cultivating land, and the tendency to plant certain commodities that have been understood as gardens is not far from home and village. Land is not cultivated throughout the year, garden lands are generally overgrown with grass between bananas, taro, sweet potatoes, cassava, and other plants that have been tested to be able to grow and live even if not cleaned Based on the ecological potential and agricultural output there is the greatest difficulty in the pattern of assistance so that the efforts that have been made can be increased so that support from various sectors is needed (Djamali et al., 2018; Kotta et al., 2018; Samudro et al., 2018a, 2018b; Samudro et al., 2011; Utama et al., 2018), such as support from the local government, sub-district or even the village village government. However, this potential must be explored in such a way as to reduce or eradicate the community mindset, especially women to be patient when making profits with the production efforts they produce based on ecological land and agricultural / plantation based on local wisdom. 4. CONCLUSION 1. Empowerment program and aspects of women's participation in Merauke Regency, in the development of human resources this has not been optimal. There has been no systematic effort and strategic plan for the development of human resources in the framework of people's economic development. The implementation of the concept of participation in women's empowerment in Merauke Regency should be directed at art and culture by raising the potential of the local community. 2. Development of regional potential by utilizing women's participation can be carried out by developing potential based culture, development of potential tourism village, development of potential non-timber forest products, and ecological potential and agricultural products.

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