MIMBAR, Vol. 33, No. 1st (June, 2017) pp 174-181

Functions of Cross-Border Economic Activities in Skouw Sae Community, City

1LA USMAN, 2SYAFRI SAIRIN

1Balai Besar Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Kesejahteraan Sosial Jayapura, Jl. Gerilyawan No. 135 Abepura, Jayapura, 2Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Sosiohumaniora, Yogyakarta email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract.Cross-border economic activities are often done by people of Skouw Sae Village, Muara Tami District, Jayapura City to Wutung Village, Vanimo, New Guinea. This study attempts to analyze the functions of economic activity in this community. Data were processed using qualitative analysis. The results of this study found seven functions of cross-border economic activities. First, to meet nutritional needs of the family. Second, to meet reproductive needs for family continuity. Third, to meet the needs for comfort and welfare of wife’s family. Fourth, to meet safety needs. Fifth, to meet the needs for relaxation. Sixth, to meet mobility needs. Seventh, to meet the needs for growth. It also meets the needs for activities and systems of ideas related to the fulfillment of seven needs. In conclusion, the functions of cross-border economic activities of Skouw Sae Village are to meet basic, institutional and symbolical needs of local people. Keywords: cross-border, Skouw Sae community, functions of economic activities

Introduction and inhibiting factors in the process of crossing the border done by these people Activities of crossing traditional based on the fulfillment of basic, and boundaries between countries for economic, institutional and symbolical needs for the life social, political and cultural purposes are of this community. Second, it is to identify often found on the borders between African push and pull factors to cross borders countries, US-Mexico, - Philippines, including inhibiting factors for mobility in place Indonesia-Malaysia, Indonesia-Timor Leste of origin, destination, intermediate obstacles and Papua (Indonesia)-PNG (New Guinea). affecting mobility to cross the border. Thirdly, On the border of Papua, such activities are it is to identify the functions of cross-border often done by 7 sub-ethnic groups of Papua economic activities of the people from Skouw such as Skouw and Moso sub-ethnic groups Sae village to Wutung Village of PNG and the in Muara Tami District, Jayapura City, Manem implications of these research findings on local sub-ethnic group in Arso Timur District, Walsa community development. in Waris District, Humbuluk in Senggi District, Emem in Web District, and Ndra sub-ethnic Based on Malinowski’s functionalism groups in Web District and Towe in Kerom (1944: 44), every custom functions to meet , Ngalum sub-ethnic group in Bintang basic needs in order to survive. According to Regency Highlands, Muyu sub-ethnic group in Malinowski in Bohannan (1988: 277), there Boven Digul Regency and Marind-anim sub- are seven human needs, namely nutrition, ethnic group in Regency (Mansoben, reproduction, residence, comfort and 2008: 7). The mobility of people from Skouw wellbeing, safety, relaxation, movement, and Sae village to Wutung village of PNG is growth. These seven needs are necessary to commuting and circular concerning economic, maintain physical and psychological balance, cultural and social activities. which aims at maintaining life and health. The aforementioned aspects encourage Accordingly, this study attempts to cross-border activities in an organized identify internal factors consisting of driving manner that involves people, reasons, and

Received: March 03, 2017, Revision: April 13, 2017, Accepted: May 19, 2017 Print ISSN: 0215-8175; Online ISSN: 2303-2499. Doi: Accredited by DIKTI. SK Kemendikbud, No.040/P/2014, valid 18-02-2014 until 18-02-2019, Indexed by DOAJ

174 LA USMAN, et al. Functions of Cross-Border Economic Activities in Skouw Sae Community, Jayapura City objectives, specific targets for participation and s ocial activities. B o th villagers also of its members, norms, activities, facilities have economic relations, similar dance and and certain functions. It also encourages the similar cultural values that according to Held use of a system of ideas based on culture, in Suparlan (1995: 37-39) are characterized belief and religion, and art, theceremony of by easily accepting and taking over elements the village community to legitimize, regulate from other more advanced culture and uniting and guide their behavior. According to Lee them with thelocal culture. (1966), themigration process is influenced by In addition, people’s mobility activities four factors, namely, push factor in the area are e ncouraged to meet b a s ic needs that of origin, pull factor in thedestination area, cann o t be met in the pla c e of origin. For inhibiting factor and apersonal factor which exam p le, demand for food f or lo n g-term includes very broad aspects. family’s nutritional needs; demand for the avai l ability of funds fo r dowry payment activities for reproduction needs for family, Research Methods clan and community continuity; demand for This research was conducted from the needs of family comfort and prosperity September 2012 to June 2013 in Skouw Sae through the provision of individual equipment Village, Jayapura City and Wutung of PNG by and families for the benefit of both families and usin g thequalitative method with research also for the payment of the head (fine) of the desi g n aimed at identifying the functions husband’s family to his wife’s family to remove of c r oss-border economic activities of this the seed of hostility between both families as village. Data were obtained using participant well as between both communities; demand observation and interviews with individuals for the fulfillment of safety needs through from both villages. Seven procedures were the procurement of beverages on Christmas adopted in this research, namely making an celebrations as well as for ritual activities in interview guide by emphasizing the life history the customary house of tangfa which aims at of informants, reviewing all data from various bringing them closer to their fellow villagers sour c es, reducing data, abstracting data and to the spirit of their ancestors; demand arranged in units and simply modifying data for the fulfillment of relaxation needs through based on problems and research, checking school vacation picnic, customary dance, gift the v alidity of data, arranging the data exchange between women in both villages, as obtained based on the themes of activities well as sports activities which aims at bringing and described descriptively. Therefore, it was their kinship closer and also for the needs of expected that accurate research results could the movement to bring two village leaders be obtained. closer in order to reduce conflict between both communities; and demand for growth needs through learning activities in the customary Proximity of Residents of Both Com- house of tangfa. munities In addition, there is also demand for Geographically, both villages are located inco m e from such economic activities for on the border of two countries separated by repairing religious buildings, holding weekly atraditional boundary in the form of Tami River reli g ious activities in the churches and and political boundary in the form of border religious activities for men, women, youths, gate of both countries. The mobility of citizens and t eenagers and children, and also for is motivated by the closeness of the kinship trea t ment at Skouw’s community health betw e en two communities, which started center, village and customary government, from the marriage of a Wutung woman and a sport activities, and customary dance activities Skouw Sae man in order to resolve a conflict every year-end. over the murder of a Skouw Sae woman. The descendants of the marriage of both villagers are called jo pa lala. The presence of Wutung Push and pull factors of cross-border resi d ents due to diseases and marriage Factors that drive mobility in the place between people of both communities in later of origin include the effect of government stage also strengthened the relationship that policy on the integration of this region with had existed previously. In addition to having the R epublic of Indonesia until before the land in their place of origin, they also have implementation of special autonomy that did prox i mity to their custo m ary leaders, so not emphasize on the economic empowerment that they are frequently invited to cultural

ISSN 0215-8175 | EISSN 2303-2499 175 LA USMAN, et al. Functions of Cross-Border Economic Activities in Skouw Sae Community, Jaya... of border communities, so that they still have mobility in the place of origin. First, at the socio-economic problems until now; reduced family level, it is diffic u lt to leave a family forest area due to transmigration program member who is happened to b e sick at in East Koya drove people to do gathering home; there is no family member who can and hunting activities in more distant places; takes care of a child in school while his/her unsuccessful economic empowerment activity mother does economic activities outside the due to the ineffectiveness of the process of home; husband and wife are busy clearing mentoring and assistance of technical field dry-farming land. Second, at the community staff; lack of support from banking and level, there is someone in the village who economic institutions significantly give impact passed away; on Saturday a n d Sunday, to the production and distribution activities; people are suggested to st a y in the vilage weakness of market management making and use their days off for breaks and church local residents replaced by outsider traders in activities. Third, at the level of the state, the the border market activity and return them inhibiting factors are sit u ation prior to the to the dry-farming activities; strong kinship election, the celebration of independence day relations between people which obstructs of Indonesia, military contacts with the Free small-scale business activities funded by the Papua Movement (OPM), and situation prior village empowerment program.; and a large to the celebration of OPM anniversary every number of family members in a household December 2, for which the border gate is often which burden the family expenditure for closing for a month. various purposes. All of the aforementioned There are three inhibiting factors of factors affect high dependence of some crossing the border in the destination area. people on economic activity in Wutung area. First, at the family level, they are asick In addition, the sales of canned drinks which family member, family are busy taking care are popular during Christmas celebrations are of the garden, and guests of relatives who limited from PNG and there are a few cultural stay over. At the community level, there and social activities that involve people with are Wutung people who passed away and customary leaders from their place of origin. cultural activities led by customary leaders The pull factors of mobility in terms of requiring all villagers to be involved. Third, economic aspects are high demand for betel at the state level, there are criminal cases nut production from costumers in Jayapura, to be handled around Vanimo City, situation Mimika, and Wamena; the availability prior to the election and the celebration of of customary land in Wutung region for the independence day of PNG. The inhibiting gardening, hunting, and gathering in order to factors in the destination area at the family meet the needs of family food; the existence level will last from one to two weeks. At the of potential marine resources in both areas of community level, they will last for a week. At waters that can be utilized by both villagers the country level, they will last between two freely. The previous three economic activities weeks to a month. There are also obstacles influence the fulfillment of other needs. such as an obligation to use a cross-border Another pull factor is the purchase of canned card approved by Indonesian and PNG drinks freely for Christmas celebrations. immigration staff. In terms of culture, the pull factors are an invitation from customary leaders to attend the ceremony for cemetery building, the Functions of Cross-Border Economic ceremony for customary house renovation, the Activities by People from Skouw Sae inauguration of customary leader, payment of Village dowry, as well as payment of head (fine) for a The first function is to meet the needs wife who has passed away. In terms of social for family food through selling betel nut, aspect, the pull factors are an invitation from gardening, and going to sea for catching a local committee to attend a friendly match fish. This condition is different from previous to celebrate the independence anniversary of economic activities which are concentrated PNG and invitation to exchange gifts among on the activities of going to sea. Such fellow women from both villages. At the family increased economic activity is in line with level, the pull factors are places for family the accessible transportation from Jayapura recreation activities during school holidays City to the Vanimo City of PNG. Buying and and the desire to bring the relationship selling betel nuts among women from both between two village leaders closer. villages who have a kinship relation served There are three inhibiting factors of to provide income for the families. Gardening

176 ISSN 0215-8175 | EISSN 2303-2499 MIMBAR, Vol. 33, No. 1st (June, 2017), pp. 174-181 activities in Wutung customary area have Malinowski in Kuper (1996: 28) sees as a provided income for the fulfillment of family place for making personality and forming the needs. As a result, the collection of betel emotional basis of human beings. It is also to nuts in production centers is expanded, the keep the family which according to Herskovits intensive gardening pattern is applied and (2006: 85) serves as the highest court in more than one garden is made to maintain disciplining children and a place to pass down the sustainability of production. Betel nut basic and advanced knowledge about the is marketed through social network and culture of the local community. Meanwhile, marketing network with middlemen from for the bride’s family, this social obligation Abepura City, which are then marketed to is regarded as a symbol of respect for their Mimika City and Wamena City. Meanwhile, self-esteem, as well as creating an extended dry-farming products are marketed through family that sustains community activities. And middlemen of Koya Barat and Koya Timur, for the prospective husband, it is to improve which are then sold to Abepura market as his family’s economy through the distribution well as to markets around Jayapura City. of work on the dry-farming activity. It is also The family needs for animal protein are filled expected that they can have a son so as to with fishing, animal hunting and utilizing strengthen his position through the use of the products from Tami River, swamps, and lakes clan’s name as his identity, which according existing around this village. The activities to Claessen in Soekardjo (1987: 30) is the of going-to-sea to Wutung area are usually basis for demanding the social status of the done when the utilization of natural resource clan as well as the right of inheritance in the (hoo, sasi) on sea, river, lake and forest form of land and family property in order to area is prohibited for 1 to 2 months by the support his parents who can not work and customary leader prior to customary or church his unmarried sister. This activity is useful activities involving a large number of people. as a binding of the groom’s family with his According to Poespowardojo (1989: 113), bride’s family, as well as other families in this attitude is intended to prevent excessive the local community. It can also renew social exploitation of natural resources that may relationships and maintain solidarity among threaten the survival of this community. them. Finally, this activity is useful to maintain Along with the opening of this region, now the dowry payment as the basis for building every family also consumes rice, meat, and a family. Therefore, this activity integrates eggs purchased in Abepura market. The basic needs, institutional and system of the foods are partly purchased by women from idea simultaneously. the market or taken from the garden, then The third function is to support the processed in the kitchen and served for family payment of the head (fines) to a husband consumption in the morning, afternoon and whose wife has passed away. This assistance evening. Economic activities are based on a is given to the wife’s family to meet the needs system of ideas to work to meet the family’s of comfort and welfare of the family concerned. long-term supply of food, to manage natural Initially, this activity focused on close family. resources in a controlled way for family, clan, The easy access to transportation and the and community survival. The three economic expansion of kinship relation of villagers activities above also support the fulfillment cause similar activities more frequently done of other needs in the form of provision of in some villages around Vanimo of PNG. transportation funds, foods, as well as funds This gift is regarded as a tribute to their for cultural and social activities. Therefore, children who have played a role in domestic economic activities integrate basic needs, affairs, reproduction, and economy, clan’s institutional and system of idea altogether. environment, as well as inside and outside of The second function is to support the his community. It is also as a social sanction payment of dowry from groom’s to bride’s for a husband who cannot take care of their family for reproductive needs in order to children well. This gift is also expected to maintain group continuity. This condition eliminate hostility, maintain good relations is different from previous activities that between the family of husband and wife, are centered on close relatives. There is a between the clan of husband and wife and pattern of recording donors which make every between both communities. In addition, this beneficiary family should do the same thing activity preserves the payment of fines due to almost every two months. This activity is the death of a wife. Conceptually, this activity useful in maintaining relationships in marriage combines the fulfillment of basic needs, as a basis for establishing families, which institutional and system idea.

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It also supports the activities of support during tragedy, anxiety, and crisis. ceremony for constructing cemetery and Therefore, the religion gives certainty and customary house and inaugurating ondoafi meaning to human beings in the world. In in Wutung region to meet the comfort and the perspective of sociology, the function of welfare needs for individuals and families religion through the celebration of Christmas of traditional leaders (ondoafi, inside errand is to maintain and cultivate solidarity among men, outside errand men and clan leaders) fellow individuals and groups. Solidarity is a for which Georges Balandier in Budisanto part of religious social life or an expression (1986: 51) refers to it as a social authority of religious behavior. According to Durkheim in the form of protecting, guarding, resolving in Ghazali (2011: 33), religion functions to misunderstandings among clan members, support and preserve the local community regulating land use for clan members and because it functions to support unity and supporting the family of deceased clan social solidarity among the people of both members by providing land for economic communities and to maintain religious beliefs activity. In addition, this activity is also to of the local community. Finally, it combines preserves the existence of traditional leaders the fulfillment of basic needs, institutional and in maintaining the existence of different system of idea. groups, institutions, and interests in the It also supports customary house community by using power and sanctions in renovation activity for the purpose of meeting both material and moral forms, and keep the safety needs from all the dangers. Initially, peaceful of living together for years to come. such activity was often represented by one Originally, these activities did not burden the of the immediate family. However, now villagers and they just simply have to attend such activities involve villagers Skouw Sae, it. Now, the presence of villagers in these especially the descendants of Wutung Village. activities is accompanied by the submission of It is expected this celebration can maintain rice, sugar, coffee, and kitchen spices. Finally, a relationship with their customary house this activity serves to maintain traditional which is believed to be the spiritual residence leaders in both communities and integrates of their ancestors. Such action expresses the fulfillment of basic needs, institutional and their recognition of the presence and power system of idea. of the ancestral spirits or establishes a The fourth function is to support the good relationship with the ancestral spirits. purchase of canned drinks at Christmas According to Hermann Strauss in Strelan celebrations to meet safety needs through (1989: 111), good ancestral spirits and religious protection and defense. Intensively, supernatural powers from traditional religion this kind of activity is done by citizens since promote the realization of safety and peace the presence of transportation access to shops and alife filled with long-awaited happiness. in the Vanimo City of PNG and the increased According to Rappaport (1971: 226-235), presence of relatives of villagers from PNG. such action is also found in Maring Tsembaga. All local people have embraced Protestantism. All participation in the above rituals is seen as The religious content embodied in the a sacralization of social status changes. The form of sacred texts which interpreted and rituals held collectively serve as the arena obeyed in everyday life. The reference to of the congregation. This will increase the such interpretation is their ethnic culture. bond of group sentiment and social solidarity Therefore, through such celebration religion (Suhardi, 2009: 2). Meanwhile, according is preserved as a source of life value in their to Merton in Kaplan et al. (2002: 80), the social and cultural actions. Religion according ceremony serves to strengthen the identity to Kluckhon in Keesing (1998: 94) has three of the group. The above explanation is also functions. First, it gives an explanation, in line with Malinowski’s opinion in Kuper, answers questions about the existence of 1996: 29) that ritual acts serve to preserve the origin of the world, the relationship collective survival the community strives for. between humans with other species, why The desired collective aim is living together humans can succeed and fail. Second, it within a social community as a clan or tribe. gives authorization, which is to accept the This, according to Fugman in Alua (2006: forces in the universe that control and sustain 50), is in line with the concept of safety in the social order by giving a situation that cannot community of Papua or Melanesia in general. be opposed. Third, it adds human ability The system of relation forms a network that to face weaknesses of life, death, disease, supports their life and growth. Therefore, hunger, flood, failure, and psychological everything in the form of individual affairs is

178 ISSN 0215-8175 | EISSN 2303-2499 MIMBAR, Vol. 33, No. 1st (June, 2017), pp. 174-181 organized together with the group, such as that live collectively. According Sedyawati marriage, death, certain cases, and others. (1980: 6), other educational functions Thus, the relation with others, including are to distribute creative power, the need with the people of this village who are now for security, excessive energy, feeling of settled in some areas in PNG due to marriage distress, and also offer means of socialization, should be maintained as well. In addition, worshiping the occult, conveying ideas, the relation with the ancestral spirits and recreation facilities, and forming group with the surrounding environment should be sense. It preserves the symbol of dance art maintained together. Neglecting one aspect concerning the origin of some people of this of the relation will interfere with the ideals of village. Therefore, this activity integrates the safety that they fight for. Finally, this activity fulfillment of basic needs, institutional and is useful to preserve the belief of customary system of idea. house as a place where the ancestral spirits Gift exchange activities between women live. It can be concluded that this activity in both villages is done to meet the needs integrates basic needs, institutional and of relaxation and maintain relationships system of the idea simultaneously. among them. Originally, this activity was The fifth function is to support family conducted between women in a family who picnic activities during school holiday to meet lived apart because of getting married to men individual relaxation needs. Originally, this from Wutung. Now, this activity involves all activity was done by a family with a canoe mothers and unmarried women because after when the sea condition was shady. However, marriage and following their husbands, each now it is done with four-wheeled vehicles woman will be busy with domestic affairs, during school holidays and other holidays. reproduction, and economics, so that they will On one hand, this activity omits the pressure rarely meet. It also passes down the concept of due to the sadness of life or work pressure. It brotherhood in the form of frequent visits and also brings closer the relationships between controls the lives of their separate siblings, family members, relatives and customary in order to demand payment of fines from leaders in the region. The function of meeting the husband’s family in case of undesirable in this activity is to bring people in contact and events. In addition, this activity can renew renew social relationships in order to maintain social relation and can maintain solidarity solidarity among them. Finally, this activity among them. Finally, this activity serves serves to pass down the relaxation behavior to maintain the close relationship between in this community and also integrates the women from both communities. Therefore, fulfillment of basic, institutional and system this activity integrates the fulfillment of basic of idea needs. needs, institutions and system of the idea simultaneously. It also supports the activities of the construction of cemetery, renovation of Football and volleyball games in a customary houses and inauguration of friendly match are doing to celebrate the ondoafi with the purpose of meeting the anniversary of PNG in order to meet the needs needs of relaxation through customary dance of relaxation. Originally, this activity was done together. Initially, this kind of activity involved in the village. Along with the easy access only close family and now it involves both of transportation, now this activity involves villagers. Dance is a symbol system created to youths from both villages. Its educational legitimize, organize and guide their behavior function is to maintain a relationship in both that is in line with the cultural values of the types of sports that are often played on Sunday local community. Dance activity can integrate afternoon. It also serves as a friendly match all villagers through the same movement of to know the progress in order to improve dance and sing songs together. The history of team achievement in facing the match among their ancestors from Wutung to Skouw Sae is villages within Muara Tami District. According also recounted. Lastly, it serves as a means to Boelaars (1987: 77), the need for freedom of strengthening kinship relation between makes them fond of every crowd, including the people of both communities, so that they such friendly matches and enjoying the fun remind each other that they belong to the together. It increases the prestige of someone same origin. It means that they can help each who plays a role in winning the team. Thus, other and prevent the marriage between the this activity can renew the social relationship first with/to the third generation. This activity and maintain solidarity among them and serves as a medium of communication and pass down sports activities as a means of expression of life media of both communities building togetherness. Therefore, this activity

‘Terakreditasi’ SK Kemendikbud, No.040/P/2014, berlaku 18-02-2014 s.d 18-02-2019 179 LA USMAN, et al. Functions of Cross-Border Economic Activities in Skouw Sae Community, Jaya... integrates the fulfillment of the basic needs, activities, reproduction, and economy because institutions and system of idea for local people after marriage they will live in the family of simultaneously. the husband. Originally, the activities above centered in the customary house of tangfa, The sixth function is to meet the needs and now it is concentrated in the family of the movement to bring relationship closer environment. This activity is a form of people’s between the heads of the villages in order awareness of the importance of provision for a to maintain their role in improving the social man and a woman to maintain the continuity welfare of the people. Intensively, such of family, clan, and community together. activities are carried out by both formal According to Poespowardojo (1989: 121), leaders due to good access to transportation this effort will make the life of the community and frequent conflict between both villagers. better. Lastly, it can renew social relations and Their closeness can solve the conflicts and maintain solidarity among them. Therefore, build a culture of participation through the this activity integrates the fulfillment of basic, involvement of all people in cultural and institutional and system of idea needs for social activities in both villages. Internally, people. it contributes in supporting the elections of the village head, planning activities, The implication of the phenomenon implementation, and supervision of village of the functions of cross-border economic development programs. It also promotes the activities for the economic activities of local need for higher education to fill the formal people is that it is necessary to strengthen structure of village administration. Thus, this economic empowerment program in the activity renews social relation and maintains village empowerment plan, which is oriented solidarity among them. Finally, this activity to the utilization of local natural resources serves to maintain village government system and supported by intensive guidance and which consists of several clans that have a assistance from staff of relevant technical close residence in the same region. Therefore, institutions. It also needs to be supported by his activity integrates the fulfillment of basic, banking institutions and cooperative through institutional and system of idea needs for a minimum and easy requirement both at local people. production and marketing stage. It includes supports for market price information that In terms of social cohesion, the mobility is easily accessible to local people. It is also of people is aimed at meeting the needs necessary to strengthen communal ownership of the movement in order to bring kinship of land in accordance with a natural boundary relations closer between both communities as agreed by villagers to support economic through the use of the term of calling in the activities and to reduce land conflicts that communities in this region. The community often occur in this region. It is also necessary of Skouw Sae village will call the community to empower women’s participation through of Skouw Mabo, Skouw Yambe, Wutung, training as proposed by Suraningsih (2016: and the villages around Vanimo as kitorang 319-329) in order to support family food (we), and will call other people outside them security. It is also necessary to empower as dorang (them). It aims to strengthen the community’s economy as proposed by Muslim sense of in-group and to widen a gap to the (2016: 321) through the development of group outside their community. However, tourist village in the border region, which also through proper proximity and approach, they promotes cultural and social activities of the often take the out-group as an in-group in community in the region. Accordingly, it is order to establish a harmonious and pleasant necessary to adopt a special policy not to close relationship among them. Therefore, this the border gate for security reasons for local activity can renew social relations and kinship, people who want to mobilize to Wutung region and maintain solidarity among them. It also for economic, cultural and social purposes. It integrates the fulfillment of basic, institutional is because such purposes were often done by and system of theidea needs simultaneously. people before the presence of the state in the The seventh function is to meet the region. On the other hand, such efforts can needs for individual growth by passing help create and maintain the peace of life of down basic and advanced knowledge for people in the same region. men in the family because a man plays a considerable role in the life of family, clan, and community. Meanwhile, the inheritance Conclusions of knowledge for women includes domestic Based on the results of data analysis

180 ISSN 0215-8175 | EISSN 2303-2499 MIMBAR, Vol. 33, No. 1st (June, 2017), pp. 174-181 and previous discussion, it can be concluded disampaikan pada Rapat Kordinasi that the functions of cross-border economic Teknis (Rakornis) Penanganan Wilayah activities done by people from Skouw Sae Perbatasan RI-PNG, yang diselenggarakan village of District Muara Tami, Jayapura to Badan Perbatasan dan Kerjasama Daerah Wutung of PNG are to meet basic needs, Propinsi Papua di Jayapura. institutional and system of idea for local Muslim, A. (2016). Economic Community people. Emporwerment Through Tourist Village Development. J. Mimbar Sosek, Vol. 32 (2): 343-352. References Poespowardojo, S. (1989). Strategi Kebudayaan Suatu Pendekatan Filosofis. Alua, Agus A. (2006). Karakteristik Dasar Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia. Agama-Agama Melanesia. Jayapura: STFT Rappaport, R.A. (1971). ”Ritual Regulation Fajar Timur. of Environmental Relation Among a New Bohannan, Paul, and Mark Glazer. (1988). Guinea People”, in Man in Adaption: The High Point In Anthropology. USA: Alfred Institutional Framework, Cohen Y.A. (ed.). A. Knopf, Inc. New York: Aldine Atherton, pp. 226-235. Boelaar, J. (1987). ”Sistem Nilai Budaya Sedyawati, E. (1980). Pengantar dalam Berbagai Suku Irian Jaya dalam beberapa Masalah Perkembangan Kaitannya dengan Pembangunan”, dalam Kesenian Indonesia Dewasa ini. Jakarta: Pembangunan Masyarakat Pedalaman Fakultas Sastra Universitas Indonesia. Irian Jaya. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan. Soekardjo, R.G. (1987). Antropologi Politik, Budisanto, Y. (1986). Antropologi Politik Suatu Orientasi. Jakarta: Penerbit Georges Balandier. Jakarta: CV. Rajawali Erlangga. Ghazali, Adeng Muchtar. (2011). Antropologi Strelan, G. John. (1989). Kargoisme di Agama Upaya Memahami Keragaman Melanesia Suatu Studi tentang Sejarah Kepercayaan, Keyakinan dan Agama. dan Teologi Kultus Kargo. Jayapura: Pusat Bandung: Penerbit Alfabeta. Studi Irian Jaya. Herskovits, Melville J. (2006). “Organisasi Suhardi. (2009). Alam–Religi Solidaritas sosial: Struktur Sosial” dalam Pokok- Sosial di Papua dan Jawa: Terawang pokok Antropologi Budaya Edit T.O. Antropologi. Jogyakarta: Scholarship for Ihromi. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. Intercultural Studies Program/Program Kaplan, David and Robert A. Manners Beastudi Kajian Antarbudaya Pusat Studi (2002). Teori Budaya(terj) Pengantar PM. Asia Pasifik Universitas Gadjah Mada. Laksono. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Suparlan, P. (1995). ”Keaneragaman Keesing, Roger M. (1998). Antropologi Budaya Kebudayaan Irian Jaya, Strategi Suatu Perspektif Kontemporer. Jakarta: Pembangunan dan Transformasi Orang Penerbit Erlangga. Irian ke Dalam Masyarakat Indonesia”, Kuper, A. (1996). Pokok dan Tokoh Antropologi. dalam Proseding Seminar Membangun Jakarta: Penerbit Bhratara. Masyarakat Irian Jaya. Jakarta: Puslitbang Lee, E. (1966). A Theory of Migration. Kependudukan dan Ketenagakerjaan Demography, 3 (1): Hal. 47-57 Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. Malinowski, B. (1944). A Scientific Theory of Suraningsih, M.S, et al. (2016). Women Culture and Other Essays. Chapel Hill: Farmers Participation And Empowerment University of North Carolina Press. To Support Family Food Self-Sufficiency. Mansoben, Johsz R. (2008). ”Perbatasan J. Mimbar Sosial dan Pembanguna, Vol. RI-PNG Butuh Kearifan Lokal”, Makalah

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