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Are Biologicals Smart Mole Cricket Control?
Are biologicals smart mole cricket control? by HOWARD FRANK / University of Florida ost turf managers try to control mole faster than the biopesticides, but the biopesticides cricket pests with a bait, or granules or affect a narrower range of non-target organisms and liquid containing something that kills are more environmentally acceptable. The "biora- them. That "something" may be chemi- tional" chemicals are somewhere in between, be- M cause they tend to work more slowly than the tradi- cal materials (a chemical pesticide) or living biologi- cal materials (a biopesticide). tional chemicals, and to have less effect on animals Some of the newer chemical materials, called other than insects. "biorationals," are synthetic chemicals that, for ex- Natives not pests ample, mimic the action of insects' growth hor- The 10 mole cricket species in the U.S. and its mones to interfere with development. territories (including Puerto Rico and the Virgin Is- The biological materials may be insect-killing ne- lands) differ in appearance, distribution, behavior matodes (now available commercially) or fungal or and pest status. bacterial pathogens (being tested experimentally). In fact, the native mole crickets are not pests. These products can be placed exactly where they Our pest mole crickets are immigrant species. are needed. In general, the chemical pesticides work The three species that arouse the ire of turf man- agers in the southeastern states all belong Natural enemies to the genus Scapteriscus. They came from Introducing the specialist natural ene- South America, arriving at the turn of the mies from South America to the southeast- century in ships' ballast. -
House-Invading Crickets
■ ,VVXHG LQ IXUWKHUDQFH RI WKH &RRSHUDWLYH ([WHQVLRQ :RUN$FWV RI 0D\ DQG -XQH LQ FRRSHUDWLRQ ZLWK WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH 'LUHFWRU&RRSHUDWLYH([WHQVLRQ8QLYHUVLW\RI0LVVRXUL&ROXPELD02 HOME AND ■ ■ ■ DQHTXDORSSRUWXQLW\$'$LQVWLWXWLRQ H[WHQVLRQPLVVRXULHGX CONSUMER LIFE House-Invading Crickets rickets belong to the insect near buildings. Once inside, they order Orthoptera, which feed on and cause damage to items Calso includes grasshoppers such as cotton, linen, wool, silk and and katydids. The chirping sounds fur. Materials soiled by perspiration for which they are famous are made or food are more likely to be by the adult males rubbing their damaged. These crickets also eat wings together to attract females. dead or dying insects, including Like their grasshopper and katydid their own species. At times, field 0 1 relatives, crickets have long hind crickets may also cause damage to Approximate size in inches legs fitted for jumping. In addition, field crops. Figure 1. Field cricket. adult females have long, swordlike House cricket. The house ovipositors at the tip of their cricket (Acheta domesticus) is light abdomens for laying eggs in the yellowish-brown and has three soil. darker brown bands across the head Crickets will accidentally invade (Figure 2). The adult stage varies in homes, but only rarely will they length from 0.75 to 1 inch. During reproduce there. The usual point warm weather, house crickets can of entry is through open or poorly live outdoors and are especially 0 1 fitted doors, and cracks in doors, fond of garbage dumps. Approximate size in inches windows, foundations or siding. Like the field cricket, house Figure 2. -
Diptera: Tachinidae) Larvae
Welch: Competition by Ormia depleta 497 INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION FOR RESOURCES BY ORMIA DEPLETA (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE) LARVAE C. H. WELCH USDA/ARS/cmave, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608 ABSTRACT Ormia depleta is a parasitoid of pest mole crickets in the southeastern United States. From 2 to 8 larvae of O. depleta were placed on each of 368 mole cricket hosts and allowed to de- velop. The weights of the host crickets, number of larvae placed, number of resulting pupae, and the weights of those pupae were all factored to determine optimal parasitoid density per host under laboratory rearing conditions. Based on larval survival and pupal weight, this study indicates that 4-5 larvae per host is optimal for laboratory rearing. Key Words: biocontrol, Scapteriscus, parasitoid, superparasitism RESUMEN Ormia depleta es un parasitoide de grillotopos en el sureste de los Estados Unidos. Entre 2 y 8 larvas de O. depleta se colocaron en 368 grillotopos huéspedes y se dejaron madurar. El peso de los huéspedes, el número de larvas de O. depleta colocadas, el número de pupas re- sultantes y el peso de las pupas fueron usados para determinar la densidad optima de para- sitoides en cada huésped para ser usadas en la reproducción de este parasitoide en el laboratorio. Nuestros resultados muestran que entre 4 y 5 larvas por cada grillotopo es la densidad optima para la reproducción en el laboratorio de este parasitoide. Translation provided by the author. Ormia depleta (Wiedemann) is a parasitoid of protocol requires hand inoculation of 3 planidia Scapteriscus spp. mole crickets, imported pests of under the posterior margin of the pronotum of turf and pasture grasses in the southeastern each host (R. -
Cephalobellus Lobulata N. Sp. (Oxyurida
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 95(1): 49-51, Jan./Feb. 2000 49 Cephalobellus lobulata n. sp. (Oxyurida:Thelastomatidae) a Parasite of Neocurtilla claraziana Saussure (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) from Argentina Nora B Camino+, Guillermo R Reboredo Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, Calle 2, No. 584, 1900 La Plata, Argentina Cephalobellus lobulata n. sp. (Oxyurida: Thelastomatidae) a parasite of the mole cricket Neocurtilla claraziana Saussure (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) found in Argentina is described and illustrated. It is characterized by a short buccal cavity armed with three teeth, a striated cuticle with the first annule wide with four lobes and the second annule divided in twelve lobes. The male have three pairs of preanal papillae and two pairs of postanal papillae. Key words: Cephalobellus lobulata n. sp. - Thelastomatidae - Gryllotalpidae - parasite - cricket - taxonomy - Argentina The genus Cephalobellus was proposed by dissected them in Petri dishes with distilled water Cobb (1920) who described a nematode from a under microscope stereoscope. We found the nema- beetle larva under the name of C. papilliger. He todes (males and females) in the stomodeo intesti- described only the male without any diagram of nal of the insects and then they were killed in dis- the nematode. Christie (1933) described the genus tilled water at 60ºC during 2 min. Posteriorly they Scarabanema as a synonym of Cephalobellus (both were put in a solution of distilled water + TAF (1:1) males were identical), putting S. cylindricum as a during 48 h, finally we finished the fixed in pure synonym of C. papilliger. Basir (1956) recognized TAF. six species from Europe, USA, North India and Living and fixed specimens were employed for Brazil. -
Mole Crickets Scapteriscus Spp
Mole Crickets Scapteriscus spp. Southern mole cricket, Scapteriscus borellii Tawny mole cricket, Scapteriscus vicinus DESCRIPTION OF INSECT All stages live in the soil and are rarely see on the surface. Immature stage Nymphs of both species are similar in appearance to adults, but lack wings. Nymphs proceed through 8-10 instars ranging in size from 0.2 to 1.25 inches in length. Each instar is progressively larger with wing buds apparent on later instars. Color varies from gray to brown. Pronotum (large shield behind head) with distinctive mottling or spots, depending on species and location. Mature stage Adults are somewhat cylindrically shaped, light colored crickets 1.26 to 1.38 inches in length. Adults have two pairs of wings, but only fly at night during two brief flight periods in fall and early spring. Spring flights are generally more extensive than fall flights. Damaging stage(s) Both nymphs and adults cause damage Predictive models (degree day, plant phenology, threat temperatures, other) Eggs being to hatch at threat temperatures of 65° F and higher (spring/early summer in most locations). Egg-laying and hatch timing are affected by soil moisture. Threat temperatures can be used to trigger preventive treatments. See the article, “Threat temperatures” for more information. Preventive treatments should be applied prior to egg-hatch (early June) or at the time of peak hatch (last week of June, first week of July in most years and locations). Weekly soap flushes in June and early July is the best method to determine when hatch is occurring, and the best time to treat. -
Phylogeny of Ensifera (Hexapoda: Orthoptera) Using Three Ribosomal Loci, with Implications for the Evolution of Acoustic Communication
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38 (2006) 510–530 www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Phylogeny of Ensifera (Hexapoda: Orthoptera) using three ribosomal loci, with implications for the evolution of acoustic communication M.C. Jost a,*, K.L. Shaw b a Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, USA b Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Received 9 May 2005; revised 27 September 2005; accepted 4 October 2005 Available online 16 November 2005 Abstract Representatives of the Orthopteran suborder Ensifera (crickets, katydids, and related insects) are well known for acoustic signals pro- duced in the contexts of courtship and mate recognition. We present a phylogenetic estimate of Ensifera for a sample of 51 taxonomically diverse exemplars, using sequences from 18S, 28S, and 16S rRNA. The results support a monophyletic Ensifera, monophyly of most ensiferan families, and the superfamily Gryllacridoidea which would include Stenopelmatidae, Anostostomatidae, Gryllacrididae, and Lezina. Schizodactylidae was recovered as the sister lineage to Grylloidea, and both Rhaphidophoridae and Tettigoniidae were found to be more closely related to Grylloidea than has been suggested by prior studies. The ambidextrously stridulating haglid Cyphoderris was found to be basal (or sister) to a clade that contains both Grylloidea and Tettigoniidae. Tree comparison tests with the concatenated molecular data found our phylogeny to be significantly better at explaining our data than three recent phylogenetic hypotheses based on morphological characters. A high degree of conflict exists between the molecular and morphological data, possibly indicating that much homoplasy is present in Ensifera, particularly in acoustic structures. In contrast to prior evolutionary hypotheses based on most parsi- monious ancestral state reconstructions, we propose that tegminal stridulation and tibial tympana are ancestral to Ensifera and were lost multiple times, especially within the Gryllidae. -
Tunnel Architectures of Three Species of Mole Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)
Scientific Notes 383 TUNNEL ARCHITECTURES OF THREE SPECIES OF MOLE CRICKETS (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLOTALPIDAE) RICK L. BRANDENBURG1, YULU XIA1 AND A. S. SCHOEMAN2 1North Carolina State University, Department of Entomology, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613 2Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, Republic of South Africa The southern mole cricket, Scapteriscus vicinus similar product used in South Africa. This and Giglio-Tos, and the tawny mole cricket, S. borellii other similar products are widely available at Scudder, damage turfgrass in southeastern local hardware and automobile repair stores. United States. The two species are univoltine in Approximately of the recommended amount of most of their range. They also have similar life cy- hardener was added to the fiberglass resin (about cles and morphology. However, southern mole 1 ml hardener/100 ml resin). The fiberglass resin cricket is primarily carnivorous, whereas tawny hardens quickly after adding hardener, therefore, mole cricket is herbivorous (Taylor 1979, Ulagaraj the whole procedure must be done quickly. The fi- 1975, Matheny 1981). The African mole cricket, berglass resin container was covered and shaken Gryllotalpa africana Palisot de Beauvois, is a after adding hardener. The contents were then world-wide pest (Sithole 1986). It damages plants poured immediately into the tunnel entrance in a including wheat, maize, rice, sorghum, millet, bar- steady stream. The excavation of the castings ley, oats, potatoes, cassava, groundnuts, straw- started 1-2 h after pouring. The fiberglass resin in berries, turnips, tobacco, and vegetables in Africa, one can (1 l) usually filled two to three mole Asia, and Europe. It also causes severe damage to cricket tunnels. -
Insects in Turf
Insects in Turf Pest Manager Training Albany Technical College February 26, 2019 Dr. James N. McCrimmon Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College Where do Insects fit in? Organization of 5 Kingdoms living organisms: – Animalia – Kingdom Phylum – Phylum – Arthropoda – Class – Nematoda – Order Class – Family – Insecta – Genus Order – Species – 7/32 are turf pests • Class ▫ Insecta Chitinous exoskeleton Three-part body (head, thorax, and abdomen) Three pairs of jointed legs Antennae Compound eyes Two antennae Introduction to Insect Biology We are fully immersed with insects – Over 1,000,000 insect species worldwide Introduction to Insect Biology An estimated 40 million insects for every acre of land Live in all habitats except, ocean Introduction to Insect Biology Diversity/richness greatest in tropical climates If global temperatures continue to rise, their population will grow and spread Introduction to Insect Biology Not all insects are pests; many are beneficial, for example, with the pollination of plants. Other beneficial roles of insects include… – Pest predation – Recycling/decomposition – Population control Introduction to Insect Biology A few groups (Orders) account for most of the population. – Coleoptera (beetles) 35% – Hymenoptera (bees, ants and wasps) 25% – Diptera (flies) 12.5% – Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) 12.5% – Hemiperta (true bug) 10% – Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets) 2% – Others 3% Insect Identification Destructive Turfgrass Insects 7 Insecta Orders Insecta Orthoptera Coleoptera Lepidoptera -
Tawny Mole Cricket
INSECT PESTS Tawny Mole Cricket Prepared by Camille Goodwin, MG 2008 Texas AgriLife Extension Service Galveston County Office Dickinson, TX 77539 Educational programs of the Texas AgriLife Extension Service are open to all people without regard to race, color, sex, disability, religion, age, or national origin. The Texas A&M System, U.S. Department of Agriculture and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas cooperating. FIG. 1 Type Pest: chewing insect (Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder) • Another closely related mole cricket, the southern mole cricket (Scapteriscus borellia Giglio-Tos) also occurs in the Galveston-Houston area Type Metamorphous: simple (egg, nymph and adult stages) Period of Primary Activity: April through October Plants Affected • Bermudagrass and bahiagrass are the primary turfgrasses damaged by the mole cricket, although extensive damage can be sustained on cultivars of St. Augustinegrass, FIG. 2 centipedegrass, ryegrass, zoysiagrass and bentgrass • Tomato, strawberry, beet, cabbage, cantaloupe, carrot, cauliflower, collard, eggplant, kale, lettuce, onion, pepper, potato, spinach, sweet potato, turnip, flowers such as coleus, chrysanthemum, gypsophila, and other plants • Mole crickets feed on other soil-dwelling insects Identifying Characteristics of Insect Pest EGG STAGE • After mating and dispersal flights occur, females lay eggs in cells dug in the soil primarly during April with some egg laying occurring into early summer • Eggs hatch in about 2 weeks FIG. 3 NYMPH STAGES • Nymphs develop through eight juvenile stages (separated by molts) mostly during the summer months. • Each successive growth stage (instar) is larger and looks more and more like the adult but lack fully developed wings • Winter is spent as partially grown nymphs and as adults ADULT STAGE (Fig. -
Mole Cricket: Scapteriscus Vicinus Shortwinged Mole Cricket: Scapteriscus Abbreviatus
Tawny Mole Cricket: Scapteriscus vicinus Shortwinged Mole Cricket: Scapteriscus abbreviatus Biology & Lifecycle: Adults and larger nymphs chew on stems of seedlings and smaller plants at the soil surface. The tawny mole cricket has one generation each year and overwinters as adults, which lay eggs in April through early June. Nymphs grow slowly through the summer months and start becoming adults in September. The shortwinged mole cricket is almost restricted to coastal areas. Most eggs are laid in late spring through early summer. Females of both species lay clutches of eggs in underground egg chambers. Environmental Factors: Tawny and shortwinged mole crickets are present year-around, with adults and large nymphs overwintering but inactivated by cold temperatures and drought (they burrow deeper underground). Irrigation during drought allows them to be active. Flooding forces them to migrate to higher ground. Adult: Adults are large, about 1¼ inches, with wings longer than body (tawny mole cricket (Figure 3)) or very much shorter than body (shortwinged mole cricket (Figure 1)). Both adults and nymphs have enlarged and toothed forelegs for digging; expanded femurs (base of the hind legs) for jumping, although only nymphs jump. All species have soft bodies, with the middle body section protected by a hardened cover (pronotum). Immature: Nymphs range from less than 1/8 inch at hatching to about 1 inch several months later, resembling the adults but without trace of wings in the first 4 instars and with small wing buds in later instars. The number of molts varies from 6 to 9 (Figure 5). Host range: Both species attack seedlings of eggplant, sweet pepper, tobacco, tomato and cabbage. -
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http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10134.html We ship printed books within 1 business day; personal PDFs are available immediately. Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act Committee on Mitigating Wetland Losses, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Water Science and Technology Board, National Research Council ISBN: 0-309-50290-X, 348 pages, 6 x 9, (2001) This PDF is available from the National Academies Press at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10134.html Visit the National Academies Press online, the authoritative source for all books from the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council: • Download hundreds of free books in PDF • Read thousands of books online for free • Explore our innovative research tools – try the “Research Dashboard” now! • Sign up to be notified when new books are published • Purchase printed books and selected PDF files Thank you for downloading this PDF. If you have comments, questions or just want more information about the books published by the National Academies Press, you may contact our customer service department toll- free at 888-624-8373, visit us online, or send an email to [email protected]. This book plus thousands more are available at http://www.nap.edu. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. Request reprint permission for this book. Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10134.html COMPENSATING FOR WETLAND LOSSES UNDER THE CLEAN WATER ACT Committee on Mitigating Wetland Losses Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology Water Science and Technology Board Division on Earth and Life Studies National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. -
Chapter 2 Seasonal Development of Gryllotalpa Africana
... .. - - - - -- ---_.__ ._ -- - .__ _- - Chapter 2 Seasonal development of Gryllotalpa africana "One difficulty encountered in implementing pest management programs for mole crickets is lack of detailed ecological information about these pests" - Hudson 1987. 57 Abstract The population dynamics (in terms of seasonal development) of G. africana was documented for the first time in South Africa. An irritating drench (soap water solution) was used to quantify life stage occurrence on turfgrass over one year. Oviposition took place from early October (spring), with eggs incubating for approximately three weeks. Nymphs reached the adult stage from March (late summer) and the majority of individuals over wintered in this stage. Adult numbers peaked in early September (early spring), declining through the season. Gryllotalpa africana was therefore univoltine in the study area. The adult population was female biased in spring. The smallest individuals (in relation to mean length) were sampled in December (early summer), whilst the smallest nymphs (in relation to mean length) occurred in November (late spring). Keywords: Univoltine, spring oviposition, life stage, absolute length, turfgrass 58 2.1 Introduction Gryllotaipa africana (the African mole cricket) only occurs in Africa (Townsend 1983), from where only one account concerning the life cycle of G. africana is available (from Zimbabwe) (Sithole 1986), with some notes on the species in South Africa provided by Schoeman (1996) and Brandenburg et ai. (2002). Females lay 30-50 oval, white eggs in hardened chambers in the soil (Sithole 1986). Incubation period is temperature dependant, varying from 15-40 days (Sithole 1986). Nymphs feed on wonns and roots of plants and (in favourable conditions) develop through six instars, with wing bud development visible in later instars (Sirhole 1986).