The Measures of the Financial and Agricultural Reformation During The
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Taxation in Islam
Taxation in Islam The following article is based on the book Funds in the Khilafah State which is a translation of Al-Amwal fi Dowlat Al-Khilafah by Abdul-Qadeem Zalloom.1 Allah (swt) has revealed a comprehensive economic system that details all aspects of economic life including government revenues and taxation. In origin, the permanent sources of revenue for the Bait ul-Mal (State Treasury) should be sufficient to cover the obligatory expenditure of the Islamic State. These revenues that Shar’a (Islamic Law) has defined are: Fa’i, Jizya, Kharaj, Ushur, and income from Public properties. The financial burdens placed on modern states today are far higher than in previous times. When the Caliphate is re-established it will need to finance a huge re-development and industrial programme to reverse centuries of decline, and bring the Muslim world fully into the 21st century. Because of this, the Bait ul-Mal’s permanent sources of revenue may be insufficient to cover all the needs and interests the Caliphate is obliged to spend upon. In such a situation where the Bait ul-Mal’s revenues are insufficient to meet the Caliphate’s budgetary requirements, the Islamic obligation transfers from the Bait ul-Mal to the Muslims as a whole. This is because Allah (swt) has obliged the Muslims to spend on these needs and interests, and their failure to spend on them will lead to the harming of Muslims. Allah (swt) obliged the State and the Ummah to remove any harm from the Muslims. It was related on the authority of Abu Sa’id al-Khudri, (ra), that the Messenger of Allah (saw) said: “It is not allowed to do harm nor to allow being harmed.” [Ibn Majah, Al-Daraqutni] Therefore, Allah (swt) has obliged the State to collect money from the Muslims in order to cover its obligatory expenditure. -
The Transformation of Middle Eastern Cities in the 12 Century
Stefan Heidemann, Jena University The Transformation of Middle Eastern Cities in the 12th Century: Financing Urban Renewal The scope of the project1 The 12th century was a period of rapid change in the Middle East. It was a time of renewal as well as completion as the cityscapes’ Islamization came to a head. In Syria and Northern Mesopotamia a vast building program finally transformed the late Roman/early Islamic city of the sixth to the tenth centuries⎯followed by almost two centuries of decline⎯to the prosperous medieval city of the twelfth to sixteenth centuries, which can be still seen in the old towns of modern cities in the Middle East. The majority of the urban populations had become Muslim, and, with the appearance of a strong Muslim constituency, the cities became dominated by Islamic buildings and institutions, such as congregational mosques, schools of higher learning (madrasa), convents for mystics (khanqah), and hospitals. The period prior to the Seljuq conquest of Syria in 1087 witnessed urban decline. The beginning of the urban, political and economic renaissance2, and the extensive Zangid3 1 This chapter of my research project ‘the transformation of the Middle Eastern Cities in the 12th Century’ would not have been possible without the stimulating academic environment created by the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at MIT by invitation of Prof. Nasser Rabbat. Since 2004 this project is supported by the German Research Foundations (DFG) as ‘The New Economic Dynamics in the Zangid and Ayyubid Period’. The extended annotated version of this contribution will appear in Miriam Frenkel and Yaacov Lev (eds.), Charity in the Late Antiquity and Medieval Islam (Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes), Wiesbaden (forthcoming). -
Proquest Dissertations
The history of the conquest of Egypt, being a partial translation of Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam's "Futuh Misr" and an analysis of this translation Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Hilloowala, Yasmin, 1969- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 21:08:06 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282810 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly fi-om the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectiotiing the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. -
Hizb Ut-Tahrir Ideology and Strategy
HIZB UT-TAHRIR IDEOLOGY AND STRATEGY “The fierce struggle… between the Muslims and the Kuffar, has been intense ever since the dawn of Islam... It will continue in this way – a bloody struggle alongside the intellectual struggle – until the Hour comes and Allah inherits the Earth...” Hizb ut-Tahrir The Centre for Social Cohesion Houriya Ahmed & Hannah Stuart HIZB UT-TAHRIR IDEOLOGY AND STRATEGY “The fierce struggle… between the Muslims and the Kuffar, has been intense ever since the dawn of Islam... It will continue in this way – a bloody struggle alongside the intellectual struggle – until the Hour comes and Allah inherits the Earth...” Hizb ut-Tahrir The Centre for Social Cohesion Houriya Ahmed & Hannah Stuart Hizb ut-Tahrir Ideology and Strategy Houriya Ahmed and Hannah Stuart 2009 The Centre for Social Cohesion Clutha House, 10 Storey’s Gate London SW1P 3AY Tel: +44 (0)20 7222 8909 Fax: +44 (0)5 601527476 Email: [email protected] www.socialcohesion.co.uk The Centre for Social Cohesion Limited by guarantee Registered in England and Wales: No. 06609071 © The Centre for Social Cohesion, November 2009 All the Institute’s publications seek to further its objective of promoting human rights for the benefit of the public. The views expressed are those of the author, not of the Institute. Hizb ut-Tahrir: Ideology and Strategy By Houriya Ahmed and Hannah Stuart ISBN 978-0-9560013-4-4 All rights reserved The map on the front cover depicts Hizb ut-Tahrir’s vision for its Caliphate in ‘Islamic Lands’ ABOUT THE AUTHORS Houriya Ahmed is a Research Fellow at the Centre for Social Cohesion (CSC). -
On the Sustainable Development Goals and the Role of Islamic Finance
WPS7266 Policy Research Working Paper 7266 Public Disclosure Authorized On the Sustainable Development Goals and the Role of Islamic Finance Public Disclosure Authorized Habib Ahmed Mahmoud Mohieldin with Jos Verbeek Farida Aboulmagd Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Office of the President’s Special Envoy on Post 2015 May 2015 Policy Research Working Paper 7266 Abstract The Sustainable Development Goals, the global development mobilized if the world is to succeed in meeting its targets. agenda for 2015 through 2030, will require unprecedented Thus, the potential for Islamic finance to play a role in sup- mobilization of resources to support their implementation. porting the Sustainable Development Goals is explored in Their predecessor, the Millennium Development Goals, this paper. Given the principles of Islamic finance that sup- focused on a limited number of concrete, global human port socially inclusive and development promoting activities, development targets that can be monitored by statistically the Islamic financial sector has the potential to contribute robust indicators. The Millennium Development Goals to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. set the stage for global support of ambitious development The paper examines the role of Islamic financial institutions, goals behind which the world must rally. The Sustainable capital markets, and the social sector in promoting strong Development Goals bring forward the unfinished business growth, enhanced financial inclusion, and intermediation, of the Millennium Development Goals and go even further. reducing risks and vulnerability of the poor and more Because of the transformative and sustainable nature of the broadly contributing to financial stability and development. new development agenda, all possible resources must be This paper is a product of the Office of the President’s Special Envoy on Post 2015. -
The Idea That Islam Was Spread by the Sword Has Had Wide Currency At
Was Islam Spread by the Sword? The idea that Islam was spread by the sword has had wide currency at many diffrenet times and the impression is still widespread among the less reflective sections of the media and the wider public that people converted to Islam because they were forced to do so. This is, of course, a very useful argument in all sorts of ways. It allows non-Muslims to explain the otherwise problematic fact that so many people converted to Islam when it was, clearly, an inferior or even completely wicked religion. Claiming that people were forced to convert meant avoiding the difficult idea that people might have converted because of inadequacies or failings among the Christian clergy or worse, the intolerable thought that Islam was the true religion and that God was on the side of the Muslims. So much easier, then, to say that people were converted because they had no choice or rather that the choice was between conversion and death. In this paper I want to consider the role that violence and armed might played in the spread of Islam in the central Middle East between the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 and about the year 1000. By the central Middle East I mean the lands between Egypt in the west and Iran in the east. All these lands, Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and Iran were conquered in the years between 632 and 650. It was an astonishing series of campaigns and victories, campaigns and victories which have affected the history of the area ever since. -
Kharaj and Land Proprietary Right in the Sixteenth Century: an Example of Law and Economics
Munich Personal RePEc Archive Kharaj and land proprietary right in the sixteenth century: An example of law and economics Islahi, Abdul Azim Islamic Economics Research Center, KAAU, Jeddah, KSA 20 April 2006 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18231/ MPRA Paper No. 18231, posted 31 Oct 2009 18:14 UTC KHARAJ AND LAND PROPRIETARY RIGHT IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY: AN EXAMPLE OF LAW AND ECONOMICS Abdul Azim Islahi[*] Abstract Kharaj (land-tax) has been a controversial subject since the formative period of Islamic jurisprudence. It is said that Muslim jurists have been very conservative while dealing with the subject of kharaj. But this is wrong perception or opinion. The Controversy have mainly been revolved around the kharaj-payer's relationship with the land he owned or cultivated. This nature of relationship was necessary, for in circumstances it alone determined what to do with the kharaji land. A host of problems surfaced over the centuries and the Muslim jurists dealt with them differently. The later jurists, specially during the Ottoman period, face situations which did not exist in early period. So they were compelled to develop their own thoughts over a number of issues and in so doing they had to differ from their predecessors. It may, therefore, be argued that the Islamic law on kharaj has never been rigid and static. Introduction Since the early period of the formation of Islamic jurisprudence, controversy existed over the status of kharaj (land-tax) payers and their relations with the land. With the passage of time this controversy further deepened. It is generally held that in the later centuries succeeding ulama strictly followed scholars of the first four centuries of Islam when the door of ijtihad was not closed. -
Islamic Law, Jihad and Violence
UCLA UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law Title Islamic Law, Jihad and Violence Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1sj0m31p Journal UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law, 16(1) Author Abou El Fadl, Khaled Publication Date 2017 DOI 10.5070/N4161038734 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California ISLAMIC LAW, JIHAD AND VIOLENCE Khaled Abou El Fadl TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 I. MORAL OBLIGATION AND LEGAL INDETERMINACY IN THE ISLAMIC JURISTIC TRADITION ..........................................................................................................5 II. THE MEANING OF JIHAD ......................................................................................9 A. Peace as a Moral Imperative ................................................................10 B. The Qur’anic Discourse on Jihad ........................................................12 C. The Challenge of War and the Balancing of Moral Imperatives ..........13 III� JUS AD BELLUM IN THE ISLAMIC TRADITION���������������������������������������������������������15 IV� JUS IN BELLO IN THE ISLAMIC TRADITION.............................................................20 INTRODUCTION To what extent are justifications of violence in Islamic law based on scriptural prescriptions and commands? The challenge of answering this question, in part, is the sheer breadth of the Islamic experience. -
History of the Islamic State's Institutions and the Rightly Guided Caliphs ﷺ the Prophet Muhammad
History of the Islamic State's Institutions and the Rightly Guided Caliphs ﷺ The Prophet Muhammad Volume 1 AK Newell Contents Contents .............................................................................................................................................................................. 2 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................... 12 16 ................................................................................................................. ﷺ The Islamic State of Prophet Muhammad 1. Summary ................................................................................................................................................................. 16 2. Biography ............................................................................................................................................................... 17 3. Bay’ah Contract ....................................................................................................................................................... 17 4. Government Structure ............................................................................................................................................ 18 4.1 Shura ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... -
Suicide Bombing in Islamic Hermeneutics
Ilorin Journal of Religious Studies, (IJOURELS) Vol.5 No.1, 2015, pp.119-137 MARTYRS OR TERRORISTS: SUICIDE BOMBING IN ISLAMIC HERMENEUTICS Abdulrazaq Kilani, [email protected] & Ibrahim Suberu [email protected] Department of Religious & Cultural Studies, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Abstract Most sociologists, anthropologists and scholars with backgrounds different from the Islamic tradition had written off martyrdom as parallel to suicide. However, the concept of martyrdom in Islam is associated with an all-inclusive effort to make the word of Allah supreme on the surface of the earth. The adoption of suicide terrorism by some Muslim groups as a strategic objective of modern warfare is the thrust of this paper. The work explicates suicide terrorism as war tactic in contemporary time. It examines the evidence and claims that have been advanced for the permissibility of self-sacrifices operation (al-amaliyyat al- Istishhadiyyah) or martyrdom, and suicide bombing, which many of the contemporary groups consider as legitimate tactic of war and hence subsequently qualifying the one that is involved a martyr. To achieve this, the authors use the Qur‟an, Hadith, different school of thoughts and contemporary scholar‟s view to examine the position and claims that have been advanced. However, the various sources from classical times to our present day provide evidence that martyrdom or self-sacrifice operation is not alien to Islam but, the upsurge of suicide terrorism and suicide bombing among some militant Muslim groups today is not an influence of Islamic fundamentalism or conservatism as mostly explained in intellectual discourse rather it is adopted as a war tactic which exists in other traditions outside Islam and that its permissibility depends on the context of its deployment. -
The Concept of Jihad in Islamic International Law
Journal of Conflict & Security Law (2005), Vol. 10 No. 3, 321–343 doi:10.1093/jcsl/kri017 Advance Access published on September 06, 2005 THE CONCEPT OF JIHAD IN ISLAMIC INTERNATIONAL LAW Shaheen Sardar Ali* and Javaid Rehman** ABSTRACT In the post 11 September 2001 legal and political environment, Islam appears to have become one of the most misunderstood religions. Islam has been equated with fanati- cism, intolerance, violence and wars of aggression – the classical Jihad ideology is often deployed to cast doubts on the compatibility of Islam with modern norms of international law as enunciated in the United Nations Charter. Much confusion stems from the fact that Islamic international law and Islamic laws of armed conflict have not received due attention in western legal scholarship. The concept of Jihad has argu- ably been central to many modern conflicts including that of resistance to US occupa- tion of Iraq (2003–2005), the struggle for self-determination in Kashmir (1947–2005) and the Palestinian struggle for reclaiming their land from Israel (1948–2005). This article seeks to provide a jurisprudential analysis of the concept of Jihad. Amidst controversies surrounding Jihad, the authors attempt to contextualise the con- cept and relate the discussion to contemporary norms of International law as estab- lished by the United Nations Charter. The authors identify the conditions under which Jihad is permissible in Islamic law in the light of its various sources. The distinction between dar-al-harb (abode of war) and dar-al-Islam (abode of Islam) is presented as this issue impacts on laws of war in Islam. -
The Delhi Sultans
3 THE DELHI SULTANS n Chapter 2 we saw that regions like the Kaveri delta I became the centre of large kingdoms. Did you notice that there was no mention of a kingdom with Delhi as its capital? That was because Delhi became an important city only in the twelfth century. Take a look at Table 1. Delhi first became the capital of a kingdom under the Tomara Rajputs, who were defeated in the middle of the twelfth century by the Map 1 Chauhans (also referred to as Chahamanas) of Ajmer. Selected Sultanate It was under the Tomaras and Chauhans that Delhi cities of Delhi, thirteenth-fourteenth became an important commercial centre. Many rich centuries. Jaina merchants lived in the city and constructed several temples. Coins minted here, called dehliwal, had a wide circulation. The transformation of Delhi into a capital that controlled vast areas of the subcontinent started with the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate in the beginning of the thirteenth century. Take a look at Table 1 again and identify the five dynasties that together made the Delhi Sultanate. The Delhi Sultans built many cities in the area that we now - know as Delhi. Look at Map 1 and locate Dehli-i Kuhna, Siri - and Jahanpanah. OUR PASTS – II 30 2021-22 The rulers of Delhi Table 1 RAJPUT DYNASTIES Tomaras Early twelfth century-1165 Ananga Pala 1130-1145 Chauhans 1165-1192 Prithviraj Chauhan 1175-1192 EARLY TURKISH RULERS 1206-1290 Qutbuddin Aybak 1206-1210 Shamsuddin Iltutmish 1210-1236 Raziyya 1236-1240 Ghiyasuddin Balban 1266-1287 Iltutmish’s tomb KHALJI DYNASTY 1290-1320 Jalaluddin