Nature and the Bible Are the Same
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Once Again from the Beginning: the Role of Historical Inquiry in the Anthropocene
Once Again from the Beginning: The Role of Historical Inquiry in the Anthropocene Camila Puig Ibarra Department of History, Barnard College Professor José Moya April 19th, 2017 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ 3 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 1: Expanding the Temporal Limits of History .................................................................. 10 Chapter 2: From the Neolithic Revolution to the Industrial Revolution ...................................... 22 Chapter 3: Towards the Anthropocene ........................................................................................ 35 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 44 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 48 2 Acknowledgements First of all, I owe the most thanks to my parents, without whom I would not have my education and, thus, I would have not been able to do this project (historical causation!). Many people supported me throughout this year. I especially want to thank my adviser José Moya who patiently and excitingly talked me through how to best write a history of all known time and Shannon O’Neill in the Barnard Archives -
Teaching & Researching Big History: Exploring a New
www.ssoar.info Teaching & Researching Big History: Exploring A New Scholarly Field Grinin, Leonid; Baker, David; Quaedackers, Esther; Korotayev, Andrey Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Sammelwerk / collection Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Grinin, L., Baker, D., Quaedackers, E., & Korotayev, A. (Eds.). (2014). Teaching & Researching Big History: Exploring A New Scholarly Field. Volgograd: Uchitel Publishing House. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-58924-9 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Basic Digital Peer Publishing-Lizenz This document is made available under a Basic Digital Peer zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den DiPP-Lizenzen Publishing Licence. For more Information see: finden Sie hier: http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ INTERNATIONAL BIG HISTORY ASSOCIATION RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL STUDIES The Eurasian Center for Big History and System Forecasting TEACHING & RESEARCHING BIG HISTORY: EXPLORING A NEW SCHOLARLY FIELD Edited by Leonid Grinin, David Baker, Esther Quaedackers, and Andrey Korotayev ‘Uchitel’ Publishing House Volgograd ББК 28.02 87.21 Editorial Council: Cynthia Stokes Brown Ji-Hyung Cho David Christian Barry Rodrigue Teaching & Researching Big History: Exploring a New Scholarly Field / Edited by Leonid E. Grinin, David Baker, Esther Quaedackers, and Andrey V. Korotayev. – Volgograd: ‘Uchitel’ Publishing House, 2014. – 368 pp. According to the working definition of the International Big History Association, ‘Big History seeks to understand the integrated history of the Cosmos, Earth, Life and Humanity, using the best available empirical evidence and scholarly methods’. In recent years Big History has been developing very fast indeed. -
Cosmology Slides
Inhomogeneous cosmologies George Ellis, University of Cape Town 27th Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophyiscs Dallas, Texas Thursday 12th December 9h00-9h45 • The universe is inhomogeneous on all scales except the largest • This conclusion has often been resisted by theorists who have said it could not be so (e.g. walls and large scale motions) • Most of the universe is almost empty space, punctuated by very small very high density objects (e.g. solar system) • Very non-linear: / = 1030 in this room. Models in cosmology • Static: Einstein (1917), de Sitter (1917) • Spatially homogeneous and isotropic, evolving: - Friedmann (1922), Lemaitre (1927), Robertson-Walker, Tolman, Guth • Spatially homogeneous anisotropic (Bianchi/ Kantowski-Sachs) models: - Gödel, Schücking, Thorne, Misner, Collins and Hawking,Wainwright, … • Perturbed FLRW: Lifschitz, Hawking, Sachs and Wolfe, Peebles, Bardeen, Ellis and Bruni: structure formation (linear), CMB anisotropies, lensing Spherically symmetric inhomogeneous: • LTB: Lemaître, Tolman, Bondi, Silk, Krasinski, Celerier , Bolejko,…, • Szekeres (no symmetries): Sussman, Hellaby, Ishak, … • Swiss cheese: Einstein and Strauss, Schücking, Kantowski, Dyer,… • Lindquist and Wheeler: Perreira, Clifton, … • Black holes: Schwarzschild, Kerr The key observational point is that we can only observe on the past light cone (Hoyle, Schücking, Sachs) See the diagrams of our past light cone by Mark Whittle (Virginia) 5 Expand the spatial distances to see the causal structure: light cones at ±45o. Observable Geo Data Start of universe Particle Horizon (Rindler) Spacelike singularity (Penrose). 6 The cosmological principle The CP is the foundational assumption that the Universe obeys a cosmological law: It is necessarily spatially homogeneous and isotropic (Milne 1935, Bondi 1960) Thus a priori: geometry is Robertson-Walker Weaker form: the Copernican Principle: We do not live in a special place (Weinberg 1973). -
The Big Bang
The Big Bang • Review of Hubble expansion • Assumptions in cosmology • The Big Bang • Cosmic microwave background Hubble expansion v = H0d What would be the recession speed of a galaxy at a distance of 7 Mpc? A) 0.1 km/s B) 10 km/s C) 250 km/s D) 500 km/s E) 1000 km/s Speed = H0 distance H0 = 71 km/s/Mpc Receding galaxy 8 Speed = 500 km/s = 0.5 Mpc/Gyr 6 4 2 Distance (Mpc) 0 -2 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 Time (Gyr) When was this galaxy in the same place as the Milky Way? time = distance / velocity = 7 Mpc/(0.5 Mpc/Gyr) = 14 Gyr ago If the Hubble constant were doubled, what would be the recession speed of a galaxy at a distance of 7 Mpc? A) 0.1 km/s B) 10 km/s C) 250 km/s D) 500 km/s E) 1000 km/s Speed = H distance H = 271 km/s/Mpc 0 0 Receding galaxy 8 Speed = 1000 km/s = 1.0 Mpc/Gyr 6 4 2 0 Distance (Mpc) -2 -4 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 Time (Gyr) When was this galaxy in the same place as the Milky Way? time = distance / velocity = 7 Mpc/(1.0 Mpc/Gyr) = 7 Gyr ago If Hubble's constant were twice as large as we now think it is, our estimate of the age of the universe would A) be unchanged B) increase by a factor of 2 C) increase by a factor of 4 D) decrease by a factor of 2 E) decrease by a factor of 4 Quasars are receding from us at high velocities because A) matter in black hole jets moves at close to the speed of light B) matter moves rapidly when close to a black hole C) quasars are at large distances D) we smell bad The variety of different active galaxies can be explained as due to A) different orientations of the accretion disk B) different forms of matter being accreted C) different shapes of black holes D) different velocities of black holes Assumptions in Cosmology Copernican principle: – We do not occupy a special place. -
SMITH-THESIS.Pdf (550.5Kb)
Copyright by Ashley Michelle Smith 2009 The Thesis committee for Ashley Michelle Smith Certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: The Goldilocks Principle: Do Deviations from the Average Courtship Predict Divorce? APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE: Supervisor: ______________________________ Timothy J. Loving ____________________________________ Ted L. Huston ____________________________________ Lisa A. Neff The Goldilocks Principle: Do Deviations from the Average Courtship Predict Divorce? by Ashley Michelle Smith, B. A. Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts The University of Texas at Austin December 2009 The Goldilocks Principle: Do Deviations from the Average Courtship Predict Divorce? By Ashley Michelle Smith, MA The University of Texas at Austin, 2009 SUPERVISOR: Timothy J. Loving The benefits of being average were examined within the context of romantic relationships by focusing on courtship progression and events for 164 married couples. The courtship progression was captured using a graph of the fluctuations in the percentage chance of marriage for each spouse from when couples first began dating up until the wedding day. Five factors were then used to capture the graph: Time elapsed to progress from 25 to 75% chance of marriage, turbulence in chance of marriage values, average change in percent chance of marriage between relationship events, courtship length, and the sum of squared deviations from a straight line connecting when couples first started dating until their marriage date. Couples also reported on the timing of important relationship events (i.e., meeting parents, first fell in love, first sexual intercourse, and engagement) that were then compared to the order of the average courtship event progression. -
A Democratic Cosmos? Arxiv:1910.00481V1 [Physics.Hist-Ph] 1 Oct 2019
A democratic Cosmos? Guilherme Franzmann1 and Yigit Yargic2 1Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2T8, Canada 2Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline St. N., Waterloo ON, N2L 2Y5, Canada Abstract Despite the success of our best models in Theoretical Physics, especially concerning Cosmology and Particle Physics, we still face persistent challenges. Among them we have the cosmological singularity problem, understanding the late-time acceleration of the Universe, and comprehending the fundamental na- ture of time. We believe relevant new insights to tackle each of these issues may be found in the Philosophy of Cosmology. We elaborate on three philosophical principles that shall guide us on how to improve our current theories. They are the Copernican Principle for Scales, the Cosmological Heterarchical Principle and the Cosmological Principle of Irreversibility. Following these principles, and using some of our current physical theories as a proxy to implement them, we consider a new assessment of each of these challenges, and show how they may be either explained away, hinting towards new physics, or summarized in a new philosophical principle. Essay written for the 2019 Essay Prize in Philosophy of Cosmology1. arXiv:1910.00481v1 [physics.hist-ph] 1 Oct 2019 1http://www.rotman.uwo.ca/2019-essay-prize-in-philosophy-of-cosmology/ 1 Contents 1 The Cosmic Pnyka 3 2 The Copernican Principle for Scales 5 3 The Cosmological Heterarchical Principle 8 4 The landscape of scales 10 5 The Very Early Universe 12 5.1 T-duality . 12 6 Λ-theory: GR’s unknown heir in the deep IR 15 6.1 Inspirations from MOND . -
Living in a Void: Testing the Copernican Principle with Distant Supernovae
Living in a Void: Testing the Copernican Principle with Distant Supernovae Timothy Clifton,∗ Pedro G. Ferreira, and Kate Land Oxford Astrophysics, Physics, DWB, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3RH, UK A fundamental presupposition of modern cosmology is the Copernican Principle; that we are not in a central, or otherwise special region of the Universe. Studies of Type Ia supernovae, together with the Copernican Principle, have led to the inference that the Universe is accelerating in its expansion. The usual explanation for this is that there must exist a ‘Dark Energy’, to drive the acceleration. Alternatively, it could be the case that the Copernican Principle is invalid, and that the data has been interpreted within an inappropriate theoretical frame-work. If we were to live in a special place in the Universe, near the centre of a void where the local matter density is low, then the supernovae observations could be accounted for without the addition of dark energy. We show that the local redshift dependence of the luminosity distance can be used as a clear discriminant between these two paradigms. Future surveys of Type Ia supernovae that focus on a redshift range of ∼ 0.1 − 0.4 will be ideally suited to test this hypothesis, and hence to observationally determine the validity of the Copernican Principle on new scales, as well as probing the degree to which dark energy must be considered a necessary ingredient in the Universe. The concordance model of the Universe combines two An alternative to admitting the existence of dark en- fundamental assumptions. The first is that space-time ergy is to review the postulates that necessitate its intro- is dynamical, obeying Einstein’s Equations. -
A Natural Introduction to Fine-Tuning
A Natural Introduction to Fine-Tuning Julian De Vuyst ∗ Department of Physics & Astronomy, Ghent University, Krijgslaan, S9, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Abstract A well-known topic within the philosophy of physics is the problem of fine-tuning: the fact that the universal constants seem to take non-arbitrary values in order for live to thrive in our Universe. In this paper we will talk about this problem in general, giving some examples from physics. We will review some solutions like the design argument, logical probability, cosmological natural selection, etc. Moreover, we will also discuss why it's dangerous to uphold the Principle of Naturalness as a scientific principle. After going through this paper, the reader should have a general idea what this problem exactly entails whenever it is mentioned in other sources and we recommend the reader to think critically about these concepts. arXiv:2012.05617v1 [physics.hist-ph] 10 Dec 2020 ∗[email protected] 1 Contents 1 Introduction3 2 A Take on Constants3 2.I The Role of Units . .4 2.II Derived vs Fundamental Constants . .5 3 The Concept of Naturalness6 3.I Technical Naturalness . .6 3.I.a A Wilsonian Perspective . .6 3.I.b A Brief History . .8 3.II Numerical/General Naturalness . .9 4 The Fine-Tuning Problem9 5 Some Examples from Physics 10 5.I The Cosmological Constant Problem . 10 5.II The Flatness Problem . 11 5.III The Higgs Mass . 12 5.IV The Strong CP Problem . 13 6 Resolutions to Fine-Tuning 14 6.I We are here, full stop . 14 6.II Designed like Clockwork . -
Nicolaus Copernicus: the Loss of Centrality
I Nicolaus Copernicus: The Loss of Centrality The mathematician who studies the motions of the stars is surely like a blind man who, with only a staff to guide him, must make a great, endless, hazardous journey that winds through innumerable desolate places. [Rheticus, Narratio Prima (1540), 163] 1 Ptolemy and Copernicus The German playwright Bertold Brecht wrote his play Life of Galileo in exile in 1938–9. It was first performed in Zurich in 1943. In Brecht’s play two worldviews collide. There is the geocentric worldview, which holds that the Earth is at the center of a closed universe. Among its many proponents were Aristotle (384–322 BC), Ptolemy (AD 85–165), and Martin Luther (1483–1546). Opposed to geocentrism is the heliocentric worldview. Heliocentrism teaches that the sun occupies the center of an open universe. Among its many proponents were Copernicus (1473–1543), Kepler (1571–1630), Galileo (1564–1642), and Newton (1643–1727). In Act One the Italian mathematician and physicist Galileo Galilei shows his assistant Andrea a model of the Ptolemaic system. In the middle sits the Earth, sur- rounded by eight rings. The rings represent the crystal spheres, which carry the planets and the fixed stars. Galileo scowls at this model. “Yes, walls and spheres and immobility,” he complains. “For two thousand years people have believed that the sun and all the stars of heaven rotate around mankind.” And everybody believed that “they were sitting motionless inside this crystal sphere.” The Earth was motionless, everything else rotated around it. “But now we are breaking out of it,” Galileo assures his assistant. -
The Copernican Revolution: Observational Tests
The Copernican Revolution: Observational Tests The Trigonometric (Geometric) Parallax Aristotle’s missing Stellar Parallax: The Earth has moved! Parallactic ellipse has (angular) semi major axis p = a/d (radians) ... where a is the Earth’s orbital “radius” and d is the distance to the star. For d in parsecs (pc), and p in arc-seconds (“): (pc) = 1/p(“) aEarth = 1 au = 1.50 x 108 km and 1 pc = 206,265 au First Measurement of a Stellar Parallax by Bessel (1838) ... 61 Cygni, also know as “Piazzi’s Flying Star”, with p = 0.287”, d = 3.48 pc (The largest stellar parallax is that of α Centauri with p = 0.75”) There are 206,265 arc-seconds (“) in a radian: 180°= π radians; 1°= 60’= 3,600” One astronomical unit is 23,455 Earth radii. The Aberration of Starlight The Earth is moving! The Earth’s orbital speed is v = 30 km s-1 The speed of light is c = 3 x 105 km s-1 Therefore, the maximum aberration angle is v/c = 10-4 radian = 21” (Note that the semi major axes of all annual aberration ellipses are 21”) History Roemer (1675) measures the velocity of light Observations of eclipses of the satellites of Jupiter. (Io, P = 1.76d) (His value for the speed of light was about 75% of the true value.) Note: Light travels 1 astronomical unit in about 500 seconds. Picard (1680) observes “puzzling parallax” of Polaris (~20”) d (parsecs) = 1/p(“) .... but the motion was in the wrong direction for parallactic motion! ... and was seen with the same amplitude in all directions on the sky! Bradley (1728) explains the phemomenon (and provides observations of γ Draconis) Note that this was over a century before Bessel successfully measured the trigonometric parallax of 61 Cygni in 1838. -
Challenges of Globalization · Episode II
Challenges of globalization · Episode II 1. Big history. Big history is “the approach to history in which the human past is placed within the framework of cosmic history, from the beginning of the universe up until life on Earth today.” (Spier, p. ix) “In big history, any question can be addressed concerning how and why certain aspects of the present have become the way they are. Unlike any other academic discipline, big history integrates all the studies of the past into a novel and coherent perspective.” (Spier, p. xi) “The shortest summary of big history is that it deals with the rise and demise of complexity at all scales.” (Spier, p. 21) 2. Globalization in big history. Big history adopts a process approach to human history. With respect to humanity, big history is concerned with the identification and explanation of major historical processes (and events and regularities, as well) in human history. Globalization is one such process. The list includes the agrarian revolution, the emergence of civilizations, state formation, the industrial revolution and industrialization… 3. Fred Spier’s big explanation of big history. “… the energy flowing through matter within certain boundary conditions has caused both the rise and the demise of all forms of complexity.” (Spier, p. 21) Spier, Fred (2010): Big history and the future of humanity, Wiley‐Blackwell, Chichester, UK. 4. A general theory of organized systems based on evolution. Developments in several scientific disciplines suggest that the emergence, development, evolution and possible demise of organized systems (physical, biological, social systems) share strong similarities (Chaisson, p. ix). The prospect of unification in the study of these different domains appears plausible. -
Introduction Big History's Big Potential
Introduction Big History’s Big Potential Leonid E. Grinin, David Baker, Esther Quaedackers, and Andrey V. Korotayev Big History has been developing very fast indeed. We are currently ob- serving a ‘Cambrian explosion’ in terms of its popularity and diffusion. Big History courses are taught in the schools and universities of several dozen countries, including China, Korea, the Netherlands, the USA, In- dia, Russia, Japan, Australia, Great Britain, Germany, and many more. The International Big History Association (IBHA) is gaining momentum in its projects and membership. Conferences are beginning to be held regularly (this edited volume has been prepared on the basis of the pro- ceedings of the International Big History Association Inaugural Confer- ence [see below for details]). Hundreds of researchers are involved in studying and teaching Big History. What is Big History? And why is it becoming so popular? Accord- ing to the working definition of the IBHA, ‘Big History seeks to under- stand the integrated history of the Cosmos, Earth, Life and Humanity, using the best available empirical evidence and scholarly methods’. The need to see this process of development holistically, in its origins and growing complexity, is fundamental to what drives not only science but also the human imagination. This shared vision of the grand narrative is one of the most effective ways to conceptualize and integrate our growing knowledge of the Universe, society, and human thought. Moreover, without using ‘mega-paradigms’ like Big History, scientists working in different fields may run the risk of losing sight of how each other's tireless work connects and contributes to their own.