Introduction to Hyperbolic Metric Spaces
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Quasi-Hyperbolic Planes in Relatively Hyperbolic Groups
QUASI-HYPERBOLIC PLANES IN RELATIVELY HYPERBOLIC GROUPS JOHN M. MACKAY AND ALESSANDRO SISTO Abstract. We show that any group that is hyperbolic relative to virtually nilpotent subgroups, and does not admit peripheral splittings, contains a quasi-isometrically embedded copy of the hy- perbolic plane. In natural situations, the specific embeddings we find remain quasi-isometric embeddings when composed with the inclusion map from the Cayley graph to the coned-off graph, as well as when composed with the quotient map to \almost every" peripheral (Dehn) filling. We apply our theorem to study the same question for funda- mental groups of 3-manifolds. The key idea is to study quantitative geometric properties of the boundaries of relatively hyperbolic groups, such as linear connect- edness. In particular, we prove a new existence result for quasi-arcs that avoid obstacles. Contents 1. Introduction 2 1.1. Outline 5 1.2. Notation 5 1.3. Acknowledgements 5 2. Relatively hyperbolic groups and transversality 6 2.1. Basic definitions 6 2.2. Transversality and coned-off graphs 8 2.3. Stability under peripheral fillings 10 3. Separation of parabolic points and horoballs 12 3.1. Separation estimates 12 3.2. Embedded planes 15 3.3. The Bowditch space is visual 16 4. Boundaries of relatively hyperbolic groups 17 4.1. Doubling 19 4.2. Partial self-similarity 19 5. Linear Connectedness 21 Date: April 23, 2019. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 20F65, 20F67, 51F99. Key words and phrases. Relatively hyperbolic group, quasi-isometric embedding, hyperbolic plane, quasi-arcs. The research of the first author was supported in part by EPSRC grants EP/K032208/1 and EP/P010245/1. -
EMBEDDINGS of GROMOV HYPERBOLIC SPACES 1 Introduction
GAFA, Geom. funct. anal. © Birkhiiuser Verlag, Basel 2000 Vol. 10 (2000) 266 - 306 1016-443X/00/020266-41 $ 1.50+0.20/0 I GAFA Geometric And Functional Analysis EMBEDDINGS OF GROMOV HYPERBOLIC SPACES M. BONK AND O. SCHRAMM Abstract It is shown that a Gromov hyperbolic geodesic metric space X with bounded growth at some scale is roughly quasi-isometric to a convex subset of hyperbolic space. If one is allowed to rescale the metric of X by some positive constant, then there is an embedding where distances are distorted by at most an additive constant. Another embedding theorem states that any 8-hyperbolic met ric space embeds isometrically into a complete geodesic 8-hyperbolic space. The relation of a Gromov hyperbolic space to its boundary is fur ther investigated. One of the applications is a characterization of the hyperbolic plane up to rough quasi-isometries. 1 Introduction The study of Gromov hyperbolic spaces has been largely motivated and dominated by questions about Gromov hyperbolic groups. This paper studies the geometry of Gromov hyperbolic spaces without reference to any group or group action. One of our main theorems is Embedding Theorem 1.1. Let X be a Gromov hyperbolic geodesic metric space with bounded growth at some scale. Then there exists an integer n such that X is roughly similar to a convex subset of hyperbolic n-space lHIn. The precise definitions appear in the body of the paper, but now we briefly discuss the meaning of the theorem. The condition of bounded growth at some scale is satisfied, for example, if X is a bounded valence graph, or a Riemannian manifold with bounded local geometry. -
15 Nov 2008 3 Ust Nsmercsae N Atcs41 38 37 Lattices and Spaces Symmetric in References Subsets Graph Pants the 13
THICK METRIC SPACES, RELATIVE HYPERBOLICITY, AND QUASI-ISOMETRIC RIGIDITY JASON BEHRSTOCK, CORNELIA DRUT¸U, AND LEE MOSHER Abstract. We study the geometry of nonrelatively hyperbolic groups. Gen- eralizing a result of Schwartz, any quasi-isometric image of a non-relatively hyperbolic space in a relatively hyperbolic space is contained in a bounded neighborhood of a single peripheral subgroup. This implies that a group be- ing relatively hyperbolic with nonrelatively hyperbolic peripheral subgroups is a quasi-isometry invariant. As an application, Artin groups are relatively hyperbolic if and only if freely decomposable. We also introduce a new quasi-isometry invariant of metric spaces called metrically thick, which is sufficient for a metric space to be nonhyperbolic rel- ative to any nontrivial collection of subsets. Thick finitely generated groups include: mapping class groups of most surfaces; outer automorphism groups of most free groups; certain Artin groups; and others. Nonuniform lattices in higher rank semisimple Lie groups are thick and hence nonrelatively hy- perbolic, in contrast with rank one which provided the motivating examples of relatively hyperbolic groups. Mapping class groups are the first examples of nonrelatively hyperbolic groups having cut points in any asymptotic cone, resolving several questions of Drutu and Sapir about the structure of relatively hyperbolic groups. Outside of group theory, Teichm¨uller spaces for surfaces of sufficiently large complexity are thick with respect to the Weil-Peterson metric, in contrast with Brock–Farb’s hyperbolicity result in low complexity. Contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Preliminaries 7 3. Unconstricted and constricted metric spaces 11 4. Non-relative hyperbolicity and quasi-isometric rigidity 13 5. -
Cannon-Thurston Maps for Trees of Hyperbolic Metric Spaces
CANNON-THURSTON MAPS FOR TREES OF HYPERBOLIC METRIC SPACES MAHAN MITRA Abstract. Let (X,d) be a tree (T) of hyperbolic metric spaces satisfying the quasi-isometrically embedded condition. Let v be a vertex of T . Let (Xv, dv) denote the hyperbolic metric space corresponding to v. Then i : Xv → X extends continuously to a map ˆi : Xv → X. This generalizes and gives a new proof of a Theorem of Cannon and Thurston. The techniques are used to give a differentc proofb of a result of Minsky: Thurston’s ending lamination conjecture for certain Kleinian groups. Applications to graphs of hyperbolic groups and local connectivity of limit sets of Kleinian groups are also given. 1. Introduction Let G be a hyperbolic group in the sense of Gromov [13]. Let H be a hyperbolic subgroup of G. We choose a finite symmetric generating set for H and extend it to a finite symmetric generating set for G. Let ΓH and ΓG denote the Cayley graphs of H, G respectively with respect to these generating sets. By adjoining the Gromov boundaries ∂ΓH and ∂ΓG to ΓH and ΓG, one obtains their compactifications ΓH and ΓG respectively. We’d like to understand the extrinsic geometry of H indG. Sinced the objects of study here come under the purview of coarse geometry, asymptotic or ‘large-scale’ information is of crucial importance. That is to say, one would like to know what happens ‘at infinity’. We put this in the more general context of a hyperbolic group H acting freely and properly discontinuously by isometries on a proper hyperbolic metric space X. -
Hyperbolic Rigidity of Higher Rank Lattices
Hyperbolic rigidity of higher rank lattices Thomas Haettel Appendix by Vincent Guirardel and Camille Horbez October 27, 2016 Abstract. We prove that any action of a higher rank lattice on a Gromov-hyperbolic space is elementary. More precisely, it is either ellip- tic or parabolic. This is a large generalization of the fact that any action of a higher rank lattice on a tree has a fixed point. A consequence is that any quasi-action of a higher rank lattice on a tree is elliptic, i.e. it has Manning’s property (QFA). Moreover, we obtain a new proof of the the- orem of Farb-Kaimanovich-Masur that any morphism from a higher rank lattice to a mapping class group has finite image, without relying on the Margulis normal subgroup theorem nor on bounded cohomology. More generally, we prove that any morphism from a higher rank lattice to a hierarchically hyperbolic group has finite image. In the Appendix, Vin- cent Guirardel and Camille Horbez deduce rigidity results for morphisms from a higher rank lattice to various outer automorphism groups. Introduction Higher rank semisimple algebraic groups over local fields, and their lattices, are well- known to enjoy various rigidity properties. The main idea is that they cannot act on any other space than the ones naturally associated to the Lie group. This is reflected notably in the Margulis superrigidity theorem, and is also the motivating idea of Zimmer’s program. Concerning the rigidity of isometric actions, the most famous example is Kazhdan’s property (T), which tells us that higher rank lattices cannot act by isometries without fixed point on Hilbert spaces. -
Searching for Hyperbolicity
SEARCHING FOR HYPERBOLICITY RUTH CHARNEY Abstract. This paper is an expanded version of a talk given at the AWM Research Symposium 2017. It is intended as a gentle introduction to geometric group theory with a focus on the notion of hyperbolicity, a theme that has inspired the field from its inception to current-day research. 1. Introduction This paper is an expanded version of a talk given at the AWM Research Symposium 2017. It is intended as a gentle introduction to geometric group theory for the non-expert, with a focus on the notion of hyperbolicity. Geometric group theory came into its own in the 1990's, in large part due to a seminal paper of Mikhail Gromov [14]. While the field has grown considerably since that time, hyperbolicity remains a central theme and continues to drive much current research in the field. As the name suggests, geometric group theory provides a bridge between groups viewed as algebraic objects and geometry. Group arise in all areas of mathematics and can be described in many different ways. Some arise purely algebraically (such as certain matrix groups), others have combinatorial descriptions (via presentations), and still others are defined topologically (such as fundamental groups of topological spaces). Geometric group theory is based on the principle that if a group acts as symmetries of some geometric object, then one can use geometry to better understand the group. For many groups, it is easy to find such an action. The symmetric group on n-letters acts by symmetries on an n-simplex and the dihedral group of order 2n is the symmetry group of an n-gon. -
Thick Metric Spaces, Relative Hyperbolicity, and Quasi-Isometric Rigidity
THICK METRIC SPACES, RELATIVE HYPERBOLICITY, AND QUASI-ISOMETRIC RIGIDITY JASON BEHRSTOCK, CORNELIA DRUT¸ U, AND LEE MOSHER Abstract. We study the geometry of nonrelatively hyperbolic groups. Gen- eralizing a result of Schwartz, any quasi-isometric image of a non-relatively hyperbolic space in a relatively hyperbolic space is contained in a bounded neighborhood of a single peripheral subgroup. This implies that a group be- ing relatively hyperbolic with nonrelatively hyperbolic peripheral subgroups is a quasi-isometry invariant. As an application, Artin groups are relatively hyperbolic if and only if freely decomposable. We also introduce a new quasi-isometry invariant of metric spaces called metrically thick, which is sufficient for a metric space to be nonhyperbolic rel- ative to any nontrivial collection of subsets. Thick finitely generated groups include: mapping class groups of most surfaces; outer automorphism groups of most free groups; certain Artin groups; and others. Nonuniform lattices in higher rank semisimple Lie groups are thick and hence nonrelatively hy- perbolic, in contrast with rank one which provided the motivating examples of relatively hyperbolic groups. Mapping class groups are the first examples of nonrelatively hyperbolic groups having cut points in any asymptotic cone, resolving several questions of Drutu and Sapir about the structure of relatively hyperbolic groups. Outside of group theory, Teichmuller¨ spaces for surfaces of sufficiently large complexity are thick with respect to the Weil-Peterson metric, in contrast with Brock{Farb's hyperbolicity result in low complexity. Contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Preliminaries 7 3. Unconstricted and constricted metric spaces 11 4. Non-relative hyperbolicity and quasi-isometric rigidity 13 5. -
Morse, Contracting, and Strongly Contracting Sets with Applications to Boundaries and Growth of Groups
Morse, contracting, and strongly contracting sets with applications to boundaries and growth of groups Christopher H. Cashen, PhD Faculty of Mathematics University of Vienna 1090 Vienna,Austria E-mail address: [email protected] URL: http://www.mat.univie.ac.at/~cashen Key words and phrases. Morse, contracting, strongly contracting, graphical small cancellation, group action, boundary, growth tightness, cogrowth The author was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF): P 30487-N35 during the writing of this thesis. Support for the individual papers can be found in the respective chapters. Abstract. We investigate several quantitative generalizations of the notion of quasiconvex subsets of (Gromov) hyperbolic spaces to arbitrary geodesic metric spaces. Some of these, such as the Morse property, strong contraction, and superlinear divergence, had been studied before in more specialized contexts, and some, such as contraction, we introduce for the first time. In general, we prove that quasiconvexity is the weakest of the properties, strong contraction is the strongest, and all of the others are equivalent. However, in hyperbolic spaces all are equivalent, and we prove that in CAT(0) spaces all except quasiconvexity are equivalent. Despite the fact that many of these properties are equivalent, they are useful for different purposes. For instance, it is easy to see that the Morse property is quasiisometry invariant, but the contraction property gives good control over the divagation behavior of geodesic rays with a common basepoint. We exploit this control to define a boundary for arbitrary finitely generated groups that shares some properties of the boundary of a hyperbolic group. -
Hyperbolic Spaces and Ptolemy Möbius Structures Dissertation Zur
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2013 Hyperbolic spaces and Ptolemy Möbius structures Renlong, Miao Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-108846 Dissertation Originally published at: Renlong, Miao. Hyperbolic spaces and Ptolemy Möbius structures. 2013, University of Zurich, Faculty of Science. Hyperbolic Spaces and Ptolemy M¨obius Structures Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorw¨urde (Dr.sc.nat) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakult¨at der Universit¨at Z¨urich von Renlong Miao von China Promotionskomitee Prof. Dr. Viktor Schroeder(Vorsitz) Prof. Dr. Sergei Buyalo Z¨urich 2013 Abstract We mainly study the relationship between the CAT(κ) spaces and PTκ spaces. It’s easy to show that the CAT(κ) spaces are PTκ spaces while the vice verse is not true. In [FLS] there gives an counterexample for a PT0 geodesic space which is not unique geodesic. We show the under the κ-busemann convexity PTκ spaces are CAT(κ) spaces. We generalize the PTκ spaces to asymptotically PTκ spaces. Later we show some very nice properties for asymptotically PTκ spaces for κ < 0. Such as Gromov hyperbolicity and boundary continuality. We also prove that let(Z, ) be a complete and ptolemaic M¨obius space. Then there exists an asymptoticallyM PT 1 space X such that ∂ X with its canonical M¨obius structure is M¨obius equivalent− to (Z, ). As a∞ very important corollary, we prove that every visual M Gromov hyperbolic space is roughly similar to some asymptotically PT 1 space. -
Boundaries of Hyperbolic Groups
Contemporary Mathematics Boundaries of hyperbolic groups Ilya Kapovich and Nadia Benakli Abstract. In this paper we survey the known results about boundaries of word-hyperbolic groups. 1. Introduction In the last fifteen years Geometric Group Theory has enjoyed fast growth and rapidly increasing influence. Much of this progress has been spurred by remarkable work of M.Gromov [95], [96] who has advanced the theory of word-hyperbolic groups (also referred to as Gromov-hyperbolic or negatively curved groups). The basic idea was to explore the connections between abstract algebraic properties of a group and geometric properties of a space on which this group acts nicely by isometries. This connection turns out to be particularly strong when the space in question has some hyperbolic or negative curvature characteristics. This led M.Gromov [95] as well as J.Cannon [48] to the notions of a Gromov-hyperbolic (or "negatively curved") space, a word-hyperbolic group and to the development of rich, beautiful and powerful theory of word-hyperbolic groups. These ideas have caused something of a revolution in the more general field of Geometric and Combinatorial Group Theory. For example it has turned out that most traditional algorithmic problems (such as the word-problem and the conjugacy problem), while unsolvable for finitely presented groups in general, have fast and transparent solutions for hyperbolic groups. Even more amazingly, a result of Z.Sela [167] states that the isomorphism problem is also solvable for torsion-free word-hyperbolic groups. Gromov's theory has also found numerous applications to and connections with many branches of Mathematics. -
Some Topological Characterizations of Rational Maps and Kleinian Groups Peter Haïssinsky
Some topological characterizations of rational maps and Kleinian groups Peter Haïssinsky To cite this version: Peter Haïssinsky. Some topological characterizations of rational maps and Kleinian groups. Banach Center Publications, Institute of Mathematics Polish Academy of Sciences, 2018, 115, pp.73 - 97. 10.4064/bc115-3. hal-01800514 HAL Id: hal-01800514 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01800514 Submitted on 1 Jun 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS BANACH CENTER PUBLICATIONS, VOLUME 115 INSTITUTE OF MATHEMATICS POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WARSZAWA 2018 SOME TOPOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATIONS OF RATIONAL MAPS AND KLEINIAN GROUPS PETER HAÏSSINSKY Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, I2M Marseille, France E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The aim of this course is to present methods coming from quasiconformal geometry in metric spaces which can be used to characterize conformal dynamical systems. We will focus on some specific classes of rational maps and of Kleinian groups (semi- hyperbolic rational maps and convex-cocompact Kleinian groups). These classes can be char- acterized among conformal dynamical systems by topological properties, which will enable us to define classes of dynamical systems on the sphere (coarse expanding conformal maps and uniform convergence groups). -
Counting Loxodromics for Hyperbolic Actions
COUNTING LOXODROMICS FOR HYPERBOLIC ACTIONS ILYA GEKHTMAN, SAMUEL J. TAYLOR, AND GIULIO TIOZZO Abstract. Let G y X be a nonelementary action by isometries of a hyperbolic group G on a hyperbolic metric space X. We show that the set of elements of G which act as loxodromic isometries of X is generic. That is, for any finite generating set of G, the proportion of X{loxodromics in the ball of radius n about the identity in G approaches 1 as n Ñ 8. We also establish several results about the behavior in X of the images of typical geodesic rays in G; for example, we prove that they make linear progress in X and converge to the Gromov boundary BX. Our techniques make use of the automatic structure of G, Patterson{Sullivan measure on BG, and the ergodic theory of random walks for groups acting on hyperbolic spaces. We discuss various applications, in particular to ModpSq, OutpFN q, and right{angled Artin groups. 1. Introduction Let G be a hyperbolic group with a fixed finite generating set S. Then G acts by isometries on its associated Cayley graph CSpGq, which itself is a geodesic hyperbolic metric space. This cocompact, proper action has the property that each infinite order g P G acts as a loxodromic isometry, i.e. with sink{source dynamics on the Gromov boundary BG. Much geometric and algebraic information about the group G has been learned by studying the dynamics of the action G y CSpGq, beginning with the seminal work of Gromov [Gro87]. However, deeper facts about the group G can often be detected by investigating actions G y X which are specifically constructed to extract particular information about G.