Jul 2020 Life N9

N9.JUL 2020 LIFE N9. JUL 2020 LIFE

Transforming light into energy is a faculty only a few species have. In other words, leaves feed the plants that will ultimately nourish other life forms. Before leafing through this edition, we invite you to take a closer look at the cover. The macro image of a leaf is a metaphor for life in its essence: a powerful yet fragile beauty meant to be cherished, respected and enjoyed.

HOLDING ON ANATOMY LIFE FEED.JERONIMOMARTINS.COM THROUGH OF A AS WE DON’T THE STORM LIFE LINE KNOW IT A TRIBUTE TO LIFE The unexpected pandemic has been a hard reminder of how precious, yet fragile, life is. In this edition of Feed, we invite you to join us in a tribute to LIFE, by celebrating some of its uncountable INDEX. expressions and manifestations.

THE TIME OF OUR LIVES HOLDING ON 28.37 THROUGH THE STORM As the Covid-19 outbreak was starting to be felt all over the world, the Jerónimo Martins Group has been proving its resilience, while protecting employees, backing up suppliers and supporting those on the frontline.

OXYGEN 64.79 FOR TRADITION LARGER THAN LIFE 102.107 Fernando Pessoa was a man with many lives. With many ways of thinking. With different 38.43 It comes from the ground, usually ways of expressing feelings. The countless personalities that lived within his mind helped On a cosmic timescale, the history from streams, rivers and other areas where forge one of the most significant literary figures of the 20th century. of the most widespread species of life flows. Clay is nothing more than a animals on Earth is as brief as the simple combination of mineral-rich soil blink of an eye, showing us how and water. But in the hands of the right magnificently insignificant humans people, it can be brought to life: shaped are in the grand scheme. into useful everyday objects or even pieces LIFE AS of pure beauty. WE DON’T AND MORE... KNOW IT ANATOMY OF A LIFE LINE 14.21 90.101 LIFE IN BLOOM Beyond Earth, the chances of life existing 80.89 44.47 nearby are there. As well as the answers that help explain the existence of life The Biedronka Foundation was launched A PANDEMIC BEEING on Earth. A great number of questions with the mission of helping elderly people still orbit the scientific community. live better, healthier and longer lives. EXPLAINED ALIVE Portuguese astrobiologist Zita Martins GO AWAY BAROMETER Lives worth living. addresses some of them. OF LIFE 54.57 BEYOND 22.27 48.53 THE HORIZON More than 75 % of our food rely on António Araújo, an expert in contemporary pollinators. Bees play a crucial role, but history, draws a connection between 112.117 58.63 are facing a serious decline. According humankind and the Greenland shark, More than 31,000 species are to FAO, in a world without bees, a 7-meter long predator capable of living threatened with extinction, A PRECIOUS supermarkets would have only half the for several hundred years, but incapable representing 27 % of all animal and amount of fruit and vegetables. of stopping a parasite the size of a penny. FEAR plant life assessed to date.

4.5 CONTRIBUTORS.

ANDRÉ ANTÓNIO JERÓNIMO NATALIA NUNO PEDRO CARRILHO ARAÚJO PIZARRO JABŁOŃSKA SEQUEIRA SIMAS ILLUSTRATOR JURIST LITERATURE PROFESSOR VISUAL ARTIST BIOLOGIST VIROLOGIST AND HISTORIAN AND EDITOR AND PHOTOGRAPHER AND BIOLOGY PROFESSOR AND VIROLOGY PROFESSOR

André Carrilho has won over 30 national António Araújo is a legal expert, Jerónimo Pizarro is a professor at the Natalia Jabłońska is a Polish visual artist, With a degree in Biology from the Pedro Simas is Head Researcher at the and international prizes in illustration, university professor and Director of Universidad de los Andes and holds the illustrator, and photographer. She has an University of Évora, Nuno attended Portuguese Molecular Medicine Institute editorial cartoon, animation and caricature. Publications and member of the Board Camões Institute Chair of Portuguese Art Master degree, after graduating in a Master’s degree in Conservation Biology (Instituto de Medicina Molecular João His work has been published in an of Directors of Fundação Francisco Manuel Studies in Colombia. He has a PhD the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts at the same university. He is a professor Lobo Antunes), a biomedical research extended list of newspapers and magazines, dos Santos. He is also a consultant on in Hispanic Literatures (2008, Harvard in Kraków. In 2016, she also studied at and biologist, and is assigned to institute. He is also Professor of Virology including The New York Times, The New political affairs for the Civil House of the University) and a PhD in Portuguese Faculdade de Belas-Artes da Universidade Quercus (Portuguese Association for at Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Yorker, Vanity Fair, New York Magazine, President of the Portuguese Republic. Linguistics (2006, Universidade de Lisboa). de Lisboa (School of Fine Arts, University Nature Conservation) through Agência de Lisboa (Lisbon School of Medicine). Independent on Sunday, NZZ am Sonntag, António Araújo is the author of several He is responsible for most of Fernando of Lisbon). In 2015, Natalia won the Portuguesa do Ambiente (Portuguese Holds a PhD on Virology from Cambridge Harper’s Magazine, Diário de Notícias, books and articles on contemporary history, Pessoa’s new editions and series of texts Piørko (Biedronka Children’s Literature Environment Agency), where he designs University, where he initiated research Expresso and New Statesman. In 2015, constitutional law and political science. published in Portugal since 2006, being Prize) in the illustration category. activities for environmental education in understanding basic molecular one of his cartoons on the Ebola epidemic currently in charge of “Colecção Pessoa” programmes. He is a member of the mechanisms involved in herpes virus became viral worldwide, winning the Grand at Tinta-da-China publishing house. In Quercus Biodiversity Working Group, infections associated with specific forms Prize at the World Press Cartoon. 2013, he won the Eduardo Lourenço Prize. where he coordinates several ongoing of cancer like lymphomas. projects, and is a sitting member of the Portuguese Biologists Association.

JOSÉ JUAN PABLO MANUEL ROBERTO ZITA PALMA-OLIVEIRA QUINTERO TIBERIO AYALA PALACIO MARTINS PSYCHOLOGY PROFESSOR ANTHROPOLOGIST/ PHYSICIAN PHILOSOPHER ASTROBIOLOGIST AND RESEARCHER ARCHAEOLOGIST AND EPIDEMIOLOGIST AND ESSAYIST

José Palma-Oliveira is an assistant Juan Pablo Quintero is an anthropologist/ Manuel Tiberio Ayala is a Colombian Roberto Palacio is a philosopher and Zita Martins is an astrobiologist, an professor of social and environmental archaeologist at the Universidad de los physician, specialised in epidemiology and essayist born in Bogotá, Colombia. After associate professor at Instituto Superior psychology at the Universidade de Lisboa Andes. He has a post-graduated diploma with a master’s degree in Public Health an academic teaching career at the Técnico (IST, Portugal), and the and a distinguished visiting scholar of the in Mediterranean Nautical Archaeology at Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. He Universidad de los Andes, he has been, Co-Director of the MIT-Portugal University of Virginia. He is a specialist from Universitat de Barcelona and a MA in has worked as a researcher in virology since 2009, a philosophy disseminator Programme. Her research areas include in risk perception and management, Anthropology with emphasis in Archaeology and directed health risk management and a regular collaborator for Colombian the detection of bio-signatures in space with research and publications focused from Universidad de los Andes. Currently, programmes amongst HIV and rurally magazines, such as El Malpensante, Soho, missions, and the potential contribution of on the interaction between people and he is curator at the Museo del Oro in Bogotá dispersed vulnerable populations. He was and Esquire. organic compounds present in meteorites the environment. and chair professor at the Universidad health advisor for multilateral organisations and comets to the origin of life on Earth. Externado de Colombia on theory and health trade associations in Colombia. Currently, she is co-investigator of two of public opinion. He is currently designing disruptive ESA (European Space Agency) missions. epidemiological strategies to confront the Covid-19 pandemic based on intelligent social isolation.

6.7 an important part of our lives for so long has many fronts. Science is key and for that reason we joined the Coronavirus Global Response efforts and also supported the launch of an innovative smart test in Portugal, together with the Portuguese Red Cross Hospital. Empathy and solidarity are the other side of the coin and that is why, for instance, the recently launched Biedronka Foundation has set up a large-scale support action for the nursing and special care homes in Poland, providing these institutions with personal protection materials. Every week, Pingo Doce and Recheio have been donating on-the-go food supplies in more than thirty PEDRO public hospitals in Portugal as a humble way of showing gratitude towards the public health SOARES teams and their extraordinary sense of mission. TO And in Colombia, Ara has been contributing with I believe DOS donations in around one hundred municipalities. Along the next pages, we invite you to join us SANTOS in a tribute to LIFE by celebrating some of its we have been uncountable expressions and manifestations. From unique people who are greater than life living up to the LOVE – such as the great Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa – to people from whom we can learn how to live a more meaningful life – like Polish Sister value of putting Małgorzata Chmielewska; from exploring what science is doing to discover life on other planets or to fight the new coronavirus, to understanding people’s safety LIFE a bit more about the mysteries of human mind and behaviour in limit situations. Life is so powerful and yet so fragile that it needs and wellbeing to be constantly fed and protected. Somehow is to care for it like the image on the cover: a structure we at the core of immediately associate with a living being, at the The first half of 2020 is already behind us and At Jerónimo Martins we have taken this threat same time strong and delicate [in this case, it has been a very hard reminder of how fragile very seriously from the very first hour, starting a macro picture of a leaf]. everything and precious life is and how we cannot take by protecting our own people to the very best of I do hope you have a good time reading this edition anything for granted. Ever. our ability given the fact that our business is one of FEED and that somehow you may find, even if The Covid-19 pandemic has taken everyone by of those that, being in the front line, never really only briefly, some inspiration here to go through we do. surprise and, as you will read in this issue, will can stop. Aware of the important social role that the next months with a renewed sense of purpose. most probably be reminded as the first human food businesses play specially in times of severe global reaction to an unexpected event. crisis, our store and logistics personnel have been As it often happens with individuals, hard times showing incredible commitment and sense of like these put the values of organizations to the duty for which I will always be grateful. test. We were no exception. Confronted with We have also been reinforcing our attention to a scenario of enormous risk and uncertainty, those whose lives are more dependent on us such I believe we have been living up to the value of as our suppliers. You can read some supporting putting people’s safety and wellbeing at the core initiatives of ours in this issue. Pedro Soares dos Santos, of everything we do. The fight against the virus that has been stealing Chairman of the Jerónimo Martins Group

8.9 South Korea and China

A sensory experience that takes visitors to explore the deep relationship COLOMBIAN between humans and the sea. This is the new Oceanário de Lisboa proposal with ONE, The Ocean as you never felt it. The AVOCADO temporary exhibition was inaugurated in January, within the context of Lisbon as European Green Capital 2020. Portugal’s capital was awarded the title PRODUCTION by the European Commission for putting into practice, over the years, ambitious and continuous measures in the fields ON THE RISE of sustainable development and fighting climate change. The installation is an invitation to feel the In 2019, Colombia closed one of its best years as poetry and be thrilled with the grandeur a global supplier of Hass avocados: exports to the United States of America and the European Union increased by 434% 2. of the Portuguese sea. Maya de Almeida Araújo is the artist behind this artistic and 34%, respectively. Besides, Colombia has sent its first exhibition. Specialised in underwater containers to Japan, and is awaiting green light into the South photography in motion, she has spent Korean market and the first shipment to China. two decades exploring the connection Another important achievement was the certification between the human and water elements. of 1,000 hectares by the Rainforest Alliance, being this All images were taken within Portuguese international seal a guarantee that environmental and maritime territory, between Mainland social standards were accomplished. Likewise, there are 73 Colombian farms (representing an area of 952 hectares) with Feeling the ocean Portugal, the Azores and Madeira during like never before, in eight months of filming. the GLOBALG.A.P. certification, which refers to food safety. Oceanário de Lisboa For João Falcato, CEO of Oceanário de Lisboa, this is surely “an unprecedented experience” which intends “to inspire pride for the magnificent beings that inhabit Portugal’s sea, and ultimately, to instill a sense of admiration and responsibility for preserving this 1. magnificent underwater world.” 10.11 COLOMBIA, LEADING ELECTRIC FreshNEWS FROM OUR WORLD in MOBILITY IN LATIN AMERICA 5.

The commercialization of eco-friendly vehicles in Colombia registers a remarkable growth. In 2019 alone, more than 3. 5,000 of this vehicles’ class were registered, including buses and electric motorcycles, as well as hybrid cars. Almost 1,000 ©VGstockstudio / Shutterstock

units were electric cars, and the data provided by the National © Association for Sustainable Mobility consolidate the country as a leader in this market in Latin America, surpassing the Dominican Republic (625), Chile (521), Costa Rica (460) and In a first of its kind, this star Mexico (295), which complete the Top 5 sales list. only pulsates in The trend will apparently continue, as the figures for the first one hemisphere two months of 2020 suggest, with 349 units sold (more than of its surface. the double when comparing with the same period in 2019). This performance is partly due to the tax incentives for people to start buying more electric cars and help achieve the goal of having zero emissions by 2040.

APPS ©Gabriel Pérez (SMM-IAC) © FOR (THE) GOOD ©Patiwit Hongsang / Shutterstock ©

“Apps for Good” is the biggest app competition for young talents and has just arrived in Poland. Every year, NICOLAUS COPERNICUS this initiative, launched by the Portuguese Ministry of Education, challenges participants to use technology to address sustainability and social-related issues, under ASTRONOMICAL their teachers’ supervision. In this year’s edition, twelve teams from Poland had the opportunity of presenting their ideas before a jury Last year, 5,446 units CENTER EXPLAINS RARE of this class of motor comprised by representants of the Polish Embassy vehicles were registered, 923 of which were cars. and Portuguese companies like Jerónimo Martins. Among their projects are apps with the most diverse PULSATING STAR educational purposes. For instance, “Ecofuture” teaches how to select, recognize and find different Scientists have long known that the stars pulse. The unusual behaviour was first noticed by citizen types of waste, while “Second Brain” wants to help But no one had been seen pulsating on just one side scientists inspecting data from NASA’s Transiting societies increase reading habits. of its surface. Until now. Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), which has been The best Polish solution will compete at the final event, A team of international scientists under the lead of the hunting for new planets since its launch in 2018. The at the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation in Lisbon, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Centre, in Warsaw, explanation for the strange behaviour is a red dwarf, 4. scheduled for September. describes a star that pulsates on just one side, giving it the a small star in an orbit of just 1.6 days. The little distinct shape of a tear drop. This star, named HD 74423, neighbour distorts the biggest star oscillation. is about 1.7 times the mass of our sun. It was spotted in the Milky Way, some 1,500 light years from Earth. 12.13 © Fabrizio Moglia / Getty Images 14.15 Here comes spring: the season of change and growth. Of joy beginnings. and new The days become longer, symphony bursts again, surrounded the by vibrant the sun brighter and the Earth greener. Nature’s colours and hues of life, reborn. 16.17

© John Coletti / Getty Images FLOWERS LIVE? FLOWERS DO WHERE features 25 % of female workforce and contributes with around 5 % of the national agro GDP. agro national 5%of the around with contributes and workforce %of 25 female features jobs, indirect 50,000 and jobs direct over 80,000 generates (4.1 floriculture %). Colombia, Kingdom In United the including countries, some to supply to Europe mostly flies production remaining The States. United togo the % 77 Colombia. from daily off take species and colours of various packed flowers of boxes carefully 20 thousand than more with loaded airplanes thirty and twenty Between year. euros) every billion 1.2 (approximately dollars billion 1.4 than more total which for 16 world’s %of the exports, –, accounting Netherlands the by surpassed –only world the in flowers of cut producer second-largest the fact in is country The Medellín. and Bogotá cities, largest two of its outside plateaus sunny high, the in hectares over 8,000 covers vision blossoming This crops. flower work in hands 260 thousand people, tenacious and soil fertile with blessed land, diverse and rich this In memorable. and delicate more even moments these turning towards contributing been has Colombia years, fifty For than more beauty. its all in life embrace perfumes sweet and colours impossible that comes Spring when it is And emotions. and feelings of expressing aform rather It is of away courtesy. simply not just is them Offering of scent flowers. the carry often lives our in occasions special celebration, to awedding “HAPPY birthday.” “I love you.” “Get well soon.” From the welcoming of a new-born of anew-born soon.” welcoming “I you.” From love birthday.” the well “Get spring-like temperatures. spring-like year-round its of because world the in flowers cut of exporters biggest the of one is Colombia for almost 80 years. years. 80 almost for flower national Colombia’s Cattleya Trianae Trianae Cattleya Triana, a 19 Triana, trianae Cattleya country. of the plant flowering characteristic most the designate to task the of History, Academy Colombian of the representation in Robledo, Emilio botanist the gave government Colombian The of each country. flowers representative the with exhibition an in to participate countries American Latin asked of Argentina History of Academy 1936, National In the years. 80 for almost flower national country’s the been has which species Orchid a specific Trianae ya Cattle others: the than special more is oneof them but of orchids, varieties to 1,500 home more is territory Colombian The COLOMBIA’S NATIONAL FLOWER ORCHID: carried their huge stacks of flowers into Medellín on their backs. ontheir Medellín into of flowers stacks huge their carried “ term The ( chairs wooden in people etc.) and furniture, tableware, (ceramics, merchandise carry could of who men a group Mountains, Andean of the passages over certain crossing or horses mules cows, like of pack animals impossibility to the Due period. colonial the in origins its has and Spanish) in chair (meaning “silla” from derives “silletero” word silleteros the in part take people 500 spring”. eternal of “city the of the lifestyle the and traditions the music, to enjoy as the well as explosion, beauty this celebrate and themselves to delight there go world over the all from people For ten days, country. the in industry floral thriving the ( Fair Flower the that August in It is streets. the fills atmosphere, aparty with alongside colours, of bursting Aprofusion bloom. with flooded get billboards balconies, terraces, Gardens, planet. the in events flower greatest to oneof the home is of Medellín city the Department, Antioquia the in Located forest. cloud in level, sea above metres 2,000 and 1,500 between grows and to Colombia endemic is flower rare orchid”, this or “Christmas (“May flower”) Mayo de Flor as known Also life. his over species 8,000 representing specimens over 60,000 catalogued silleteros th has been been has century Colombian naturalist who is said to have to have said is who naturalist Colombian century The The finale. big fair’s the anticipates which parade, was the chosen species, named after José Jerónimo Jerónimo José after named species, chosen the was silletas ” later stuck for flower vendors, as they always always they as vendors, for flower stuck ” later ) from one village to another was organised. organised. was to another onevillage ) from Feria de las Flores las de Feria ) returns to honour to honour ) returns , returns to Medellín Every summer,Every the Flower Fair thriving floral floral thriving Colombia’s to honour industry. industry.

© Nancy Ayumi Kunihiro / Shutterstock © Tiffany Chan/ Unsplash 18.19 food retailer in Poland. Poland. in retailer food largest the in of flowers sale the from generated turnover of annual 8% to nearly contributes occasion This atulip. or, typically, most arose whether store, at aBiedronka purchased aflower received Day - celebrated on the 8 onthe -celebrated Day For Women’s assume. onValentine’s not sold onewould are as Day flowers of these Valentine’s number 2019. in Day largest the But on sold were roses amillion half than more Biedronka, In Poland. in intensity particular with celebrated are moments two These roses. to buy likely more are people Portuguese which in Women’s occasions the Valentine’s International are Day and Day bouquets. over 69,000 rose Colombian with along stores, Doce Pingo in sold were varieties Colombian five these from roses single 350,000 than more 2019In alone, rose. orange two-colour the and rose pink the rose, red two-colour the rose, champagne the sales: top 10 flower of the cut in feature who flower, of this varieties Colombian other four with together Portugal, in stores Group’ Martins Jerónimo at the atop-seller is rose red Colombian the And sales. %of all 33.5 totalling farms, flower Colombian by products exported most oneof the are Roses OF FLOWERSQUEEN on Valentine’s Day. Valentine’s on offered most the and flowers of queen the is rose The th of March -, more than one million ladies ladies onemillion -, than more of March to offer as a gift onMother’s Day, 26 onthe celebrated agift as to offer Biedronka in flowers Poles bought million four almost year, Last FAMILY TRADITIONS flowers were sold across Biedronka stores to celebrate this day. to this celebrate stores Biedronka across sold were flowers million two 2020, In almost or lilies. gerberas tulips, also but of colours, avariety in roses includes usually bouquet Grandma’s January The flowers. and chocolates as well as grandmothers, beloved to their cards handmade offer 1960s. Children back to the dates calendar Polish the in tradition its and world the around January 21 January every grandchildren their by spoiled also are Grandmothers best-sellers. the were orchids and tulips Roses, st . The date is only celebrated in a handful of countries of countries ahandful in celebrated only is date . The th of May.

© NurPhoto / Getty Images These are a tribute to spring and the season’s exuberant flowering. flowering. season’s the exuberant and to spring atribute are These to celebrations. synonym are flowers of Portugal, areas some In Peninsula. Iberian the in species of this producers largest of the one Montijo making of greenhouses, 50 hectares around occupies Gerbera species. produced most the are gladiolus and carnation rose, chrysanthemum, Gerbera, air. open the in plants ornamental and of bulbs growing for the 25 and of greenhouses hectares 200 around occupying 20 farms about are there 70’s:the currently since considerably expanded has activity This Area. Metropolitan Lisbon of the outskirts onthe of Montijo, municipality the in made is flowers of cut production 70 to 75About national %of the year. per euros of million 600 aturnover registers that asector Portugal, in floriculture work in people 5,000 Over of production. quality and quantity the improving considerably investment, its increased greatly has market However, this steps. first the taking just is production flower Portugal, In A GROWING SCENT The Madeira Flower Festival started started Festival Flower Madeira The as the “Rose Ball”, acelebration that took place for the first time in 1954 this reedition under the name it has today. it has name the under reedition this to led success fair’s The ones. best for the aprize with culminated and exhibited were flowers party, Atthat Funchal. do Comercial Ateneu at the took place Festival) “Rose (meaning Rosa da Festa back to 1954, the dates when Festival Flower Madeira peace. for world hope symbolising flowers place children where “Wall of Hope”, the include initiatives flower-themed Other flowers. with adorned lavishly costumes in dressed of people hundreds by accompanied streets the through way their make floats flower-bedecked where Parade, Flower the is attraction event’s The main magic. with arteries main of Funchal’s city the fills and flowers of natural carpets stunning its with each year of visitors thousands attracts Portuguese) in Flor”, (“Festa da Festival Flower Madeira senses. for the treat Aluxurious fertility. and rebirth of metamorphosis, A symbol to Madeira. year each visitors of that attracts thousands spring of acelebration is Festival Flower The 20.21 OF NATURE BREATH CO life. Theyarecrucialtothefunctionofbiospherebyrecycling recall somethingtheylearnedatanearlyageinschool:plantsare has thesweetestperfume.And,beyondvisible,peoplewould distinctive leaves.Ithasbeautifulflowers.isbearingfruit. of immediatethingsthatcansurelypopintoourheads.Ithas WHEN basic humanneedssuchasclothing,shelter,andmedicinethanks three ofthem:wheat,riceandmaize.Plantsalsosatisfyother calories from20plantspeciesandthemajoritycomesjust They arepartofourdietsinceforever.Humansget85%their insects, fungi,moss,smallmammals,andotherplants. organisms. Asingletreecanbehometohundredsofspecies 2 andproducingoxygen,whilecreatinghabitatsformany lookingataplant,thereislist the humanhealth.Andpeoplespendalotoftimebetweenwalls. or poorlymaintainedair-conditionedsystemscouldbeharmfulto spores, chemicalsusedinpaints,varnishesandcleaningproducts, toxic thantheairoutside.Athomeoratoffice,smoke,fungal smoke fromfactories.However,indooraircanbemuchmore people wouldthinkofcarsandairplanesexhausts,orthedark indoor air.Ifchallengedtonamesourcesofairpollution,most Having plantsinsideisaneasywaytopurifyandfreshenupthe in ourhomesandoffices. mood. Therefore,nowonderwealllikehavingindoorplants them, bringingasenseofcalm,relaxationandboostingone’s from timbertooils.Theyalsobeautifyeverythingthatsurrounds to awiderangeofproductstheyprovide,fromfibresdyes, natural healerforskin-relatedissues,such Vera alsopurifiestheair.Whenitsleaves start tohavebrown spots,theairofthat A veryspecialplant.Besidesactingasa as sunburnsorhard-to-bearscars,Aloe room mightbetoopolluted. Aloe Vera

© Sabine Hortebusch / Shutterstock from 20 plant species. The three more common of maintenanceitrequires. varieties removethemosttoxins andrateseachplantforthelevel In aneasy-to-understandlanguage, heexplainswhichplantsand Fresh Air:50HouseplantsThat PurifyYourHomeorOffice.” technical papersandinaconsumer-friendlybook:“How toGrow In 1997,B.C.Wolvertonpublishedhisfindingsindozens of air-purifying effectwasonlyabitlessthanbefore). soil (theresearchersremovedalltheleavesandnoticedthat the parts oftheplantweredoingfiltering:those rootsand within a24-hourperiod.Butthemostsurprisingfinding was which could playamajorroleintheirremovalsealedchamber and and formaldehyde.Preliminaryresultsshowedthattheplants The chemicalschosenforstudywerebenzene,trichloroethylene, (and consequenthighconcentrationofgases)inspacestations. was interestedinfindingasolutiontothelackoffreshairexchange concentrations fromenclosed,airtightspaces.Atthetime,NASA daisy tothebamboopalm)thoughtbeableremovegas a studyof12differentcommonhouseplants(fromthegerbera “Interior LandscapePlantsforIndoorAirPollution”,detailed of Stennis’EnvironmentalResearchLab.Thereport,entitled (still ongoing)intothistopicledbyB.C.Wolverton,head In a1989report,NASAsetoffanentiregenerationofresearch NASA CLEANAIRSTUDY effective in removing formaldehyde, xylene, these flowerscanstayvibrantformonths. toluene, andammoniafromtheair.With bright leavesandaarrow-shapedcore, Painter’s Palette Native toColombiaandEcuador,is Humans get 85% of their calories are wheat, rice and maize.

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© Vitaliy Kyrychuk / Shutterstock More than 75% of our food rely on pollinators. Without them, many of the crops wouldn’t exist. Bees play a crucial role, but are facing a serious decline. In a world without bees, and according to FAO, supermarkets would have only half the amount of fruit and vegetables.

22.23 BUZZFEED: “Among all God’s beings there are none so hard working and useful to man with so little SAVING BEES attention needed for its keep as the bee.”

Anton Janša, pioneer of modern apiculture IT’S dinner time at home and the plate flies to the (1734-1773) table in multiple colours. The menu: grilled smoky veggies with A HONEY OF A DEAL avocado and mustard greens. The cook surely did its best, but In 2006, the term Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) was coined the yummy dish this hungry guy is about to try wouldn’t have to classify the threat. This refers to a phenomenon in which the been possible without the precious help of bees. Yes, bees. majority of honeybees in a hive disappear, leaving behind As surprising as it may seem, they take much credit for this a vulnerable queen and younglings and meaning the colony is never balanced, healthy meal. Tomatoes and peppers were taken care able to recover. From 2013 to 2019, more than 10 million bee of by bumblebees. Squash, zucchini and cucumbers were the colonies across the world were lost, often to CCD, nearly twice result of squash bees’ job. Honey bees lent a hand (better, the normal rate of loss. If this scenario of decline goes on, the first a wing) with avocados and mustard greens. implication will be in the availability of a variety of crops: nutritious More than 75 % of the world’s food crops depend on bees and ones as vegetables, fruit and nuts will be substituted increasingly other pollinators (like butterflies, bats and hummingbirds), along by staple crops like rice, corn and potatoes, eventually resulting with nearly 90 % of the world’s wild flowering plant species and in an imbalanced diet. 35 % of global agricultural land. They play a crucial role either The good news is that there are countless collective ways of pollinating the many vegetables, fruits, seeds and oils we consume, reverting the worldwide bee crisis. As individuals, by planting or pollinating the food for the animals that we then eat. Besides, a diverse set of native plants which flower at different seasons or two other important products in our daily lives come courtesy of buying honey from local farmers and other sustainable products. these tiny insects with a proven big impact: honey and wax (widely As beekeepers or farmers, by avoiding pesticides as well as used in a variety of products, from candles to skincare products). diversifying crops or creating hedgerows. As governments and And, while accomplishing all these tasks, bees are also key to other decision-makers, by enforcing strategic measures, involving protecting biodiversity. communities in decision-making − in particular those of local For millions of years, this pollination service was provided at no people, who depend, know and respect ecosystems and biodiversity cost. At least, apparently. However, intensive farming practices, − and, finally, increasing collaboration between organisations, land-use change and monoculture have led to large-scale losses, academic and research networks, to monitor and evaluate fragmentation and degradation of their habitats. Pesticides and pollination services. diseases, triggered by reduced resistance of bee colonies, have posed another threat. Furthermore, the consequences of climate change also had a negative impact on pollination: these include higher temperatures, droughts, floods, other extreme climate events and changes of flowering time, which desynchronize the NATALIA demand of blooming flowers for pollinators - for instance, crops such as mangoes in tropical regions, or almonds and cherries JABŁONSKA in temperate regions, present periods of mass blooming over relatively short time spans, requiring a massive peak in pollinators.

VISUAL ARTIST AND PHOTOGRAPHER

24.25 SOS POLLINATORS

EVERYONE today knows that pollinators are vital to life on this planet. They are essential to producing most of the food consumed by people and animals, for balanced farming, for keeping ecosystems healthy, and for conserving biodiversity. Of all the different pollinators (insects, birds, mammals or others), In the last two years, the campaign theme has been “Family bees are responsible for pollinating around 80% of the world’s crops. Beekeeping” and training courses for aspiring beekeepers were In other words – the food available for people and for the animals developed to address those interested in setting up a few hives that also provide us with food. This means that without bees we to produce honey and other products for their own consumption. would be left without most of the agricultural produce on which we Copies of the “Family Beekeeping Handbook” have been depend, such as vegetables, fruit, cereals and fodder for the animals distributed to people attending the training sessions, to the owners bred for human consumption. At the global level, if bees vanished, it of the land where the practical training sessions were held, and would be enormously difficult to feed the world’s current population. to various regional and local organizations, farmers, beekeepers, In a world without bees, However, despite their crucial importance, many species of technical staff and others. In 2019, the campaign also visited supermarkets would have half the amount of fruit pollinators have been disappearing all over the world, as a result schools, organising a series of sessions to raise awareness about and vegetables. of human activities, and bees are the prime example. These conserving pollinators and biodiversity whilst positively influencing insects are particularly sensitive to global warming, and an average the younger generations to take a stand in defending this small WORLD BEE DAY temperature increase above the Paris Agreement targets (between but important insect. Three hundred children and teachers were In 2017, the United Nations designated May 20 as World Bee 1.5°C and 2°C) could be fatal for bees. In addition, experts around impacted by the campaign. Day. The goal is to raise awareness of pollinators’ contribution the world are worried by the reduction in bee populations, caused to sustainable development, as well as to challenge governments, by factors such as intensive farming, pesticide use, pollution, organizations, civil society and concerned citizens everywhere BITTERSWEET introduction of exotic species and others. to take action. Concerned about this issue and the sharp decline in native The date was chosen as it was the day Anton Janša (1734-1773), FACTS pollinator insects, Quercus (a Portuguese environmental NGO) a Slovenian pioneer of modern apiculture, was born. Janša and the Jerónimo Martins Group have been running a nationwide NUNO wrote two books on the field in German: “Abhandlung vom campaign since 2015, called “SOS Pollinators”. This campaign Schwärmen der Bienen” (“Discussion on Beekeeping”, 1771) There are around 20,000 species is designed to raise public awareness of the importance of and “Vollständige Lehre von der Bienenzucht” (“A Full Guide to of wild bees in the world pollinator insects and to alert political decision-makers to the need SEQUEIRA Beekeeping”, 1775). In the latter, he noted: “Bees are a type of to take urgent steps to protect them and bees in particular. The fly, hardworking, created by God to provide man with all needed Almost 90% of wild flowering campaign has engaged the general public, farmers, beekeepers, honey and wax. Among all God’s beings there are none so hard plants depend to some extent rely schools and organisations with responsibilities in this area. working and useful to man with so little attention needed for its on animal pollination Several screenings of the documentary “More than Honey” keep as the bee.” and debates were organised, and a leaflet on the Asian hornet More than 40% of invertebrate pollinators was distributed at Pingo Doce stores located in the areas – particularly bees and butterflies – affected by this invasive species. The topic has also been are facing extinction publicised on RTP’s “Minuto Verde” (“Green Minute”) show (in the scope of a partnership with the Portuguese public THE ASIAN HORNET Up to 510 billion euros’ worth TV network) and was aired in other television and radio Identified in Portugal since 2011, it is a bee predator and of annual food production rely on direct programmes in which Quercus participated. is on the “List of Invasive Exotic Species of Concern in contributions by pollinators the European Union”. European hornets, which have an important role in balancing biodiversity and pollination, VICE-PRESIDENT OF QUERCUS are also haunted by the alien insects. Source: Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform - PORTUGUESE ASSOCIATION on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) FOR NATURE CONSERVATION

26.27 Herdeiros de Almada Negreiros/SPA, Lisboa, 2020 LARGER © THAN

Fernando Pessoa was a man with many lives. With many ways of thinking. With different ways of expressing feelings. The countless personalities that lived within his mind helped forge one of the most significant th literary figures of the 20 century.

28.29 LIFE A MAN MULTIPLIED BY HIMSELF “ORPHEU” AND MODERNISM He sought distance from the world in order to live in freedom Fernando Pessoa lived in almost complete anonymity. During THE MANY LIVES but, ironically, he had to invent company to survive. “It’s not my his lifetime, the public encountered his literary work in two ambition to be a poet. It’s my way of being alone,” wrote Alberto essential publications: “Orpheu” (1915), in which his celebrated Caeiro, born from Pessoa’s imagination, and the poet who, heteronyms, in whom he diluted and found himself, took the stage, with just primary education, was the master behind the other and in “Mensagem” (1934), a masterpiece of epic poetry that at heteronyms of Fernando Pessoa and behind Pessoa, the orthonym. the time he called a “small book of poems”. OF FERNANDO Alberto Caeiro, the pantheist, shepherd and poet of simple The first of these publications marks the emergence of Modernism things, who was an orphan and lived on the farm of his elderly and its sub-currents in Portugal. Only two editions were grandmother in the Ribatejo region, in the centre of Portugal. With published (the third never went to press, supposedly due to lack of him, the author discovered the philosophy of the senses, the one funds), but they were enough to have an indelible impact on the PESSOA who teaches that “thinking is to have a disease of the eyes” or that country’s cultural scene. Imagined by a group of young men with trees, in not knowing what they live for, are masters of metaphysics. transgressive audacity, “Orpheu” introduced a radical language The extent of Caeiro’s existence was the sensations he felt, and calculated to scandalise. Álvaro de Campos contributed to the being sad of so much joy, he would feel his “whole body relaxed first edition with “Opiário” (Opiarium) and “Ode Triunfal”. The in reality” and say “I know the truth and I am happy.” It was ensuing controversy and opprobrium exceeded expectations: the Caeiro who, in a way, prophesied that Pessoa’s vast poetic oeuvre, authors were decried as “imbeciles” and their literature dubbed as impossible to catalogue, would one day be salvaged: “But they the “ravings of the madhouse”. As Fernando Pessoa himself wrote, “THROUGH these cannot be beautiful and remain unprinted,/ Because roots may lay they were “the talk of Lisbon”. And after “Orpheu”, nothing deliberately unconnected impressions I am the indifferent narrator of underground/ But flowers bloom in the open, in clear sight.” would be the same again. my autobiography without events, of my history without a life. These And these symbolise the ephemeral nature of life in the poetry are my Confessions and if I say nothing in them it’s because I have of another of Pessoa’s selves: Ricardo Reis, who had studied in nothing to say.” (Fernando Pessoa, “The Book of Disquiet”, 1982). a Jesuit college and assimilated the value of classical antiquity. Can an autobiography tell the story of someone who never Renouncing strong emotion, he gathers flowers only to set them existed? Can a man have a life story without having actually lived? down again, he loves them without however seeking them out. However much aphorism might conceal a poetic confession, the He commends to us the spirit of carpe diem and ataraxia. “Sit in answer could never be found in “O Livro do Desassossego” [“The “If, after I die, the sun. Let everything go/ And be king of yourself.” Epicurian and stoic in equal measure, he preaches pleasure as Book of Disquiet”], on which Fernando Pessoa started to work Marka / Getty Images in 1913, but was published for the first time 47 years after his the secret of happiness, but this is a cool pleasure, heedless of © death. The author’s wandering exploration of existential angst, you wish to write ills and passions that undermine reason and serve no purpose in unfinished and reconstituted in multiple collages, is a two-decade the irremediable flow towards the “final coin”, death: “Let us long monologue not in one, but in three voices. None of them is his, disentwine our hands, because it is not worth tiring ourselves./ all of them are his, and all belonging to each other. That of Vicente my biography,/ Whether we take our enjoyment, or not, we pass like a river./ Guedes, named his representative, that of Barão de Teive and that The better wisdom is to pass silently/ And without great disquiet.” of Bernardo Soares, an assistant book-keeper credited as author Physician, pagan and staunch monarchist, Ricardo Reis is the by certain publications and regarded by the critics as his semi- only of Fernando Pessoa’s heteronyms who is still physically alive: heteronym. As the author himself explained: “Whilst not my own There is nothing the date of his death is not known. Another giant of Portuguese personality, it is, not different from mine, but a simple mutilation literature, the Nobel prize-winning novelist, José Saramago, of it. It’s me minus the reason and the affection.” hazarded 1936 as the date of his death, in his novel, “The Year So we can speak of a fragmented book or even argue that it is simpler./ It only of the Death of Ricardo Reis” (1984). not one, but rather three books, running in parallel. And this Whilst Caeiro is “pure and unexpected inspiration” and Reis is where, with the magnum opus of one of the greatest literary “abstract deliberation”, the temperamental Álvaro de Campos, geniuses of the 20th century, we begin our inquiry into his many has two dates – my with an aesthetic similar to Walt Whitman, was born from a lives. Because, in fact, Fernando Pessoa wrote as if he were many “sudden impulse to write”. A naval engineer trained in Glasgow, people. For this reason also, he has never been an easy subject for he sees the world as concrete intelligence dominated by the machine, biographers. Dark suit, round glasses, almost always wearing a birth and my death./ seeking to be, like the machine, complete. He seeks to flee from hat. Poker faced, shy, melancholic. A brilliant student, eager for monotony, to express himself as an engine might, “To tear myself knowledge, who dropped out of his university course in languages open, to be permeated/ By all the scents of oils and engines and and literature to study independently at the National Library. Between one and coal”, in the fury of which he sees the archetype of beauty: after all, A self-effacing office clerk who led a discreet life and practically “Newton’s binomial theorem is as beautiful as the Venus de Milo”. The poet introduced Modernism in Portugal with the never left Lisbon (apart from his adolescent years in South Africa, The poet endeavours to feel everything in every way, to go through life like a fast car, which in the end brings “Extreme extreme “Orpheu” magazine (1915) and the epic “Mensagem” with his mother and stepfather, who was the Portuguese consul in the other every (Message), published in 1934. Durban). A sketchy romance with a young woman called Ophelia. extreme tiredness” and the discouragement of failure, and leads The same cafes and walks. And an imagination that only found him back to the initial tedium and to the opium in which he finds its home in the loneliness of rented lodgings and sleepless nights. consolation: “It is before the opium that my soul is sick”. Whether or not he had an actual life story, or that which, for the day was mine”. Pessimism also brings nostalgia for childhood, another recurrent common mortal, would be a full existence, is perhaps of little theme in the poetry of Fernando Pessoa (orthonym), in which importance in view of a chest overflowing with thousands of texts tradition and modernism co-exist. These intersect with other – some written by hand, others typed – an inexhaustible legacy, themes, such as the pain of thought (he is, after all, a disciple of with the breadth and pulse of an entire language and greater than Caeiro), the fragmentation of the self (“To live is to be another”) and Life itself. “THE COLLECTED POEMS poetic pretence – according to which, when feelings and emotions are materialised in a poem, the poetic subject distances himself from OF ALBERTO CAEIRO”, them and transforms them, creating a “feigned” pain, which will FERNANDO PESSOA, 1946 then be transformed into a third pain, the one felt by the readers. 30.31 THE PROPHECY OF THE FIFTH EMPIRE The glories of a country. Its heroes and myths. A small people, this world; the Fifth Empire is civilisational and, out of decadence ALBERTO CAEIRO a great race that had set out in search of a “new India”. In the and fog, will bring (along with the lost King Sebastian) a nation Described as a shepherd loved by the gods, although he speaks 44 poems of “Mensagem”, Fernando Pessoa takes up his Story/ reborn: “The time is come!” little of fields or gods, Alberto Caeiro da Silva was born in History where Camões had left it, four hundred years earlier. Fernando Pessoa was born in 1888 and died in 1935. Between 1889 and became, before reaching the age of 25, the teacher of Like Camões, he sees the voyages of discovery as an incitement to these two dates, all the days belonged to the many identities that Fernando Pessoa and some of his other best-known selves. He dream, but the empire that he sings and longs to see built is not of inhabited him. spent almost his entire life – from 1891 to 1915 – on a farm in Ribatejo. If he held that “The only intimate meaning of things/ RICARDO REIS is that they have no intimate meaning”, it was not because he Ricardo Reis remained latent in Pessoa’s soul until 1914, when had no belief in the existence of things but because he never he was born and became the author of a series of odes which was understood the metaphysical poets or certain poetic metaphors. expanded up to 1935 when he wrote the poem “Vivem em nós His sense of nature, for example, has no place for verses such as inúmeros” (“Countless live in us”). It is true to say that countless Camões’ “O manso caminhar destes ribeiros” (“The gentle walk beings lived in Reis: the neoclassical opponent of Portuguese of these streams”). He was the author of a book, “O Guardador integralism, the author of prefaces to Caeiro’s work, the defender de Rebanhos” (“The Keeper of Sheep”), in which the critics – in of the perfect work of Milton, the essayist interested in sexuality, other words, Fernando Pessoa divided into his many selves – heard science and religion, the critic of “Christism”, the theoriser of a the music of Walt Whitman and Cesário Verde poetry, among new pagan ideal, the spectator who watched the world as if it were a others, and concerning which he gave interviews; he was also the game of chess, the exiled monarchist, the semi-Hellenist physician, author of the poems that Álvaro de Campos suggested be collected the poet of the fleeting nature of time and calm acceptance of fate. under the title “Poemas Inconjuntos” (“Inconjunct Poems”), Born somewhere between Cubism and Dadaism, Reis represents PESSOA AND HIS and of the poems in which love blinded him, entitled “O Pastor the ancient world within the modern world, its modernity is Amoroso” (“The Amorous Shepherd”). All the fictitious authors inscribed in the paradoxical character of his existence: Ricardo who knew Caeiro and his work wrote of him as an evangelist Reis belongs and does not belong to his time, and his odes are without religion (“To think of God is to disobey God”, he wrote). deliberate anachronisms. He is indissociable from what others wrote about him, both reconstructing their dialogues and philosophising on his paganism HETERONYMS unfettered by faith.

Even though more than a hundred names feature ÁLVARO DE CAMPOS Described as a naval engineer who studied in Glasgow, although be never completed his course (“I was always a poor student”, he will in his work, three of them had their own physiques, say), Álvaro de Campos was born in 1890 and was orphaned at an Though the author early age. He embarked for the Far East at the age of 23 and became an opium addict, like Camilo Pessanha. He belongs, he explains, writing styles and biographies. “to a certain type of Portuguese/ Who once India was discovered/ believed that seeking were left without work”. He lived a life of idleness, although it was rumoured he had been Director of Public Works in Bragança, until distance from the world he was dismissed for doing nothing at all. He was something of a dandy, a flâneur, he read Blake, Whitman and Nietzsche, among FERNANDO PESSOA others. One day, on a trip to the Ribatejo, he made the acquaintance Fernando Pessoa (1888-1935) is today Portugal’s main literary was the only way of Alberto Caeiro, an epiphanic encounter, as from which Campos connection with the world. His work in verse and prose is as became Caeiro’s disciple. As a poet, Álvaro de Campos left an multifaceted as may be imagined, embodying countless interests unpublished book, entitled “Arco de Triunfo” (Triumphal Arch), and representing an authentic collective oeuvre that belongs of living in freedom, and many individual poems, including “Tabacaria” (“The Tobacco to the author, to the various authorial figures he invented and Shop”); his prose included several political texts and the “Notes to its readers. Pessoa called some of these characters – Alberto for the Remembrance of my Master Caeiro”, five of which were he turned out to invent Caeiro, Ricardo Reis and Álvaro de Campos – his “heteronyms”, published in the journal Presença in 1931. reserving for himself the title of “orthonym”. Editor and contributor to several literary journals, author of Livro do the company of his Desassossego (Book of Disquiet) and, in his daily life, “foreign correspondent in commercial offices”, Pessoa left a universal oeuvre in three languages which has continued to be published heteronyms to survive. and studied ever since he wrote, shortly before his death, in Lisbon, “I know not what tomorrow will bring”. Fundação Júlio Pomar/SPA, Lisboa, 2020 ©

Drawing by Júlio Pomar, a Portuguese Modernist painter, sitting Fernando Pessoa and some of his heteronyms at the same table.

32.33 THE PLURAL LIFE OF FERNANDO PESSOA AND THAT OF A CAT

JERÓNIMO OCTAVIO Paz, who didn’t exactly have a quiet life [“vida pacata, in Portuguese], presented Fernando Pessoa as someone who didn’t have PIZARRO a life, but only a work: “Poets don’t have biographies,” he wrote, “their work is their biography”. I suspect Pessoa would have approved, with an ironic smile, the words of Paz. After all, Alberto Caeiro, who appeared in 1914 and died in 1915, said in a poem from November 8 of that year: “If, after I die, you wish to write my biography, / There is nothing simpler. / It only has two dates – my birth and my death. / Between one and the other every day was mine”. In one of his rules of life from 1916, he wrote: “Organize your life as a literary work, placing in it as much unity as possible”; and in a letter to Ophelia in 1920, in which he ended the relationship, he said: “My destiny belongs to another Law Ophelinha does not even know it exists and is increasingly subordinated to obeying Masters who neither allow nor forgive”. And Álvaro de Campos, in 1930, in a note for the memory of his master Caeiro, said: “More curious is the case of Fernando Pessoa who, strictly speaking, does not exist”. Ah, and if we quote one last text, it could be the one that serves as a “threshold” to Aguilar’s Obra Poética: “Ancient navigators had a glorious saying: ‘To navigate is necessary; to live is not necessary’. PROFESSOR, TRANSLATOR, The spirit of this saying serves me well when transformed to couple what I am. To live LITERARY CRITIC AND EDITOR, is not necessary; what is necessary is to create”. RESPONSIBLE FOR MORE THAN 30 EDITIONS BY AND ABOUT FERNANDO PESSOA. Artwork originally created for the purpose of complementing this article. By Portuguese illustrator and cartoonist André Carrilho.

34.35 Pessoa, who so often flew another, who so often felt everything in Photobiography and a new Pantheon? every possible way, who had so many dreams, was also someone? Anyway. I was invited to explore the theme “Life” and to propose Or was he “many and no one”, as the God imagined by Jorge a personal vision of the relationship between Pessoa and the word Luis Borges? In my opinion, writing a biography of Pessoa is “Life”. I could have sketched a minimal chronology and recalled one of the greatest challenges we have. I say this because there that Pessoa was born and died in Lisbon; that he had an English are already, and this is miracle-like, three great biographies education in South Africa; that he worked translating business Marka / Getty Images of Pessoa. There are still many more to come, and there are letters to “get by”; that he kept papers in a famous trunk; and that © already a lot of works that complement them... And the questions he invented at least 136 fictional authors. But I would prefer to multiply. Is it possible to write a biography of a pacata [quiet] life defend the following: few lives have been as intense as Fernando get better because a cat has seven breaths. (...) I should have run – to reiterate this very Portuguese adjective? The days between Pessoa’s, although he physically travelled very little, and few lives away from such a spectacle, but I couldn’t because I felt as if I was 1888 and 1935 belong only to Pessoa or can they also be ours? have ever changed as many – and will change even more – as the strangely nailed to the ground (...) And what do I see, holy God? Should the biography have as its skeleton a chronology of the life of author of the Livro do Desassossego [Book of Disquiet]. The head of the animal, which was a pure breed – what people work, or is it possible to “catch” the reserved and fleeting man Pessoa did not need to live the life of Aleister Crowley, who he call a French cat –, increases in volume in my retina and then it that was Pessoa, a man who described a photograph of himself met, to live an intense life. And no one needs to truly unfold to was the round head of Sá Carneiro, his orbits, his cheeks and a as an ephemeral visible representation of himself? Did the life live a rich inner life made of a rare vastness. Pessoa made a simple sad and bitter farewell look. So I ran away like a possessed man of Pessoa have unity? Did Pessoa sacrifice his life for his work? “life plan” and his ambitions were never excessive. In that plan, pushing everything and everyone, hearing impropriety and insults Did he even defend it from the siege of love? Did he create, and written in English around 1919, he states: “A general plan of while I ran. And that night I couldn’t sleep. Later I heard the sad feel, but didn’t have a life “to tell”, in the sense that Gabriel life must involve, in the first place, the obtaining of a financial news.” García Márquez or Pablo Neruda effusively celebrated having stability of some kind. I put the limit needed for the humble thing Pessoa tried to stop Sá-Carneiro from ending his existence. He lived a life to tell? Did Pessoa try, in a very Portuguese way, to go I call financial stability at about sixty dollars, forty being for the failed. And “it was a real fatality”. However, in his way of life, he unnoticed, but then, in a very Lusitanian way, he entered into a necessary, and twenty for the superfluous, things of life. (...) The continued to fight, not only “always and everywhere, his three next essential thing is to fix on a residence where there would be murderers: Ignorance, Fanaticism and Tyranny,” as we read enough room, both room-space and room-convenience, to lodge in the Autobiographical note from 1935, but also cruelty and all my papers and books with due order; and all this without a very violence.

Photo dedicated to Aunt Anica: “To his dear aunt he offers this temporary visible representation of himself, with Although he a hug so big as your (whose?) Fernando Pessoa senselessness, your very in downtown Lisbon. friendly, brilliant nephew and thanks, Fernando” physically travelled Portrait taken in January 1914, as one day it had to be taken. large possibility of moving in a short time”. What do we know about the “real” life of Pessoa? Perhaps not very little, much yet, and it will be difficult to know more because almost all those who knew him have died. One of them, Francisco Peixoto Bourbon, in a text published in 1973, reminds us, for example, of few lives have a story that no biography has ever gathered and that I would like to evoke on this occasion. Bourbon added to the account things of his own doing, but I believe, like José Barreto, in the essence of the been as intense story. Pessoa would have confessed to Bourbon that days before Mário de Sá-Carneiro’s suicide, he felt it would happen. This is the story of the cat poisoned with strychnine, in which Pessoa saw the face of Sá-Carneiro before knowing that he had committed and have ever suicide in Paris: “Two weeks before the tragedy I was wandering aimlessly through the streets of Lisbon and I felt something akin a strange force drawing me to Mouraria (...) And what did I see? changed as much It was a cat that, certainly because of his habits of stealing steaks or horse-mackerels and causing damage to a vicious woman, the latter decided to poison it with strychnine, a barbaric and cruel as Fernando habit, but very common at the time. The cat was prostrated on the irregular pavement and performed uncontrolled movements, walking around. And in a long agony, it was all trembling, and it Pessoa’s. was evident that it was suffering atrociously. I reacted by saying: – Someone should kill the animal so that it stops suffering. But I realised, horrified, that the people were sadistically enjoying the ullstein bild Dtl. / Getty Images

36.37 Life on Earth A CHAPTER

YET TO BE John Stillwell - PA Images/ Getty Images WRITTEN ©

On a cosmic timescale, the history of the most widespread species of animals on Earth is as brief as the blink of an eye, showing us how magnificently insignificant humans are in the grand scheme.

38.39 THE TIME AFTER THE BANG If we compressed 13.8 billion years – the age of the universe – into a single year, the Big Bang would have happened on January 1, at 00:00, and the first humans OF OUR LIVES would have made their debut around 22:30 on December 31.

0 MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO passage of time has proved that, in our world, 2 MASS EXTINCTION EVENTS THE 4,00 species come and go through the ages. And thinking about it ERNARY timewise tends to help us understand in which evolutionary stage QUAT are we standing. with genetic codes) proliferated before the evolution of DNA The idea of a cosmic calendar was popularized by Carl Sagan in the NE and proteins themselves, and which in some viruses is also GE book “The Dragons of Eden” (1977) and in Episode 1 of his landmark 2 EO the hereditary material. Proposed by American biologist and N 4,000 television series “Cosmos, a Personal Voyage” (1980). Scaling it to biophysicist Alexander Rich in 1962, it compels us to question if the size of a football field, then “all of human history would occupy an humans really are the pinnacle of evolution, or if that role belongs OIC area the size of (his) hand.” A small square. H to the most abundant biological entities on Earth: viruses. O A E N EA Prior to that, in 1979, David Attenborough flicks through the same N E N E Viruses are more numerous than stars in the universe: G C O calendar on “Life on Earth”, introducing all the forms of life that st E an estimated 10 nonillion (10 to the 31 power), 100 million times L A preceded Homo Sapiens. It started with bacteria: “More complex P more. They infiltrate every aspect of our natural world, soil, P A R microorganisms like these didn’t develop until about the middle R C seawater and atmosphere. More than 200 viruses are known to E H 2,500 C E of August”, and intensified in November, when “the first animals A A cause diseases in human beings. M N left the water and colonized the land”. It was not until December The new coronavirus is called that way because it seems to have B that “the dinosaurs disappeared and the mammals came into the R a corona (the latin word for crown) made by its spikes. Because of I S A P Earth.” At last, “in the early morning of December 31, apes and U N R the great diversity among these entities, biologists have struggled O O E apeman appeared. And we [homo sapiens] arrived about 2 minutes C T E A with how to classify and relate them to the conventional tree R T before the end of the last day.” E O R

of life. There is no clear explanation on their origin, only three C O

I In this triple revolution — physical, biological and intellectual classical theories: viruses are degenerate intracellular parasites C — the last minute is particularly busy. Until midnight, mankind (reduction hypothesis), viruses are cellular genes that escaped 14 542 tamed fire, domesticated plants and animals, invented tools, (escape hypothesis) and viruses are relics of precellular life (virus- M settled agricultural communities that would evolve into cities, E first hypothesis), being the precursors of life as we know it. The S N O U A and created industries. But life itself appears much earlier: by the I R latter has been dismissed by some scientists because it violates the R A B middle of the year (4 billion years ago), when clusters of genes S O definition of viruses, in that they require a host cell to replicate. S M I A C I — the library of instructions to an animal on how to solve the The discussion has gotten far murkier since the discovery, in C C challenges of survival — began to reproduce. What if there had 2003, of the first giant virus, a type of virus that contains many P H been another stage in the evolutionary history of life, A unique genes not found in other life forms. N a precellular world? This hypothesis sustains that self-replicating ER O N IA RNA molecules (RiboNucleic Acid, that act as a messenger O IC 4 T I V 200 R C O IA S R S O IC IC PE O N RM O IA IA LE UR N PA SIL

CAR BONIF ONIAN 444 David Attenborough, one EROUS EV 251 of the world’s most respected naturalists, pioneered programmes that changed our common perspective of the surrounding environment. In 1998 he became President 41 of the Butterfly Conservation, 299

4 helping to spread the word 59 on the importance of butterflies and moths.

The division of geologic time (eons, eras and periods) are based on those suggested by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), the largest and oldest

©Geoff Caddick - PA Images / Getty Images / Getty Images PA ©Geoff - Caddick constituent scientific body in the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). 40.41 MANUEL WE ARE EQUILIBRIUM However, humans entry into the scene in this intricate TIBERIO AYALA evolutionary game is recent. Upon our arrival the evolutionary rules of survival were already established: viruses and bacteria live with us in a delicate balance, where most microorganisms are not SECRETS, BEYOND harmful if this balance is maintained. We break this balance with human disruption in ecological environments of wildlife as contact between species facilitates human exposure to a new virus, bringing new diseases to our species (Zoonosis): 60 % of pathogens capable of attacking man come from domestic or wild animals. The Globalization and changes in climate EVOLUTION and human behaviour multiply the opportunities for pathogens to colonise new territories and evolve in new ways, it seems that our almost viral behaviour facilitates exposure to new diseases, and this is essentially the origin of the Covid-19 pandemic, as demonstrated by the sequencing of the virus’ DNA. COLOMBIAN PHYSICIAN, We must learn as a society that all our actions have an impact and

© ZU_09 / Getty Images SPECIALIST IN EPIDEMIOLOGY this relationship with the environment is closely related to our AND PUBLIC HEALTH. CURRENTLY, survival. Adapt to changes, evolve and learn is the mission; finally, HE IS DESIGNING DISRUPTIVE we are just one guest on this planet, our behaviour and habits EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STRATEGIES TO impact the Earth, our home. Evolution has shown for millions of DEAL WITH THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. years that we are endowed by nature to survive, it is our historical responsibility to restore balance!

WE ARE VIRAL Viruses have existed since the beginning of life; they have participated in the exchange of genes as evidenced by the traces they have left in the genomes of animal and human cells. The human genome contains 20,000 genes of primarily viral

origin. They are in the surface waters of the sea (where there are Arias© Cristina / Getty Images 10,000 million different types of virus per litre), they maintain the balance between the different species that make up the marine plankton (and as a consequence the rest of the food chain). They live in our digestive tract generating short-chain fatty acids (fundamental energy source for human cells), providing essential vitamins for life. Self-medication destroys them and exposes us to infections by other infectious agents. They are in the soil participating in many cellular processes, and they will probably continue here when we become extinct as a species.

WE ARE EVOLUTION Charles Darwin postulated more than 160 years ago that only the best and fittest individuals of each species survive, slowly exchanging information between lineages, transmitting the best survival characteristics to their offspring, gradually adapting improvements to their offspring with subtle changes (Mutations) in DNA, in a long and continuous evolutionary career that does not stop and that today we have verified from genetics. It was a series of mutations in the Pliocene (about 5 million years The natural selection ago) that would favor evolution: during the glaciations, and due to of living organisms climatic changes, their young would be born prematurely, without by Charles Darwin hair, without teeth, with the sutures of the cranial vault without in a lithograph published in 1897. IT is estimated that 3,500 million years ago there was life on our planet; in a silent welding, without being able to walk, demanding more time to but continuous awakening, hundreds of millions of primitive species emerged adapting to fend for themselves. These changes are largely compensated by a Reproduction of Homo the precarious conditions of the effervescent scenario, extreme climatic changes, unstable longer childhood and better care from their parents (neurological Habilis in hyper-realistic style by the French specialist atmospheric conditions, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, mixing in a bubbling equation that development and better social capacities). Better care of offspring Elisabeth Daynès. From the led life to make its way, in an exuberant, colourful and unique competition in search for in childhood would formalize family and social ties. Better collection of the Museum of proteins and resources to survive. communication would lead to symbolic thought, which, in turn, Human Evolution. Considering that scenario, imagine that, for a second, a simple but adaptable evolutionary would enhance the use of language. The hunting processes get entity emerges, with the ability to penetrate cells, parasite their machinery, and eased, as tools “carved” the advent of Homo Habilis and led, later, appropriate all its energy to make copies of itself. That structure is a virus, a microscopic to the appearance of modern man. primitive creation whose sole purpose is to replicate.

42.43 A PANDEMIC EXPLAINED The first human global reaction

Viruses transmit between species, a phenomenon designated species-jump that is becoming more Yale Joel / Getty Images © frequent due to human invasion of many habitats. SARS-CoV-2 adapted extremely well to a host whose population is of nearly 8 billion people.

THE only way to stop a pandemic is to reduce the IS A VIRUS, IN ITSELF, A FORM OF LIFE? number of susceptible hosts either through vaccination or natural It depends on how life is defined. If one defines cells as the infection - towards herd immunity - which could turn SARS- fundamental units of life, then viruses are not alive. I prefer the CoV-2 itself into the solution. Pedro Simas, head of the viral definition that life is a sustained chemical system capable of pathogenesis lab at iMM – Instituto de Medicina Molecular undergoing Darwinian evolution. Viruses have genes that are (Molecular Medicine Institute) – in Lisbon, believes that once competent to replicate. Alive or not-alive, viruses impact our life. the pandemic ends and the virus becomes endemic, “societies will embrace their typical social behaviour again”. And if eradication THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT VIRUSES, AND THEIR FORMS OF might be unlikely, knowledge is surely the right weapon to fight TRANSMISSION VARY TOO. HOW DO SCIENTISTS CLASSIFY AND STUDY both the virus and our fear of it. VIRUSES? A virus is not a single identity! Viruses are organized in taxa from order, family, subfamily, genus, and species. This classification is part of the standard biological classification, which identifies groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics. But as a virologist, from a simplistic point of view, viruses can be organized anatomically as naked viruses or enveloped viruses, or by genome content as DNA viruses or This cover of Life magazine - published on February 1966 - RNA viruses. Both can have single or double stranded genomes. shows a model of the flu virus. RNA viruses can have either single stranded positive-sense RNA Similarities with the representation of today’s coronavirus are not pure coincidence.

44.45 PEDRO SIMAS “This virus

A WILD SPECIES, NAMELY BATS, IS SUSPECT OF HAVING TRANSMITTED will most likely IS IT POSSIBLE THAT THIS VIRUS WILL MUTATE EVEN BEFORE THERE THE NEW CORONAVIRUS TO HUMANS. IS IT NORMAL TO HAVE IS A VACCINE? TRANSMISSION OF VIRUSES BETWEEN SPECIES? Everything is possible but given the genetic stability for SARS- We do not know if bats were the source of contamination to become endemic, CoV-2 so far, and what we know for other coronaviruses, it is humans, as yet. What we know is that bats are reservoir hosts unlikely that a mutation will arise that will significantly affect for many coronaviruses and could have been the source. An the protective effect of a vaccine. If such situation arises, it is not intermediate animal is also a possibility. Viruses transmit between dramatic to contemplate such antigenic variation in subsequent species, a phenomenon designated species-jump. However, there a natural course vaccine production. is a species barrier, so this phenomenon is rare between species that have evolved together. Species-jumps are becoming more DO WE HAVE TO ALLOW PEOPLE (NOT BELONGING TO RISK GROUPS) frequent due to human invasion of many habitats, which brings TO BE INFECTED AND ACQUIRE NATURAL DEFENCES? animals and humans into closer contact. for many viruses Herd immunity. It is a smart strategy when a vaccine is not VIROLOGIST, GROUP LEADER available and the virulence of the virus allows. By definition, the AT THE PORTUGUESE MOLECULAR WAS IT INEVITABLE THAT SO MANY PEOPLE SHOULD DIE? only way to stop a pandemic is to reduce the number of susceptible MEDICINE INSTITUTE (INSTITUTO Yes. The world was caught by surprise. This was due to the hosts to a number that significantly reduces virus dissemination. DE MEDICINA MOLECULAR JOAO fact that a vast majority of SARS-CoV-2 infections is clinically including other This is achieved either through vaccination or natural infection LOBO ANTUNES) invisible (asymptomatic). Therefore, when the first cases of towards herd immunity. Many vaccines used today, such as for severe respiratory disease were reported, there were already mumps, measles, rubeola and varicella, are nothing more than many infections in the community. But now it is a different time. coronaviruses.” infection by attenuated viruses. It is predicted that protective We know more and more about the virus every day and we have herd immunity for coronaviruses may be achieved with 60-70 % scientific tools - virus detection tests and serological tests - to immune population. The virus can be in itself a solution. (e.g. SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19) or negative sense (e.g. Influenza) protect the high-risk groups and minimize deaths. This is our genomes. Viral genomes can also be circular or segmented challenge as a society in the upcoming months. THERE ARE COUNTRIES THAT HAVE OPTED FOR A LOCKDOWN, OTHERS or diploid (two copies like human beings). So, diversity is the DECIDED TO PROMOTE CONTAGION (TO ACCELERATE HERD IMMUNITY), common feature in viruses, which impacts the diseases caused by CAN THIS VIRUS BE ERADICATED? OR ARE WE GOING TO HAVE TO LIVE AND YET OTHERS HAVE SWITCHED STRATEGY. FROM YOUR POINT OF these agents. Hence, comparisons between different viruses need WITH IT, JUST AS WE LIVE WITH OTHER VIRUSES? VIEW, WHICH OF THESE OPTIONS WAS THE MOST APPROPRIATE? to take into consideration this complex diversity. It is extremely unlikely that this virus will be eradicated. Even the The different strategies adopted were the best for each country. most severe measures of lockdown have not stopped transmission This genetic stability is afforded by a mechanism that coronaviruses Now we can learn with each other. The best way forward now is to AS A VIROLOGIST, WHAT DO YOU FIND MOST INTERESTING IN THIS SARS because it is impossible to totally inhibit human-to-human contact have to correct mutations as they replicate their genomes. An promote the controlled construction of herd immunity with maximal COV-2 THAT WAS PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWN? and most infections are invisible. Hence, this virus will most likely important point for SARS-CoV-2 is that the genetic mutations protection of human life. We have the knowledge and tools to do it. I would say the realization that SARS-CoV-2 can disseminate so become endemic, a natural course for many viruses including other identified so far do not result in significant altered biological efficiently amongst the human population with minimal virulence. coronaviruses. properties such as virulence or antigenic variance. This is good news! IN YOUR OPINION, AT THE STAGE WHERE WE ARE NOW, WHAT IS Based upon the fact that 98 % of current active infections cause MOST IMPORTANT, IN TERMS OF THE STRATEGY FOR FIGHTING THE mild upper respiratory disease, and that there is an estimate ARE THERE RATIONAL GROUNDS FOR THE WIDESPREAD FEAR, IF NOT IS IT WORTH WAITING FOR A VACCINE THAT CAN PROTECT THE WORLD’S PANDEMIC? of at least 10-fold more undetected clinically silent infections. ACTUAL PANIC, WHICH PEOPLE HAVE FELT? POPULATION? 1. testing to identify infected individuals, monitoring virus From an evolutionary point of view, SARS-CoV-2 is extremely Fear is a normal alarm response when something unknown and In my opinion we cannot wait in isolation for a vaccine that is dissemination and construction of herd immunity; well adapted to its human host. Jumping the species barrier into potentially deadly comes to us. It is essential for survival. However, not guaranteed to work, i.e. be protective. Also, we know how we 2. isolation of infected cases; humans, probably from an endangered of extinction species, SARS- fear is deleterious if prolonged. Knowledge ends fear. We now should proceed, even in the absence of a vaccine. 3. quarantine of contacts; CoV-2 reached a host whose population size is of almost 8 billion know through science how we can control virus dissemination, 4. protection of high-risk groups; individuals. Staggering. how we can protect high risk groups, and how we can solve the AND WHEN CAN WE EXPECT A VACCINE, PROPERLY TESTED, APPROVED 5. adopting the three Cs rule, i.e avoiding (i) closed spaces, (ii) current pandemic. We know how to proceed and, if we do so, we AND AVAILABLE ON A LARGE SCALE? crowded areas, and (iii) close contact. WHAT MAKES CORONAVIRUS DIFFERENT FROM, FOR EXAMPLE, EBOLA? know what to expect. Therefore, room for fear is shorter now. Vaccine developers predict at least between 12-18 months for Ebola and SARS-CoV-2 are very different viruses belonging to Once the pandemic ends and virus becomes endemic, we will having a vaccine available for production. The fastest vaccine ever HOW DO YOU THINK THAT SCIENCE HISTORIANS IN FUTURE WILL REFER distinct families named Filoviridae and Coronaviridae, respectively. embrace again our normal social behaviour. developed was for mumps and it took 4 years. A vaccine against TO SARS-COV-2 AND TO COVID-19? Infection of SARS-CoV-2 is mostly invisible. This means that rotavirus gastroenteritis took 26 years to develop. Vaccines to As the first human global reaction. apparently healthy people (asymptomatic) spread infection without ARE MUTATIONS EXPECTED TO HAPPEN? hepatitis C virus or HIV were not accomplished yet. I am hopeful knowing, which results in fast virus dissemination. Ebola infection Coronaviruses accommodate natural genetic mutations in their that an effective vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 may be developed results almost always in severe clinical disease - hemorrhagic fever - genomes as they replicate and disseminate. This is a normal process. because our immune system efficiently eliminates this virus, hence killing 25-90% of those infected. Hence, easy to identify and limited Several hundred mutations have been identified for SARS-CoV-2. so can a vaccine; and because there are currently many ongoing mobility of infected people to promote virus transmission. However, each virus can only accommodate 4-8 mutations. projects covering virtually all known vaccine technologies.

46.47 Dottedhippo / Getty Images © GO

Let’s dive into a different perspective. António Araújo, an expert in contemporary history, draws a connection between humankind and the Greenland shark, a 7-meter long predator capable of living for several hundred years, AWAY but incapable of stopping a parasite the size of a penny.

48.49 The ones up there think they know everything and have seen can swim five miles an hour, which is the same speed as the fastest everything, but that’s not true, they don’t know me. They’ve Olympic swimmer). The ones up there know that I’m slow, but never seen one of mine give birth, they’ve never seen us mate or they don’t know why. They say it has to do with my metabolism, even hunt. They don’t know how I manage to catch seals, who are which is extremely slow. It’s true, I have a very slow metabolism, much faster than me. They say that perhaps I ambush the seals I need very little to live. The ones like me, of my species, if they while they are asleep, but the ones up there don’t know, they know weigh around 200 kilograms, they only need to eat a daily dose very little about me, hardly anything. They know that when seals of calories equivalent to a bar of chocolate. One bar of chocolate are sleeping, they sleep deeply, with their eyes closed, with the a day, to swim and to keep me warm down here, six Eiffel Towers two halves of their brain switched off, dormant, in what is called below the water line, more than two kilometres from the surface. “symmetrical bilateral sleep”, and so they are more exposed and The ones up there should learn with me: unlike them, who devour vulnerable than other species. The ones up there also know that everything they get, who use and waste, I need very little to survive I am slow, slow and old, the slowest swimmer of all the fish my and to reach an old age, a very old age. I was already here 500 years size, at most I can swim at about two miles an hour (my cousins ago. Go away, go away, go away from me.

Most easily seen around Greenland and Iceland, these sharks have been reported on the coasts of Portugal, France and Scotland. Science & Society Picture Library / Getty Images ©

Illustration from the book “Voyage to Iceland and Greenland”, published in 1851.

GO AWAY, I was here first. Those up there have just remembered that I exist and that I was here long before them. And, because of a big disease, they now talk about me in very important and widely read literary journals(*). ANTÓNIO One of them, a Norwegian who travelled around, wrote Havboka/The Book of the Sea, the story of how they hunted one of my brothers, just like me (**). But long before all this, I ARAÚJO was already here. Go away. Up there, they say a lot of things about me, but they know hardly anything about me, about who I am. They know I can live a long time, more than 500 or 600 years, which is the way of counting the passage of time they have up there. My parents lived at the time of Dante, my great-great-grandparents were contemporaries of Julius Caesar. As for me, I was here when the ones up there went to India or Brazil, and I’ve come through all the plagues, a lot of wars. I was already here, swimming in the depths, when a great disease broke out, the most deadly pandemic in their history, that infected a quarter of all of them living up there, that killed many of them, so many that they have lost count, maybe 50 or 100 million. That great disease appeared in the year that a great war ended, which killed 15 or 20 million of them. Not long after, the ones up there had another war, even bigger than the first, in which 70 to 85 million died. In comparison, the disease they’re now experiencing is very minor, hardly anything. Believe me, I was already here, I’ve lived all that, and worse. I’m old, believe me, the oldest of all the existing vertebrates. Go away. HISTORIAN, JURIST AND I live down here, in the depths, very deep down. The ones up there have this huge DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS construction, an enormous high tower, the Eiffel Tower. I am capable of living six of those AT FUNDAÇAO FRANCISCO towers under the surface of the sea, 2,200 metres down, which is how those up there MANUEL DOS SANTOS. count the distance between things. Pablohart / Getty Images © (*) Katherine Rundell, “Consider the Greenland Shark”, London Review of Books, vol. 42, no. 9, 7 May 2020. (**) Morten Strøsknes, Havboka, Oslo, Forlaget Oktober, Ancient map 2015; Spanish translation: El Libro del Mar, Barcelona, of the North Pole. Ediciones Salamandra, 2018.

50.51 I’m slow, like the elderly up there, who are now dying of a great But, contrary to the belief of the ones up there, who never disease. I can hardly see, I’m almost blind. I’m big and I’m understand nothing at all, dying of the disease caused by a tiny a carnivore, and I can even snare seals while they sleep, but creature isn’t death, it’s life. Dying like that is dying of life, not I can’t beat a small creature, a thousand times smaller than me, dying of death. Dying of death is dying of other things, things a crustacean in the form of a worm, to which the ones up there that have nothing to do with life. The ones up there are the only have given a long name, Ommatokoita elongata, and that makes ones that kill for death. Not us, we kill for life, to eat, to survive. The Greenland its home in my eyes and parasites them. They’ve given me a long In the viscera of my brothers, they’ve found the remains of large shark (Somniosus microcephalus) name too, Somniosus microcephalus, several long names, Squalus animals, walruses, polar bears, elks, whales, even the entire body is the longest- squatina, Squalus carcharias, Somniosus brevipinna, Squalus of a reindeer and a leg of one of those up there. But, as I live in cold living vertebrate borealis, Scymnus gunneri, Scymnus glacialis, Scymnus micropterus, waters, I don’t often attack the ones up there. Now the waters are on Earth. It may live for 500 years. Leodon echinatum, but I am known as the sleeper shark or the getting warmer, perhaps my brothers and I will start attacking the Greenland shark. It’s where I live, but they’ve seen brothers of ones up there more often, but it is rare, we usually prefer animals mine, big ones, in other places, such as in Scotland or off the coast that are already dead, the fish that the ones up there take in their of France. nets. This is not death, it’s life, it’s killing to live. Or Portugal, which went by sea to discover India and Brazil when But the ones up there are capable of killing for other things, in just I was already born and living down here. I was already here, I saw two wars they killed each other for no reason at all, more than a them all passing by. 100 million died, no one knows why they died. I was already here, I’m big, huge, one of the largest in my family, the largest I know, I saw all that, more than a 100 million of them dying for carnivorous shark in the world, but I’m going blind because of nothing. Even now, at the time of the great sickness, there are 47 a worm with a long name that is devouring my corneas. Slowly, bit active wars up there. They talk about a “war” on the disease, but by bit, my corneas. I’m old, I was already here when Portugal went they carry on waging wars against each other: in just three of those by sea to India. I have brothers who are more than seven metres wars, in Afghanistan, Yemen and Syria, around 73 thousand of long and weigh more than a tonne and a half, in the way they those up there died last year, much more than in the year before. count things up there. I’m big and strong, but a tiny, ridiculous I’m old, slow and almost blind, like the old ones up there who, Dottedyeti/ Adobe Stock

worm is capable of beating me, of blinding me. The ones up there because of the great sickness, are dying more than the others. © should learn from me. Now, they’re dying a lot too, dying of a I stink. My body has a lot of urea, like a lot of the old people or great disease caused by a tiny creature. A microscopic creature, the sick people up there. I need it, the urea, to maintain the same measuring 70 millionths of a milimetre, with a long name, Severe concentration of salt as the ocean in which I live, to avoid my body like urine. Up there, there are some, not many, who like to eat my used to say that a house painted with our oil lasted forever and still Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and gaining or losing salt water by osmosis. And that’s why I smell flesh, after burying it for months, to ferment, and then leaving looked shiny and new after 50 years. And for that, they killed us. a genetic sequence of twelve letters. A combination of four letters – so bad, like urea. It’s so bad that the ones up there can’t eat me. it another few months in the sun, to dry. Just a few, not many, For that, for nothing more, because of the oil to paint their houses. a, u, g, c – was enough to form the text that has already killed more When they’re rash enough to eat my flesh, they become poisoned, enjoy eating my flesh like that. For these, it’s delicious, a delicacy From my family alone, they killed more than 30 thousand a year. than 350 thousand of them up there. The whole genetic sequence stunned, they stumble around like a blind old man. The ones up that they call hákarl, but most of the ones up there find the smell We’re old, a female in my family only reaches maturity and is able of the virus can fit on four pages of a newspaper. there call it “shark drunk”. If they eat my flesh, they lose their repugnant and the taste abominable. Even after drying out in the to procreate at 150 years of age. None of those up there have ever balance, vomit everything in their guts and fall down unconscious. sun for months, my flesh is rough, impregnated with urea. Because reached that age, the age when we start to create life. Our males All because of a substance I have in my body that has a long name, of this, the few who like to eat it say that I came into the world in only start to copulate at the age of 100. And so, when they kill Trimethylamine N-oxide, which makes my flesh toxic and tasting a pot of Sedna’s urine. Sedna’s, the goddess of the sea. It’s an old us, there’s a large risk of us not yet having left descendants, the story, invented many years ago. I don’t mind, I was here before danger of wiping us out for ever is much greater. The ones up there they invented that story. Actually, the ones who invented it and don’t know how many of us there are left. To tell the truth, they who like my dry flesh, they’re also dying. Up there, some die more don’t know much about us, hardly anything. Not even I know how than others, some have worse deaths, younger, and with more many of us remain, and we’ve been here for millions of years, since “They talk suffering. Death is not equal for everyone, nor is life. And this prehistoric times. Now there’s just a few of us, less and less. That disease they have now is also not equal, the ones up there are going really is death, killing for death. Sculpture of Sedna, to be even more different from each other. Not here, down in the The virus that causes the great sickness is minuscule, 70 millionths the goddess of the depths we’re all equal. They say I smell, that I was born in a pot of of a millimetre. The proportion between the virus and one of them, about a ‘war’ sea in Inuit culture, at the old harbour in urine, but I don’t mind. a human being, is the same as between a chicken and the whole Nuuk, Greenland. I also don’t mind that they say I’m ugly. The literary journal planet Earth. When the virus kills one of them, it’s like if a chicken By artist Christian ‘Nuunu’ Rosing. published by the ones up there says I’m very ugly, that I don’t had destroyed the whole world, from the highest mountains down on the disease, have the beauty of my cousins, the white sharks. I’m not sad or to where I live, in the deeps. An organism measuring 70 millionths angry about that. Actually, I never get happy or sad, I don’t know of a millimetre can kill a human being and infect many more. what that is, I don’t have moods (you’ve never seen a cheerful or Something just 70 millionths of a millimetre has put 7.7 billion but they carry depressed shark). I don’t even know what it is to be handsome or human beings on alert, locked up at home, terrified, unlike me, ugly, nor what good or evil are, right or wrong, these are things because I’m slow but free, and no, I won’t let this frighten me. I was that the ones up there invented to carry on just as they like or here long before this, I’ve been through a lot, I’ve seen worse. They on waging see fit, always in their own way. My own kind and I, and all my say the virus is death, but it’s not. It’s life, the miracle of life. cousins, we don’t say that something is beautiful, that it’s good A chicken being capable of destroying a whole planet is life, a or that it’s wrong. We don’t say that nature is beautiful, that the celebration of the amazing strength of life. Believe me, I know, I’ve wars against bottom of the sea where I live is beautiful, that the mountains or been here for a long time, longer, much longer than any of you. Oh, glaciers are beautiful. Not us, we don’t say that nature is beautiful and go away from me, because sometimes I bite. or that it is good, because neither nature nor myself are beautiful or ugly, we’re not good or bad, that’s just how the ones up there

each other.” John Sylvester/ Alamy Stock Photo

© see us and treat us, with words that mean nothing to us, that are worthless to us. Down here, we don’t call nature “mother”, Mother Nature, and then do her harm and kill her little by little. Some years they’ve killed more than 30 thousand of my kind, my brothers, just to extract the oil we have in our livers. They don’t kill us to eat, or to survive, but to paint houses, their houses, facing the sea. They

52.53 Beyond the HORIZON Martin Mecnarowski / Shutterstock ©

In the eyes of different people, life can mean so much and so little. The quest for an answer to this endless question shows how hungry for a purpose humankind can be. Colombian philosopher Roberto Palacio is willing to share his perspective on this profound idea.

54.55 ON THE MEANING There is no OF LIFE plan, no pre-

this idea that tells us what we can do so that the self is not the centre of our existence: find something larger than yourself and . Larger than yourself can be gardening or -established dedicate your life to it interplanetary exploration. That is, to a certain extent, my metaphysics, one which I share with Maturana and Dennett, and which I wish I had devised. And that is precisely what we are not doing: letting others surface. meaning. For But I have been talking about other people’s ideas, this darn habit of making someone else talk when the question is directed ROBERTO to me. Well, my say on this matter, one in which I find myself FACED with such a question, I feel that in, is this: there is no plan, no pre-established meaning to be me, it wouldn’t PALACIO frailty of someone who is about to give a disappointing answer. fulfilled. For me, it wouldn’t make sense to live in a pre-written Because, truth be told, we philosophers, just like anyone else, life. The idea of an ending already described in detail is like spend most of the day wandering, avoiding to think about the a “spoiler” that could but throw me into despair or into an meaning of life, what lies behind the dim curtain of death, obsessive search to try to read the signs of the omen. Of course, make sense to the paradox of an infinite universe yet with limits, and other I have no way of proving it. But the mere contingency, the mysteries of human consciousness. fly that smashes against the window over and over again, the But let’s give it a try. Who else but philosophers have the monkey scratching its scrotum in the zoo cage, the hardened responsibility of providing an insight into such questions? chewing gum under the school chair, makes me think that a live in a pre- A profound idea about the meaning of life? Well, one which is certain randomness with no pre-set plan is part of the whole. really worth living for is that of the Chilean biologist Humberto Not even the gods could have made life seem so governed by Maturana. Ready? Life, its meaning, is to permit appearance. chance, even if they tried. And thank goodness for that. There Just like that, to allow the other to emerge. is no book from which I bring words into life each time I wake -written life. Maturana talked about emergence referring to love, but I believe up and look at myself in the mirror. And even supposing we it could refer to life itself as a whole. As the scientist explained, were a brain on a tray, hooked up to electrodes that stimulate in love we want a bespoke partner. But out of the scope of what a sense of reality, like the philosopher Hilary Putnam once is imposed, of what my dreams are, to love is to care enough to imagined (an image that gave birth to the movie The Matrix), ROBERTO PALACIO withdraw now and then so that the other can simply be. Now, is there certainly is no computer powerful enough to assume that IS A COLOMBIAN this not the absolute purpose? Letting the other emerge, because one day, precisely that day in which I accidently met the love PHILOSOPHER, ESSAYIST I have marked them with my desires, I have infected them with my of my life, a zit popped up on my nose. AND A REGULAR COLLABORATOR facticity, as Sartre would say. I know it sounds like rhetoric, but beyond what I will utter here OF COLOMBIAN MAGAZINES Not only is it about letting other humans emerge, it is also there are no words to further explain what gives meaning to my SUCH AS EL MALPENSANTE, about letting the animals emerge, because we have slaughtered life. It is like an amazing benevolence that resides deeply within SOHO AND ESQUIRE. them, not only in the wet markets in Wuhan. Shyly, with the everything, It is that extraordinary thing that seems is going to occur quarantine, foxes appeared in parking lots in my city, deer at dusk, when the shadows cloud over the mountain, even though in front gardens. Paradoxically, our harassment has led to the nothing ever happens, as described by the Colombian poet Luis point where we had to let the animals out from where we had Fernando Afanador. It is that delectable and yet overwhelming breathing of the invisible sea for background, in which the far relegated them. feeling towards some people who we enjoy just looking at, a away passage of a train is like a long caress, moving gently across Maturana’s idea portrays a peculiar beauty: it is focused on feeling I imagine is called love. It is music in June, with the the warm living body of the night, a music that led Aldous Huxley others. And on affection and self-control. Buddhists claim that to ask himself, in a breathtaking essay entitled Music at Night, every source of suffering can be traced back to the self, and what that feeling of being alive, here and now, is. to repetition. They are not mistaken. The greatest unhappiness Even the light that seemed to capture my mother on her death in life happens when we cannot help thinking about ourselves bed, a scene which I remember every day as the most daunting obsessively. Consider the question that haunts us during pain ever felt, is part of what gives meaning to the whole, for insomnia: Why me? Why me? When the only concern is the self, the simple reason that death is a part of the equation. Indeed, all of the inner life that has evolved to interact with the world what would be the point of having eternal life? One in which begins to devour itself, like a machine processing its own parts. there is no boredom, deadlines, or desire? People don’t know I am very fond of reading the work of a philosopher called Daniel what to do with time on a Sunday afternoon, let alone on an Dennett. Dennett is a rather technical writer who, overwhelmed eternal life. Letting the other emerge is a process that we must about being asked what the meaning of life was, came up with grasp in the limited time of our lives. And not in infinity.

56.57 58.59 A PRECIOUS FEAR period, leading to unpredictable behaviour, erratic shopping way fear affected us collectively in the peak of the pandemic from José Palma-Oliveira, specialist in psychology focused “Fear always depends on our notion of it.” The words are on risk perception and management. He reflects on the patterns and panic buying.

© Tony Evans/Timelapse Library Ltd. / Getty Images AS THIRST NECESSARY AS FEAR: confirms the (positive) view we have of ourselves and of the groups to which we belong. webelong. to which groups of the and of ourselves wehave (positive) view the confirms it because We stability like conservative. as us defining time, long for avery unchanged remain they that reality with perfectly so in fit theories our mind, our In it credibility. give that theories it with justifying to it, lead that of events plethora the and actions, onour has it impact the to assess ready weare Nevertheless, of it. notion onour depends always Fear of it. perception our by conditioned always being access its it, weknow as not exist does to say, is Well, it that not exist. yet it does but paths, unwanted take us makes us, fools us, REALITY his shots to induce anxiety and fear. and anxiety induce to shots his framing style, aunique with films 50 over directed Suspense”, of “Master the Hitchcock, Alfred is a very tricky and demanding master. It controls It master. controls demanding and tricky avery is carry on feeling belittled. belittled. onfeeling carry wecannot self-esteem, and balance to keep our order in because It disappears not. does itself risk the though even disappears, stress which in balance apsychological finds of us majority large the why is which optimism, unrealistic and denial risk between ranging mechanisms protective use of let’s most us But that not forget to follow. likely are stress chronic and fear itself, life as such at object risk, important an puts etc.), that object disaster, arisk amass illness, debilitating a unemployment, (coronavirus, occurs something When helplessness. learned and to paralysis lead (...“let done”...) be can God’s this will beings of powerful more will to the stimuli associate even cannot we when and permanently, and directly done be hardly can them controlling But to control. trying relentlessly always weare that and risk, of permanent perception ahigh involve that “things” are They or happenstance. afright just than more are They different. however, are afeat, of such capable usually are that stimuli The of depression. risk the increases frequently, most and, abortion to leads and issues fertility develops system reproductive the diseases, of cardiovascular risk the to increase continues pressure blood deteriorates, by, goes response its time as and, prepared still is system immune Our present. still is fear, our concern, our case this In temporary. and quick to be designed us within animal the that behaviour the to display wecontinue concerns, of our source or perceived real the to control unable There, stress. chronic called so the of stress, kind destructive and insidious more of fear, kind to adifferent led life community crowded The it. touch we never And back. the in cramped weare when than panel control to the closer weare when calmer wefeel where lift acrowded in weare when as such psychological, only away. often is Control run us or makes us, threatens which face that us helps what it is definition, by Temporary stress. acute to as referred commonly is what is mobilisation this Obviously, desire. and system reproductive of the down shutting complete the pent-up and energy, mobilises that of hormones release the and bloodstream the into oxygen pumps that system circulatory accelerated an injuries, for possible prepared is that system immune an of pain, notion adequate alower having entails all, Imean and resources, our all Using species. of other that and survival for our essential is of behaviour pattern This shadow. or amenacing castle asand away, merely it is or whether or to run threat to face the whether to decide us forcing threat, to a exposed when of alert state default our It is creatures. living numerous with weshare which response, or flight” “fight the with familiar We all it hides. are which behind mechanism stress the or rather fear, tool, interesting avery found psychobiology Thus, negativism. old and unknowns new with to cope flexible very to be need beings living all and (our) in reality us escape that things are there because adaptive, isn’t always this time, of most the thing agood However, although Fear is only as deep as the mind allows JAPANESE PROVERB (Un)fortunately, psychology can explain it. explain can psychology (Un)fortunately, behaves. being how ahuman and is humanity of what notion false this have of us many that is problem The humanity”. our feel us makes “fear said Disraeli Benjamin brilliant the Like negative. as just is presence destructive or its of fear absence the because tension, appropriate the to find used be could that of strategies anumber offer economics behavioural so-called the and science Psychological repercussions. negative many have can of crisis at times information in Inconsistencies populace. of the part significant but asmall in depression and to paralysis lead can to adapt inability the and stress fear, like Just adaptation. hinder fact, in could, which view alimited itself, in is, panic will “populace” the that Thinking of others. view simplified avery and responses to limited rather but to panic, lead means, any by not, does However, this effort. minimal with but get wecan as much as want wealways is, That lazy. and automatic to be tendency its of it is of anything, process psychological our accuse wecould If ability. analytical and cognitive our hinder stress and let’s fear that not And forget goods? to hoard to was do thing rational most the that believed who risk of high aperception and information limited with individuals or simply invaders barbaric irrational supermarkets the swarmed who those were this: Consider humans. poor over the looming were Damocles’s sword though as panic, such to demonstrate abundantly used was goods other and paper of toilet buying panic the pandemic, of the onset at the and world the around All panic. than depression into fall and paralysed to be easier It is rare. very something is panic fact, In panic. easily not ourselves, and others, that of power, find aposition in when especially of most us, To worse, matters make plague. the weavoid like which of risk, aperception is there when shown only are turn, in which, exist, behaviours risk-reducing if risk less only is there and pressure, under living implies always society in Living thereof. assessment our by determined ultimately it is apprehend, to fully impossible something always is reality As of reality. view influenced The of control. perception to keep our still, or, better control, in to stay help us that mechanisms explanation finding by perception risk our drop of us Many picture. abittersweet it is So PALMA-OLIVEIRA JOSÉ AND MANAGEMENT. HE ISSPECIALISTINRISK PERCEPTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY. RESEARCHER INTHEFIELDS OFSOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY PROFESSOR AND OFF ONE’S POLAND The increase The critical week in Poland, 9-15 March, coincides with the announcement of the governmental decision to close schools. In food products, the increase was observed in spirit mainly in first need products and basic commodities able to be preserved for long periods. In Biedronka, the top selling products were pork meat, sugar and milk. beverages TROLLEY PRODUCTS WITH THE BIGGEST INCREASE IN SALES is mainly when compared with the same period in 2019 explained IN the beginning of the coronavirus outbreak, people flocked to supermarkets worldwide to stock up with emergency supplies. Fear of food scarcity and the subsequent confinement period prompted consumers to buy panic X MORE goods, such as canned fish or toilet paper, storing these products at home. At the same time, a trading down trend has 11.2 by its use as been registered, meaning a shift from added-value products (i.e. gourmet or ready-to-eat solutions) to generic goods. This infographic depicts the atypical increase in sales in the Jerónimo Martins Group’s stores in Portugal, Poland Millet Groats and Colombia. The data gives a visual perspective of the most sold items, as well as of the ones that grew the most. a substitute 11.9 for alcohol X MORE 11.9 SPIRIT disinfectant. X MORE BEVERAGE PORTUGAL CANNED (ABV 95 %) Stockpiling’s critical week was 9-15 March, with Pingo Doce registering a 58% variation in sales, compared with the same period of 2019. Canned products ranked first, followed MEAT by fresh fruit and pork meat, but the biggest increase was observed in pasta. STATE OF EMERGENCY As people began to realize that essential goods were not running short on supermarket shelves, shopping habits gradually changed. And, since PRODUCTS WITH THE BIGGEST they had stopped drinking coffee outside, a very portuguese passion, the biggest percentage INCREASE IN SALES increases in sales were registered in coffee when compared with the same period in 2019 and coffee machines. Eggs, flour and sugar, COLOMBIA as well as confectionery products, also increased The stockpilling period in Colombia was from 16 to 22 March, in which Ara’s sales increased 117%. Rice, UHT milk significantly due to the production of homemade bread, cakes and desserts. and vegetable oil were the most sold products. All these references are staple foods in Colombian households, but uncertainty and the decline in income generated unusual consumption behaviours. As an example, pork products 3.8 X MORE registered a significant sales increase in the perishables category, both in the stockpiling period and in the weeks after. PRODUCTS WITH THE BIGGEST PASTA INCREASE IN SALES when compared with the same period in 2019 3.3 X MORE RICE Canned 3.5 fish X MORE 1.9 2.2 Canned X MORE X MORE X MORE products VEGETABLE OIL Rice 62. 2.2 63 HIGHLIGHT Nazar Abbas Photography / Getty Images © through the holding on STORM

As the Covid-19 outbreak was starting to be felt all over the world, words had to be spoken, decisions had to be made, actions had to be taken. Present in two continents and employing over 110,000 people, the Jerónimo Martins Group has been proving its resilience during this pandemic period, while protecting its employees, backing up its suppliers and supporting those on the frontline.

64.65 HIGHLIGHT

PUTTING

them full salary. And so we did for a couple of weeks in Poland We have postponed to May first quarter results’ release in order to where three days before the Polish Prime Minister introduced provide you with slightly increased visibility on the different levels LIFE FIRST the State of Epidemic in the country, Biedronka had already of impact on performance according to each country’s strategy introduced disinfectants, safety glasses and limitation of the and execution. However we urge you not to extrapolate on the number of people in the stores. basis of April’s performance. We feel that uncertainty is very high And we certainly have been using our experience in dealing with and we are still facing too many unknowns. this pandemic in Portugal and Poland to anticipate risks and In Europe, including Portugal and Poland, we are seeing an easing necessary measures to be taken in Colombia. of lockdown measures, as businesses reopen, and life tries to Excerpt from the opening remarks by Jerónimo Martins’ The additional costs incurred in the last two weeks of March resume some of its routines. to allow our banners to operate safely are estimated around In Poland, where Presidential elections have been postponed due to Chairman and CEO in the conference call with analysts 15 million euros. the public health crisis, hotels, shops, shopping centers, museums I believe what I shared with you so far today allows you to and galleries have reopened last week, mostly on the basis of one understand how we have been guided by a sense of prudence and person per 15 sqm. to present first quarter results held on May 14, 2020. also of courage to do the right thing in tough and uncertain times. Both the European Commission and the International Monetary We’ve decided to suspend investment in new stores and Fund anticipate the worst economic recession in Portugal since 1974. remodelling projects, remove the guidance and submit to the In Colombia, there is mandatory curfew and around 30 % of our Annual General Meeting the reduction of the dividend payout store network is under the obligation of closure during weekends. from 50 % to 30 % of 2019 consolidated net earnings. As such, Ara is dealing with the complexity resulting from We have always valued having a strong balance sheet and freedom different municipalities’ approaches to the pandemic. PEDRO of choice as we move forward. And when uncertainty is at a peak The Company is strongly betting on promoting a one-stop- AS we gather here today to look at Jerónimo Martins’ first this rule is even more important to us. shop commercial offer to consumers, while reinforcing its price SOARES quarter results, I ask you to bear in mind three words: prudence, Despite the material first impact of Covid-19 on our businesses, positioning. resilience and commitment. we managed to end the quarter with a solid net cash position In the context of this global pandemic, I believe the set of results After a very strong 2019, our Companies started 2020 in full of 137 million euros. This tells us a lot about the resilience we are delivering in the first quarter reflects a secure underlying DOS SANTOS shape to keep growing and delivering. And so they did, in January of our Companies. operational performance, strong resilience and the remarkable and February. Although being, by many times, the smaller of our countries, commitment of our teams and partners in the supply chain. As the first Covid-19 cases were confirmed in our countries – first Portugal has been so far – with no doubt - the one that suffered Tough crisis like this one are acid tests to our ability to live up to our in Portugal on the 2nd of March, then Poland two days later and the most. Not only in terms of absolute number of cases of values and our sense of mission. My confidence in our teams’ ability finally Colombia two days after Poland – Governments reacted infection but, above all, in what concerns the number of deaths. to hold on and stay strong in face of adversity is beyond words. differently and so did consumers. Pingo Doce and Recheio started to feel the negative impact The strong will of our suppliers – in particular the small and As a Group, we had been paying close attention to the evolution of the sanitary crisis immediately after week 11, the week medium ones – to fight and keep going deserves to be supported. of Covid-19 since late January. On the 28th of January, two days of stockpiling in Portugal. And we are happy that we are in a position to help, by buying before the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of The three consecutive periods of Emergency State in Portugal, their products and incentivizing consumers to keep buying Covid-19 as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, with lockdown already crippling the economy, have been hard them at very attractive prices. We will also keep reinforcing our we had forbidden all business trips to China. This was the start of on our Portuguese operations. social commitment and investment, namely by contributing to our prudent approach to managing the situation. Like-for-like of both Pingo Doce and Recheio were negative in the Covid-19 Global Response and also by financing scientific On the 3rd of February we sent a Group internal communication March. And, in April, the severe restrictions to the circulation of investigation on this disease. with information on the virus and prevention. people and limits on the number of customers per store have led I believe our organizational culture – being disciplined, efficiency- On March 9, two days before the World Health Organization to a reduction of over 14 % in Pingo Doce’s like-for-like versus the driven and focused on operational excellence – has been playing declared that the outbreak of Covid-19 had reached the scale same month in 2019. an important role in this battle. And will continue to be a positive CHAIRMAN AND CEO OF THE of a global pandemic, Biedronka pro-actively communicated the In what concerns Recheio, the loss of HoReCa trade due to force behind our performance in the near future. JERÓNIMO MARTINS GROUP reinforcement of shops’ and carts’ disinfection and introduced mandatory lockdown of hotels, restaurants and cafés has instore communication on prevention practices. Two days later, generated a material impact on the Company’s activity. Sales while securing supply chain continuity, the Company launched decline marked the last two weeks of March extending into April. its Foundation to actively support the seniors in need. Easter - as we are used to knowing it - did not exist in Portugal and On March 13 – the day the Portuguese Government declared the Poland, which was also a source of additional pressure. State of Alert – I publicly announced in Portugal that, in order Biedronka proved to be our most resilient Company during this to protect business continuity and our people and clients’ safety, hard crisis. opening hours in Pingo Doce and Recheio stores were to be Fighting with every possible weapon to grow sales – from around reduced to allow half of our people to go home. the clock opening hours to special promotions during nighttime – For several weeks we kept, in Portugal, over 14 thousand people Biedronka managed to increase top line in April by 6.5 % and protected in pre-emptive confinement at their homes while paying o reinforce its market share.

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A RENEWED SENSE OF Edit Set Go © TRUST

Even though the pandemic gale is not yet over, its impact on the economy was instantly felt by the primary sector. It was time for Jerónimo Martins to step-in, by not only reinforcing its investment in established local suppliers, but also by setting up new partnerships to support struggling producers.

68.69 HIGHLIGHT

A LEAP OF FAITH During

over 200 km to Azambuja - located near Lisbon, and home to one of the biggest Distributions Centres owned by the Group in Easter time, Portugal. The goal was to simply say: “This is me. I’m based in Fundão and have half a dozen sheep, but I want to do this for my region”. By “this” he meant not only having someone to buy his Pingo Doce animals, but also to involve other producers by “teaching them animal husbandry, how to work the land and to use the water resources now available in the region”, he explains. What started out as a seasonal business, centred around festive sold 440 tonnes seasons such as Easter and Christmas, grew into something requiring year-round commitment. Paulo Brito now works with 400 producers from across the country who, collectively, keep 140 thousand animals. This growth was also a driving force for of Portuguese the expansion of other related areas, such as the “cheese factories that had been shut down and that are now up and running again,” the “new cheese factories” that opened, and the “2 to 3 thousand hectares that lay fallow and which are now used to cultivate clover, lamb from rye-grass, rye, oats...”. Genetics, quality pastures and the climate, influenced by the region’s proximity to the Estrela and Gardunha mountain over 400 local ranges, and the Zêzere River are key to producing the meat that consumers enjoy. Paulo Brito rates the relationship with Jerónimo Martins as “based on trust, the ability to anticipate needs, loyalty and commitment”. During the Covid-19 pandemic, producers. these aspects were at the forefront and when many farmers were unable to sell their animals, because of the drop in consumption, the Group’s stores were the answer. Nobody was “forced to close their doors” and “the price agreed to before the campaign remained the same throughout”.

Edit Set Go © “EVER SINCE I CAN REMEMBER” José António Martins, a producer located a few kilometres south of Fundão, also told us his story. “I’ve kept sheep ever since I can remember. Even when I was in school, I looked after the sheep before leaving. Just like my father and my grandfather did before me.” He has fond memories, highlighting his love of agriculture, PAULO BRITO recalling the days of copious rain, dripping animals, and days of FUNDÃO, a city in the centre of intense heat “shearing sheep in 46°C and a dust cloud. It’s tough, Portugal with scorching hot summers and freezing cold winters. but I love it”. The business has been growing and he has been The region is nestled between the mountains, on a plateau that supplying lamb to Pingo Doce for almost ten years. waited more than 50 years to have a steady supply of water for José felt the uncertainty brought on by the virus. “People panicked drinking and agriculture. and started staying at home and consumption simply dried up.” Since time immemorial, these raw rural lands in Portugal have The circumstances called for patience, perseverance and unity. produced sheep and goat meat, cheese and wool. However, “I was worried. My lambs were bought at an established price globalisation at the end of the 20th century led to desertification before the pandemic and it caught everyone off-guard, but I and saw people abandoning the lands. Conversely, recent years managed to sell all the animals to Pingo Doce at the agreed price.” have seen an impetus with the advent of irrigation, which has The storm seems to have passed and we have come out of it with breathed new life into many activities. Many sheep producers a renewed sense of trust. (and those of derivative products such as cheese) found a trustworthy partner in the Jerónimo Martins Group, for both the good and the bad times. Paulo and Beatriz Brito exploit 700 hectares spread by several farms in Fundão, and are one of the largest lamb suppliers in the Lamb is one of the most LAMB PRODUCER AND Iberian Peninsula. This partnership began almost a decade ago, appreciated and traditional SUPPLIER OF PINGO DOCE spurred by an ambition Paulo Brito wanted to nurture. In a leap meals of the Easter celebrations, in Portugal.

FOR ALMOST A DECADE. of faith, he picked up his car and, with no planned meeting, drove Edit Set Go ©

70.71 HIGHLIGHT

PORTUGUESE DELICATESSEN All Rights Reserved © Many of the regional delicatessen products contribute to the development of the most disadvantaged and depopulated regions of Portugal. To keep this tradition alive, even in a time of suspended gatherings, Pingo Doce reinforced its store offer. More than 90 % of all delicatessen products sold in Pingo Doce stores were sourced from Portuguese suppliers. In May, sales of CHEESE Portuguese delicatessen grew by 20 %.

The major change in consumer habits, and the mandatory closing of restaurants have caused a shock in the cheesemaking sector. Tonnes of regional sheep cheeses were prepared to sell during the Easter period. If not sold, there was a risk of a major disruption in the supply chain, affecting the producers of sheep milk and jeopardising the survival of this genuine

national heritage. Pingo Doce opened the doors ©Volupio/Adobe Stock © to the cheese producers who demonstrated the need and interest in selling their products in the chain’s stores. During the state of emergency period, 116 tonnes of regional sheep cheese were sold in Pingo Doce stores, 45 % more than in the same period of 2019. All Rights Reserved ©

FINANCIAL SUPPORT @Jerónimo Martins As an additional step towards supporting local production, the Jerónimo Martins Group made its credit lines available to more than a thousand small PUSHING LOCAL and medium suppliers, with the risk coverage of the Group being used in the negotiations with banks. This way, those suppliers were able to anticipate their receivables and avoid liquidity constraints. Filomena Ferreira / Shutterstock

© Since 2012, and following a very severe drought in the country, the Group also has an agreement with the Confederation of Portuguese Farmers for PRODUCTION anticipation of the payment terms for an average of 10 days, without financial costs for the producer.

BEEF CHANGES in family dynamics state of emergency declared by the Portuguese government, several caused by confinement and closure of the HoReCa channel (hotels, new agreements were celebrated between food suppliers from restaurants and cafes) challenged the ability of many suppliers to different areas and Pingo Doce. For more than 10 years, Pingo Doce has been carrying keep their businesses running. That is why Pingo Doce reinforced After an atypical Easter in which the leading retail chain in out a vigorous partnership project that includes a total its strategic investment in local sourcing, which represents over Portugal supported lamb producers that were at risk of losing of 300 national veal producers. During this pandemic 3 billion euros per year and corresponds to around 80 % of this a big slice of their annual revenues, it was time to look at the whole banner’s food purchases. pie. Portuguese Aberdeen Angus beef, regional delicatessen, wild period, it has increased its orders of national veal and In collaboration with the Portuguese Ministry of Agriculture, the fish, fruit or regional cheeses were key investment areas of local started a relationship with various Portuguese beef retailer contacted a number of struggling suppliers to understand support, contributing towards mitigating the negative impact of the associations, from the northern region, encompassing how they could start a new long-lasting relationship. During the pandemic on the market landscape. a total of 1,400 small national producers.

72.73 HIGHLIGHT WHEN A WINDOW CLOSES, A DOOR OPENS INTERVIEWING WALDEMAR SZAJKO VICE-PRESIDENT, DISTRICT DAIRY COOPERATIVE, OSM SIEDLCE Located about 90 km east of Warsaw, the Dairy Cooperative of Siedlce produces high-quality milk and dairy products. To do so, around 140,000 litres of milk are collected every day from over INTERVIEWING 500 regional farms. Until now, the company has been focusing its business strategy in the HoReCa channel. After starting to work URSZULA KINOWSKA with Biedronka during the pandemic period, the Cooperative OWNER OF URSZULA KINOWSKA reinvented itself and launched a brand-new cream cheese, CONFECTIONERY FACTORY available in the Group’s food retail stores in Poland. Kalisz Wafer is a local certified product originated from the WHAT WERE YOUR FIRST THOUGHTS ABOUT PARTNERING WITH BIEDRONKA? tradition of Jewish matza – an unleavened flatbread – very popular in the Polish region of Kalisz. Located in central Poland, When a representative of the Biedronka chain called me at the this historical and ethnographical area is home to many multi- beginning of the pandemic, I asked myself whether entering into cultural and multi-religious traditions as it was historically a cooperation with such a demanding customer was worthwhile. melting-pot comprised of people from many different places: Jews, Initially, I hoped that the coronavirus would not affect our business Macedonians, Russians, Ukrainians and Germans. This handmade very much. But today I am positive that it would have affected us wafer – now available at Biedronka stores – is a living evidence of severely was it not for the cooperation with Biedronka. a strong cultural cooking heritage. THE PARTNERSHIP IS NOW FULLY RUNNING. IN WHAT EXTENT DID IT WHAT HAVE BEEN THE MAIN BENEFITS OF YOUR COOPERATION WITH AFFECT YOUR BUSINESS PERFORMANCE? BIEDRONKA? We are currently supplying Biedronka stores with four products, First of all, it was the opportunity to continue our business with including one on a national scale (milk powder), which is a great peace of mind. While we can see that our local usual sales channels SOPA Images / Getty

© achievement for us, but also soft cheese, yoghurt and cottage cheese. are slowly recovering, being able to sell our products in Biedronka Our sales volume has grown. I am sure that without the opportunity stores during the most difficult times made us feel safe. With the to sell our products in Biedronka stores, our revenue in this difficult During the pandemic period, support of our partner, we were able to take a calm approach to the selected Biedronka stores time would have been reduced by one third or even as much as half. were working 24/7 to ensure pandemic and, adhering to rigorous safety standards, maintain full that nothing was missing for HOW DO YOU EVALUATE THIS INITIATIVE SO FAR? production. No one had to be laid off or sent on an extended leave. Polish consumers. The situation was – and still is – under control. After several weeks of cooperation, I can safely say that the as the pandemic took campaign’s claim - “Time to support small producers” - fully AS SOON DURING THIS UNPRECEDENTED TIME, WHAT WERE THE MAJOR over, Biedronka began inviting producers who until then had only corresponds to its purpose. Even if the Cooperative was able DIFFICULTIES YOU EXPERIENCED? sold on a regional level to integrate its nation-wide supply chain, to continue operating, we would certainly struggle to survive. For a business based on artisanal production methods like ours, if opening a door for a fruitful cooperation. Biedronka gave us the reassurance of being able to work and we remove one element of this jigsaw puzzle – for example if our As the largest food retailer in the country, with more than 3,000 to keep our production at consistent levels, despite the adverse main market somehow vanishes – everything starts to fall apart food stores, and one of the largest companies in Poland, Biedronka made possible for these suppliers to deliver in only one or two market conditions caused by the pandemic. after a short period of time. We are convinced that Biedronka has been cooperating with Polish farmers and industries for 25 Distribution Centres, therefore making sure the product was has already saved many small businesses which would not have years. In 2019 alone, over 93 % of the products sold in its stores available at the stores located in a specific region. LOOKING AHEAD, HOW DO YOU SEE THE FUTURE OF THIS PARTNERSHIP? otherwise survived a long break in production and would have been have come from more than 1,000 local suppliers. But this was the Each store’s product range varies depending on the location, and, Biedronka is one of our best clients at the moment. Continued unable to sell their products. time to run the extra mile. To step up. After all, the effects in some cases, it can even differ from selected stores of a given cooperation will allow us to maintain our production and of Covid-19 on the food world are still being sensed, as many province. Up to 50 new local products are progressively finding employment levels giving us a stable outlook for the future. This HOW DO YOU SEE THE FUTURE OF THIS PARTNERSHIP? suppliers struggle to ensure the sustainability of their businesses. their place on store shelves. requires us to comply with strict quality standards because Biedronka Every small and medium-sized manufacturer would like to have For smaller businesses, it might be difficult to reach the required To boost production following the Covid-19 crisis, Biedronka is known for only being interested in products of the highest quality, such a solid partner. We are grateful for the opportunity and scale that retailers need in order to guarantee operational also announced new shorter payment terms for Polish fruit and not only regarding taste and composition, but also in terms of expect to remain as Biedronka’s partner for many years to come. efficiency and competitive prices. That’s why the banner has also vegetable producers whose total turnover did not exceed 100 packaging. We are determined to ensure that these standards are million zlotys (25 million euros). Between the beneficiaries are met because we know that otherwise our products will not be sold mostly family-run companies that count on these sales as one of in Biedronka. Of course, we also have other customers, but none of the most important sources of income. them operates on a scale larger than that of Biedronka.

74.75 © All Rights Reserved 76.77 HIGHLIGHT AID on the frontline fighting the pandemic. Driven the by will to Through these hard times, Jerónimo Martins joined those help, the Group set up initiatives to support hospitals and healthcare professionals, as well as to promote scientific innovation in the fight against the virus. Life 78.79

FOR THE WORST THE FOR BEST, PREPARED THE FOR HOPING © All Rights Reserved do EspíritoSantodeÉvora. Team, intheopeningceremonyofsecondintensivecareunitHospital António Serrano,representativeoftheJerónimoMartins’ExecutiveManagement HIGHLIGHT respiratory failure who need also a ventilator. aventilator. also need who failure respiratory with of patients treatment the enabling pandemic, Covid-19 the to address region’s the capability increases significantly unit new The of Alentejo. hospital main Évora de -the Santo Espírito do Hospital the in unit care intensive asecond equip thoroughly and to finish euros over 300,000 donated has Group Martins Jerónimo the why is That achallenge. are They aneed. than more much are service for healthcare professionals and support for medical equipment which in Aregion country. the in rate ageing highest the THE Alentejo region, located in southern Portugal, has has Portugal, southern in located region, Alentejo

© Paulo Vaz Henriques - Gabinete PM GLOBAL TO COVID-19 RESPONSE logistics. the and process packaging the both handled Recheio and material raw the with contributed Montiqueijo initiative, of this scope the Within patients. hospitalized Covid-19 and professionals to health of milk litres 25,000 to donate Montiqueijo company dairy the with hands joined Recheio also professionals. over 30,000 reaching Portugal, in hospitals and facilities healthcare 40 to than more juice and milk water, fruit, fresh offered &Carry Recheio Cash and Doce Pingo time. demanding at avery effort extraordinary their to recognise professionals to healthcare extended was Group’sThe support Service. Health National the by referred patients among cases severe more potentially of the detection early the and day per of 240 patients evaluation the allows equipment The scale. severity to athree-level according condition, health their determine and status clinical general patients’ to assess allows test the ten minutes, than less In process. screening intelligent an during vehicle his inside to stay patient the allows system the Biosurfit, startup Portuguese the by Developed Lisbon. in Hospital, Cross Red Portuguese the projectat screening smart innovative an in euros 30,000 around invested Doce Pingo disease, of the progression rapid the Given collect a total of 7.5 billion euros. of 7.5 atotal billion collect to citizens and foundations entrepreneurs, of governments, efforts the together to bring aims initiative global Covid-19. This for the treatments and tools diagnosis to accurate access equal and production development, for the euros 1million to donate committed –,have Santos dos Manuel Francisco – Sociedade shareholder main its with together Group, Martins Jerónimo The The contribution’s goal is to speed up the development and treatments and for the disease. the for of the vaccine Board ofDirectorstheJerónimoMartinsGroup. Francisco ManueldosSantosBVandmemberofthe from theright),executivepresidentofSociedade left), andJoséSoaresdosSantos(secondrow,second minister, AntónioCosta(frontrow,secondfromthe initiative, withtheparticipationofPortugueseprime contribution totheGlobalResponseCovid-19 Public presentationofthePortuguese

80.81 LIFE ANATOMY OFA LINE the values, concerns and goals of its work with Polish seniors. The Foundation’s President, Katarzyna Scheer, expands on The Biedronka Foundation was launched in April 2020 with the mission of helping elderly people live better, healthier and longer lives. Lives worth living.

© Jonathan Knowles / Getty Images 82.83 basic human need. Feeling a sense of a justified pride, we think that that wethink pride, of ajustified asense Feeling need. human basic a to satisfy We work to hard people. close simply definition, by is, that industry an in weare that conscious very always wewere path, growth our along going wewere as And, Poland. in largest one of the fact, company, in alarge quite us made already had development of Biedronka’s speed fast the By then, ago. years afew born was Polska Martins Jerónimo by foundation the up of setting idea The good living. and long to their – contributing says Elzbieta onwhat –drawing and lives of their quality the improving citizens, senior onhelping focuses April, last launched Foundation, The Foundation. Biedronka the by produced report abrief in old, years 84 is who Elzbieta says living” “I FOUNDATION MOVE THEBIEDRONKA THE SMILESTHAT would still like to live much much longer. I am very fond of of fond very longer. much Iam much to live like still would FOUNDATION BOARD OFTHE BIEDRONKA PRESIDENT OFTHEMANAGEMENT SCHEER KATARZYNA

© All Rights Reserved rightly generation, younger the time, same dependency. Atthe and of powerlessness sense the generates This or grandchildren. children help of her the without or abank doctor’s the office for example, in, thing asimple do –cannot technology latest the with unfamiliarity of her –because experience lifetime arich with person older sufficient self- completely otherwise an that time the all We it happening see here. risk high at avery are people elderly And exclusion. cause also could benefits, tangible very and numerous providing while technology, The of seniors. case the in true especially is This of us. all on impact far-reaching avery have technologies new that atruism It is to themselves. left simply are and families their by provided care onthe rely nolonger can of seniors number agrowing that imply migrations external and internal as well as living multi-generational of the model disappearing quickly the and bonds of intergenerational weakening The seniors. the affect changes these how and Poland in lifestyle and model family changing profoundly to note the onehas context, this in Now, of course, disturbing. very is fact This or disability. illness along-term from suffer who those especially poverty, in live of them thousand 300 almost that out wefound And retirees. Polish of the well-being economic the detail in weanalysed focus, Foundation’s To the sharpen lives. daily their in support need of them Many old. years or more 80 of people segment the is fastest the growing is What years. 30 last of the achievement an is which lifetimes longer reflects this Obviously, population. for %of 40 all account will group 2050 this year the by forecasts, to the according and, old, 60 years or more is Pole Today, fast. fifth ageing every is population Polish The reasons. for good And seniors. onthe focuses Foundation the said, already As issues. onsocial it exclusively focused and Foundation Biedronka the up set wehave that reason this for It is success. and growth our enabling us, trusted who population to more the back something to give try and more do wecould felt that we Still, exclusion. social and of malnutrition at risk of groups benefit for the initiatives Responsibility Social Corporate several run also wehave operations, growing our with Along prices. at affordable food nutritious and quality high with them providing by change areal made -wehave means financial modest relatively had have still households Polish many which during -aperiod years five twenty last over the 10 thousand seniors will receive financial support Through aprogramme jointly run with Caritas, for purchases in Biedronka stores. Biedronka in purchases for

at the Biedronka Foundation. Foundation. Biedronka at the going keep us will and keeps that Poland, in possible as seniors many of faces as onthe to see we want which smile, this exactly it is And programs oneof our in aparticipant and old 78 years is -who Maciej as Finally, life. meaningful and active healthy, enjoy along, and society the in participate to actively right every have do seniors The of age. irrespective opportunities, fair with people to provide to strive obligation auniversal have of us all We that believe materials. needed and gear protection personal with institutions these We providing are homes. care special and nursing for the support a large-scale launched has Foundation the pandemics, Covid-19 to the Reacting volunteers. assigned Caritas’ by assisted also are individuals These stores. Biedronka in for purchases used exclusively be can which card payment the by enabled support a financial basis onamonthly receive seniors ten thousand programme, this Through Caritas. with jointly werun which seniors, neediest at the targeted aprogramme 2020 with April in started Foundation The volunteering. elderly-people-focused of the development the through also dialogue intergenerational an promote We exclusion. will and isolation of loneliness, syndromes widespread increasingly and disturbing the address specifically We lives. will of their improvement to the to contribute and seniors the about awareness society’s to increase are goals our And of age. irrespective matters life that webelieve Foundation Biedronka the In to earn. took decades which wisdom the grandparents, of their wisdom the appreciate to notfully seem does prowess, technological of its proud them with personal care items. care personal with them providing by homes, care special and nursing supporting is Foundation The − says “it is better to smile than to unhappy”. feel than to smile better “it is says Biedronka Foundation, in Warsaw. in Foundation, Biedronka the of ceremony Launching

“AN ordinary woman who happened to find love” and share it with the neediest as a lifelong task. A graduated in Biology who took the path of faith. A mother of five who believes the children she helped grow up to be decent people are her major achievement. Sister Małgorzata Chmielewska is much more than in a system that they did not accept and taught by their example what she does, either as head of the “Chleb Życia” community - of adherence to values. They were very sensitive to the needs of which runs houses for homeless, sick and single mothers in Poland the weak and always ready to help. I did not like that world either. - or now as a member of the Biedronka Foundation Council. And My brothers changed it by participating in the anti-communist she is also more than what she tells, even if words give a little hand underground, I chose a different way - supporting the weakest. All Rights Reserved

© to meet the soul, the nun, the activist, the thinker, and the believer. WHEN TIMES GET TOUGH, THEY ARE ALWAYS MUCH TOUGHER FOR THE ONES WHO WERE ALREADY VULNERABLE BEFORE THE CRISIS: THESE COVID-19 TIMES HAVE FORCED US TO SLOW DOWN AND FIGHT FOR THE OLD PEOPLE IN NEED, THE SICK, THE POOR, THE DISABLED, THE LIFE. YOU HAVE STUDIED BIOLOGY AND LATER YOU CHOSE TO FOLLOW MARGINALIZED. THESE ARE THE PEOPLE TO WHOM YOU HAVE CHOSEN A PATH OF FAITH. HOW DO YOU RECONCILE THE BIOLOGIST AND THE TO DEVOTE YOUR LIFE. WHAT HAVE YOUR LEARNED ABOUT LIFE FROM BELIEVER TO PROPOSE YOUR OWN DEFINITION OF WHAT LIFE IS? LIVING IN COMMUNITY WITH THE POOR AND THE MARGINALIZED ONES? Poetically – a miracle. If we look at human life, it is a unique and First of all... freedom and a kind of humility. The people we live special time of existence on Earth for every human being. Every with are very different, they come from backgrounds far from human being is unique and necessary, no matter where they were mine and often have had tragic experiences. In material terms, born, who they are, or how old. Whether he or she will represent they have nothing, although some once had companies, families, beauty depends primarily on them, but also on what opportunity positions. And many of them do not break down, but continue they are given to develop their humanity. Our calling is to love. to fight for their lives. They often turn out to be better than me, Someone who has not experienced it since childhood, a child who bolder, more patient, generous in sharing what they have, for is hungry or without good education, or a person who wasn’t loved example, their last cigarette. This teaches perspective, respect will have less chance to fully develop what is best in them. Apart for others, and how to listen. It requires us to step out of our from human life there is also the life of nature. Fascinating. comfort zone. Our life is constant improvisation - currently we have 11 houses for the homeless, we also run a scholarship fund for AFTER GRADUATING IN BIOLOGY, HAVE YOU FELT THE INTENTION TO poor youth, a day care centre, a kindergarten, we support many MAKE A CHANGE IN YOUR LIFE? WAS THERE AN EVENT THAT TRIGGERED poor families, renovate their flats, etc. The vast majority of us YOUR CHOICE TO LIVE DIFFERENTLY? do not have permanent financial security. The poor do not fit in I searched for the truth in various philosophies and even religions. systems created for the needs of those who are well off. Hence the I found it in the Gospel and the person of Jesus Christ, and also constant life of the unpredictable combined with the need for good in the Catholic Church. I decided to put into practice what I organization and logistics. If it were not for the good people – as understood from the Gospel. And so until today. believers say – directed to us by God, we could not help. We simply For Sister Małgorzata Chmielewska, who has wouldn’t have the means or resources. Help from people of good YOUR FATHER WAS A DOCTOR AND YOU HAVE DEVOTED YOUR LIFE TO will come always, sometimes at the last minute. I have also learned CARE FOR LONELY SOULS. YOUR MOTHER WORKED IN A SCHOOL AND that love requires a little bit of madness. For this you receive the devoted her life to the neediest in Poland, to live is to YOU YOURSELF HAVE ALSO DEDICATED SOME TIME TO TEACHING. HAVE joy of seeing someone who had been in the dark improve, begin to YOU FOUND INSPIRATION IN YOUR PARENTS’ EXAMPLE AND SENSE OF be happy, regain a sense of dignity. Also that there are no losers. perform a task that has to be completed. Hers is a way MISSION? There is always hope. Sometimes it takes many years, sometimes Certainly, the values taken from home were and are a support. we do not see the results of our work. And also the fact that there I grew up under communism. My parents were members of the is a limit which is set by the freedom of each person. We will not of giving back the love she gets every day. Resistance Movement during World War II, a formation later reach beyond it. A person may not want to change. At least not unwelcome to the communists. Throughout the communist now. Or perhaps an alcoholic of many years can’t do it anymore. period, they were in a way “internally emigrated”, forced to live And yet he still remains human and should be treated as such.

84.85 86.87

© All Rights Reserved possible, build fashion for them, especially among young people. people. young among especially for them, fashion build possible, wherever values these Promote selfishness. and evil enjoyable than more just is You good to show that weak. have the become may you to close or someone you tomorrow because badly, ends It always good”. common “for the them to sacrifice atendency is There us. of weakest the with means together And together. survived be only onecan present the like Acrisis pleasantly. more simply and safely more onelives society solidarity-based empathic, an tomorrow. In times onhard fall can Imyself forever. That well noonedoes that awareness the And help to survive. can hospitality and words with support of heartfelt gestures material daily small, solidarity, daily Only of contributors. instead dependents become and livelihoods their lose actually people many addition, In oneself. to protect desire the and onehas what of losing for fear of others needs the to up to oneself shut is second The lives. their even property, their risking often and situation to face the effort acreative making to help, hurrying people is first The egoism. and solidarity human attitudes: two generally are there situation acrisis In ACTIVATED TO SUPPORT THOSE WHO HELP NEED THE MOST? BE COMPASSION AND SOLIDARITY HUMAN CAN HOW, YOUR OPINION, IN

© All Rights Reserved would be a great loss for entire societies, because they have great great have they because societies, for entire loss agreat be would This nohousing. or have hungry are they when quickly provided be should of course which assistance, and of benefits beneficiaries of role the into irretrievably not do fall jobs their lost have who people that to ensure is point The reduction. loss of all, First YEARS? OR MONTHS COMING THE IN ADDRESS TO NEED WILL SOCIETY THAT POLISH THE NECESSITIES AND CHALLENGES URGENT WHAT, MOST THE ARE YOUR VIEW, IN EVERYWHERE. INCREASE WILL ANTICIPATE THATPEOPLE POVERTY MANY AND EMPLOYMENT THREATENING ALREADY IS CRISIS THIS person. of afree development the for necessary of self-agency sense the away It takes life. spiritual even and economic cultural, social, from It excludes off. better are who those towards aggression Also of inferiority. sense a hidden and bitterness also but attitudes, entitlement and next, to the onegeneration from passed often helplessness, to learned rise gives This life. active in people not engaging for survival, a minimum to providing geared generally are systems welfare Modern women. normal felt like They of themselves! something give could they last happy. were At They on... so and together pasta wemade Then potatoes. to peel them asked and beds their by bowl and apot I put dinner. help with could they things, many help with needed they although to that me onceit occurred And weeks. for afew house mother’s to my them Ibrought worthless. of being sense a deep had They contempt people. for showed such staff the and changed, to be diapers with objects as treated were and beds in lying simply were they time the All functional. fully were hands and minds their but bed-ridden, were ladies Both communism. under terrible were houses Such asick people’sin We home. friends. became ladies two to visit Iused ago, time long avery young, Iwas When DIGNITY? AND WORK BETWEEN RELATIONSHIP THE OF CONSCIOUS YOU HAVE HOW BECOME AND RIGHT. WHEN HUMAN AUNIVERSAL AS WORK OF VALUE THE IN BELIEVER A STRONG YOU ARE of the Republic of Poland, in 2005. in Poland, of Republic the of President the Kwasniewsk, Aleksander by Restituta Polonia of Order the of Cross Commander’s the with awarded being Chmielewska Małgorzata Sister and understanding. understanding. and of solidarity gestures We many weak. encounter are who to those sensitive more become can they homes, their in up locked of being hardship the experienced Having homes. or care hospitals diseases infectious in volunteering –like heroic deeds to sometimes do afford can they that see People can for years. condition terrible in been has which Poland, in care, health in better for the changes be may There tragedy. of come out any finally can good course, Of LIVES? OUR TO CHANGE A POSITIVE BRING ALSO WILL CRISIS THAT THIS POSSIBLE IT IS up. bottom the from themselves organising citizens by mitigated partly be will epidemic of the effects the spite of politicians, in itself organised and hands own its into matters taken has society coronavirus, the against fight of the case the in as just that Itrust of uncertainty. feeling the reinforces that chaos is There for Poland. atragedy is This foolishness. in engage and each other bicker together, with future the and present for the programmes building and of solidarity atmosphere an creating of instead Poland, in Politicians young. the amongst especially many, in problems mental causes already of danger atmosphere an Anxiety, chain. emergency the to organise of course, is, second The challenge. first the is jobs or creating Maintaining families. their and of each of them suffering the not to mention potential, together.” survived can only be one present the like “A crisis

88.89 them joy and strength. strength. joy and them it gives often and life spiritual their to deepen people encourage We unbelievers. are there us, with or beliefs religions of other people also are There to live. strength and peace find they There away. of being years after often ameeting, of such advantage take people Many not we do hide. which sake, for Christ’s wedo as We to meetGod. live them weenable but religion, to practise We don’t people Catholics. our force We Christians, are LIFE? HIS/HER FEED TO BREAD NOURISHING MOST THE FIND BEING AHUMAN CAN OPINION, HOW, YOUR IN AND WHERE MEN. AND WOMEN HOMELESS AND DISABLED, OLD, THE THE SICK, THE TO ITSELF DEDICATES AND LIFE” OF “BREAD CALLED IS POLAND IN YOU FOUNDED COMMUNITY THE and still inspire me. It’s just a task to be performed. performed. to It’s be me. atask just inspire still and me inspired who people wonderful Imet many that education, an me gave parents my that healthy, born Iwas that accomplishment It’s it back. to give not my Itry and life Igot from alot time. the all me with lives and disabled deeply is to. One chose they because us work with of most them and Today grown-ups they’re for them. amother to become to decide had you when situations dramatic in of way life met onthe of course, of them, All around. more afew and children five Ihave I took avow of celibacy... though even And love. to find happened who woman ordinary An YOU ARE? WHO OF PICTURE BIGGER A INTO IMAGES TWO YOU THESE WOULD PUT DO, HOW POLES THE AS WELL YOU AS KNOW NOT DO WHO PRINCIPLES”.WITH THOSE FOR NUN A “TOUGH AND AHABIT” IN A “GENERAL CALLED YOU BEEN HAVE

© All Rights Reserved in spite of everything, although it will be difficult. difficult. be it will although spite of everything, in succeed wewill that shelter. of the Itrust basement the in live they For now conditions. decent to have them with live who colleagues for my and to live, place abeautiful to have people poorest the like Iwould tight. it is difficult, are conditions the buildings, old in located are homeless for the shelters Our construction. this to sponsor supposed was who friend our struck crisis and came epidemic the then but plans, made had architects the a plot of land, us of given Warsaw had city the hardships, many After close. Warsaw. in sick homeless We and old already were forhome the adecent –to build ideas of mad greatest and last the perhaps, Oh, FULFILLED? BE TO YET YOUDO DREAMS HAVE of others. that and weakness own my Iacknowledge so on Earth, not aparadise are people and world the that Iknow and a realist I’m way. because great Maybe any in I haven’t disappointed been ONE? PAINFUL MOST WHAT THE WAS DISAPPOINTMENTS… AND not over yet. is fight The suffering. their relieve at least Or thousands. to save also And weakest. fate of the to the attention draw and of people of thousands conscience the to touch Imanaged co-workers, my with together because, Also people. decent to up be grown have who children the Certainly OF? PROUD MOST YOU ARE ONE THE LIFE, IN ACHIEVEMENT IMPORTANT FAR YOUR MOST SO BEEN WHAT HAS children. were they when streets the in begged had of them Two for others. of empathy full and wonderful are They family. own their and strangers by humiliated everyone, by despised children were They of value. sense and self-confidence the and to face difficulties courage the them in up a way. built It has find wewill We down, not do break children. the Itaught what is This out. away always is There people. in and life in trust to have others taught and Ilearned time, same Atthe reality. our in helpful weren’t who schools, always doctors, bureaucracy, how to fight from, to money get where thinking... constantly while problems with kids of nine -at onepoint agang how to manage imagination, my how to activate how to otherness, love to learn Ihad times. hard through gone had they problems, not were without children The all. after perseverance and love Love, Seriously? son. autistic my with especially that, me teaches it still And Patience! HAVEN’T? EXPERIENCES PREVIOUS THAT OTHER TAUGHT YOU MOTHERHOOD WHAT HAS CHILDREN. SEVERAL ADOPTED HAVE YOU YOURSELF WAYS MANY MOTHERHOOD. TO ALSO THAT THERE WAYS YOU SAID HAVE AND MANY GOD TO ARE THAT THERE SAID IS IT to give it back (...) It’s just atask “I got alot from life and Itry to be performed.” be to using your common sense. common your using stop never And of humour. asense mercy. And and love Faith, LIFE? AWORTHY LIVE TO LAWS UNIVERSAL YOUR OPINION, IN THERE, ARE them.” into pour He will open, are hands your If them. into pour cannot God Lord the clenched, are hands your “If ago: time along me with kitchen monastery the from bread of piece last the shared who nun old an And completed. to be has that atask is Life interview. an in them said who of Israel, Minister Prime former the Meir, Golda completed.” be It must was... that atask is “This television: onEnglish ago years many Iheard words the And yourself. conclusions to come to certain have you Often stupid. something into heading hewas that experience own onmy based someone to convince Itried when nun’s old remark an not transferable,” is “Experience YOU? GIVEN HAS SOMEBODY ADVICE BEST THE BEEN WHAT HAS scholars. of some them simple, of some them unknown, Teresa, Mother remain some II, Paul John -like known well are way. onmy people to such meet of them Some lucky am, Istill and been, Ihave strength. and hope gives This of them. many are There brave. ideas, great having world, of the repair the in engaged people young also but contemporary, also saints, Many price. ahigh pay often honesty. Who solidarity, truth, to values: People faithful AND WHY? YOUR LIFE IN YOU MOST THE THAT PEOPLE INSPIRED THE WERE WHO loud. out laughing I’m not always happy. Though Iam yet),stopped of that because He hasn’t that surprised Iam sometimes (although me loves Christ that believe Ideeply and me, love who people are there and people Ilove for happiness: conditions two these Imeet Because sound. it might prosaic however loved be to and love is Everyone’s desire IT? YOU HAVE FOUND HAPPINESS? YOU DO DEFINE HOW THAT WHAT EXACTLY MEANS. KNOWING NOT MAYBE EVEN HAPPY BEING OF DREAMS PERSON SINGLE EVERY 90.91 the existenceoflifeonEarth. Agreatnumberofquestions example ofawidelyspreadcosmicphenomenon? Beyond Is lifesomesortofamiracleormerelyanunremarkable Earth, thechancesoflifeexistingnearbyarethere. As wellaspossiblytheanswers thathelpexplain LIFE still orbitthescientificcommunity. AS WE DON’T KNOW IT IT KNOW

© Buzz Aldrin by Neil Armstrong / Nasa OUR OWN WORLDS BEYOND ARE worldwide and became one of the major themes of 20 themes major oneof the became and worldwide religions and fiction philosophy, in expression their found have question this to answer attempts The there. out be could themselves like others if wondered and sky night at the gazed have humans of civilization, beginning the Since time. of all mysteries greatest the oneof as remains and itself humankind as old as probably is question The cosmos? the in been discovered and are considered “confirmed”. considered are and discovered been have stars) orbit around that (planets 4,100 exoplanets To system. than more date, solar own our beyond planets any were there whether uncertain even it was confirmed, was exoplanet first the when 1990s, early the Until humans. with finally, and, animals with then robots, with first space: into presence our we extended that ago 60 years only It was

we alone in the universe or is existence a common feature elsewhere elsewhere feature acommon existence or is universe the in we alone with a70mmlunarsurfacecamera,in1969. commander NeilArmstrongtookthisphotograph Eagle duringtheApollo11mission.Mission of theMoonnearleglunarmodule Astronaut BuzzAldrinwalksonthesurface th century science. science. century on Earth. life enabled that factorsthe key deciphering on and life extraterrestrial on the search for focuses astrobiology to the future: The past as amap far. so confirmed been have 46 of which exoplanets, candidate 1,835 only identified has However, TESS planets. these of 20,000 to find expected it was mission, primary two-year its For giants. to gas Earth-sized from ranging exoplanets transiting to discover survey all-sky an performing is of TESS operation the Kepler mission, the by covered that than larger times 400 area an in for exoplanets to search Satellite). Designed Survey Exoplanet to NASA’s hello said Tess sky night (Transiting the 2008, In discoveries. planet 2,600 made spacecraft the data, space collecting deep in years nine During exist. —can life maybe water —and liquid where astar around region the zone, habitable astar’s in orbited that planets onseeking concentrated was search star). of per the Much are there many (how planets of extrasolar prevalence the 2009, to study March in of Kepler space telescope NASA’s following launch skyrocketed, pace of discovery The Earth. from 50 light-years amere star, asun-like around orbit in aplanet detected had they that announced Switzerland, of Geneva, University of the Queloz, Didier and Mayor Michel science: exoplanet in milestone big another was later, there years away. Three light-years 2,000 sitting apulsar, as known star, adead circling masses planet-size first the reported USA, Mexico, New in Observatory Astronomy Radio National the and Rico Puerto in Observatory Arecibo at the working Frail, Dale and Wolszczan Alex astronomers when 1992, in began revolution The

life — in exoplanets. —in life of evidence scientific provides or phenomenon that substance any — for biosignatures searching as well Titan), as moon Saturn’s and Jupiter’s Europa, moon Mars, (like bodies system solar on environments for habitable testing cosmos, of the composition chemical the life), understanding defines (and what of life beginning the about more knowing of by science body enormous to this contributing are astrophysicists and planetologists geologists, biologists, Chemists, future. to the amap as past The onEarth. of life emergence the enabled have that parameters environmental key the ondeciphering also but life extraterrestrial for search onthe focused not only field scientific interdisciplinary ayoung is exobiology, astrobiology as known Formerly contrary. the On lifeless. is universe that mean not does However, that them. imagined always wehave way the and life terrestrial both from different very are ones common most the perhaps, And, yet. detected been ever have of life signs noclear but own, to our similar of life forms to discover striving aguide, as Earth not at to look hard it is space, outer in life about thinking When THE WORLD OF ASTROBIOLOGY It’s about 500 light-years from Earth. from light-years 500 about It’s astar. around orbit habitable an in found planet Earth-sized an Kepler-186f, of conception Artist’s

THE origin of life in our planet is a big scientific question yet to be solved. In order to understand this, we need first to travel back in time to the formation of of our solar system. The analysis of meteorites presents an opportunity for the scientific community to know that the solar system is around 4.56 billion years old. Meteorites ZITA are samples that originate from asteroids situated in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Some of them have not been significantly changed since the solar system was formed, therefore acting like time travel machines and allowing to determine its age. MARTINS From the formation of the solar system until around 3.8 billion years, the Earth has witnessed heavy bombardment from meteorites and comets (commonly known as dirt snowballs, that travelled from the outer reaches of the solar system), which delivered tonnes of water and organic molecules (a process called exogenous delivery). If you Thatree Thitivongvaroon / Getty Images

© Wonder think of these molecules as Legos, then the cell (the basic unit of life) may be considered like a little house made up of Legos. The passage from the organic molecules of life to having a cell, and later to complex life forms is not yet known. The only available data the scientific community has is that the organic molecules were delivered to the early Earth via exogenous delivery and/or were formed at the bottom of the oceans in deep sea hydrothermal vents (a process called endogenous formation). Several present and future The near future is packed with exciting life detection space missions to comets and asteroids will determine which building blocks of life were delivered to the primitive Earth. These include the Japanese Hayabusa2 mission that collected samples from asteroid Ryugu last year and will arrive on Earth by the end of missions. By looking to the same organic molecules 2020; the OSIRIS-Rex sample return mission to asteroid Bennu that will arrive on Earth ZITA MARTINS IS AN in 2023; and the Comet Interceptor mission that will be launched in 2028. that make up life on Earth, scientists try to find signs ASTROBIOLOGIST, AN As life originated in our planet, the scientists also wonder whether life may have started ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT in other parts of our solar system (or even the Universe). To date, no extraterrestrial life INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TÉCNICO forms have been found. The first time (and to date the only) there was a space mission of extraterrestrial life in the solar system. (IST, PORTUGAL) AND THE to search for alien life was in 1976. It was part of NASA’s Viking programme and the CO-DIRECTOR OF THE MIT- spacecraft successfully landed on Mars. PORTUGAL PROGRAMME. HER Portuguese astrobiologist Zita Martins discusses RESEARCH INCLUDES THE DETECTION OF BIO-SIGNATURES the challenges of these quests. IN SPACE MISSIONS, AND THE POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN METEORITES AND COMETS TO THE ORIGIN OF LIFE ON EARTH.

94.95 The way that space missions try to detect signs of extraterrestrial hydrothermal vents. Therefore, organic molecules may be formed, life is by looking to the same organic molecules that make up making these moons environments that may host extraterrestrial life here on Earth. This means that any of the past, present or life. The Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE) space mission from planned space missions look for life forms that are carbon based, ESA is planned to be launched in 2022, and will visit Ganymede, and like the ones we have on our planet. The Viking mission did Callisto and Europa. One of its main objectives is to detect not detect any signs of alien life on the Red Planet, which was organic molecules representative of life in the moon Europa.

highly disappointing. Years later, it was discovered that this The next few years are packed with exciting life detection space NASA / Comunicado Getty Images happened because the Viking mission was looking in the wrong missions with, most certainly, ground-breaking results. It is © place (i.e., the surface of Mars is full of oxidative molecules that important to reinforce that the search for extraterrestrial life would destroy any signature of life), and that technology was is based on the life forms we have on Earth, carbon based. It is not state-of-the-art (i.e., if we had a gram of Martian soil full of possible (but less probable) that there is life in the solar system microorganisms, the equipment on board the Viking mission based on other chemical elements. While we have yet to detect would not be capable of detecting any organic molecules). Soon alien life, the technology has significantly improved over the we will have another space mission that will search for signatures decades since the Viking mission. The advances in this research of life on the subsurface of Mars. field depend heavily on the development of technology that can This space mission called ExoMars is a collaboration between look for the appropriate signatures of life, whether they are the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Russian space agency carbon based or not. This journey to discover new worlds and Roscosmos. The ExoMars rover will be launched in late 2022 and potentially extraterrestrial life is a journey of wonder and new it will drill at different depths of Mars (down to 2 meters) in order conquests every single day. The scientific community is working to finally try to determine whether there is life on the Red Planet. hard to achieve this goal and is looking forward to the day we In addition to Mars, other places that may contain extraterrestrial discover that we are not alone in the Universe. life include the icy moons of Jupiter such as Ganymede, Callisto and Europa, and the icy moon of Saturn called Enceladus. All these have subsurface oceans and are thought to have deep sea

An artistic conception of the Phoenix Mars Lander on the Red Planet, which landed on Mars in 2008.

In 2011, NASA’s Kepler mission confirmed the discovery of its first rocky Universal History Archive / Getty Images

96.97 INSPIRED BY LIVES FROM OUTER WORLDS

IT is a 60-year old love affair the one between space and popular culture. They have been intersecting and feeding themselves across a broad spectrum of contexts: from cinema to music, from art to advertising, creating heroes and myths, marking generations and immortalizing writers, directors and TV hosts. Taking motion pictures as the greatest example, science Orson Welles discoveries and technology have made fiction more realistic. broadcasting on CBS, in 1938. LMPC / Getty Images Likewise, fiction inspired dreams and skyrocketed careers in © science. Ground control to souvenirs from outer space.

WELLS & WELLES “Ladies and gentlemen, we interrupt our program of dance music to bring you a special bulletin from the Intercontinental Radio News.” October 30, 1938. The breaking news on CBS Radio reports several explosions of incandescent gas, occurring at regular intervals on the planet Mars. Because of the consecutive interruptions and the narration’s realistic tone, many listeners thought that a real Martian invasion was happening. But it was a fake newscast and part of Orson Welles “Mercury Theater on the Air” show. Welles wanted to grant listeners with modern adaptations of well-known literary classics. And, for that Halloween, he chose a book that changed science fiction forever. Written 40 years before, by the English author H. G. Wells, “The War of the Worlds” tells the story of a man and his brother struggling to stay alive as Martians invade South East England. Eventually, Martians were defeated by microbes, not humans. This timeless masterpiece has never lost its grip on readers’ imagination and has been adapted by many film-makers, resulting in one of the first big sci-fi movies of its kind. Directed

by Byron Haskin, “the biggest story that could have happened Images Getty / Bettmann to our world” was the first of five adaptions. It changes the © setting to 1953 California and its main character is an American scientist who tries to find a biological weakness in the aliens in order to stop them. The film won an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects.

98.99 In Bowie’s music, the spatial influence rocketed

Tony Korody/ Getty Images

© The famed astronomer Carl Sagan (1934-1996) left a legacy that still lives on today, especially through his “Cosmos” series. lots of metaphors for the things that made his inner space go round. “COSMOS” & “CONTACT” “The cosmos is all that is, or ever was, or ever will be. Come with me.” It was with these words that the astronomer launched the epic 13-part TV series that brought science to the public like never before. It aired in the fall of 1980 and reached hundreds of millions of people worldwide. The same year, Sagan, also a Pulitzer Prize-author for “The ZIGGY STARDUST… Dragons of Eden” (1978), had “Cosmos” adapted to a book. In its AND OTHER SPATIAL BOWIES CARL SAGAN 13 heavily illustrated chapters, corresponding to the 13 episodes of David Bowie reached outer space way before Man set foot on standard for the genre’s theatricality and put Bowie’s career into Probably, no one has ever explained space as well as Carl Sagan the TV series, he explores 15 billion years of cosmic evolution and the Moon. In 1967, in “Love You till Tuesday”, from his self- orbit. Ziggy retired from stage in 1973, but his creator would did. Sagan’s legacy lives on in people who were inspired by the the development of science and civilization. titled debut album, he sang “Don’t be afraid of the man in the play another E.T. three years later, in Nicolas Roeg’s cult-film way he promoted science. Some became famous scientists. His If the astronomer explains the universe in “Cosmos”, he predicts our moon/Because it’s only me”. Two years after, exactly one month classic “The Man Who Fell to Earth”. In the film, the late artist personal universe was full of diverse careers: an astronomy future in “Contact”. Released in 1985 as a failed movie screenplay, before the Apollo 11 moon landing, came “Space Oddity”. And poses as a humanoid who comes to Earth on a mission to take professor at Cornell, he wrote more than a dozen books, the novel imagines the discovery of an advanced civilization in the many more space songs would follow: “Moonage Daydream”, water back to his home planet, which is experiencing worked on NASA robotic missions, edited the scientific journal depths of space. Eventually the film (“Contact”) was released in “Starman”, “Life on Mars?”, “Hallo Spaceboy”, “Dancing out a catastrophic drought. “Icarus” and was the face of science on TV. He was the house 1997, starring Jodie Foster. She plays the role of Dr. Ellie Arroway, in Space”, “Born in a UFO”. With “Lazarus”, from his twenty-fifth and last studio album astronomer on Johnny Carson’s “Tonight Show” on NBC, but who finds conclusive radio proof of extraterrestrial intelligence. The influence – clearly a sign of the times – was, actually, a (2015), Bowie travels in the opposite direction, as a human who his major contribution to the small screen was the co-creation Someone out there is sharing plans to build a mysterious machine, metaphor for the things that made the inner space of pop culture’s has ascended to the firmament: “Look up here, I’m in heaven... and co-hosting of PBS series “Cosmos”. and Dr. Arroway is chosen to make first contact. supreme alien go round: existential inquiries, utopian reveries, sex, I’ve got nothing left to lose”. Nina Simone, whom David Bowie fame and rock n’ roll. Extraterrestrial androgynous, glamorous befriended in the early ‘70s, once said: “David ain’t from here”. Ziggy Stardust, his most known alter-ego, definitely set a new And music can only be grateful for his lifelong incursion. Archive Photos / Getty Images ©

One of the most influential musicians of all time, David Bowie was pop culture’s supreme alien.

The film introduces an 2001, A SPACE ODYSSEY alien race superior Most of the sci-fi films that preceded Stanley Kubrick’s “2001, to ours whose purpose is to guide A Space Odyssey” (1968) portrayed extraterrestrials as intruders, humans towards invaders and monsters. Creatures to be feared and fought. a higher level of Regarded as one of the greatest and most influential films ever existence. made, it introduces an alien race superior to ours which wants to gently guide mankind towards a greater level of existence. The alien intelligence was wisely hidden, and the monoliths left by the “Firstborn” (the name given to the unseen species) were the only connection. The movie also explores the difficult relationship between humans and computers with artificial intelligence. Gijsbert Hanekroot / Getty Images Written by Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke, the screenplay was © inspired by Clarke’s “The Sentinel” and other short stories. The film was nominated for four Academy Awards. Kubrick won the Oscar for the Best Visual effects. 100.101 All rights reserved © OXYGEN for tradition

It comes from the ground, usually from streams, rivers and other areas where life flows. Clay is nothing more than a simple combination of mineral-rich soil and water. But in the hands of the right people, it can be brought to life: shaped into useful everyday objects or even pieces of pure beauty. This is Bisarro. DELIGHT FUL

102.103 GO FOR SHOPPING

Founder and CEO at Bisarro, Renato Costa sees design as a means to bring tradition to life through a more contemporary vision. DELIGHTFUL A NEW SHAPE Interest in this secular art, classified by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2016, ignited the idea of honouring and reviving the tradition, by giving it a new shape. “I grew up in a village 3km from Bisalhães, called Vila Marim, where I used to see the black smoke rising. And whenever that happened, I would say: “Oh, look, the potters!”, evokes Renato Costa, adding “now we are using design as oxygen to relive those days.” Since glass and BLACK POTTERY plastic appeared, hardly anyone makes use of ceramics to store and carry water anymore, but that does not mean that they are useless. When given this new skin, people seem to want to use them again. The trip back in time to tell new generations stories about this artisanal skill, which dates back to the 17th century, began with the commission to create a trophy for the 2015 edition of the Vila Real World Touring Car Championship (WTCC). Working at ceramics company SPAL Porcelanas at that time, Renato had the know-how on clay cooking and ceramic pastes, which helped him

mould the idea.

The first collection included 15 pieces. In the following year, Bisarro was invited to take part in Ambiente Frankfurt’s Talent programme, an international trade show of interior decorating and household articles. The high receptiveness, resulting in orders from 13 countries, forced the studio to rethink the business in a way that allowed it to expand itself consistently. One of the biggest concerns was to find more potters, a difficult task in a practice on the brink of extinction. At the moment, Renato has one potter working with him full time and others collaborating occasionally. All rights reserved ©

ON the table in the hallway, a holly branch is resting each size corresponding to a given rice measurement”, recalls in a clay vase. A closer inspection reveals that this is not a vase, Renato Costa, founder and CEO of Bisarro. The company’s name Bisarro’s ceramics but a pitcher. Or a mix between the two. It quickly becomes the is a combination of two words: “Bisalhães”, the name of a village are strongly inspired by traditional local focus of attention, with its black sheen highlighting its decorative in the north of Portugal known for its traditional practices of production methods. beauty, while also bringing back memories of the pitchers that black pottery, and “barro” (clay in Portuguese). Not to mention a generation of grandparents used to carry water to the iron wash the happy coincidence that “Bisarro” has a homophone in the basins. Next to this piece, three basins with different sizes emerge word “bizarro” (the Portuguese word for bizarre), alluding to the as a contemporary reinterpretation of the old ones for cooking surprising design and features of the pieces this studio creates. rice in the oven: “They remind me of the family lunches at my The premise is simple: going back to the roots. And, with pieces All rights reserved

parents’. They cooked rice in firewood ovens with these basins, like this pitcher, the result is visible: the reshaping of tradition. ©

SLOW BURN It’s a balance between artistic inspiration and what can be done

with ceramics that brings life to the brand’s creations. Every piece All rights reserved © is unique. If we look at two pots, one will have a spot in one place and the other somewhere else. “It is in that uncertainty, in that irregularity, that lies the inner beauty of the pieces”, explains Renato. Once the concept has been defined, different moulds are cast by hand for each piece. The plaster moulds are then filled with liquid clay. Once dry, the piece is removed from the mould. It is a slow and delicate process, commanded by the temperature. It takes a month just to develop production. Another feature of black pottery is that, after cooking the clay, and unlike conventional methods, it isn’t glazed. This means that they are not as resistant, but since they are premium pieces, to last, people handle them with special care. Next comes the soenga, the name given to the ancestral firing process that gives the clay its unique colour. A pit is dug into the ground. The pieces are then placed inside it and covered and, underneath, a wood fire burns for hours. All rights reserved © THE NEXT CHAPTER Shops, restaurants, estates and hotels are the studio’s biggest customers. They are mainly located in Portugal, the United States, Brazil and Nordic countries. The future looks promising, The ancestral thanks to the versatility and vision of Bisarro, firmly grounded The balance between inspiration, in its roots: the brand is increasingly investing in incorporating tradition and the possibilities of modelling clay is what brings other complementary traditional Portuguese materials, such life to the brand’s creations. as Portuguese oak wood, brass and cork. As for cork, it can be firing process called found in the Batoque, for example. Its name comes from the piece’s bung, a kind of stopper used to seal barrels. The stoppers soenga come from an old store in Vila Real’s historical centre. On the There are no thermometers. The temperature is gauged by the “ ” is what other hand, Bisarro intends to try a multidisciplinary approach, colour of the flame, by how it crackles: “We often say: ‘It’s combining “wood spoons and brass vases in the same collection, huffing!’”, tells Renato. It takes between an hour and a half to two for instance” and adding elements related to the wine industry, hours just to light the fire. The artisanal kiln is then covered with gives the clay a very strong one in the Trás-os-Montes region: “Our aim is to pine needles and broom plants. Once firing has been completed, the have more decorative pieces and not just utilitarian ones.” pieces are sent to the studio. Packaging reflects the studio’s sustainable thinking. Sawdust its black colour is used for packaging the pieces and plastic is avoided as much as possible. The pieces are wrapped in paper - Bisarro paper, to resemble the newspaper that potters still use when selling at the and the patterns city markets. that make each

Men covering the artisanal kiln piece unique. dug in the ground with pine needles and wood wastes.

106.107 GO FOR SHOPPING INDIGENOUS DELIGHTFUL JEWELLERY NATURAL FOOD PACKAGING

Waxes by Malu are organic, reusable food packaging made of cotton which were designed to replace food foil, aluminium foil or disposable plastic containers. The cloths are soaked with a special mixture based on purified beeswax, pine resin and jojoba oil. This gives the material antibacterial properties that result in longer freshness of stored food. These wraps are ideal for storing bread, snacks, vegetables, fruit or cheese. They can also be used to Press Materials Press Materials © © cover a cup or a bowl. Under the hand heat and pressure, they will take the shape of the object and stick together. After each use, the wax can be washed in cold or lukewarm water, left to dry, folded HALF VASE, and stored until next use. www.woskowijki.pl

HALF BOWL WORKING with indigenous communities and combining their ancestral techniques, Colombian NAMED Alguidar (meaning basin), this decorative pottery by Bisarro is inspired by the traditional pots for cooking rice in the wood brand MÂKUA makes gold-plated jewellery and oven. Its simple lines make it an elegant and at the same time elemental accessories based on traditional motifs. The creations are inspired by the exuberance of the jungle and the piece. Alguidar is made from an ancestral firing process called “soenga”, according to the secular tradition of Bisalhães, a village eight kilometres innumerable species that inhabit it, as well as by the from Vila Real, an inland city in northern Portugal. It consists in opening country’s landscapes. One of the pieces that best illustrate these roots is the Jaguar from the Jungle Press Materials

a wood-fired pit in the ground, with a reduction fired at 1,000°C which © gives the item its black colour and some unique patterns from the wood necklace. The item is made with crystal beads by firing. As a result, vases may vary slightly in shape and colour. Embera Chami indigenous women and is a handmade metal piece in gold-plated brass 24 Karats. https://www.bisarro.pt/ https://www.makua.co/

108.109 GO FOR SHOPPING DELIGHTFUL FERNANDO PESSOA COFFEE CUPS Press Materials © TRUFFLES ORGANIC WITH EDIBLE FLAVOURED PETALS HONEY IN a land of cocoa and flowers, it is no wonder that both come together to delight one’s senses. Artisanal chocolate and The most exciting of the entire range confectionery company Fruto de Cacao, of Beesweet nectars, Beelove Drop N. in Bogotá, works with 100 % Colombian 66 is irreverent and unique, with its cocoa, planted by farmers in the Putumayo intense notes of jungle fruits, coffee and and Meta departments, to generate cherry, and its chocolate colour. Obtained surprising flavours and combinations. through artisanal processes, it preserves Decorated with edible flowers, this box of all the characteristics of 100 % natural

15 assorted truffles is definitely a must- Press Materials food. Ideal to accompany soft cheeses or taste. It consists of bitter and semi bitter © crepes, it can also be used in meat sauces chocolate filled with creamy flavours. On or as a topping to sweet desserts. Or even top, pansies, rose petals, centaurea petals simply enjoyed raw. and star flowers, add colour and freshness Beesweet was born from the dream of two to the truffles. cousins of placing innovative products on WILDFLOWER tribute to one of the most significant the market based on honey. Their legacy A provided them with the essential tools, as https://frutodecacao.com/ literary figures of the 20th century, this porcelain well as some tips and homemade recipes of flavoured nectar. DRY SPIRIT set by Vista Alegre portrays the poet and his three most relevant heteronyms. https://beesweet.pt/ DISTILLED entirely from wildflower honey Designed by Catarina Pestana and shaped by collected from the pristine Warmian-Masurian fields, Carvalho Araújo, the set comprises four coffee cups Frant Wildflower is a refreshing, quirky take on the world and saucers in an invitation to experience their of Polish vodkas. During its laborious production process, disparate ways of living and looking at the world. which involves local distillers and regional ingredients, To sit and “to be” peacefully in nature with Alberto sugar is fermented into alcohol, then revealing the inherent Caeiro, the Master, “to live” in rationality with taste of honey - full and complex, not sweet. When it Ricardo Reis, the Doctor. And “to feel” in a frantic, comes to tasting notes, one can also decode lavender revolutionary manner with Álvaro de Campos, and anise. But it all starts with smell: the nose leads with the Futurist. Founded in 1824, Vista Alegre Press Materials ©

Press Materials vanilla, camomile and ripe lemon aromas. Available at the © is a recognised high-quality porcelain manufacturer finest Wine & Spirits stores, and high-end restaurants in located in Ílhavo, in central Portugal. The brand has Poland, Frant Wildflower is best served on its own, sipped always been intimately associated with Portuguese with a meal or mixed with acidic ingredients. history and culture, being this tribute to Fernando

https://frantvodka.com/ Pessoa a good example of that affiliation.

https://vistaalegre.com/ 110.111

BAROMETER OF LIFE More than 31,000 species are threatened with extinction, Adalberto Mangini / Getty Images © representing 27 % of all animal and plant life assessed to date. What is behind this threat? Let’s take a look.

TENS to hundreds of times faster than in the Species in 1964, one of the most representative indicators of the last 10 million years. Animals and plants are disappearing world’s biodiversity and a comprehensive source of information at rates unprecedented in human history, according to the on the global status of animal, fungi and plant species. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and According to the most recent report published at the beginning Ecosystem Services (IPBES). And human activities are to blame. of 2020, of the more than 116,000 species assessed by the In the case of mammals, the most studied group of animals, the IUCN, 27% of all animals, plants and fungi are threatened with fossil record indicates that the extinction rate before the presence extinction. of mankind was so low that only one species disappeared per 41% of amphibians are threatened with extinction, as well as 34% millennium. of conifers and 33% of reef building corals. However, in reality, the But in the last 20 years, the number of plant and animals species number is much higher as the IUCN has only been able to assess under threat has almost tripled, growing from 11,000 to more than a small portion of the more than eight million animal and plant 31,000 according to the International Union for Conservation of species the institute believes to exist on Earth. Nature (IUCN) latest assessment. The IPBES estimates that close to one million known and After World War II, and under the auspices of UNESCO, the unknown species are at risk of extinction. According to the IUCN IUCN was created as the global authority dedicated to protecting Red List, South America is one of the most worrying regions, in nature. Over the years, its scope progressively extended to bring particular Brazil, Ecuador and Colombia, where the Amazon together national and local governments, communities and other jungle spans over vast areas of the territory. bodies to properly safeguard the natural world. In Europe, Portugal is listed among the four countries with the most This led to the creation of the IUCN Red List of Threatened threatened species, and nearly 100 species are threatened in Poland.

112.113 PRESERVING BIODIVERSITY

FIGHTING DEFORESTATION Human activity, such as intensive farming and overfishing, is one of the main causes of this situation. Pollution also contributes @Jerónimo Martins significantly to the growing number of threatened species. In some As one of the founding members of the Coalition of Action regions of the planet, forests are seen as obstacles to the production Against Deforestation, promoted by The Consumer Goods Forum, of commodities used around the world by different industries, such Jerónimo Martins is committed to contribute towards reducing the as palm oil, soy or beef. deforestation rate, thus preventing the loss of biodiversity. The Group is the only food retailer in the world that reached a That is why deforestation, together with the dramatic increase leadership level (A-) for responsibly managing all commodities in temperature and soil erosion, poses a threat to the survival of associated with deforestation risks: palm oil, soy, beef, and paper many living species. Forests are home to nearly 80% of land-based and wood. Annually announced by the CDP - Disclosure Insight biodiversity. Action, the CDP Forests assessment encompassed more than 8,400 companies across the globe, which represent half of all global market capitalisation.

More than 31,000 species are threatened with 41% 34% 33% extinction. Amphibians Conifers Reef Corals Daniel Hernanz Ramos / Getty Images ©

30% 27% 25% 14% THE EYE OF THE LYNX After Spain, Greece and Italy, Portugal is the fourth country endangered feline species and the most threatened carnivore in in Europe with more endangered species: 465 to be precise. Europe. There are currently a little over a hundred Iberian lynxes Sharks and Rays Selected Crustaceans Mammals Birds Many animals are at risk, particularly the Iberian imperial living in Portugal. eagle (Aquila adalberti), one of the world’s rarest birds of prey. The Iberian lynx feeds almost exclusively on wild rabbits and After a 20-year absence as a breeder, the Iberian imperial eagle finds it difficult to adapt to other prey. It was precisely the sharp returned to Portugal in 2003 to procreate. The cinereous vulture decline in rabbit populations and its shrinking habitat, as a result (Aegypius monachus), also known as the black vulture, which was of the construction of dams and roads as well as the use of illegal IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES AND CRITERIA critically endangered, returned, adapting to an environment with traps for rabbits and foxes, that contributed to the decline in the food shortages and seeking alternatives, such as the carcasses Iberian lynx population. The recovery is due to the so far well of cattle, sheep and goats. The main threats to the species are succeed reintroduction of adult animals born in captivity. poisoning, direct persecution by shooting, nest robbing, and Since 2010, the Iberian Lynx National Breeding Centre, located the destruction and disturbance of breeding sites. But there in Algarve (southern Portugal), managed to get 101 cubs born NOT DATA LEAST NEAR VULNERABLE ENDANGERED CRITICALLY EXTINCT EXTINCT EVALUATED DEFICIENT CONCERN THREATENED ENDANGERED IN THE WILD are positive developments. “Critically endangered” since and survive. Eighty of these cubs had a successful reintroduction 2015, the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) has been downgraded into the natural environment, and the others were delivered to to “endangered”, although it continues to be the world’s most zoos or maintained in captivity as reproducers.

114.115 SAVING THE MACAWS IN COLOMBIA @Jerónimo Martins

JUMPING TOWARDS SURVIVAL “It is not too late to make a difference, but Of the more than 7,000 species that are threatened in South only if we start now” through “transformative America, a significant portion is endemic to Colombia, the change” in society to slow the “drivers” third South American country with the most animals and plants of the biodiversity loss that threatens under the threat of extinction. Colombia has a variety of natural man and is just as catastrophic as climate ecoregions that are home to a vast and unique biodiversity, change, warns Sir Robert Watson, chair of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy including the Andes mountains, the Pacific Coast region, the Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystems Amazon rainforest and several other inland water systems. Indeed, (IPBES). Jerónimo Martins accepted the Colombia is the country with the second-highest biodiversity in challenge and is supporting a new project to the world. The Atelopus minutulus, also known as the Colombian save the macaws in Colombia, in particular stubfoot toad, is one of the endemic species that is critically the military macaw (Ara militaris) and the red-and-green macaw (Ara chloropterus), endangered. The destruction of its habitat, due to deforestation, whose populations have been declining in intensive farming and pollution, is causing this species to disappear. recent years. Although not yet endangered, according to IUCN data published in early 2020, action must be taken before it is too late. In 2019, the Jerónimo Martins Group Fabrizio Moglia / Getty Images © launched a project to protect these two species, in a partnership with the ProAves Foundation. As part of the project, the conservation status and habitat of the red-and-green macaw and the military macaw were assessed at the Montes de Oca Forest Reserve, in Guajira, which has a high biodiversity, with more than 200 plant species, 164 bird species, Ronald Patrick / Getty Images

© 35 mammal species and 45 amphibian and reptile species. The conservation of the forest where these two macaw species live and reproduce is essential to their survival. That is why 1,000 trees of 16 different species were planted in an area spanning 58 km2. Activities were also held in schools in the Montes de Oca region to raise awareness Shortly after World War I the species among local communities. This initiative EUROPE’S LARGEST MAMMAL was extinct in the wild and the captive encompassed more than 200 children, aimed Poland has 95 threatened species, according to the IUCN Red List. population consisted of just 29 males at raising awareness for the need to protect and 25 females. Eastern Poland is part of a broader region, Polesia, which spans the habitat of these species and showing across three countries more: western Russia, southern Belarus and them how to fill in the monitoring form for sightings. In three months, 50 records were northern Ukraine. It is considered the Amazon of Europe, not only collected indicating the location of where because of its large area but also because of its biological diversity. the macaws were sighted. This information It is the largest wilderness on the old continent, with millennia-old is essential to implementing the appropriate forests, vast wetlands and hundreds of thousands of species. Over conservation measures to prevent these birds the past few decades, deforestation and climate change have from being classified as endangered species. threatened several endemic species, such as the Eurasian lynx, the largest of the four known lynx species. The river dolphin and the brown bear are also endangered, although their respective populations have recovered in recent years and they are now classified as vulnerable species. The European bison The European bison is Europe’s largest mammal and has already been on the brink of extinction as a result of being hunted for its skin and horns. In 2008, only 800 specimens roamed the Bialowieza forest, a nature has been nearly reserve on the border between Poland and Belarus. In recent years, conservation efforts and the reintroduction of the species into its natural habitat has helped population numbers grow and the extinct but European bison is now classified as a vulnerable species. This species was abundant in the early 1980s, but the actual population size is conservation efforts suspected to be fewer than 50 mature individuals. have been successful.

116.117 © New Africa / Shutterstock 118. 119 CELEBRATING In the year in which we blow out the candles on the 40 years “Happy Birthday” song? The answers are not that simple, as each country has its cultural own habits and customs. of Pingo Doce and the 25 years of Biedronka, we wanted celebration. Why do we eat cake? Why do we sing the to look further into the traditions around anniversary LIFE Let’s dig into them. 120. 121 BIRTHDAYS? CELEBRATE WHY DO WE LOS ANDESUNIVERSITY. ARCHAEOLOGIST ATTHE ANTHROPOLOGIST/ QUINTERO JUAN PABLO

BIRTHDAYS 20 Germany, became moreandpopularized. to alargepopulation andsothekinderfest,aswascalled in Revolution, madesugarycakes andotherluxuryproductsavailable syncretism. Massproduction, consequenceoftheIndustrial with localpre-Hispanicand colonial traditionsinaveryparticular brought numeroussymbolsfrom Germany,whichfinallymixed identities withinaterritory.In Colombia,particularly,elites was called“theideaofnation”whichwouldprofilepeople’s western countriesadoptedRomanticismasthecanonfor what during the19 mingles aseriesofdifferenttraitsthatwereacquiredsome time it isprobablethatthe“way”ofbirthdaycelebrationsinColombia As mostoftheritualsthatwepracticetodayinLatinAmerica, a longtimeagoandfaraway,butwithdifferentsignificance. to claimtheprizehiddeninside.Allthesepracticescanbe traced gift giving,orevenblindfoldedbreakingofapiñatawith a stick a cakeduringparty,blowingoutcandleswhilemaking a wish, performances ofcertainmoderncustoms.Itisthecasesharing some traditionsfromthepaganpastapparentlyremainin friends’ birthdaysaswedo.Notablethoughisthefactthat stories andthefactthatwenowcelebrateourrelatives’ However, thereisnotanevidentconnectionbetweenallthese commemorate Jesus’snativity. during thefirstcenturiesofthisera,untilChristiansstartedto be graspedbythefactthattheywerebannedChristianism for men.Inanycase,itseemsclearthathaspaganrootsascan were registeredinancientRome,althoughcelebrationsjust some othersagreeinthatthefirstbirthdayscelebratedassuch some refertoanancientGreekcultthegoddessArtemis,and of hypotheses.SomescholarsgobacktoEgyptianbeliefsondeath, There isnotan“officialstory”onthematter,buttherearealot It isnoteasytotracktheoriginandevolutionofthisephemeris. involves sometypeofritualsthatappeartobeuniversal. commemorate someone’sbirththroughayearlycelebrationwhich idiosyncratic variances,theessenceisbasicallysame:to the differencesbetweenregionsandcountriesduetoevident that counttimeaccordingtotheGregoriancalendar.Inspiteof very similarlyaroundtheworldor,atleast,alikeinthosecountries th century.Thisisbecause,aftertheFrenchRevolution,many th centuryandevolvedduringthesecondhalfof are celebrated arecelebrated

© Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images During thesecondhalfof20 of the20 J. Hillin1893butwithverydifferentlyrics.Duringthefist half mentioning. TherhythmwascomposedbyPattyHilland Mildred By theway,historyof“Happybirthday”songis worth cultural norms.Symbolsremainbutmeaningschange. a morecontemporaneousone.Ritualizedaccordingparticular along theway,mystified.Thesignificanceofbirthdaystodayis purposes whichwerepaganized,sotosay,byChristianismand, period. Alltheseculturalpracticesmostprobablyhaddifferent Roman eraandfromGermanictribesduringtheearlymedieval come fromCelticsocialtraditionsthelateperiodof to wardoffevilspirits,makingwishes,orevengift-giving,probably birthday celebrationstoday.Severalritualssuchaslightingcandles All thisisnottosaythatthepaganpasthasnothingdowith applauding andcheeringthecumpleañero. tight (sometimesverytight)conichats,blowingwhistles, hispanics pronounce“happybirthdaytoyou”–,whilewearing and soonafterweallstartedtosing“japiverdetuyu”–theway around theworld.Later,culturalglobalizationopeneditsway of informationandcommunicationinfluencedthepublicsphere became whattheyarenow.Rhythmsremainbutlyricschange. th century,thelyricsstartedtochangeslightlyuntilthey th century,newtechnologies Industrial Revolution, Industrial Revolution, products available to products availableto a largepopulation. made sugary cakes made sugarycakes consequence of the consequence ofthe Mass production, Mass production, and other luxury and otherluxury 15 the of celebration the but it is a is it but awedding, like looks It a Colombian girl. a Colombian th th anniversary of anniversary quinceañera

, 122. 123 THE for the Kindergarten”. Kindergarten”. for the Stories “Song entitled acollection it in published sisters the year, That to all”. morning /Good children dear morning, /Good you to morning /Good to you morning “Good went: tune catchy The beyond. and Kentucky throughout spread quickly That each day. to class students welcoming to greet asong created they together, and, words child-friendly some it with filled Patty melody, alittle wrote Mildred principal. was Patty her sister where school kindergarten at the teaching was Hill J. Mildred 1893. in Kentucky, to Louisville, us takes song world’s sung most Yale Joel / Getty Images

© BIRTHDAY” “HAPPY MORNING” TO AGLOBAL FROM SINGING “GOOD story of how “Happy Birthday” became the the became Birthday” of how “Happy story on his 45 his on F. Kennedy John President USA to Birthday” “Happy singing Monroe Marilyn Party event, in 1962. in event, Party aDemocratic at celebrated John F. Kennedy in Madison Square Garden on May 19, onMay 1962. Garden Square Madison in F.John Kennedy to President serenade Monroe’s sultry Marilyn probably was performance defining its But Database. Movie Internet the in to You” 471 times credited is Birthday “Happy use. commercial for song the licensing euros) ayear (1.7 million dollars million 2 earning been had Warner/Chappell trial, to the Prior court. in plaintiffs represented which firm law the from statement a it for free,” said sing and 2017. it proud, since sing it loud, “Sing to You” domain to public belongs Birthday “Happy aresult, As today. known itself song the than rather song, of the arrangement piano to aspecific copyright the owned company the that ruled Angeles Los in judge district U.S. year, following The rights. the euros) to secure (1,300 dollars 1,500 paid had she history, its and song the about making was she of adocumentary part As publisher. music the against alawsuit filed Nelson Jennifer filmmaker 2015, when in took atwist tale song’sThe strange euros). (22 million dollars million 25 estimated for an to Warner/Chappell copyright the sold publishers, music Group Tree Birch the successor, its 1988, in Then, copyright. for the filed Co. F. Summy Clayton book's publisher, 1935, In Hills musicals. Broadway two in to You” featuring also was Birthday “Happy telegram. singing ever first its in song the to use decided and company, atelegram Western was Union time, Atthat forgotten. been had lyrics original the but U.S.A., the across celebration abirthday as sung widely was tune the mid-thirties, the In 1912. in manufacturer, Company, apiano Cable the by Songs,” published of Book Beginners’ “The is combination the including book first 1935: before the times many together published been already had to You” Birthday of “Happy lyrics the and to All” Morning “Good of tune the to them, melody. However, the unbeknownst owned they, indeed, that proved they where to court, Coleman took Mr. Jessica named sister athird and Patty death, Mildred’s After birthday”. “happy familiar the containing verse, asecond added also author The permission. their without Coleman H. Robert by edited asongbook in included was song 1924, the in on, Later th birthday,

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as important as one’s as birthday. important as are days name people, older among especially of most Poland, In or “imieniny”. day name every happens what is That song. the without a toast or as fortune, or good longevity someone to wish used often also is phrase The unknown. are origin exact and Lat”’s “Sto author English. onein the from different very is tune Its song’s title. birthday “100 Years”) Polish the is (meaning Lat” “Sto 100 SING YEARS!, THE POLISH goddess of the moon, as a tribute. To atribute. the as recreate moon, of the goddess Moon-shaped cakes were offered up to up Artemis, offered were cakes Moon-shaped radiance of the moon, Greeks decorated them them decorated Greeks moon, of the radiance LIT THE CANDLES with lit candles. candles. lit with GREEKS

© NurPhoto / Getty Images DAYHAPPY NAME more thanenough. didn’t havetoworrytoomuch aboutagift:bunchofflowerswas went, celebratingathisorher placethatverysameevening.You had apersonwithsuchname amongyourfriendsandoffyou a calendar,checkedwhosename daywas,confirmedwhetheryou or Tadeusz.Soifyoulikedparties,thesolutionwassimple: opened quite oftensinceprettymucheveryoneknewsomeonecalled Anna Ryszard orTadeusz.Opportunitiesforcelebratingname days arose the daysthatcelebratedpopularnames,suchasAnna,Krystyna, there wasnobetterexcuseforsocialisingthantogettogether on Poland wasknownasthePolishPeople’sRepublic(1952-1989), their namedays. friends’ birthdays,buttheycertainlydidn’tforget Until recently,Polesmaynothaveknowntheir DURING the historical period in which thehistoricalperiodinwhich in whichchildrenareoffered agift(yes,inDecember,Polish We alsohaveSt.Nicholas’Day (“Mikołajki”)onDecember6, thermometers topredictifthere wouldbespringfroststhatyear. “Cold Sophie”(“ZimnaZośka”), whenpeoplecuriouslyusetheir a candle’sflame.May15isSt.Sophie’sFeastDayknown as with afortunetellingtraditionasourfutureisunveiledthrough is St.Andrew’sDay(“Andrzejki”),whichusuallycelebrated known asSilvester’sDay(“Sylwester”)inPoland.November 30 almost alwaysassociatedwithpopularnames.NewYear’s Eveis with Catholicsaints,soimportantdatesinthePolishcalendar are which hasastrongpresenceinPoland.Namedaysareassociated The namedaytraditionhasitsrootsintheCatholicreligion, Silvester’s Day. is knownas New Year’sEve In Poland, anthem) issometimesreplacedbytheEnglish“HappyBirthday”. songs knowntoeveryPolishperson,theotherbeingnational name daycelebrations,althoughtodaythissong(oneofthetwo song “Stolat”(“Onehundredyears”)bothduringbirthdayand The traditionhasfadedsomuchthatwesingtheoldPolishtoast being celebratedonthegivenday. information boardsinPolandstilldisplayonthename services. Whetheryouareonatramortrain,electronic rather thantheirnamedays,unlesstheyusepublictransportation name day.YoungPolesaremorelikelytocelebratetheirbirthdays remember togivetheirbestwishesthepersoncelebrating almost completely.Sotoday,onlyparentsandgrandparentsstill of thewesternculture,birthdaysprevailedovernamedays in theearly1990s,whenPolandfellunderastronginfluence Silesia. Forsometimeandafterthepoliticaltransformation celebration daysinsomeregions,suchasKashubiaorUpper “times rightlypassed”.Birthdayswerealreadythedominating For today’sgenerationsofPoles,namedaysarearemnant name John,asitisthefeastofSt.John. is associatednotonlywiththesummersolsticebutalso fern flowerandthrowgarlandsontherivers.MidsummerNight Świętojańska”), celebratedonJune24,Polesmustsearchfora children receivegiftstwice).AtSt.John’sNight(“Noc completely. name days almost prevailed over 1990s, birthdays as fromtheearly Western culture influence ofthe under astrong As Polandfell

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BOOKBOOKS FROM AROUND THE WORLD shelf Here is a handpicked selection of books that will allow the interested reader to further explore some of the topics addressed in this magazine. Because books are only alive if they are read, why not giving these a try?

POETRY 1.

Minimal Anthology IT is a book that takes the reader to discover in love with the Portuguese poet’s verses, the some of Fernando Pessoa’s main alter egos. book proposes the discovery of poems like Like the master Alberto Caeiro (one of Pessoa’s “Opiarium” or “The Tobacco Shop”, which starts heteronyms) describes, it’s an invitation to with the disappointed Álvaro de Campos: “I’m “unlearn Pessoa” and start reading the poet as nothing./ I’ll always be nothing./ I can’t wait to if we had just met him for the first time. Edited be something./ But I have in me all the dreams by Jerónimo Pizarro, the Colombian that fell in the world.”

126.127 LIFE ON EARTH The greatest story BOOKBOOKS FROM AROUND THE WORLD 4. shelf ever told The life and death of the hive A celebration of the 40th anniversary of its in an illustrated poem-journal first edition, this book is a new, beautifully by Sean Borodale. A JOURNAL illustrated version of David Attenborough groundbreaking “Life on Earth”. Taking account of modern scientific discoveries from around the globe, the OF THE author has chosen completely new pictures THE PLANET to help illustrate it in a much elegant and contemporary way. FACTORY Following the great success of BBC’s PLAGUE YEAR iconic TV classic, the book is, at the same time, an unforgettable journey of A cutting-edge journey discovery and a tribute to the evolution of Daniel Defoe’s chronicle of the millions of species of living organisms on 2. through the ongoing Great Plague of London Earth. Attenborough’s unique approach captivated generations of fans, and is still search for worlds alive for a whole younger generation of In 1665, the bubonic plague struck the British capital in what nature lovers. like our own became known as the Great Plague of London, claiming over 97,000 lives. Daniel Defoe, best known for being the author of “Robinson Crusoe”, was just five at the time but he later called on “The Planet Factory”, the British In the personal diaries of his uncle, Henry Foe, who was a saddler astrophysicist Elizabeth Tasker, an in East London, to write this vivid chronicle in 1722. The story associate professor at the Japan Aerospace recounts one man’s experiences during the last epidemic of plague Exploration Agency (JAXA), describes the in the city. Defoe recalls how the authorities of London tried to current state of astronomy of extrasolar contain the disease by banning public gatherings, closing schools, planets in an entertaining and accessible and quarantining infected people, showing a striking resemblance way. The author discusses how these to 21st-century pandemics. planets form, their structure and features, Considered of one the most original and harrowing accounts of and detection techniques used in their living through a virulent pandemic, “A Journal of the Plague Year” discovery, while looking at what readers BEE still educates readers three centuries on. can learn about the surface environments and planetary atmospheres. Each result is an invitation for us to question if it hints JOURNAL at the enticing possibility of alien life elsewhere in the cosmos. The Birds Daniel Defoe’s report of the Great and the Bees Plague of 1665 has startling parallels with today. A poem-journal of beekeeping that The exploration of exoplanets chronicles the life of the hive, “Bee and the hints on the possibility Journal” introduces us to the living A journey and a tribute of alien life discussed in an to the evolution of the life entertaining and serious way. architecture of the comb, the range and of millions of species of locality of the colony, as well as its flights, living organisms. flowers, water sources, and parasites. Relying on a thrilling fresh imagery, this book by British poet and artist Sean Borodale scrutinizes life and death in nature with an unusual intimacy. “Bee Journal” is part of “The Birds and the Bees” series, designed by Scottish 5. studio Timorous Beasties, which is famous for their designs inspired in the 3. natural world. In 2012, it was shortlisted for the Aldeburgh First Collection Prize, the Costa Poetry Book Award and the T. S. Eliot Prize. 128.129 EDITION #09

DATE JUNE 2020

PROPERTY JERÓNIMO MARTINS, SGPS, S.A.

VAT NUMBER PT 500 100 144

DIRECTOR SARA MIRANDA

EDITORS FERNANDO RENTE, PAULO ALMOSTER JERÓNIMO MARTINS, CORPORATE COMMUNICATIONS AND RESPONSIBILITY DEPARTMENT

VISUAL CONCEPT AND CONTENT PRODUCERS EDIT SET GO

DESIGN AND ART DIRECTION LABDESIGN

TRANSLATIONS WORDAHOLICS, GOODSPELL

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