sign in sign up
<<
Home , Unus mundus

Temas em Psicologia ISSN: 1413-389X [email protected] Sociedade Brasileira de Psicologia Brasil

Siegel, Pamela; Ribeiro Turato, Egberto A Possible Dialogue between Analytical and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Temas em Psicologia, vol. 24, núm. 4, 2016, pp. 1519-1532 Sociedade Brasileira de Psicologia Ribeirão Preto, Brasil

Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=513754281004

How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative ISSN 1413-389X Trends in Psychology / Temas em Psicologia – 2016, Vol. 24, nº 4, 1519-1532 DOI: 10.9788/TP2016.4-18

A Possible Dialogue between and Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Pamela Siegel1 Department of Collective Health of State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil Egberto Ribeiro Turato Department of and Psychiatry of State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present the results of an integrative literature review of Analytical Psychology linked to complementary and alternative medicine. The objective of the study was to fi nd out if there is any evidence that C. G. Jung or his followers integrated Analytical Psychology and Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) in their practice. Background: Analytical Psychology was thriving when the roots of counter–culture movements and alternative medicine were beginning to gain momentum in the West. Methods: data sources MEDLINE and Psychological Abstracts were searched using the keywords: alternative medicine; complementary and alternative medicine; integrative medicine; complementary therapies; acupuncture; homeopathy; yoga; healing. These terms were linked fi rstly with Carl Gustav Jung and then with Analytical Psychology. The search strategy was not limited to specifi c languages or time spans and the integrative review of the studies was conducted over a 6-month time period in 2013. Results: the search yielded 10 publications on mandalas; music; kundalini yoga; mindfulness; homeopathy, I Ching; Shamanism; Daoism; biofeedback and traditional healing rituals. In conclusion, despite the use of CAM by some of Jung’s followers, Jung was dedicated to understanding the healing mechanism from the psychic perspective and there is no evidence that he integrated body-mind or other CAM techniques, like breathing, stretching, herbal treatment, dieting and fasting, homeopathy and acupuncture, into his clinical practice, although he himself practiced yoga for a short period. Nevertheless, there is no evidence that he recommended yoga to his patients. Keywords: Analytical Psychology, , Complementary and Alternative Medicine, yoga, integrative literature review, Carl G. Jung.

Um Possível Diálogo entre a Psicologia Analítica e a Medicina Alternativa e Complementar

Resumo O propósito deste estudo é apresentar os resultados de uma revisão integrativa da literatura sobre Psico- logia Analítica relacionada à Medicina alternativa e complementar (MAC). Objetivo: identifi car se há evidências de que C. G. Jung ou seus seguidores integraram a Psicologia Analítica com MAC em suas

1 Mailing address: Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Campinas, SP, Brazil 13083-887. Fax: +55-193521- 8044. E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected] This research received no specifi c grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profi t sectors. No confl ict of interest has been declared by the authors. And both authors were responsible for the study conception and design; author # 1 performed the data collection and both authors performed the data analysis, were responsible for the drafting of the manuscript and made critical revisions to the paper for important intellectual content. 1520 Siegel, P., Turato, E. R. práticas. Contextualização: a Psicologia Analítica estava em pleno desenvolvimento quando as raízes dos movimentos de contracultura e a medicina alternativa ganhavam impulso no ocidente. Métodos: as buscas foram realizadas em 2013 nas bases de dados MEDLINE e Psychological Abstracts com as seguintes palavras-chave: medicina alternativa; medicina alternativa e complementar; medicina integra- tiva; terapias complementares; acupuntura; homeopatia; yoga; cura, e cruzados com Carl Gustav Jung e Psicologia Analítica. Resultados: as buscas resultaram em 10 publicações sobre mandalas, música, kundalini yoga, mindfulness, homeopatia, I Ching, xamanismo, taoísmo, biofeedback e rituais de cura tradicionais. Conclusão: apesar de alguns seguidores de Jung usarem MAC, Jung estava dedicado à compreensão do mecanismo de cura a partir da perspectiva psíquica, e não há evidências de que tenha integrado técnicas mente-corpo ou outras MAC, como respiração, alongamentos, tratamento com plan- tas medicinais, dietas, jejuns, homeopatia, acupuntura, em sua prática clínica, embora ele tenha prati- cado yoga por um curto período de tempo. Palavras-chave: Psicologia Analítica, psicoterapia, Medicina alternativa e complementar, yoga, revisão integrativa de literatura, Carl G. Jung.

Un Diálogo Posible entre la Psicología Analítica y la Medicina Alternativa y Complementaria

Resumen Propósito: presentar los resultados de una revisión integrativa de la literatura que abarca la Psicología Analítica relacionada a la Medicina alternativa y complementaria (MAC). Objetivo: identifi car si hay evidencias de que C. G. Jung o sus seguidores han integrado la Psicología Analítica con MAC en sus prácticas clínicas. Contextualización: la Psicología Analítica se encontraba en pleno desarrollo mientras que las raíces de los movimientos de contracultura y las MAC fl orecían en el occidente. Métodos: fueron realizadas búsquedas, en 2013, en las bases de datos MEDLINE y Psychological Abstracts utilizando las siguientes palabras-clave: medicina alternativa; medicina alternativa y complementaria; medicina integrativa; terapias complementarias; acupuntura; homeopatía; yoga; cura, entrecruzándolos con Carl Gustav Jung y con Psicología Analítica. Resultados: fueron encontradas 10 publicaciones sobre mandalas, música, kundalini yoga, mindfulness, homeopatía, I Ching, chamanismo, taoismo, biofeedback y rituales tradicionales de cura. Conclusión: aunque algunos seguidores de Jung han utilizado MAC, Jung estaba dedicado a la comprensión del mecanismo de cura partiendo de la perspectiva psíquica, y no hay evidencias de que él tenga integrado técnicas mente-cuerpo u otras MAC, como respiración, estiramientos, tratamiento herbolario, dietas, ayunos, homeopatía y acupuntura, en su práctica clínica, si bien ha practicado yoga durante un corto período de tiempo. Palabras clave: Psicología Analítica, psicoterapia, Medicina alternativa e complementaria, yoga, revisión integrativa de la literatura, Carl G. Jung.

More often than not psychotherapy appears compulsive disorder (OCD) patients should, linked to Complementary and Alternative among other options, consider non-conventional Medicine (CAM). Hoge et al. (2013) affi rm that pharmacological approaches and non-conven- mindfulness meditation may have a benefi cial tional psychotherapeutic approaches. Sylvia, effect on anxiety symptoms in generalized Peters, Deckersbach, and Nierenberg (2012) anxiety disorder and may also improve stress consider that adjunct treatments which improve reactivity and coping as measured in a laboratory psychiatric as well as physical health outcomes, stress challenge. Franz et al. (2013) suggest that such as nutritional treatments, appear promising clinicians dealing with refractory obsessive- for the management of bipolar disorder. A Possible Dialogue between Analytical Psychology and Complementary 1521 and Alternative Medicine.

Manzaneque et al. (2009) suggest that the man life and the exercise of shedding light onto practice of qigong promotes a positive effect personal and factors, the on psychological well-being after one month archetypes (Cambray & Carter, 2004). training. Analytical Psychology (AP hereafter) was Interestingly, Kaplan, Sadock, and Sadock thriving when the roots of counter–culture move- (2007), in their Comprehensive Textbook of ments and alternative medicine, meaning the use Psychiatry, did include a whole chapter on of a non-mainstream approach in place of con- CAM in Psychiatry. They mention Engel’s ventional medicine, were beginning to gain mo- biopsychosocial model, which aims to take into mentum in the West. After the seventies, health consideration patients’ biological, psychological professionals sought to combine alternative and and social factors, treating them with a holistic conventional techniques, and CAM came into approach. However, in the national health focus. CAM is used together with conventional systems using CAM and following the World medicine, although complete integration is called Health Organization (WHO) strategies (2013), integrative medicine. CAM deals with natural there is no clear theoretical framework indicating products, such as herbs and dietary supplements; a triangulation of biomedicine-CAM-mental mind-body practices, massage and movement health. The WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy therapies; energetic therapies, reiki, therapeutic states that Traditional Medicine (TM) is “used touch, and whole systems, Ayurvedic medicine, in the maintenance of health as well as in the traditional Chinese medicine, homeopathy and prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment naturopathy (National Center for Complementa- of physical and mental illness” (WHO, 2013, ry and Alternative Medicine [NCCAM], 2008). p. 16) and that “Traditional Chinese Medicine More recently the National Institutes of Health, (T&CM) practices include medication therapy under the National Center for Complementary and procedure-based health care therapies . . . and Integrative Health (NCCIH), has switched and other physical, mental, spiritual and mind- to the term Complementary Health Approaches body therapies” (WHO, 2013, p. 32). (2015). In April 2013, though, the American Psy- Giglio (1997) compares the Buddhist phi- chological Association (APA) published the losophy to the Jungian theory of , “CE Corner”, a quarterly continuing education according to which everything in the universe is article, providing its readers with updates on the linked not only by causal relations, but also by use of CAM (Barnett & Shale, 2013). The fol- non-causal ones. And he goes further to affi rm lowing alternative techniques were mentioned: that, in this aspect, Jung was the precursor of the dietary supplements, meditation, chiropractic, holistic movement, which has infl uenced many aromatherapy, massage therapy, yoga, progres- fi elds of thought such as education, psychology, sive muscle relaxation, spirituality/religion and medicine and ecology. prayer, movement therapy, acupuncture, reiki, Many academics envisage myths as keys biofeedback, hypnosis and music therapy, along to the human soul, symbolic passages to our with ethical issues and boundary concerns for most profound individual and collective nature. . Goffman and Joy (2007) have stressed the rele- Analytical Psychology was constructed vance of mythology in the eyes of contemporary upon Carl G. Jung’s psychotherapeutic approach psychologists, anthropologists and historians, towards the person’s development and experi- among which and Joseph Campbell ences, which he called the process of individua- were world famous. Broad (2012) mentions that tion. The analytical process deals with concepts Jung pioneered the academic study of kundali- such as the self, persona, ego, shadow, complex, ni, the yogic state characterized by strong body synchronicity, anima and animus. It involves the currents and that, in 1938, he warned that the representation of symbolic experiences in hu- experience could result in madness. According 1522 Siegel, P., Turato, E. R. to Kennedy and Ryan (1998/2003) the counter- defi nition, a methodological analysis or a review cultural movement begins in Ascona, where sev- of theories. eral life experiments such as surrealism, modern In ILR, the decision-making is based on dance, dada, paganism, feminism, pacifi sm, psy- the application of procedures to a certain health choanalysis and nature cure were in vogue at the practice, showing confl icting and/or coinciding Mountain of Truth. Besides Jung, a few of the results, as well as the limitations and evidence participants were Hermann Hesse, Isadora Dun- of these studies and it entails six steps: (a) the can, D. H. Lawrence, Arnold Ehret and Franz identifi cation of the theme or question to be Kafka, Dr. Benedict Lust and German psyche- investigated; (b) the construction of exclusion/ delic painter Fidus. Some of the values and inclusion criteria for the articles; (c) the life style trends practiced there were linked to defi nition of the information to be extracted the concept of Lebensreform (life-reform) used from the selected articles; (d) the evaluation of at the end of the 19th and fi rst half of the 20th the included articles; (e) the interpretation of the century and included: nudism, vegetarianism, results, and (f) synthesis of knowledge (Mendes, natural medicine, garden towns, health food and Silveira, & Galvão, 2008; Sampaio & Mancini, economic reform, soil reform and sexual reform. 2007). As regards to step (a), the theme was to In the year 1900 a counter-culture renaissance fi nd out if and how AP and CAM were linked and began in Ascona and lasted until about 1920. shared common ground. So step (b) consisted of The little fi shing village, with its beautiful natu- the following search strategy: MEDLINE and ral landscapes, inspired urban people to hike and Psychological Abstracts were searched using the fast, experiment raw food diets, and became a keywords: alternative medicine; complementary meeting point for all of Europe’s spiritual rebels, and alternative medicine; integrative medicine; infl uencing Gandhi and setting a base for ecol- complementary therapies; acupuncture; ogy, organic farming, youth hostel movements homeopathy; yoga; healing. These terms were and naturopathy. linked fi rstly with Carl Gustav Jung (CGJ So, in this scenario, Jung seemingly was a hereafter) and then with Analytical Psychology. challenging pioneer for the holistic movement Lastly, Jungian Psychology and mindfulness was worldwide, who practiced yoga and astrology searched for in both databases, so the totality of besides his clinical activities and embraced my- combinations added up to 17. thology and oriental traditions. What the authors The inclusion criteria, therefore, consisted of this paper wanted to fi nd out is if Jung or his of articles mentioning both one type of CAM followers, having studied oriental systems of and AP or CGJ. The exclusion criteria referred thought, also approached their health systems, to articles that mentioned either AP/CGJ or if they encourage their patients to use CAM, or CAM. The search strategy was not limited to even if they integrate CAM into their analytical specifi c languages or time spans and the integra- work. The purpose of this paper is to present the tive review of the studies was conducted over a results of an integrative literature review of ana- 6-month time period in 2013. A new and identi- lytical psychology linked to complementary and cal search was performed in November 2015, in alternative medicine. the same databases, and no new papers on the subject were found. Design and Search Method Concerning step (c) the defi nition of the information to be extracted from the selected The Integrative Literature Review (ILR) is articles, the purpose was to identify if and how a planned process of identifi cation and selection CAM was intertwined with AP, the circumstances of scientifi c studies which contributes to the and the possible outcomes. evaluation and interpretation of the data found Step (d) is presented in the section “Results” therein. Its purpose is to synthesize the studies’ and step (e) and (f) in sections Discussion/Con- results on a certain theme, be it a conceptual clusion. A Possible Dialogue between Analytical Psychology and Complementary 1523 and Alternative Medicine.

Results Brazil, to which the authors of this paper belong, doesn’t subscribe to those journals; 10 articles Using the above-mentioned search criteria were not available on-line as full-texts, of which 234 references were retrieved, among which 224 four were dissertations; and three were repeated were excluded. Among those, 206 did not link in both databases. Only nine articles and one AP or CGJ with CAM; fi ve articles had to be book met the inclusion criteria. The following paid for and the State University of Campinas/ Figure 1 illustrates the outcomes:

INTEGRATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW MEDLINE / PSYCHINFO SEARCH: 17 COMBINATIONS

Medline: 186 findings PsychInfo: 48 findings

Excluded 181 articles: 177 Excluded 43 articles: 29 don’t link AP or CGJ with don’t link AP or CGJ with CAM; 1 is paid; 2 not CAM; 4 paid; 8 not available on-line and 1 available on-line; 2 repeated in PsychInfo repeated in Medline

Included: 5 articles Included: 4 articles + 1 book

TOTAL: 9 articles + 1 book

Figure 1. Medline and PsychInfo search.

Coming back to step (d) of the ILR, the eval- cifi c for AP: Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativ- uation of the included articles, the 10 studies in- ity, and the Arts; Psychoanalytic Psychology and cluded were read from beginning to end in their Holistic Nursing Practice. The latter is the only full version and, as regards the type of article, journal not directly associated with the psycho- one is a literature review itself. It is noteworthy logical fi eld and is closer to CAM. Moreover, it that all studies but one use qualitative methodol- is important to emphasize that only one refer- ogy, all were written in English and published ence stems directly from CGJ himself, which is between 1986 and 2009. Five articles were pub- the book The Psychology of Kundalini Yoga. lished in the Journal of Analytical Psychology The list of the selected studies is presented and three appear in journals which are not spe- in Table 1. 1524 Siegel, P., Turato, E. R.

Table 1 Selected Studies: Integrative Literature Review on CG Jung and Analytical Psychology and CAM

Title Authors Journal Method Purpose Results

The psychology Jung, G., & Princeton, NJ, quali Discuss the chakra They [the symbols of the of Kundalini Shamdasani, US: Princeton symbolism of Tantric chakras] symbolize the yoga: Notes S. (Eds.) University Yoga, particularly psyche from a cosmic of the seminar Press. (1996). the ideas and images standpoint. (p. 27) . . . we given in 1932 xlvi 128 pp. of the Kundalini system have to awaken Kundalini by C. G. Jung in order to make clear to (Bollingen the individual spark of series, No. 99). consciousness the light (PsychInfo) of the Gods. (p. 29) Alchemy, Whitmont, The Journal quali In order to modify the Homeopathy is described homeopathy E. C. of Analytical pathology of the psychoid, as a modern, clinically and the Psychology, psychotherapy is in need affective modifi cation treatment 41(3), 1996 of complementary of the alchemistic method. of borderline Jul, 369-386. modalities of precognitional cases. nature. To varying extents, (PsychInfo) bioenergetics, art therapy, hypnosis and therapeutic regression, and acupuncture have endeavoured to fi ll this gap. Spirituality Maaske, J. Psychoanalytic quali Several points of A central unifying theme and mindfulness. Psychology, commonality emerged in 3 was an image (PsychInfo) 19(4), 2002, papers on psychoanalysis of spaciousness that 777-781. and spirituality, incorporates independently submitted 3 intersubjectivity different authors. and the feminine. Empirical Henderson, Psychology quanti examine the healing Greater decreases in study on the P., Rosen, of Aesthetics, aspects of drawing symptoms of trauma at the healing nature D., & Creativity, mandalas in post 1-month follow up. Mandalas of mandalas. Mascaro, and the Arts, traumatic stress disorder drawn by such children could (PsychInfo) N. 1(3), 2007 Aug, (PTSD) pacients are either reluctant or unable 148-154 to write about their traumatic experiences Healing the McClary, Psychology quali Music therapy as a In using the therapeutic tool psyche through R. of Aesthetics, therapeutic tool is also of music one can transcend, music, myth, Creativity, viewed as having through the symbol making and ritual. and the Arts, a symbol-making function. process inherent in music (PsychInfo) 1(3), 2007 Aug, The sound serves as a therapy, the tension of 155-159. musical symbol of the opposites that are created at symptom. the crossroads of disease and wellness. Symbolic Koss, J. D. Journal of quali Offer an analysis of ritual They -spiritist ritual drama transformations Analytical healing processes in and psychoanalytical in traditional Psychology, Espiritismo, a spirit healing psychology] both provide healing rituals: 31(4), 1986 cult in Puerto Rico, and methods to bring out and Perspectives Oct, 341-355. compare them with concepts dialogue with inner, from analytical No abstract and practices of healing in self-rated images, a process psychology. available. analytical psychology as considered necessary to (Medline) described harmony and well-being in by Jung. adapting to, and overcoming illness and problems. A Possible Dialogue between Analytical Psychology and Complementary 1525 and Alternative Medicine.

Title Authors Journal Method Purpose Results

C. G. Jung and Groesbeck, Journal of quali To review some major There are: the shaman’s C. J. Analytical highlights of Jung’s – Modern Jungians= dreams, vision. Psychology, 34, experiences as a healer relationship of teacher-pupil (Medline) 1989 Jul, 255- against the background – Priestly Jungians = 275 and in the context, of the classical, evoke the numinous shamanic complex and archetypal in the healing or archetype . . . and, process second, to shed light - Medical Jungians = fused on the implications of this psychoanalysis with Klein, for present-day methods Winnicott, Bion, Langs, of treatment and Kohut, technical scientifi c methodologies related terms to Jung’s original -True Jungians= function contributions. as shamans, produce a transformational healing experience. DIVISION. Meditation’s Bonadonna, R.Holistic quali Literature review in 3 The role consciousness impact on Nursing areas: (a) the experience plays in healing has chronic illness. Practice, 17(6), of chronic illness, been underestimated in (Medline) 2003 Nov-Dec, (b) theories about scientifi c medicine. . . 309-319. meditation, and . evidence will grow to (c) the clinical effects support the signifi cant, if of meditation practices. not fundamental, role of consciousness in the human experience of disease. The I Ching Ma, S. S. Journal of quali The Taoist alchemical The Chinese notion of and the psyche- Analytical tradition is based on the Tao coincides with Jung’s body connection. Psychology, premise that psychological postulation of the unus (Medline) 50(2), 2005 experience of the Tao can mundus, the unity of existence Apr, 237-250 be achieved through mental which underlies the duality and physiological means of psyche and matter, the such as breathing and psycho-physical background meditative techniques, of existence. gymnastics, dietary In this light, in the world regimens such as fasting, of inner experience, East consumption of medicinal and West follow similar herbs and minerals, and paths symbolically. special sexual practices. Analytical Zhu, C. J. Journal of quali This paper provides a The paper concludes that psychology Analytical historical, religious- it was amiss for Jung to and Daoist Psychology, philosophical context for have equated the Western inner alchemy: 54, 2009, the study of the Daoist text ‘unconscious’ with states A response to 493-511 known as The Secret of the of higher consciousness C.G. Jung’s Golden Flower. in Eastern meditation ‘Commentary practices on The Secret of the Golden Flower’. (Medline) 1526 Siegel, P., Turato, E. R.

Discussion also points out that Jung missed the point when he tried to draw a parallel between the Western Concerning the interpretation of the results unconscious and states of higher consciousness mentioned in step (e), the outcomes are mixed. in Eastern meditation practices. According to the authors of the selected articles, On the other hand, Ma (2005), in her clini- there is no absolute consensus about the concepts cal work, integrates physical exercises, healing and practices of healing in analytical psychology sound, visualization and breathing techniques as described by Jung. On one hand, for instance, with psychology work, and she believes that it according to Whitmont (1996), homeopathy is possible to equate the Chinese notion of Tao deals with “transmaterial principles as a priori with Jung’s concept of the unus mundus, the constituents of matter”, which Jung could not unity of existence which underlies the duality of come to terms with, therefore he tried to explain psyche and matter. the alchemist’s procedures in terms of “projec- Interestingly, although Jung was conscious tions upon matter which needed to be taken back of the mind-body functioning he did not incor- and be recognized exclusively as aspects of the porate any mind-body practices into his clinical human psyche” (Whitmont, 1996, p. 6). Fur- work, although he himself practiced yoga for a thermore, Whitmont affi rms that complemen- while. Yet mind-body exercises were frequently tary modalities (e.g. complementary therapies) used by his followers. Farah (1995) quotes most such as bioenergetics, acupuncture, art therapy, of Jung’s excerpts on the body and the anatamo- should be combined with AP to modify what he physiological structures and processes. She in- called the pathology of the psychoid. tegrated Pethö Sándor’s calatonia technique and Boechat (2008) retrieves Jung’s concept of Reichian perspectives into her clinical work. the psychoid archetype related to the mind-body Zimmermann (1996) used meditative dance and wholeness. Bleuler had used the term as a noun sand play as an experiment to help integrate to signify a region of the central nervous sys- symbolic processes. Sassenfeld (2008) stresses tem which is responsible for the establishment the need for a balance between the psychological of phenomena of apparent psychic origin, being and bodily side to attain completeness in analyti- the phenomena in fact of central origin. Jung cal psychology. used the expression in a different setting, as an We agree with Sassenfeld (2008, p. 16) adjective, meaning a characteristic of all arche- when he mentions Heuer: “one of the goals of types which are always psychoid, that is, almost Jungian psychotherapy is touching the soul, but psychic and, at the same time, almost material, he notices that this formulation, though cast in a situated at a frontier region between psyche and bodily metaphor, largely leaves the body out”. matter. This concept highlights both Bleuler’s Two of the selected articles deal with spe- and Jung’s concern with the mind-body phenom- cifi c therapeutic techniques, such as the draw- enology. Later, after the studies on synchronic- ing of mandalas by children who suffer from ity were performed, the notion of the psychoid PTSD (Henderson et al., 2007) and the use of was extended to the limits of matter in general. music therapy (McClary, 2007). In both cases, The psychoid characteristic of the archetype is the authors are convinced that the applied tech- fundamental for a comprehensive mind-body ap- niques allow for patients to access a symbol proach, because only synchronicity can explain making process which alleviates trauma and certain psychosomatic phenomena which cannot promotes wellness. Likewise, Koss (1986) pres- be understood by a causal perspective. ents a comparative study in which he equates a Zhu (2009) postulates that, according to Puerto Rican spiritist ritual drama with analyti- Cleary (1991), R. Wilhelm’s version of the Dao- cal psychology in the sense that both fulfi ll the ist text, Secret of the Golden Flower, which Jung objectives of promoting the dialogue with inner had read, was a later text than was fi rstly ac- self. Many spiritist venues also offer purifying knowledged and that it had been corrupted. He herbs baths and spiritual blessings to cleanse the A Possible Dialogue between Analytical Psychology and Complementary 1527 and Alternative Medicine. being of possessive spirits. Here the difference the latter the ones who function as shamans and in comparison to the two former articles is that “produce a transformational healing experience” they work with artistic and more culturally neu- (Groesbeck, 1989, p. 20). tral resources whereas Koss’s study is bound to a Lastly but not least, the book The Psychology religious setting. Interestingly, it seems that dif- of Kundalini Yoga (Jung & Shamdasani, 1996) ferent paths can achieve the same results. deserves some comments. What Jung does all Maaske’s (2002) study on spirituality through his lectures which comprise this book and mindfulness is somewhat similar to is try to fi nd common ground between Tantric Bonadonna’s (2003) on meditation, except Yoga and alchemistic philosophy, especially that the former is purely theoretical and binds when he mentions the transformation of gross together shamanistic traditions and contempo- matter into the subtle matter of the mind. The rary trends in psychoanalysis; human longing specifi c passage # 110 (Lectures 3 and 4, p. 10) for transcendence; and psychoanalysis and referring to the fi fth chakra visuddha illustrates meditative traditions, emphasizing that “psycho- Jung’s conviction when he says: “in visuddha analysis sees only a regressive merger that is the whole game of the world becomes your negative in light of the goal of psychic autonomy, subjective experience. The world itself becomes where spiritual and relational traditions see a refl ection of the psyche”. Here he leaves no positive transcendence that does not preclude door open for the concept of a pre-existing and healthy ego functioning but rather informs it”. independent world a priori. Moreover, when Jung (Maaske, 2002, p. 4). Some may argue that mentions the last chakra sahasrara, he affi rms Maaske’s article is not specifi c enough about it is “beyond any possible experience”, “it is AP and CAM, but it was included because it nirvana” and that it “is an entirely philosophical helps to articulate the issues of symbolization, concept” and “is without practical value for us” institutional religion and the personal experience (Paragraph 129 - Lectures 3 and 4, p. 17). So of spirituality, which are core experiences if Tantric Yoga apparently is equivalent to the for many CAM users. Bonadonna focuses on alchemistic approach and analytical psychology meditation as a CAM intervention in the health to the latter, in some ways, the end product for fi eld, in chronic illness, and describes Zen individuation would be a state hard to defi ne. The Buddhist meditation, transpersonal psychology closest we would get to it would be liberation, and Wilber’s concept (2000) of the spectrum a release from suffering and a prior state of of consciousness, underscoring the importance bondage. In this sense, there is a question that of consciousness in the healing process. The remains unanswered: is the analytical process author likens the Jungian individuation process of delving into the unconscious and trying to to the Eastern process of meditation, although integrate unconscious symbols to consciousness we could probably equate Jung’s active imagi- the same as to climb up the seven-step-chakra- nation practice to Eastern meditation, with the ladder of kundalini? This question echoes difference that the former encourages the medi- Zhu’s postulation (2009) about Jung equating tator to get in touch with the images and establish the Western unconscious with states of higher a meaning about them, whereas in the latter, the consciousness in Eastern meditation practices mind fl ows beyond the images which pop up and already mentioned in this paper. is steadily bound to the breath and/or a specifi c For some psychologists, including the deity or chakra. spiritual or religious factor in psychotherapy Groesbeck (1989) illustrates how Jung or treatment could be a problem, nevertheless acted according to a shamanic archetype, giving for Jung it was an inherent part of the human practical examples of his biography, and already psyche. Monteiro (2004) argues that spirituality in the eighties he expressed his worries about is a particular attitude experienced by a numi- the divisions of what he coined as the modern, nous , which doesn’t necessarily refer priestly, medical and true Jungians. He considers to a specifi c religion. The spiritual dimension, 1528 Siegel, P., Turato, E. R. therefore, is a natural manifestation of the psy- Nagakawa and Ikemi (1982) back in 1982 had chic energy and does not depend on a priest, rab- already presented a model for the integration of bi, imam or guru. The author recommends using Western and Eastern approaches. Park (2013) each patient’s spirituality to motivate him/her in argues that the integration of mind-body CAM their treatment and especially help them cope interventions into clinical can with the death phase and understand the sym- be useful for researchers, practitioners and pol- bolic meaning of passing away. Bekke-Hansen icy makers. Furthermore, Harris and Thirlaway et al. (2014) found some degree of religious and (2015) defend the use of psychosocial models spiritual faith among acute coronary syndrome and methods to evaluate CAM. patients living in a secularized society. Although Ventegodt (2007) discusses the fact that ho- some authors may argue that the Western world listic medicine, which seems to be safer, more has become more secular, and that religion, effi cient, and cheaper, is recommended also to be health and mental health should not be combined, used as treatment for mental illness. Fritzsche et Cipriani (2004), citing Danièle Hervieu-Léger, al. (2011) studied patients with medically unex- affi rms that secularization is a myth, and that plained symptoms in China and found that, from religion continues to sprout in a post-traditional a biopsychosocial perspective, various treat- format, in the New Religious Movements, and in ment approaches can be effective depending on what she calls emotional communities, elective the patient’s complaints, his illness beliefs, and brotherhoods and ethno-religions. Dalgalarron- what the physician offers. Kutch (2011) even do (2008) studied the relationship between reli- presents a cost-effectiveness analysis of com- gion, psychopathology and mental health in the plementary and alternative medicine in treating Brazilian society and concluded that, although mental health disorders. Lees (2011) argues for in most cases religion has a positive outcome the cross-fertilization of ideas between therapists and brings meaning to suffering and life, it can using counseling and psychotherapy, and health be both positive and negative for mental health, professionals applying CAM. Furthermore, Lees providing either liberation or imprisonment. exemplifi es how this integrative approach could Furthermore, the World Psychiatric Association function, by presenting a study case related to (WPA) recently approved the “WPA Position anthroposophic psychotherapy. Although the Statement on Spirituality and Religion” suggest- author acknowledges that his methodology is ing that psychiatrists be trained to understand the insuffi cient for nailing down any conclusions, role of religion and spirituality in the treatment he admits that “the research should be viewed as of psychiatric disorders (2015). providing a tentative hypothesis which is aimed As regards the strengths and weaknesses of at inviting the expression of alternative voices this paper, under the former point we can men- or perspectives and as a precursor for further re- tion that it is a relatively new topic, so not much search” (Lees, 2013, p. 13). is known about it. What it adds is the possibility Like Newtonian and Quantum physics, in of opening up a discussion about similarities and psychology and the healing fi eld there is not differences between analytical psychology and one theory that can embrace all possibilities. It complementary and alternative medicine and is well known that one kind of psychotherapy how integrating them could be effective in some alone cannot cure all kinds of patients. Con- cases. cepts and practices such as Integrative Psychol- Possible weaknesses are: the search was un- ogy promoted by The Center for Integrative dertaken only in two databases and the number Psychology (2014), Integrative Psychotherapy of articles included is small. Nevertheless, when (Norcross & Goldfried, 2005), Integral Psychol- searching in the broader fi eld of Psychotherapy ogy (Wilber, 2000) are attempts to expand and and Complementary and Alternative Medicine combine different approaches in mental health, or Alternative Medicine, in the same databases and the American Psychiatric Association has used in this study, many more options surface. been publishing newsletters on its website, on A Possible Dialogue between Analytical Psychology and Complementary 1529 and Alternative Medicine.

CAM, since 2005 (2015). Furthermore, Positive health diagnosis, as well as the improvement of Psychology has developed in the last few years healthcare systems and policies. However, in the and uses mindfulness as a useful therapeutic tool articulation of biomedicine and CAM (NCCAM, (Cebolla, García-Campayo, & Demarzo, 2014). 2008), Health Psychology and mental health In the national scenario, Núcleo Anthropos were not directly involved. (Núcleo de Integração, Mente, Corpo e Espiri- A possible dialogue between CAM and tualidade, 2000) is a Brazilian research group psychology, and specifi cally Analytical Psy- linked to the Department of Psychiatry of the chology, can bring about a debate not only Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), in the health fi eld but also in the fi eld of the whose mission is to study the possibilities of sociology of professions, where professional interaction between mind, body and spiritual- jurisdictions and the confl icts between profes- ity. No articles were found on the group’s web- sions are brought under the spotlight. Many site specifi cally on AP and CAM, however one new elements like the outsourcing of the eco- of its founding members has done research on nomic activity, the adaptability and permanent personality development integrating the per- availability of professionals, the feminization spectives of Analytical Psychology and Taoism of more and more professions, stronger com- (Bloise, 2002). The Department of Psychiatry petition between professionals, foreign invest- at UNIFESP also harbors a centre for research ment, the globalization of markets and the on Mindfulness. Furthermore, it is noteworthy importance of consumer satisfaction have been to mention NUMEPI (http://www.unifesp.br/re- framing the professional activities since the itoria/proex/acoes/nucleos-associados/numepi), 1990s (Saks & Lee-Treweek, 2005). which stands for Nucleus of Medicine and In- tegrative Practices, dedicated to the research of Final Considerations whole systems and Complementary Health Ap- proaches, according to the National Policy for Through the selected studies we presented Integrative and Complementary Practices, estab- in this integrative literature review some non- lished in 2006 and applied to the national health conventional and CAM practices were identifi ed system. However, no specifi c material on AP linked to AP: mandalas; music; kundalini yoga; and CAM has been produced sofar. Lastly, LA- mindfulness; homeopathy, I Ching; Shamanism; PACIS (http://www.fcm.unicamp.br/fcm/lapa- Daoism; biofeedback and traditional healing cis), the laboratory for alternative, complemen- rituals. We can infer that Jung was specifi cally tary and integrative practices in health, linked dedicated to understanding the healing mecha- to the Collective Health Department of the State nism from the psychic perspective. There is no University of Campinas, is in touch with the Re- evidence that he discussed the use of Comple- gional Psychology Council (Conselho Regional mentary Health Approaches, like breathing, de Psicologia - São Paulo [CRP-SP]) building a body-practices, herbal treatment, dieting and cooperation in research. The CRP has been pro- fasting, homeopathy and acupuncture, with his moting a series of seminars introducing debates patients or recommended them, although it is on the frontiers of psychology and traditional known that he himself practiced yoga for a pe- knowledge, as well as psychology and non-he- riod. Although he was familiar with the Chinese gemonic epistemologies (CRP-SP, 2015). and Hindu Traditions, which both comprise A fi eld where AP and CAM could converge traditional medical systems, apparently he was is Health Psychology, which dates back to the mostly interested in corroborating his fi ndings nineteen seventies, when Matarazzo (1980) de- and comparing Eastern spiritual techniques with fi ned it as a set of specifi c scientifi c, educational his Western created ideas, in a conceptual di- and professional contributions to the fi eld of mension. He focused on how the psyche affected Psychology for health promotion and preven- the body more than the other way round. More- tion, and the identifi cation of the etiology and over, it seems that he didn’t consider the mind- 1530 Siegel, P., Turato, E. R. body dimension as a dual venue for the heal- Cipriani, R. (2004). Manual de Sociología de la Re- ing process, as the Asian medical systems did. ligión [Handbook of Sociology of Religion]. Nevertheless, it must be said that his vision of Buenos Aires: Siglo Veintiuno. the individuation process would encompass any Conselho Regional de Psicologia - São Paulo. (2015). kind of traditional medicines, whole systems and Seminários estaduais. Na fronteira da psicolo- mind-body practices and that, as we have seen, gia com saberes tradicionais. Psicologia, espi- some contemporary analysts do already integrate ritualidade e epistemologias não-hegemônicas. different approaches. Retrieved from http://crpsp.org.br/eventosdi- verpsi/seminario3.aspx References Dalgalarrondo, P. (2008). Religião, Psicopatologia & Saúde mental [Religion, Psychopathology & American Psychiatric Association. (2015). Integra- Mental Health]. Porto Alegre, RS: Artmed. tive Medicine. Retrieved from http://www.psy- Farah, R. M. (1995). Integração psicofísica. O tra- chiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/professional- balho corporal e a psicologia de C. G. Jung interests/integrative-medicine [Psychophysical integration. Body work and the Barnett, J. E., & Shale, A. J. (2013). Alternative tech- psychology of C. G. Jung]. São Paulo, SP: Robe. niques. Monitor on Psychology, 44(4), 48. Franz, A. P., Paim, M., Araújo, R. M. de, Rosa, V. Bekke-Hansen, S., Christina, G., Pedersen, C. G., de O., Barbosa, Í. M., Blaya, C., & Ferrão, Y. Thygesen, K., Christensen, S., & Walede L. A. (2013). Treating refractory obsessive-com- C. (2014). The role of religious faith, spiritual- pulsive disorder: What to do when conventional ity and existential considerations among Heart treatment fails? Trends in Psychiatry and Psy- patients in a secular society: Relation to depres- chotherapy, 35(1), 24-35. doi:10.1590/S2237- sive symptoms 6 months post acute Coronary 60892013000100004 syndrome. Journal of Health Psychology, 19(6), Fritzsche, K., Xudong, Z., Anselm, K., Kern, S., 740-753. doi:10.1177/1359105313479625 Wirsching, M., & Schaefert, R. (2011). The Bloise, P. V. (2002). O desenvolvimento da persona- treatment of patients with medically unex- lidade na perspectiva da Psicologia Analítica e plained physical symptoms in China: A study Taoísta (Doctoral dissertation, Departamento de comparing expectations and treatment satisfac- Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, tion in psychosomatic medicine, biomedicine, SP, Brazil). and traditional Chinese medicine. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 41, 229-244. Boechat, W. (2008). O sonho em pacientes somáticos Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ [Dreams in somatic patients]. Cadernos Jun- pubmed/22073762 guianos, 4. Giglio, J. (1997). Psicoterapia e espiritualidade Bonadonna, R. (2003). Meditation’s impact on chron- [Psychotherapy and spirituality] [Monograph]. ic illness. Holistic Nursing Practice, 17(6), 309- São Paulo, SP: Jungian Association of Brazil. 319. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/14650573 Goffman, K., & Joy, D. (2007). Contracultura através dos tempos. Do mito de Prometeu à Cul- Broad, W. J. (2012). The science of yoga. The risks tura Digital [Counterculture through time. From and the rewards. New York: Simon & Schuster. the myth of Prometheus to digital culture]. Rio Cambray, J., & Carter, L. (2004). Analytical Psy- de Janeiro, RJ: Ediouro. chology. Contemporary perspectives in Jungian Groesbeck, C. J. (1989). C. G. Jung and the shaman’s Analysis. In K. Tudor (Series Ed.), Advancing vision. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 34, theory in therapy. New York: Brunner-Rout- 255-275. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm. ledge. nih.gov/pubmed/2670864 Cebolla, A., García-Campayo, J., & Demarzo, M. Harris, P., & Thirlaway, K. (2015). Using Psycho- (2014). Mindfulness y ciencia, de la tradición a social Models and Methods to evaluate Com- la modernidad [Mindfulness and science, from plementary and Alternative Medicine. In M. J. tradition to modernity]. Madrid: Alianza. Langweiler & P. W. McCarthy, Methodologies A Possible Dialogue between Analytical Psychology and Complementary 1531 and Alternative Medicine.

for effectively assessing Complementary and ling, 15, 201-213. doi:10.1080/13642537.2013. Alternative Medicine. London: Jessica Kingsley. 810658 Henderson, P., Rosen, D., & Mascaro, N. (2007). Ma, S. S. (2005). The I Ching and the psyche-body Empirical study on the healing nature of man- connection. Journal of Analytical Psychology, dalas. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, 50, 237-250. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi. and the Arts, 1, 148-154. doi:10.1037/1931- nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15817045 3896.1.3.148 Maaske, J. (2002). Spirituality and mindfulness. Hoge, E. A., Bui, E., Marques, L., Metcalf, C. A., Psychoanalytic Psychology, 19, 777-781. Morris, L. K., Robinaugh, D. J., …Simon, doi:10.1037/0736-9735.19.4.777 N. M. (2013). Randomized controlled trial of Manzaneque, J. M., Vera, F. M., Rodriguez, E. M., mindfulness meditation for generalized anxiety Garcia, G. J., Levya, L., & Blanca, M. J. (2009). disorder: Effects on anxiety and stress reactiv- Serum Cytokines, mood and sleep after a Qigong ity. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 74, 786-792. Program. Is Qigong an effective psychobiological doi:10.4088/JCP.12m08083 tool? Journal of Health Psychology, 14(1), 60- Jung, C. G., & Shamdasani, S. (Eds.). (1996). The 67. doi:10.1177/1359105308097946 psychology of Kundalini yoga: Notes of the Matarazzo, J. D. (1980). Behavioral Health and seminar given in 1932 by C. G. Jung (Bollingen Behavioral Medicine. American , series, No. 99). Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univer- 35, 807-817. sity Press. McClary, R. (2007). Healing the psyche through Kaplan, H. I., Sadock, B. J., & Sadock, V. A. (2007). music, myth, and ritual. Psychology of Aes- Compêndio de psiquiatria: Ciência do com- thetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 1, 155-159. portamento e psiquiatria clínica [Handbook of doi:10.1037/1931-3896.1.3.155 Psychiatry: The science of behavior and clinical psychiatry] (9th ed.). Porto Alegre, RS: Artmed. Mendes, K. D. S., Silveira, R. C. C. P., & Galvão, C. M. (2008). Revisão integrativa: Método de Kennedy, G., & Ryan, K. (2003). Hippie Roots & pesquisa para a incorporação de evidências na The Perennial Subculture. Based on Kennedy saúde e na enfermagem [Integrative review: G. Children of the Sun. (Excerpts reprinted Research method for the incorporation of evi- from Children of the Sun; A Pictorial Anthology dence in health and nursing]. Texto Contexto – From Germany To California, 1883-1949, by G. Enfermagem, 17, 758-764. doi:10.1590/S0104- Kennedy, Ed., 1998, Ojai, CA: Nivaria Press). 07072008000400018 Retrieved from http://www.hippy.com/modules. Monteiro, D. M. R. (2004). Espiritualidade e enve- php?name=News&fi le=article&sid=243 lhecimento [Spirituality and aging]. In L. Py, J. Koss, J. D. (1986). Symbolic transformations in L Pacheco, & A. Z. Bassit (Eds.), Tempo de En- traditional healing rituals: Perspectives from velhecer: Percursos e dimensões psicossociais analytical psychology. Journal of Analytical (pp. 159-181). Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Nau. Psychology, 31, 341-355. Retrieved from http:// Nagakawa, T., & Ikemi, Y. (1982). A new model of www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2429948 integrating Occidental and Oriental approaches. Kutch, M. D. (2011). Cost-effectiveness analysis Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 26(1), 57- of complementary and alternative medicine in 62. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. treating mental health disorders. Dissertation gov/pubmed/7062302 Abstracts International Section A: Humanities National Center for Complementary and Alternative and Social Sciences, 71, 11-A, 4102. Medicine. (2008). Complementary, alternative, Lees, J. (2011). Counselling and psychotherapy in or integrative health: What’s in a name? dialogue with complementary and alternative Retrieved from http://nccam.nih.gov/health/ medicine. British Journal of Guidance & Coun- whatiscam selling, 39, 117-130. doi:10.1080/03069885.20 National Center for Complementary and Integrative 10.547051 Health. (2015). Complementary, Alternative, or Lees, J. (2013) Psychotherapy, complementary and Integrative Health: What’s in a name? Retrieved alternative medicine and social dysfunction. from https://nccih.nih.gov/health/integrative- European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counsel- health 1532 Siegel, P., Turato, E. R.

Norcross, J. C., & Goldfried, M. R. (2005). Handbook Ventegodt, S. (2007). Biomedicine or holistic medi- of Psychotherapy Integration: Oxford Series cine for treating mentally ill patients? A philo- in (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: sophical and economical analysis. Scientifi c- Oxford University Press. WorldJournal 18, 1978-1986. doi:10.1100/ tsw.2007.287 Núcleo de Integração, Mente, Corpo e Espirituali- dade, Department of Psychiatry, Federal Univer- Whitmont, E. C. (1996). Alchemy, homeopathy and sity of São Paulo. (2000). Histórico e atividades the treatment of borderline cases. The Jour- atuais. Retrieved from http://www.nucleoan- nal of Analytical Psychology, 41, 369-386. thropos.com/site/quem-somos/historico.html doi:10.1111/j.1465-5922.1996.00369.x Park, C. (2013). Mind-body CAM interventions: Wilber, K. (2000). Integral psychology: Conscious- Current status and considerations for integra- ness, spirit, psychology, therapy. Boston, MA: tion into clinical health psychology. Journal of Shambhala. Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 45-63. doi:10.1002/ World Health Organization. (2013). WHO Tradi- jclp.21910 tional Medicine Strategy 2014-2023. Geneva, Saks, M., & Lee-Treweek, G. (2005). Political pow- Switzerland: Author. er and professionalisation. In G. Lee-Treweek, World Psychiatric Association. (2015). WPA Posi- T. Heller, H. MacQueen, J. Stone, & S. Spurr tion Statement on Spirituality and Religion in (Eds.), Complementary and Alternative Medi- Psychiatry. Retrieved from http://www.wpanet. cine: Structures and safeguards (pp. 75-100). org/uploads/Sections/Religion_Spirituality/Po- London: Routledge. sition_Statement_Spirituality_Psy-2015.pdf Sampaio, R. F., & Mancini, M. C. (2007). Estudos Zhu, C. J. (2009). Analytical psychology and Daoist de Revisão Sistemática: Um guia para síntese inner alchemy: A response to C.G. Jung’s ‘Com- criteriosa da evidência científi ca [Studies on mentary on The Secret of the Golden Flower’. Systematic Review: A guide for a judicial Journal of Analytical Psychology, 54, 493-511. synthesis of scientifi c evidence]. Brazilian doi:10.1111/j.1468-5922.2009.01799.x Journal of Physical Therapy, 11(1), 83-89. doi:10.1590/S1413-35552007000100013 Zimmermann, E. B. (1996). Dança meditativa e caixa de areia associadas à análise verbal como Sassenfeld, A. (2008). The Body in Jung’s Work: técnica facilitadora de integração de processos Basic Elements to Lay the Foundation for a simbólicos [Meditative dance and sandbox asso- Theory of Technique. The Journal of Jungian ciated to verbal analysis as a facilitator techni- Theory and Practice, 10(1), 1-13. Retrieved que for the integration of symbolic processes] from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/downl (Doctoral dissertation, Universidade Estadual de oad;jsessionid=82E7C62C5F1D4D14FCB3CA Campinas, SP, Brazil). 7E96D0DD2C?doi=10.1.1.570.8462&rep=rep1 &type=pdf Sylvia, L. G., Peters, A. T., Deckersbach, T., & Nierenberg, A. A. (2012). Nutrient-based therapies for bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 82(1), 10-19. doi:10.1159/000341309 The Center for Integrative Psychology. (2014). What Recebido: 16/09/2015 is Integrative Psychology? Retrieved from 1ª revisão: 17/11/2015 http://www.centerforintegrativepsychology.org/ Aceite fi nal: 17/12/2015