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Synchronicity: Relations Between the Jungian Work and New Theoretical Propositions Junguiana v.38-1, p.121-138 Synchronicity: relations between the Jungian work and new theoretical propositions Eduardo Arruda Sautchuk* Michel Alexandre Fillus** Abstract Keywords Synchronicity is one of the most complex and ical basis of Jungian hypothesis are presented Synchronicity, important concepts of analytical psychology. The as complementary points to the discussion. Syn- Complexity, present article is a literature review that seeks to chronicity, in conclusion, is beyond an improb- Emergence, present the concept within the classical Jungian able coincidence: it can represent an important Analytical psychology. view, as an alternative to the causality paradigm, dynamic factor in the self-organization propriety and then to present new contributions from con- of psyche. ■ temporary authors about the theme. Possible di- alogues between synchronicity and other areas of knowledge were investigated. It has been ver- ified that there is a current line of thought based on the theory of Complex Adaptive Systems (CASs) that conveys an important change of per- spective about the synchronistic phenomenon. In addition, contributions about the notion of time within the synchronicity and the philosoph- * Mestrando em Psicologia Clínica pelo Núcleo de Estudos Junguianos da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP). e-mail: <[email protected]> ** Doutor em Psicologia Clínica pelo Núcleo de Estudos Jun- guianos da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP). Professor do curso de Psicologia da Pontifícia Uni- versidade Católica do Paraná (PUC-PR) e de cursos de Especial- ização. e-mail: <[email protected]> Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Psicologia Analitica, 2º sem. 2020 ■ 121 Junguiana v.38-1, p.121-138 Synchronicity: relations between the Jungian work and new theoretical propositions 1. Introduction is offered by Angela Connolly (2015). The author Synchronicity is one of the most complex reports a session with a patient named Mary: concepts proposed by Jung in his psychologi- cal theory. It is related to the archetypes theory, Out of the blue, she [Mary] arrived at her Self, unus mundus, and the comprehension of session one day saying that she had had relations between psyche and material world, a strange dream about my [Conolly’s] fa- mind and matter. The synchronistic phenom- ther. She had dreamt that my father was enon supports the human psyche’s dynamics very ill but that I was not looking after him and reality and its relation to macrocosmic properly as his room was in complete dis- world. It composes the basic notions to the for- order and she then described the room mulation of a Jungian paradigm (PENNA, 2014; in great detail. To my intense shock, the STEIN, 2006). room she described was that of my former This idea arose from the observation, by analyst who had died some years before. Jung, of rare events that represent a significant The details corresponded exactly, not with coincidence for those who live them. The syn- the room when I was in analysis, but the chronistic event is a coincidence because it room when I had visited him during his fi- cannot be explained by causality and does not nal illness. (p. 171) respect the laws of probability of chance. At the same time, this event has an important mean- Situations as the one described by Connolly ing for the individual. Although it is likely that (2015) are investigated in a research carried out one or more events of this type occur through- in the United Kingdom by Roxburgh et al. (2016) out one’s life, synchronistic phenomena can be with therapists. 44% of the participants report- misunderstood as mere coincidences. Jung’s ed having experienced synchronicity in the ther- hypothesis affirms their relevance, as it shows apeutic setting and 67% felt that synchronistic that such phenomena are capable of profoundly phenomena can be important in psychotherapy. impacting the individual psyche. Considering that the analytical work is point- For instance, reporting the beetle episode1, ed out as an opening to emergent events of the Jung (2014) emphasized that the synchronistic psyche on organization levels that transcend the experience transformed the rational posture of ego, the clinical relevance of synchronistic phe- a patient in relation to her problem. It was an nomena becomes evident (CAMBRAY, 2020). important factor to the therapeutic process of Given the theme’s dimension, Jung (2014) de- the case. In a letter to Jung, this very patient de- fines synchronicity in strict and wide senses. As scribes intriguing similarities between a dream to the strict sense, there is an improbable coin- she had and a story that Jung had read just be- cidence that conveys significance for the individ- fore a session with her (MOURA, 2014, p. 405). ual. Thus, Jung thought of a non-causal connec- Another example of an oneiric synchronous tion between psychic and physical events. Then, phenomenon that has had a major impact on the the wide sense affirms synchronicity would not analytic process, to both therapist and patient, be restricted to a rare and improbable kind of phenomenon but would be a principle of acausal 1 Complete account of the episode in Jung (2014, par. 843). ordination in nature. The acausal connection of 122 ■ Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Psicologia Analitica, 2º sem. 2020 Junguiana v.38-1, p.121-138 events, or synchronicity, is configured as anoth- fields of knowledge”3 (FERREIRA, 2002, p. 258). er possibility to understand the relation between The sample was intentionally selected (when two events, as complementary to causality. Thus, from the classical literature), complemented by going beyond the paradigm of causality is indis- the “snowball” method (applied to post-Jungian pensable to the understanding of the Jungian literature). This method, proposed by Yin (2016), theory and its practice. allowed a certain reference to lead to the explo- Causality rests as an unquestioned concept. ration of the following, something useful in the A historical and cultural naturalization2 of this search of the most recent publications. paradigm was conveyed by the rationalist de- Initially, the classical literature on the subject velopment of Western science in the last cen- of synchronicity was consulted, in Jung’s Collect- turies. The pursuit of maximum objectivity in ed Works and collaborators considered authors scientific understanding may have resulted in of the classical school of analytical psychology. a compartmentalized and disciplinary science, Subsequently, the PePSIC, Redalyc and SciE- limited in its possibilities. According to Penna LO databases were searched for the term “syn- (2004), Jung contested dogmatism and affirmed chronicity” in the title and/or abstract of Brazilian the paradoxical nature of human psyche, ap- publications of up to five years ago, extending proaching it in its complexity. to thirty years ago, resulting in zero (0) articles. Hence, knowledge from other areas are im- Then, the term “synchronicity” was searched in portant to the synchronicity’s idea. The inte- the title and/or abstracts of publications in na- gration of concepts, principally from physics, tional specialized journals, without publication chemistry and mathematics, permits the widen- time criteria, resulting in five (5) publications, of ing of its understanding and range. Nowadays, which only one (1) presented synchronicity as a synchronicity stands beyond the limits of the central theme. analytical relationship, establishing connec- The international Wiley Online Library data- tions to cultural and collective aspects. Roderick base was also searched for the term “synchro- Main (2007), in this context, discusses spiritual nicity” in the title of publications since 2015 in and religious aspects of the synchronistic ex- the field of psychology (excluding publications perience; Cambray (2013), on the other hand, from other areas that use the term in a different affirms that synchronistic phenomena can be sense, such as Economics), resulting in eight (8) collective and assume the proportion of cultural publications, of which only five (5) refer to syn- movements or significant moments of change in chronicity as proposed by Jung. In order to attain a society, something that Cambray (2013) called relevant publications referred to in the results of cultural synchronicities. the first search, it was decided to broaden the The objective of this paper is to review the publication time criteria. Thus, since 2002, forty notion of synchronicity in analytical psychology, (40) results were obtained. remarking contemporary contributions that inte- grate other knowledge areas. 3. Results and discussion The selection of the articles and publications 2. Methods occurred intentionally according to the following This literature review aims to compose the criteria: relevant classical literature, approach state of knowledge in order to “[…] map and dis- to other areas of knowledge and enlargement of cuss a certain academic production in different Jungian thinking. 2 For an analysis of the historical process in which causality has become the dominant paradigm in science, see: Capra (1990). 3 Our translation. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Psicologia Analitica, 2º sem. 2020 ■ 123 Junguiana v.38-1, p.121-138 27 publications were selected, shown in offer new propositions on the theme, classi- the board below. Among them, eleven (11) fied as “post-Jungian”5 for their critic and inno- were classified as “classic Jungian” for pre- vative character; finally, four (4) are from au- senting ideas that explain synchronicity con- thors in other areas of knowledge, classified as ception developed by Jung in his work and by theoretical physics. other authors considered representatives of The selected publications are chronologically the “classic school”4; eleven (11) publications ordered below: Chart 1 - Selected references list by publication year Knowledge Year Author(s) Keywords (papers)/Books area Chap. “Synchronicity: a principle Jung, C. G.; 1952/2012 Classic Jungian of acausal connections”. Pauli. W. In: “The interpretation of nature and psyche” 1952/2014 Jung, C. G. Classic Jungian Book: “Sincronicidade” (O.C.
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