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Defining the Frontline Workforce DEFINING THE FRONTLINE WORKFORCE SEPTEMBER 2005 This report was supported by a grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. DEFINING THE FRONTLINE WORKFORCE Defining the Frontline Workforce TABLE OF CONTENTS Main Report Executive Summary.………..…………...………………………………………………...1 Introduction.………………..………………………………………….…………………..4 Problem Statement………..……………………...………………………………………..6 Methodology…………..………………………...………………………………………...8 Results Phase 1.……………………………………………………………………….…11 Results Phase 2……...………………………………………………………………...…15 Occupational Group Profile Tables…………………………………………………..23 Occupational Group Narratives………………………………………………………44 Clinical Support Medical Assistants……………………………..……………….………….…43 Emergency Medical Technician & Paramedics……………….…..………….48 Pharmacy Aides..……………………………………….…………………….52 Physical Therapist Aides…………………………..……...………………….54 Home Health Aides & Personal & Home Care Aides…….…..……………...57 Nursing Aides, Orderlies & Attendants……………………...…………….…61 Public Health Delivery Health Educator………………………………………………..…..………….65 Occupational Health and Safety Specialists & Technicians………………….69 Medical and Public Health Social Workers…..……...……………………….73 Community Health Delivery Social and Human Service Assistants……………………………..………….76 Child, Family & School Social Workers………………………….………….81 Behavioral Health Delivery Mental Health Counselors…………………………………………………….84 Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselor…...…………..……….89 Mental Health & Substance Abuse Social Workers ………………………….93 Psychiatric Aides….…………….…………………………………………….96 Psychiatric Technicians…………….………….…………….………………..99 Healthcare System Support Clinical Laboratory Technicians…...…………………………………………103 Medical Records & Health Information Technicians…………………………107 Medical Transcriptionists……………………………………………..………111 Final Observations..…………………..………………………………………………..114 Appendices Appendix A: Explanation of Terms and Statistics Appendix B: Phase 1 Data Tables and Final List of Selected Frontline Occupations Appendix C: Bibliography Defining the Frontline Workforce EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Human Capital Portfolio Team (RWJF) has executed a study focused on enhancing understanding of the frontline healthcare and human services workforce and identifying priorities for initial strategic investment. The frontline workforce is a vital, but little understood component of the overall healthcare community. In general, we know that this critical part of the healthcare delivery system is the most at risk component of health employment and encompasses occupations with the least amount of visibility. However, as the population ages and questions of equity in the workplace and the creation of opportunity emerge, the frontline workforce will become more visible and vital. From this perspective, several core questions drove this undertaking. What are the overall characteristics, qualities and potentials of the frontline workforce? Where and how might a set of programming values and directions from RWJF best attach themselves to this workforce? What immediate avenues should be explored for action? RWJF approached this study with the standpoint that frontline workers generally have been understudied and are facing key challenges that may obstruct their ability to work effectively, contribute at their maximum potential and enhance their own work experience and career advancement opportunities. As part of an overall work plan to further explore these initial observations and advance research efforts in this area, RWJF worked in conjunction with Health Workforce Solutions, LLC (HWS) to conduct an investigation of the frontline healthcare workforce, and to create a set of operational definitions that will help shape future programming by both RWJF staff and external partners. Defining the scope of occupations within the frontline workforce was a key initial component of the research effort. The project team worked with the RWJF Human Capital Team to develop a set of decision criteria, which led to a working universe of frontline workforce occupations. Preliminary delimiting criteria from all occupations resulted in a group of healthcare occupations consisting of 12.3M people delivering varied 1 Defining the Frontline Workforce levels of patient care and healthcare services. These occupations exclude management and executive roles and focused on roles ranging from physicians, to laboratory technicians, to medical transportation drivers. Further decision criteria delimited this universe in order to focus on the specific subset of the frontline workforce with education levels that were generally at the Bachelor level or below, with median annual wages below $40,000, and with a high level of direct care and service. This subset of occupations consists of 4.7M people, and is referred to in this report as the frontline workforce.1 These resulting operational definitions provide the foundation for the findings in this report and are presented in this report in a dual format of profile table and brief narrative. Every effort was made to collect and synthesize consistent data across all frontline groups. The 4.7M frontline workforce jobs profiled in this study represent one-third of the 12.9M jobs that make up the U.S. health services industry (North American Industry Classification System 2002).2 The demand for the frontline workforce jobs profiled in this study will increase by 50% by the year 2012 in which there will be a need for 7.1M frontline workforce jobs. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, these occupations are growing faster than average, and yet the frontline workforce as a whole is experiencing widespread shortages and high turnover rates that are highly problematic obstacles to meeting this future demand. An aging general population will lead to an increased demand for care delivery in institutional as well as home health settings, and yet this area of the frontline workforce (e.g. home health aides, nursing aides) experience some of the highest vacancy and turnover rates of all healthcare occupations. As medical technology continues to advance, an increasing number of laboratory tests will need to be performed and 1 This number represents the subset of the frontline workforce profiled in this report, acknowledging that other roles may fit under the overall working definition of frontline workforce occupations. A listing of included and excluded occupations in this report can be found in Appendix B. 2 The criteria for defining the frontline workforce for this study began from all industry occupations (not strictly from the defined health services industry occupations) and therefore some frontline workforce roles are outside the scope of the census-defined health services industry. 2 Defining the Frontline Workforce analyzed, and yet a large amount of turnover in the lab technician profession is due to retirement and the current state of lab technician training opportunities are not able to adequately supply for this future demand. The median wage across this frontline workforce is significantly lower than other healthcare occupations, and the majority of workers in these occupations have little to no job advancement opportunities once they have entered into the workforce. The frontline workforce occupations represent a diverse set of skills, training, and workplace settings, however collectively they represent a workforce with occupations that are all experiencing increases in demand, and also facing challenges to building a sustainable worker population. This growing workforce is experiencing high turnover rates, lower wages and access to benefits, and limited training and job advancement opportunities. These challenges vary somewhat across occupations, and the occupational narratives provide more nuanced analysis of the scope of challenges affecting particular occupations. As a whole however, this frontline workforce represents a population that is the foundation for a quality healthcare delivery system and further initiatives are needed to ensure the sustainability of the workforce. 3 Defining the Frontline Workforce INTRODUCTION The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) is dedicated to improving the health and healthcare of all Americans. Its philanthropic and research portfolio includes initiatives aimed at improving the situations of not only the recipients of direct care and services but also the workforce that delivers them. Historically, the Foundation’s focus on workforce has been primarily targeted at the upper echelons of the professional ranks; physicians, registered nurses and healthcare executives. These professionals are critical, highly visible components of the U.S. healthcare system that provide vital contributions to the public, their patients, key constituents and the organizations they represent. However, there is a significant number of the healthcare workforce (the frontline workforce) that provides vital healthcare delivery, and yet is often underrepresented within the current research initiatives within the healthcare system. This is a somewhat amorphous group of professionals and paraprofessionals that provide a range of direct patient care and client services, and RWJF has focused on both providing working definitions for frontline workforce occupations, and researching the obstacles and challenges facing these professions. Over the past 18 months, the Human Capital Portfolio Team at RWJF has been strategizing how best to stimulate interest and action around enhancing the viability of the frontline workforce. Building
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