Vol.I, No. 9 $.50 °Angeles, 1970

I14 - ¡ff q ED ITOR IAL TABLE OF CONTENTS Why is Los Ange'es Police Chief Davis and EDITORIAL Page 1 Mayor Yorty. . . so all fired up mad because the U.S. Attorney General's office secured a Federal Grand Jury indictment against the police officers CARTA EDITORIAL Page 1 who killed ... gunned down two innocent men while they were preparing for bed, caused injury to HOOVER SLANDER PROTESTED Page 3 another, miraculously missing a child in a crib and Art Marchand people in the apartment next door? Why is Police Chief Davis and MAYO Page 5 Mayor Yorty so intent on preventing court trial of officers who went into the crowded apartment

building shooting from the hip. . . through the PONCHO FLORES Page 5 door and at the men caught with only their ilno- cence to protect them. RUBENSALAZAR Page 8 Allof the slaughter which took the lives of the Primos . . . Sanchez occurred because SAN JOSE - CALIFORNIA San Leandro detectives were seeking a man for interrogation regarding a deathin the northern RE: JUDGE CHARGIN Page 9 city. And when the man they were seeking turned Ray Gonzales himself in, after the killing of the two Mexican nationals ... the man was not held because the of- HUELGA EN LOS VALLES ficers had insufficient evidence to hold him or DE SALINAS Y SANTA MARIA Page l'O charge him for any crime in court. This fact indi- cates the enormity of the crime committed by the Page 1 1 Los Angeles Police officers who led the assault on the Sanchez residence. This might very well be the reason Chief Davis CENTER SPREAD Page 12 and Mayor Yorty are so paranoically demanding that the Justice Department vacate ti6 indictment LETTERS Page 14 and remove the U.S. Attorney who had the auda- city to place the information, gathered by his in- DEGANAW I DAH--QU ETZALCOATL vestigation, before the Federal Grand Jury. COLLEGE Page 1 7 WHAT ARE THEY TRYlNG TO HIDE. ... WHAT DOES CHIEF DAVIS AND MAYOR YOR- TY FEAR? Are they worried because court in- DEGRADING ADVERTISING Page 18 terrogation of the police officers might reveal a sordid mess in their department?

LOS TEATROS DE AZTLAN Page 19 If the matter were not so serious . . . we

could laugh at Davis' emotional protestations... FRITO BANDITO Page 20 I gave them a lie detector test... and he believes that this should serve as sufficient proof that his men are innocent of the charges made and not be BOOKS: VIVA ZAPATA Page 21 forced to stand trial. Cont. from last ssue BUT INNOCENT LIVES WERE TAKEN and others threatened, by police actions which violate RINCON POETICO Page 23 the rights of persons to be secure in their own homes. And this,in addition to answering for their behavior in taking the lives of the Sanchez Cover: Harry Gamboa cousins .. . is what the community is concerned EDITOR: Francisca Flores with. This is what must be stopped. Let the De- partment of Justice not be intimidated by the Contributors and Associates pressure being brought to bear by Chief of Police Lilia Aceves Frank Munoz Davis and Mayor Yorty. Manuel MendezHarry Gamboa AS FOR THE LOS ANGELES CITY COUN- Jose Castorena Art Marchant CIL who voted 8 toI to pay for the defense of the policemen . . . . (one city councilman is facing Eliseo Carrillo Delfino Varela court charges himself - and we do not know if he Frank SifuentesEnrique Estrada will ask the City Council to pay for his defense), Sergio Hernandez Martin Quiroz, Ill we say they have no right to use our tax money on such matters without our consent. Taxpayers in this city should protest the use of their tax money ® Copyright1970by Regeneración to defend killers. . . and demand an injunction on Subscription (U.S.) i year $5.00 the action taken by 8 (bare majority) city council- MAIL TO: REGENERACION men. P.O. Box 54624 Francisca Flores Los Angeles, California90054 Editor Regeneracion Page 1

CARTA EDITORIAL After the sheriff officers attacked the 25,000 that rallied at Laguna Park after a peaceful march on August 29th, the emotions reached explosive UNITY UNDER SEVERE STRAIN proportions, and the wonder is that the communi- AS COMMUNITY CONFRONTS ITS ty reaction was limited to the Whittier area in East MOST SEVERE CRISIS OF DIRECTION Los Angeles and in small measure, other surround- ing areas, such as Wilmington and Cdlton. Over the past four years the Mexican Amen- As the attack was followed by the usual rou- can community, on La Raza if you prefer, in the tine of press conferences, accusations by the po greater Los Angeles area developed a great sense of lice, the white washing grand juries, and the end- unity and community consensus. This unity grew less meetings that got nowhere, the crisis of direc- out of a large number of common struggles and ef- tion became acute. And the strains on the coali- forts, both successful and unsuccessful, that culmi- tion that developed over the past four years began nated in the great demonstration of August 29th to reach a breaking point. As we reported in oir that was the most numerous, and broadest expres- Ruben Salazar Memorial Issue No. 6, the disagree- sion of united protest that the Mexican-American ment provoked after the police attack of August has experienced in his history in the . 29th was both as to cause and remedy. One cause I The struggles that helped to forge the wide the police agents in the community and their sup- range feeling of unity included the unsuccessful porters immediately took up was the police expIan- bids of Richard Calderon for the State Senate and ation of the attack being caused by 'outside agita- Congress, the successful campaign of Julian Nava tors' with the rather curious logic that, had the po- for the Los Angeles School Board, the walkouts of lice not been so provoked by seeing so much anti- the students in 1968, arid 1970, the sit-ins at the system literature around, they would not have at- Board of Education in 969, the Bradley for May- tacked, completely begging the issue of the right of or Campaign, the campaigns for the Junior College the police to attack a peaceful community gather- Board, the development of the East Los Angeles ing on any grounds. Community Union, and the sustaineddevelop- The arguments on the remedy was perhaps ment and growth of the loose federation of organ- the most severe. The politicians and those with a izations known as The Congress Of Mexican Ameni- lifetime of training ¡n electoral work, together with can Unity. the naturally conservative and timid, tended to ad- As these efforts and many others proceeded, vocate an abandonment of the mass demonstration they created an ever increasing demand for visible as a method of protest and a return to the more progress by all sections of the community, and an staid methods such as, conferences, running candi- ever increasing pressure on all levels of the govern- dates, passing resolutions, etc. ..others, on the other ment and the power structure. hand, understanding the significance of the com- As the community became more restive, the munity consciousness that was shown in the Aug- police became more edgy and pushed their trigger ust 29th march advocated a demand by the corn- happy methodology of dealing with all trouble, ac- munity on its right to engage in peaceful protests tuai or suspected, with bullèts to its absolute limit. of all types and felt that the right must be estab- The arrests and beatings have become more fre- lished once and for all by the scheduling of a quent. Six men have died within the East Los second demonstration. Angeles Sheriff Station in one year and two men were shot by the Los Angeles police as they were POLICE PATTERN DEVELOPS in their room preparing to go to bed, last sprinci. After a great deal of discussion at all levels of the community some agreement was reached in THE NEED FOR DIRECTION BECOMES ACUTE that the usual commercial parade of Mexican Inde- pendence day September 16th be turned into a Each incident was followed by a larger and march for justice with a great number of people larger community outcry; meetings with police, participating. The March wound its way east on press conferences, and even, some court proceed- Brooklyn to East Los Angeles College where it end- ings in the case of the two murdered men, the ed abruptly, with no program, no speeches and Sanchez brothers. But after the press conferences, everyone was asked to simply put down the march- the emergency meetings, televised grand juries and ing signs and go home. A rally had been planned, the trials, the authorities ended up scott free, the to carry out the one of August 29th that was a- community more scarred and despairing than ever. bortedby thepolice attack,however,largely Page 2 Re ge n era cTón

through the efforts of BlM Orozco, the only Chi- ty argument as to the advisability of holding the cano on the Community CoHege Board of Trustees rally end a police supported Concerned Citizens' and an extreme conservative, the raHy permit was Committee lead by a Westwood realtor, Alex Cota, denied. And the eadership was too timid to p'an sent out a mailing (using a County postage ma- the raìy for Belvedere Park which is technically chine), urging the rally's cancellation. A group of free to everyone dunng park hours. politicians including, Rep. Alex Garcia, Judge Leo The pattern of police repressing the new corn- Sanchez and activists foni Lucha held a press con- munity consciousness and militancy became appar- ference calling for canceìation of the rally. cnt. Police presence during the September 16th, was kept to a zlow profile' as the term qoes, but THE TRAP they massed a few bocks from the end of the Sorne provocateurs, in all probability police a- march and became engaged in a large fight with gents, incited a group of youngsters, highly stimu- rock throwing teenagers. Some fires were set, and lated I)y the ong rhetoric of the rally, and frustrai- many were arrested and several wounded. ed by a total lack of projected action, to march on the police station and then on Whittier Boulevard. ORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICTS Interestingly enough, the line of march was cleared As might have been expected, the many prob- for them, but the police were waiting on Whittier lems posed by the pattern that every dernonstra Boulevard where a large confrontation again en- tion was followed by armed confrontations pro sued. Many businesses were burned, scores inlured, yoked by the police, internal conflicts began to de- one killed and many arrested. velop with the community organizations most The community was in disarray. On the one heavily involved, such as the Chicano Moratorium hand, many of the Congress leadership apparently Committee which experienced a large change of became convinced that the conservatives hd been leadership,including the ouster of the Morator- correct,and a statement by CMAU President ium's organizer Rosalio Munoz from leadership. Esteban Torres called for a moratorium on mora- A third demonstration was organized January toriums, and deplored all violence whether caused 9th, but the effects of police attacks on the two by Chicanos or by police. previous were evident, and only 1,000 or so young On the other hand, the youth were extremely peope showed up, ready if necessary, to do battle upset by the apparent capitulation of the Congress with thepolice. Again the march from Boyle on Mexican American Unity to the police provoca- Heights area of Los Angeles to Parker Center, jOnS and to the conservatives. The next meetinìg of downtown, was primarily peaceful and the rally the Congress was devoted largely to recriminations went off without ahitchuntila few minutes against the leadership and to very provocative state- before it was scheduled to break-up. However, hei- ments calling for armed response, a call for the meted police (several hundred) poured out of Park- elimination of the conservative leadership, and a er Center and began chasing the demonstrators. call for continued demonstrations. The police chased the youths into the downtown The meeting of the Congress, immediately business district, where some fires were set, many following the January 31st rally, seemed to have rocks thrown, tear gas used, and the usual pàttern come to a compromise. The projected 'Marcha de of many wounded and arrested followed. After la Reconquista,' a statèwide protest against police this incident, some of the rift inside the Chicano brutality would go on is scheduled in April and Moratorium Committee was healed, and all of the wouldbe announced atasuitabletime, and militants joined to plan yet a fourth protest on Esteban Torres was not required to publicly repud- January 31st at Belvedere Park, which lies just be ¡ate his statement equating community and police hind the East Los Angeles Sheriff Station. The de- violence. However, the militants were apparently monstration was highlighted by marches from dissatisfied with the outcome, and apparently de- many barrios throughout the county, some march- termined to break with the present Congress edder- ing for three days from San Fernando, Wilmington, ship altogether. La Puente and many other areas, stopping en route to picket police stations. ENDORSING CONVENTION Again, the organization of the marches from BREAKS UP the barrios to the park and the rally were excel- A few weeks later, February 22nd, the endor- lently well organized. Again, the police were no- sing convention of the Congress was scheduled and where to be seen, and the rally ended completely held. Inspite of the poor organization of the con- peacefully, without a single incident. Before the vention and the late notices, the convention was at- rally, however, there was a great deal of communi- tended by some 500 delegates from many organiza- Regeneracion Page 3

-tions.t was obvious from the beginning, however, At the same time to think that the problems that various groups came determined to do more of the community can be dòalt with only in long than endorse candidates for office. These groups range terms will also lead to narrow approaches, including students and community activists led by and to a lack of proper appreciation for those who Atty. Oscar Acosta, Brown Berets, led by David are working within the system for immediate gains. Sanchez, and many young street gang members, un- No serious student of the struggles for liberation of disciplined and led by no one, argued and hastled oppressed nationalities throughout the worldcan over every point that came before the convention deny the fact that if a liberation struggle ¡s tosuc- accusing the entire leadership and anyone who rose ceedit must unite alllevels of the community, to speak against their statements as being 'vendidos' even though there may be disagreements on the and totally without integrity. When a motion to long range strategy. change the name of the Congress on Mexican Amer- ican Unity to the Congress on Chicano Unity, pan- HOOVER SLANDER PROTESTED demonium began to develop with disrupters shout- by Art Marchand ing from all sides, and Esteban Torres adjourned Thirty-six years ago the United States was the convention. He later resigned as chairman, pay- suffering from the effects of it's first depression, ing the way for another battlé on his replacement John Dillinger was Public Enemy Number One, and the probable break-up of the loose federation little Shirley Temple and Mae West were the top that was CMAU. box officeattractions,Babe Ruth had hit his For the moment, it would seem that the po- 700th home run, Hitler was well on his way to lice and their agents have had their way. The corn- acquiring much of Europe and J. Edgar Hoover munity is temporarily left without a uniting organ- was named to head the Federa' Bureau of Investi- ization, and the community candidates running for gation.Mr. Hoover, now inhislate seventies, important offices in the Apri! 6th primaries such as continues to make news. He is now in his thirty- Dr. Julian Nava for re-election to the Los Angeles sixth year as head of the F.B.I. School Board, and David Lopez Lee and David The out-spoken Mr. Hoover was interviewed Boubion for the Community College Boardof by Time magazine early in December of 1970. In Trustees are left without endorsements. reference to the F.B.I.'s roieinprotecting the President, Hoover said, 'You never have to bother NO CLEAR ALTERNATIVES about an American President being shot by a The discussion that took place at the. endor- Puerto Rican or a Mexican. They don't shoot very sing convention and at all other meetings where the straight. But ¡f they come atou with a knife, direction that the community should take is dis- beware.' Naturally this didn't set very well with cussed become largely a matter of sloganeering and the Chicano community. a contest of voice power because each partisan pre- In New York an organization of Mexican- sents one approach as a total solution to so many American newsmen and other media workers sent complex problems. lt is clear that, as a Raza Unida a telegram to President Nixon accusing Hoover of spokesman says, the bourgeois parties offer a very 'racist nonsense' and demanded that he be fired. poor solution, but the organization of an independ- The telegram went on to refer to the F.B.I. top ent party is also a limited possibility. lt is clear that dog as being, 'silly, senile and superfluous.' They an armed approach is unworkable and a practical went on to state that Hoover is a 'slanderous, impossibility, but it is also clear that an acceptance sanctimonious septuagenerian who has obviously of the status quo as a fixed reality is intolerable. outlivedhisusefulness,'an opinionwhichis ltis important, it seems to us, that the mili- becoming quitepopularlately. The newsmen, tants start seeing the importance of dealing practi- known as the National Chicano Media Council callywith the immediate questions of obtaining po- brought to light the fact that on a per capita UticaI representation through the channels now a- basis Mexican-American soldiers won more Con- vailabJe, while planning a long range strategy for'a gressional Medals of Honor than any other eth- change in the systemof oppression and for develop- nic group in World War H and the Korean conflict. ing alliances with all the disaffected of the conti- The telegram went on to ask for an apology by the nent. To think that the Chicanos in the United Chief Executive. States can work out their own liberation without reference to the Blacks, the Indians, and Mexicanos Chicano Representative Edward R. Roybal and Latinos throughout the continent is illusory (D.-Calif.) sent President Nixon a letter urging him and can only lead to more blind alley approaches to,'retire from your Administration those indi- and more frustrations. viduals who do as niuch by their utterances to de- Page 4 Regeneracion

feat your declared goal of uniting this country as I too am a Chicano. My roots, however, are in theradical militants Hoover so avidly attacks.' a small mining town ¡n Arizona. Prejudicial events Next to be heard from was the Democratic in my life were typical: Having to sneak around to State Central Committee, representing the leaders meet our Anglo girl firends so that their parents of California's Democratic Party. At a meeting wouldn't find out and 'ground' them or beat the of the state's top Democrats Hoover's resignation hell out of them; having to listen to Anglo jokes was again demanded and Jesse Unruh, speaking at about us, Negros, and other minority groups; eic. a luncheon, called the Mexican-American, 'prob- We were mostly treated and talked about as if we ably the most neglected politicàl group in the were inferior. state.' Mr.Cota, has an idealistic way of thinking; To date there has been no comment from the however, we cannot respect those (Anglos) who do President on either Hoover's slur or the subsequent not respect us. Although I can sympathize with his demands forhisremoval. The only'official' thinking concerning riots, Iwill not go so far as to reaction from the Capitol came from Atty. Gen. denounce our Chicano youths and Iwill not label John Mitchell and he declined to state whether he them as 'fools and followers' (I am 27 years old, approved or disapproved of Hoover's statements or by the way). He apparently is of the old school if he thought they were in good taste. Mitchell was which believes that we should sit back, keep quiet, quoted assaying,'Ihave received 1000% co- and continue to be crapped upon. You naturally operation from Mr. Hoover. From where Isit he's would agree with his thinking because you are doing a mighty fine job.' Mitchell went on to de- Anglo and because that has been your method for fend Hoover's rights of free speech, 'he has the years. What you are observing in the Chicano de- right to talk just like everybody else.' monstrations is a burst of hatred we have of you Hooveris now six years past the age of and which you have instilled in usas a result of mandatory retirement and at 76 has, perhaps, scores of years of your acting as if you are superior given us 'the best years of his life.' to Mexicans and other minority groups in these 'United'States. The results of some of the more Dear Sirs: militant outbursts in the community are pityful, but in general we need the more radical groups and I have attached a clipping of an article printed by thé L.A. Herald Examiner* and prints of a letter their methods. Out of desperation they have to try something different, as our elders' methods have I wrote to them expressing my views on this arti- not accomplished too hell of a lot ¡n the last 200 de. I thought you might be interested in how and years. why I disagree with Alex Cota's opinion. I have seen civic projects, committees, organi- Recent denunciations of Cesar Chavez by the zations, and general attention evolve in the South- Herald Examiner led me to finally take action to west in favor of our social freedom movement as a look into several Chicano publications to subscribe result of the Aug. 29 demonstration last year. to so thatI could read the truth as far as the Raza (You conveniently label the day's happenings as is concerned. Talking a few of my fellow workers the East L.A. riot, which is correct, ¡f yoy consider into joining me in my subscription was easy, as the final outcome resulting from the Sheriff De- they were just waiting for someone to suggest such partment's amateurish handling of a few unfortu- as idea. nate incidents. Mass police force and disrespect are One of your writers, Eliseo Carrillo, was kind not called for when wishing to calm an uneasy enough to give us a coupleof past issues of Regen- situation.) Personally, I wouldn't participate in any acion; and I assure you that we are all very pleased demonstrations becauseI know our police forces with your material. don't know (or care) how to cope with such situa- Richard G. Carrizosa tions anyway. They eventually end up inciting riots. Mr. Cota only serves as a means to your ends, Donald Goodeman, Managing Editor as his actions keep our people arguing among our- Herald Examiner selves; nevertheless, we are unnerved. We have faith L.A., California 90054 in our movement and Chicanos are, as a whole, Dear Sir: united in their basic goals. You are invaders in a I am writing concerning your articlé todayon foreign land - our land - Aztlan. Chicanos and your exploitation of Mr. Alex Cota's opinion. Richard G. Carrizosa *Editorial 1/2 7/71 Regeneracion F'age 5

Over 200 rounds of ammo were fired by the police, without apparent reason, and 31 people were arrested. Five blocks from the police station Alfonso Flores was watching when he suddenly col- lapsed with a bullet wound in the head. immediate- ly the police issued a statement that the injury was caused by a rock but post mortum investigation re- vealed it to be a bullet wound. Flores died Sunday. The significance of this event, however, was notrecognizedby the press as a whole. Press coverage of this atrocity is stili cautious, scanty and unabashedly lopsided. it seems that the media is de- The purpose of this statement is twofo'd: ini- iìberateiy trying to underplay this incident, carry- tially, to cali attention to stili another instance of ing news of the first riot in South history savagery by the police. The most recent action re- since the thirties and headlining it only with 'Au- suited in the death of 20 year-old Alfonso flores in topsy ordered in Death.' Pharr, last Saturday, a victim of a police riot; and Reportage has until now been conspicuously secondly we call attention to the blackout of the absent of any opinions that differ from the official news by the Rio Grande Valley press and the mac- lineof the police. curate, fabricated and distorted reports given by As Chicanos, we will not ignore the signifi- the police and city officiais. cance of Pharr. We have believed that we could a- Over the last month the Rio Grande Valley chieve recourse through peaceful assembly and le- has been the scene of many peaceful demonstra- gitirnate protest. tions protesting the brutality of the police. Many But it matters little when we are the only ones of these cases have involved the deaths of innocents who believe it. at the hands of Texas lawmen. One such case cen- tered around the death of 14 year-old Victor Nava PONCHO FLORES IS DEAD * who was shot and killed by a deputy who was later By David M. Fishlow exhonorated when he pleaded that he felt threat- Poncho Flores is dead. He was standing on a ened by the child who 'looked like' he ws pulling sidewalk in Pharr, Tex., with his hands in his pock- a knife. Nava, like so many of the other victims was ets, on Saturday night, Feb. 7. Half a dozen wit not armed. Saturday a peaceful demonstration was nesses say he was shot by a policeman. planned toprotest the police-administered jailhouse 'FullScaleRioting Sweeps PharrStreets' beating of two Chicanos. A picket line was formed screamed theValley Morning Starthe next morn- in front of the police station early in the day and ing. 'Massed Police Quell Youth Riot at Pharr' said as the day grew late the people, men, women and theMcAllen Monitor.Even the more reliable children gathered across the street. Police officers Corpus Christi Caller-Timeshad a double-column, repeatedly taunted the crowd and the iviilfui har- front page story headed '2 Policemen Hurt in Clash assment of the police created a tension that grew. at Pharr By 8:30 that night the bystanders had joined No policeman had been shot in the events the pickets and were chanting and singing. The that occurred on Saturday night, but when it was Chief of Police then announced that the demon- allover, Alfonso (Poncho) Loredo Flores, a 20- stration was no longer peaceful and within mo- year-oldconstructionworker fromPharr, was ments the crowd was being assaulted with water dead. Thirty-one people had been arrested and re- hoses. There was no opportunity to disperse. Then, leased on bail. And Pharr, the Hub City of the over 100 Texas Rangers, Highway Patrolmen, and Valley, was a frightening place to live. police troni the surrounding communities swept Since the 'riot; the people have been waiting. through the barrios, armed with clubs and drawn Eighthundredofthemmarchedsilentlyin guns. Poncho's funeral. The streets are quieter at night What followed was an atrocity, as over a hun- than before, especially in the cantina district along dred grown men ran through the streets and alleys North Cage (U.S. Highway 281). Rumors scamper firing their pistols and terrorizing the citizenry as around town like malevolent rats, stopping to gnaw they lived out their TV fantasies. People first at one soul, then at another. who took refuge in business establishments were IT STARTED out as a normal, hot day. Satur- routed out and arrested. Tear gas and other noxious day morning is a busy time in most places, with qases were used. business bustling and traffic heavy on the main

* Texas Observer 2/26/71 Page 6 Regeneracion

streets. Pharr, where Hwy. 281 crosses U.S. Hwy. who investigated the complaints believe that his 83 before proceeding on to Mexico, is typical. But charges are true. on the north side of town, under the water tower, Others, too, have complained of beatings and is the Pharr police station.It used to be a dirty- brutal treatment in the Pharr jail, Noe Rocha, 23, looking brown, with a poorly painted fist pointing told a reporter from the Spanish-language paper to the 'Entrance.' Now that it has a fresh coat of Ya Mero!he once was sprayed with some kind of white paint, it looks less like the calabozo from an gas by the police, and after he was thrown in a cell Antonio Aguilar movie, but it is still a squat, grace- the only water available to wash the stuff off was less building. from the toilet. On Saturday morning, there was a picket line POLICE CHIEF Alfredo Ramirez is a tall, out front. A couple of dozen people, mostly teen- white-haired sharpie who likes to appear in court in agers and young people, with a scattering of child- a bright green suit and red cowboy boots. He, like ren and middle aged working people, strolled up every other city employee in Pharr, is utterly de- and down carrying signs saying'Mas justicia y pendent for his job on R. S. Bowe, the balding 60- menos garrotazos'('More justice and fewer beat- year-old mayor and, as the front man for the little ings');No necesitamos policías salvajes'(We don't political machine that rules here, the undisputed need savage policemen'); and'Fuera con Sandoval czar of this community. y Ramirez' ('Get rid of Sandoval and Ramirez'). Saturday's picket line followed several meet- The picket line had been planned by a group ings among the Mexican-American community. of local people working with community organizer Though the protest was ostensibly directed against Efrain Fernandez. The issue police brutality -- is Sandoval and Ramirez, the issue goes far deeper. an old-fashioned one, but one which permeates Basically, there is no representation for the poor every kind of public activity here in Pharr. In this people who constitute the vast majority of Pharr's town, you don't muck around with the govern- 15,000 residents. The city commission is a rubber ment or the police, and when you do, thereis stamp for Bowe; I have been unable to find in the bound to be trouble. city records a single negative vote on any issue Chicano families have long complained about whatsoever inthe minutes of all meetings held beatings in the Pharr police station, and in recent since 1966. weeks the complaints have been more frequent. Special meetings are almost as common as the Guadalupe S almas,24,isa slender warehouse regularly scheduled ones, and notice of commission worker who got picked up at a service station a meetings is sometimes forgotten. The only jobs in couple of weeks ago, was hauled into the police town or in the area are in the fields, and the agri- station and came out with blood all over his shirt, culturalinterestspull most of the strings. The cuts,bruises and a black eye. He told whoever Bentsens and others own huge tracks of land in the would listen that he had been beaten by Sgt. Mateo area, and the gas and oil wells bring in money for Sandoval, a smooth-talking ex-Harlingen cop whose the owners, but little gets to the people. Until a sworn testimony in federal court has been known month ago, the head of the welfare department to differ substantially from versions offered by was anunsuccessful candidate for sheriff who other witnesses I believe to be reliable. spoke not a word of Spanish and had no training in A week before Salinas made his charges, 44- social work. year-old Manuel Mata of Pharr said his two broken For several years there has been a parade ordi- ribs were the results of a beating by Sandoval. nance on the books which defines 'one or more Daniel Vasquez is a disreputable-looking Pharr persons' or 'one or more vehicles' moving down the man inhis early thirties and with some serious street as a 'parade,' subject to the regulation of the emotional problems. He often walks around town Mayor, who has the option of issuing a permit if he with a briefcase and a necktie neither very com- approves. mon around here -- and announces himself as presi- Once Federal Judge Reynaldo Garza asked dent of existing and non-existent organizations. Chief Ramirez, 'If two women from the League of Basquez has complained on several occasions that Women Voters walked up and down in front of he was beaten by Pharr police, and the attorneys City Hall with signs saying 'Register to Vote,' would you arrest them?' Regeneracion u i

II would,' said the chief. unloosed a barrage of rocks and bricks picked up in 'Well,' said Judge Garza, 1we public officials the vacant lots near the police station. Most of the may not like picketing, but people have a right to crowd moved west, toward the main highway. Sud- doit.' He then proceeded to instruct the good denly the shooting started. We could see rifle bar- chiefin some basic principles of Constitutional reis sticking up from behind the police car parked government: near the door. 'If they want to walk up and down outside . BULLETS WERE being thrown around like the federal building with signs saying 'Judge Garza confetti, and whoever had yelled they were blanks is Unfair,' I may not like it, but there isn't a thing I was a wishful thinker. can do aboutit.' Not exactly an earth-shaking 'Pepe' Saldana and another man each had 5ev- statement from a federal judge, but Mayor Bowe, eral shots fired into their pickups. Night sticks got Chief Ramirez, and their lawyer, looked stunned. plenty of use. But hardly any windows were bro- BY SATURDAY, though, they evidently had ken; no policemen were shot; none of the people decided that they, unhke Judge Garza, did have were armed. something they could do about it. And one of the cops shot Alfonso Loredo The picketing had been relatively uneventful Flores. Witnesses are unanimous in saying Flores all day. Though Efrain Fernandez and 14-yearold was a bystander. A newspaper photo of him lying Daniel Magallan had been arrested in December for in a pooi of blood in front of Stan Ramos' barber picketing city hall, this time the police made no shop, show his hands stillin his pockets. arrests. IT WAS NOT a very elegant funeral by urban As it grew later, a large crowd, perhaps two or standards. Some of the pallbearers wore jackets three hundred people, gathered across the street which did not quite match their pants, and they and on the sidewalk east and west of the police sta- scorned the fancy collapsible wheeled cart, prefer- tion. About 7:30, Chief Ramirez came out of the ring to carry the casket. The ladies, some of whom station and approached Fernandez. I had seen Saturday in the picket line, were more 'Mr. Fer-nan-deez, your people are being abu- elegantly dressed, but they walked with the same sive. This is no longer a peaceful picket,' Ramirez tireless patience I had noted then. They have walk- said. The picket line moved around him and Efrain ed in too many parades and processions to expect as they talked. Efrain was furious, but determined much change from that one. to keep hold of himself. Two of the Flores brothers tell you they flew 'They'rejustyelling,' he toldRamirez down from Chicago as soon as they heard the through clenched teeth. 'That's how they feel, and news, but Poncho never regained consciousness. they're just yelling.' And then he added: 'If you Now they have to get back or lose their jobs. Do leave them alone, nothing will happen. Just leave they have to stay for the trial? The lawyer tells them alone and nothing will happen. They're just them there will be no trial for months, probably.

yelling. .. They look surprised; say nothing. Ramirez turned on his heel, and went back in- You remember your mother teaching you the side. Soon sirens could be heard and a couple of policemanis your friend. She wasn't running a white Pharr fire engines from the station across the game on you either. She meant ¡t. tracks pulled into position behind the police sta- And you wait. And the people wait, to see ¡f tion. A police car pulled into the middle of the anything will happen. Probably not, and you start voice out of the whirlwind, came the anticipated crossing the street every time you see a cop. announcement: What else is there to do? 'This is no longer an authorized picket,' or something to that effect. 'You are hereby ordered Suggested reading: to disperse. If you fail to disperse, further action will be taken.' ANDO SANGRANDO Suddenlythehighpressure nozzles were (I am bleeding) opened, and firehoses drenched pickets and specta- A study of Mexican American - Police Conflict tors alike. All became chaos. The kids in the crowd By Armando Morales I known and loved in Southern California for the hard-hitting columns he had written for the LOS ANGELES TIMES. His columns attacked Anglo \)ÇR3 Hi racism and voiced the grievances of the Mexican American. His death was mourned by thousands, cz to including many concerned members of the Anglo community who respected Mr. Salazar's integrity and courage. In Los Angeles there was talk ofes- tablishing memorials and of naming schools of journalism for him. In El Paso his friends and admirers decided to fRUBEN SALAZAR do more than talk about it. Following memorial church services for him, several friends called a meeting to consider the establishment of a perpe- tuai memorial to honor his name and to continue the work he had begun. As with other similar me- Inthe three months ofits existence, the morials, there was some disagreement as to the Ruben Salazar Memorial Scho'arship Foundation methods and goals the Foundation would adopt in EI Paso, Texas has developed from little more but after two months of weekly meetings the dif- than an idea o an organization which can have far- ferences were resolved and the non-profit organ- reaching impact on the of the ization stated its goal of promoting the welfare of Southwest. At a recent benefit for the foundation, the Chicano community. It would do this by pro- approximately 300 leaders in the Mexican Amen- viding scholarships in the areas of mass communi- can community in El Paso raised nearly a thousand cations for quaified Chicanos who would be ex- doUarsior scholarships, not counting pedges which pected to continue the tradition established by will be collected over the next year. The money Ruben Salazar.it would also support Chicano. with others collected will pnovde full scholarships causes deemed by the Foundation to reflect the of$1,500 each for three students n mass commun- aims of Ruben Salazar's life work. In addition, it ications beginning in the fall of 1971. opened the door to wider involvement by agreeing But perhaps of more importance than the to participate in other related activities voted upon money that was raised at the benefit was the sense and approved by the membership of the Founda- of mission that developed almost spontaneously tion. Any individual interested in the objectives of among those attending. From the beginning of the the Foundation and willing to uphold its policies introductions by Ralph Aguirre and Joe Pinon, Jr. and subscribe to its bylaws may become a member. to the speech by Dr. Philip Ortego entitled 'The As one of the initial fund-raising projects, the Need for Middle-class Involvement in the Chicano members of the Foundation have begun a direct- Movement,' a feeling of commitment was generat- mail and personal solicitation campaign. Hundreds ed. Indeed, as if responding to Dr. Ortego's admo- of letters have been mailed to individuals and or- nition, the largely middle class Mexican Americans ganizations requesting their financial support. Also, who heard him did become involved. 'This,' said those who have not been contacted may do so by Foundation Chairman Pinon,'is exactly the re- sending contributions to the Salazar Memorial sponse we were Voking for. This was the response Scholarship Foundation, P.O. Box 2400, El Paso we needed to make the Foundation a truly effec- Texas 79952. tive force in the education of Chicanos and to pro- When Dr. Ortego spoke at the Salazar benefit mote the welfare of the Chicano community of the Dec. 20, he articulated much of what the Fou nda- El Paso southwest.' tion members have come to believe; that the mid- Unhappily, as the word 'memorial' indicates, die class must become involved in the Chicano the Salazar Foundation came to life frOm the death Movement. He said that the young people have of Ruben Salazar in Los Angeles. Mr. Salazar, news seen the struggle clearly, and that they have picked director for KMEX-TV, was killed by Los Angeles up the gauntlet. 'They have fashioned a baton for sheriffswhilereportingtheChicano anti-war the crucial race and are asking us to run with it for march and rally of August 29 where some 20,000 a while.' to 30,000 Chicanos from all over the U.S. united The Salazar Memoria! Scholarship Foundation in protest of the disproportionate number of Chi- may be the means by which Chicanos on all eco- canoskilledinVietnam. Mr. Salazarwas well nomic and social levels can become involved. Regeneracion Page 9

SAN JOSECALIFORNIA Re: Judge Chargin serve on any jury until Judge Chargin resigns. As we begin a new year, we look back on the (SAN JOSE NEWS, June 1.1, 1970) accomplishments of the Chicano in 1970, and we On July 27, 1970, Peter Garcia of Visalia, realize that the great sleeping giant of Chicanos has California, a potential juror publicly stated hewas indeed awakened. We also see that here in 1971, also prepared to refuse 'jury duty, although his the Chicanos still remain the oppressed minority in name was never called by Judge William C. Hahesv. this country. Oppressed by people like Superior On Wednesday, December 30, 1970, a most Judge George Campbell of Monterrey County, dramatic event happened when two Mexican-Amr- F.B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover, Governor Ronald cans, on the same jury panel, Mr. Rudy Bellouminì Reagan, the Judicial Qualification Commission, and Eloy Carabajal, refused jury duty because the State Supreme Court of California and the pre- Judge Chargin still remainson the bench. sent Administration in which has failed ltshould be brought out, that these four to see the needs of this great and proud minority, men sacrificed their right to serve. They sacrificed just to mention a few. in order to show that as longas Judge Chargin sits In mentioning these few, one man comes to on the bench, with the approval of the Judiciary, my mind. A man who lives in the same city I do. A the whole judicial system is tainted, andtherefore, man who still serves in the same Superior Court in there cannot be justice for our people. which he condemned the whole Mexican Race on I am againurgingallMexican-Americans September 2,1969. Demonstrations were held throughout the country, to examine theircon- throughout California and the Southwest against science, and to also refuse to serve on any jury as this judge. long as Judge Chargin remains on the bench.I am Here in San Jose, we had our share of demon- asking all Mexican-Americans to follow the lead of strations, and also had the largest march ever held these four dedicated Chicanos, who sacrificed their by Chicanos in San Jose. Judge Gerald S. Chargin right to serve on a jury, so that someday we, the has indeed become the most publicized Judge in oppressed minorities, might have the same equal California for his infamous remarks against our justice as the rest of the people in this country. We people. In Sacramento politicians got on the band must remember that as long as Judge Chargin sits wagon and didalot of talking. Organizations on the bench this will not happen. throughout the country protested, demanding the Only when Judge Chargin is ousted can we removal of this Judge. Mexican representatives in again begin to have a ray of hope in the Judicial Mexico protested. Vigils were held. Yet this man system in this country. We only have to remember remains on the bench. one thing, that it will be through self-sacrifice that On April 16, 1970, Robert H. Gonzaleof we will gain the equal justice that is rightfully ours, Sunnyvale, California, became the first Mexican- and whichhasbeendenied usforsolong. American to refuse Jury duty because Judge Char- gin still remained on the bench. Por La Causa On June 11, 1970, I declared publicly thatI Ray Gonzales would urgeallMexican-Americans to refuse to Sage 10 Regeneracion

are violently opposed by growers who cannot find it in their hearts HUELGA EN LOS VALLES to believe that those DE SALINAS Y SANTA MARIA who stoop to pick the fruits of the land who labor from sunrise to sunset, are human beings with human needs, who experience pain and hurt when health fails them and Valles deSalmas y Santa Maria... there is not enough money to pay for doctors and rich lettuce valleys medicine; sights East of Eden, Steinbeck's pastorial paradise Valles de Salinas y Santa Maria... Centros de abundancia, rich lettuce valleys where food is grown, picked, packed, processed where field workers are making history para llegar a las mesas smoking out greedy growers, to be consumed without thought govern mental defense department dudes, of the labor and care it took to get it there. the tentacles of the military industrial complex Valles de Salinas y Santa Maria... cohorting with rich growers in a conspiracy rich lettuce valleys to deny field workers where the growers, a fair share of their labor, the owners and investors of the land while fearful, corrupt Teamster bosses claim the greatest profits fan the sparks of goonism from their agri-capitalistic paradise to create the front line fighters in accordance with the laws of the land of the free. for powerful labor and government a classic case of capital Valles de Salinas y Santa Maria... backing capital and to hell with rich l&ttuce valleys wet-backs, blacks, or anyone stupid enough to be donde se oye de nuevo el grito; born poor and powerless. Vivá la Huelga! where food packers, Valles de Salinas Y Santa Maria... processors also according to rich lettuce valleys the law of the land of the free where the have a right to join a union struggle for economic justice but are denied the right to join the union of their with the tactics of peäce, choice. tactics most despised by violent men who would rather have a war Valleys of Salinas and Santa Maria... and get it over with rich lettuce valleys knowing they have the laws, where field workers the police and the military on their side are again beng told they cannot form a union knowing they hold all the weapons of fear and destruction. where the magic sounds of Huelga are once again being heard Valles de Salinas y Santa Maria... evoking the spirit of the great victory of the grapes. rich lettuce valleys where farm workers seek economic justice Valleys of Salinas and Santa Maria... and get war rich lettuce valleys where good men dream of the day centers of a great moral when all can get a fair share and spiritual struggle of farm workers, of the fruits, the richness men,women, and 'youth and the blessings of the land, who do the backbreaking work of 'picking where good men work towards the day and yet are denied the right to form a union of their that mankind can live in peace choice. in an abundance of love and concern for their brothers and sisters, Valleys of Salinas and Santa Maria... where Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers rich lettuce valleys lead the way where lettuce field workers where Huelga means love in action in a struggle for seeking to join the United Farm Workers Union economic justice. Regeneracion Page1 1

HELP CESAR CHAVEZ AND THE FARM WORKERS

'Across the San Joaquin Valley, across Calif- ornia, across the entire Southwest of the United States .. . . wherever there are farm workers,our movement is spreading like _flames across a dry plain. Our movement is the match that will light our cause for all farm workers to see what is happeninghere, so that they may do as we havedone. The time has come for the liberation of the poor worker. History is on our side. MA Y THE S TRIKE GO ON! VI VA. LA CAUSA!' ( Cesar Chavez) Chavez arrival in Austin Texas Join us for one year in building the union that three million farm workers in the U.S. need and want. The grape strike was won after five years of difficult struggle. Now the lettuce strike and boy- cott are under way and must be won. Farm work- ers throughout the country are organizing. We must develop more clinics, service centers, credit union, co-op gas stations and stores, and Huelga schools. We can give you room and board, $5.00 a week, lots of hard work, and the satisfaction of knowing that you are helping a significant non- violent movement bring about social change. We ask you for at least one year of full-time commitment and the willingness to work hard wherever you are needed. Ifyou canjoinourstruggle,writeto: Cesar Chavez United Farm Workers P.O. Box 130 Antonio Orendain Delano, California 93215

Lencho Hernandez "HETHREW A ROCKAT ME» Page 14 Regeneracion

LETTERS These and many other events were not report- ed by the prostituted newspapers. Instead they all praised Echeveria and presented him as the Messiah the Mexican people have been waiting for while suffering fear, oppression, and starvation under the PRI dictatorship. Finally, Mr. Melendez describes Mexico's past fifty years under scoundrels like Echeveria as years of 'stability and social Justice.' Just for the record, Permit me to comment on the article 'Mex- letus look at such stability and social justice: ico: The Election of Luis Echeveria' which appear- edinarecent issue of REGENERACION. Mr. Hugo Tulio Melendez, author of that article,¡s An investigation conducted in Mexico by the either uninformed about conditions in Mexico or SUNDAY TIMES, London, during the early part of he is one of the many 'writers' working as public 1970 revealed the following: relations men for PRI, the dictatorship which has 71% of houses have no sanitation exploited the land and the people of Mexico for 80% have only one room many years. Mr. Melendez praises the new PRI strong man 68v/o have no water supply for having campaigned in many isolated areas as if 79% have no bathroom such actions on Echeveria's part should make him 40 million, out of a working population of 48 any better than the other thièves (Aleman, Ordaz, million, can find work for only three or four etc.) who proceded him as heads of Mexico and months per year. who also campaigned vigorously. Parents of students still'missing' since the Furthermore, Mr. Melendez' claim that Eche- 1968 attacks by the police and army troops re- vena had the support of Mexico's youth and work- ceive visits by government officials who inform ers echos the propaganda put out throughout the them that their son is dead and that if they remain republic by the government-controlled news media. quiet they will be given his ashes, but if they plan That same news media failed to report several mci- to complain or make a public 'spectacle' they will dents indicative of the true feelings of our brothers recieve nothing. (Hundreds of victims were cre- ¡n Mexico. For example, during Echeveria's cam- mated back in 1968 to prevent an actual body paign in Monterrey he was confronted by hundreds of workers and students demanding he stop and count and avoid an 'international embarrasment.') talk to them about urgent problems. The private Mr. Melendez and others who wish to write bus he was riding (accompanied by other govern- about Mexico only impair progress when they pre- ment parasites) was taking him to a luncheon with sent misleading information. I love Mexico and my the city's wealthy industrialists and, not wanting brothers butI know that conditions there are de- 'to waste time,' he ordered the driver to accelerate teriorating rapidly. Those of us who ive outside of and run over anyone who got in the way. Another Mexico can help change things for the better. We incident took place further south. A bridge on the can act so that we can all proudly say that Mexico highway he was traveling was blown up, forcing is a true democracy. But if we cannot help, then him to detour over side roads. The bridge was de- we must avoid becoming one more member of the strayed in protest over his cowardly acts as Minis- propaganda team maintained by the present op- ter of Interior. In that position Mr. Melendez' hero pressive Mexican regime. had complete control over the police forces and he ordered the shooting of hundreds of students and Sincerely yours, workers during the 1968 protests. Antonio Cabrai Reqeneracion Page 15

sear Sir: Dear Miss Flores:

The bundle of complimentary copies of our I read an issue of REGENERACION and I publication KAINAI NEWS, is being sent to your want to compliment you on the quality publica- office as part of a publicity campaign to increase tion which you and your staff are producing. lt is our subscriptions. vvid and candid and speaks well on Mexican Amer- Although itis now impossible to get a com- ican issues.Iwill continue to read it with irìterest. plete set of all issues, it is hoped that the copies en- closed, will give you some idea of our purpose and Sincerely, our objectives. Carlos D. Conde For the benefit of any prospective subscrib- Director of Public Affairs ers, the following is a brief history of our begin- ning, and our present operations- Thank you. The kAINAI NEWS started out under Editor Indian Affairs sponsorship, and was n- tended as an educational project for the people of the Blood Reserve. The first Hermanos: tabloid was run off the press in February The Latin American Development Society, 1968, and from then on, it has never here within the institutional walls at Canon City, looked back. From a four page newslet- isin a very unique position. We are a Chicano ter, KAINAI NEWS now 1s published group determined to instill in our members Chi- twice monthly with an average of 20 cano unity and pride. Our position is such that we pages and 8 pages for each publication. are virtually self-supporting. Any income that we Although presently being subsidized by receive is wholly from the pitifully small amount government grants,the paper has no given to us from various duties performed within qualms about 'biting the hand that feeds the penitentiary. You can see our poor financial us.' Subscriptions have come from far position. and wide, andistotally unilateralin The purpose of this letter: We, as a Chicano scope. organization, wish to join the Chicano Press Asso- Enclosedpleasefindsubscriptionforms, ciation; however, we do have a proposal that we which are self-explanatory. Any promotion provid- would like to submit to you that we feel would ed our paper by your organization will be apprec- prove beneficial to all concerned. As a Chicano ated. group, we publisha bi-weekly newsletter con- cerning LADS goals, past endeavors, functions, Margaret Fox philosophy, and a general media for LADS mem- Circulation Manager bers who caretowriteonvarious Chicano- Indian News Media relatedattitude and thought. Our proposal is Box 808 this: We would like to have an open exchange of Cardston, Alberta, Canada literature with the CPA. To recompense the ÇPA fortheirconsideration, we would provide our newsletter for those members of the CPA in- volvedinthis exchange of literature. This pro- Sra. Flores: posaI could prove a most rewarding one for LADS and CPA. Other than fostering Pride, Unity and a Have received the last two copies of REGEN- sense of identity, there would come a free flow of ERACION and have thoroughly enjoyed them and ideas, existing programs throughout Aztlan, and a passed them on to the rest of the Chicano popula- brown sense of being. tion (600). Thank you very much, we hope to keep In closing, LADS sends you the brown love of literature that you might have (past issues, noticias pride, dignity, and unity for all our brown carnales de La Raza, old CPA Papiros, etc.). y gente de la Raza. Que Viva LaRvlcionI1IlI

Again, muchas gracias de parte de M.A.Y.O. Alfredo Archer de CRC. Presidente de LADS Tomas Mainez Father William, Chairman: M.A.Y.O. Sponsor.de LADS Page 16 Regeneracion

The Mexican American Council on Education 1234 West Granville Chicago, Illinois MIDWEST 60626

January 14, 1971 As a Chicano educational organization, one of our priorities is to see our people in decision mak- ing positions in Education, whether they be from the East, Middle-west, or the West. We are requesting your support by placing this information in your publication. Mexican American Council onEducation (M.A.C.E.) is requesting vitas (resumes) of all Chi- canos and Puertorriquenos in the desire to cor- respond with those persons who are interested in education and/or consultant positions in regard to the Chicago Board of Education, and education- al programs of the State of Illinois. Please send vitas to: Mrs. Micaelina V. Salinas Department of Research and Information Dear Editor: As an ardent reader of your fine journal and as a member of the Research Committee for the Mexican American Council on EducationI would like toespond to the 'Chicano in the Midwest' article which appears in Vol. 1, No. 8, wherein the problems of the Chicano in the Midwest are not properly identified. Our group - The Mexican American Council As in other areas where there are large con- on Education - is hopeful in that we are pressing centrations of Mexican Americans the problems are (as are the communities) for bilingual - bicultural similar, if not greater. Housing, medical care, em- studies for the Mexican American youth in our ployment, equal opportunities are but several of city - or for that matter wherever there is a need the needs of the Mexican American communities for such programs. in the Midwest. To this might be added the lack of Educators are slow to acknowledge the fact representation by Mexican Americans in local goy- that the 'traditional' school is not educating our ernment and law enforcing agencies. Mexican American youth - we feel that bicultural- In Chicago, we too- are confronted by an 'ed- bilingualism CAN! ucational plight' by our Mexican American youth. The cry across the Nation by the Mexican The recent racial headcount by the school board Americans is VIVA LA LUCHA! Through our ed- indicated that there are about 24,066 (4.2%) Mex- ucational efforts we hope to continue this cry. ican American studentsinthe Chicago public Briefly I have attempted to identify the 'prob- schools. Needless to say the drop-out figures are lems' of the Mexican Americans in the Midwest appalling. With these figures was revealed that the especially in the Chicagoland area. teacher Spanish-speaking population was only 173, You will be pleased to know that a large per- amounting to less than one percent of the teaching cent of our membership does read your journal and force, even though the school board has been try- itis a constant source of information for us here in ing to hire more Spanish-speaking teachers; this in the Midwest whose goals are similar to those of the a period where we are supposed to have an over Southwest for the Mexican American. abundance of teachers graduating from institutions Shouldspace permit,please mention our of higher learning. work in your journal -- we would certainly appreci- The recent election of the school board pres- ate others knowing about us. ident, elected in a vail of secrecy, was a fine ex- Thank you. ample of the concern for the needs of the children Sincerely, who attend the public schools; the ideal man lost! Joseph C. Sanchez DEG AN AW î)AH-QU ETZALCOATL The future plan is for a four year !iberaarts COLLEGE college. The long range survival of Deganawidah - Quetzalcoatl depends on private support for itis well known that federal money for lndians usuaily has strings attached. For those who do not know --- Deganawidah ClassesatthisIndian-Chicano college are was the name of the American Indian Chief v'ho scheduled to begin March1st.it ¡sthefirst formed the Iroquois Federation and QuetzaIcoai AmericanIndian-Chicano schoolofhiqher ed was the name of an Aztec leader, deified after cation.The sponsors andstudents won their death for his contribution to his people. firstbattle over animals to gain the site, 640 acres abandoned by the Strategic Air Command last spring. The !nd ¡s situated seven miles north of Davis. The University of Ca1ifornia had sought the land to provide more room forts research station. However, when the lndin and Chicano students feared that their application might not be selected, they moved onto the land and set up tents. The University of California at Davis arid the rice growers withdrew their applications and the Deganawidah-Quetzalcoatl College was given a temporary permit to maintain the property. The planis to offer ten evening and week- end classes in the spring semester and then expand the curriculum in the summer nd fall terms. One of the reasons this coilege was organized is that sponsors and students do not feel that regu- lar Universities and CoHeges meet the demands of the Chicano and Indian students. Although, they agree that the Chicano Studies and the Native American Indian Studies are a step in the right direction, they do not feel that they are sufficient. They point out that none of the existing institu- tions of higher education are willing to put the kind of money that is necessary into the programs. Presently, courses given begin ¿nd when the money gives out so do the projects. In some cases there ¡s no money to hire instructors to advance the dasses to a higher level, consequently the subject is not completely covered.

Faculty to get College Started 'Ei4ta i i s ii iìt4ii I t

A facuty of volunteers will be recruited from UC Davis, UC Berkeley, Sacramento and Sonoma State Colleges and fromnon-academic !ífe. Jack D. Forbes, Powhatan Indian and Lias Flores are coordinating the programs which wiM ¡ri dude vocational training as well as academic pre- paration. Many of the teachers, a'ready selected, do not have the usual credentials for col'ege teach- iny...'the best instructors in fields such as lrdian rt and music are people who have been doing the job as a practical matter,' according to Forbes. t-'age 18 Regeneracion ohoohìnq ìn Dho oouhhweh?

MUST WE ENDURE''''

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editor T UD EL L J Ji-n

WRITE TO THE COMPANY AND PROTEST THEIR DEGRADING ADVERTISING . . . DEMAND CONGRESS ENFORCE LEGISLATION OUTLAWING DISCRIMINATIONAND UNTRUE ADVERTISING. SLOCUM/DALLAS 75207/(214) 748-6645 I1430 Regeneracion Page 19 'w

LOS Teatro Aztian t', 9500 Zelzah Street TEATROS Northridge, Califas DE Nuevo Teatro Pobre de Amer. Calle Stahl 207, AZTLAN Baldrich, Hato Rey, Puerto Rico Teatro Urbano fi,' P.O.'Box 8052 San Jose, Califas I,', Teatro Benceremos 2755 El Camino Real Redwood City, Califas Teatro De Los Barrios 1017 E. Hadly Phoenix, Arizona Teatro Del Piojo U. of W. Dear Sir: s. Seattle, Washington Mascarones Calle Cuauhtemoc 31 Through my work inJUVENILE AND uoa Carmen Coyoacan YOUTH SERVICES I i. have become acquainted Mexico 21, D.B. with Jose Gaitan. Jose is an inmate at the Colorado -fl-u- Teatro Mecha State Penitentiary. He is also the Chairman of the Box 116 Drama Workshop there. j! Crown College UCSC Santa Cruz, Califas This little group has been very involved in Teatro Mecha producing plays for their own education and enjoy- c'i P. 0. Box 11445 ment as well as for the enjoyment of the other in- Santa Barbara, Califas mates. Teatro De Los Actos 653 62nd Street However the workshop would like to produce IfO Oakland, Califas something thatis Chicano in origin. Something Teatro Popular de La Vida y that they can identify with ethnically. Muerte Cal State Could you help us? If you have any Chicano Long Beach, Califas plays, would you send them to me? These plays Teatro Mestizo could be written by modern Chicano playwrights 5167 Campanlia and go back as far as tQ subjects about the Aztec San Diego, Califas Indians. Teatro Bilingue De University If they are not free, could you send me a list- De Texas En El Paso ing of any plays you may have. Neither Jose or I Dept. of English have much money but we'Il try tò work something U. of El Paso out. El Paso, Texas We've tried so many other sources such as the Los Reveledores Del Tercer Colorado Migrant Council, the Crusade for Justice Mundo 233 121st Street in Denver, Bro-Dart Inc, etc. We just haven't had New York, New York any luck. Please help us. Muchas Gracias.

Aloha, Anne mo Trinidad, Colorado Page 20 Regeneracion

What a sorry state of affairs. Whether or not FRITO BANDITO IS STILL AROUND you happen to feel - we do - that these commer- daIs are indeed demeaning, it is the foot-dragging of Frito-Lay that is inexcusable. Admittedly the company did not say exactly when it was going to replace the offending comThercials - but when such a statement is made in February, 1970, and Nearly two-and-a-half years have elapsed since the commercials stillare appearing ten months a group namedInvolvementof the Mexican- later, we don't think that speaks very well for the American in Gainful Endeavor wrote a letter to good faith of Frito-Lay. Frito-LayInc. asking that company to remove The company already has let this situation go from television commercials featuring a cartoon too far. lt is high time it lived up to the statement character named 'Frito Bandito' In its letter the madelastFebruaryandseesthattheFrito group raised the following objection in the com- Bandito is replaced - right now. mercials:'Wefeelthey perpetuate the stereo- typed Mexican image which is false and distorted andis an injustice to the person of Mexican de scent.' Frito-Lay, when asked to comment on the letter, said, 'Until we have time to properly study % To the Editor: Regarding your editorial on itandreply, we have no comment to make.' the Frito-Lay Co. in the Jan. 11 issue of Adver- But at the same time the company did announce tising Age -I'm shocked that you would take the that 'because of the recent concern regarding stand that you apparently have. violence in America' it was altering the commer- Seldom have I seen such a ridiculous piece daIs 50 that the Frito Bandito no longer would be of philosophy as that piece of copy and the cause seen firing a gun. it supports. Any group who would be offended by The original protesting group was joined in a clever cartoon character such as the Frito Ban- subsequent months by other Mexican-American dito deserves to be left sitting on their hands for groups, and finally in November, 1969, 15 months nearly a year. I can't imagine anyone taking per- after the first protest was lodged, KNBC-TV in Los sonal offense at anything so obviously generalized Angeles banned the Frito Bandito spots from its and non-personal. I'm positive that not even the station. After that two stations precocious youth of today believes for a minute KRON and KPIX - followed suit. But there still thatallMexican-Americans look and actlike was no indication from Frito-Lay that it had any Pancho Villa, and I definitely oppose the action intention of removing from the air altogether the that these people are taking to deliberately con- spots that the Mexican-American groups maintain- ceal the facts of their colorful ancestry, as well as ed were demeaning and offensive. the truths of history. Early in 1970 two U.S. senators got into the Their protests are comparable to the Audu- act and wrotelettersto severaladvertisers - bon Society protesting Heckle & Jeckie as national including Frito-Lay - agencies and networks call- defamation of the magpie character (or has the ing on them to eliminate demeaning characteri- Audubon Society gotten around to that already?). zations of Mexicans from the airwaves. Or like my refusing to acknowledge the legend of When the news of the senators' letters got Davy Crockett - or protesting the Daniel Boone out Frito-Lay finally was heard fromthe company. TV show on the grounds that it defamed my char- announced that Frito Bandito advertising would be acter as an American. replacedbecause of opposition to the cartoon I'm disappointed in the American people for character from 'certain leaders of Mexican-Amen- letting this sort of undemocratic creativity-stifling can organizations.' thing happen in a country that used to be free. That was nearly a year ago - February, 1970 And I'm unspeakable contemptuous of the Mcxi-

and yet just last week the Mexican-American can-Americans (as I never was before) for being Anti-Defamation Committee announced that the not only narrow-minded, but ashamed of a proud Frito Bandito commercials still are beîng aired on heritage. TV as often as before, or perhaps even oftener, J. Philipps, and said that it plans to sue the creators of Frito Bunn Winter Associates, Bandito for $610,000,000. Saint Louis, Missouri * Advertising Age 1/11/71 * Advertising Age 1/11/71 Regeneracion Page 21

VIVA ZAPATA lt would be unfair to say that, once the rem- Zapata and the Mexican Revolution nants of the Diaz regime had been shattered and by John Womack, Jr. Carrancismo vasinpower, thepopular demo- (Article by Carlos Fuentes appearing in the March cracy of Morelos was threatened by a new form 13, 1969 issue of The New York Reviewreprinted of reaction. Rather, a national revolution faced with permission.) a local revolution. The latter was based on accept- ed common traditions; the former had to elaborate Part III - Continued from last issue and impose a national plan for progress. In Mor- elos,thepeople's intimate knowledge of one Legally, the revolution was made. Practically, another favored direct democracy; the nation as it was necessary that a state razed by civil war be a whole was unknown to itself. Where did the restored. Rather ,than take on the more complex common bond lie between Sonora cattle ranchers responsibilitiesofthe oldhaciendas, the free and Yucatan plantation workers, between Mexico campesinos of Morelos stuck to the staple products City intellectuals and several million isolated In- of the pueblos; in one summer, they restocked dians. Morelos with beans, corn, chili peppers, tomatoes, Zapatismocouldsolveproblems as they chickpeas, chickens, and onions. As local produc- came; local ethics were clear, concise, and irre- tion rose, so did local consumption. Prices were vocable,localculture was homogeneous. The kept low and inflation was avoided. national revolution, however, felt it had to central- In such clear relief the character of revolu- izeenergiesinordertotransform a hetero- tionary Morelos emerged: in the very crops people. geneous society and create a modern infra-struc- like to grow, they revealed the kind of community ture in a country lacking in communications elec- they liked to dwell in. They had no taste for the tric power, and administrative coordination. The style of individuals on the make, the life of per- Morelos revolution could be internationally irre- petual achievement and acwuisition, of chance and sponsible; the national revolution had to stand the change and moving on. Rather, they wanted a life constantpressure of North America power and they could control, a modest familial property in the explicit menace of foreign intervention. Zapa- the company of other modestly prosperous fam- tismo knew it could rely on the common sense of ilies whom they knew, andallinone place a democratic people who knew and respected both (Womack, p.241). one another and a locally approved law. On the The text and the reality had become one. other hand, the national revolution could impose The campesinosof Morelos had achieved the its abstract laws only by falling back on conse- modest,profound dream for which they had cration of the authoritarian father figure and the fought so hard. Far from being hopelessly anchor- sacred text that assured his legitimacy. That the edinresignation, they had shown that a cam- Political Constitution of 1917, which embodied pesino culture could escapeits presumed fate the basic agrarian demands of the Zapatista move- and achieve a humane and functional civil and ment, was written into this text was, perhaps, the economic organization on a 'ocal basis. They had only possible measure of its local success. shown that Mexicans could rule themselves demo- When, in the winter of 1915, the government cratically. But the very values of the system proved forces of General Pablo Gonzalez swooped down to be its undoing; the Morelos Arcadia cut against from Mexico City into Morelos, the dream was the grain of the national design. In effect, the over. Gonzales was as brutal as the Huertista Gen- vision of the National Mexican State presupposed eral Robles had been. But where the Zapatistas a withering away of provincialpeculiaritiesin could fight victoriously against the henchmen of favor of a much wider enterprise; little Morelos the old regime, they faltered, however courageous- had to be sacrificed to greater Mexico, the dy- ly, in their struggle against the new national forces. namic, responsible, unscrupulous, centralized force With Gonzalez,it was not the old planters who that was taking shape around Carranza and his came back. lt was the new merchants, the ambi. ambitious chieftains, Obregon and Gonzalez. tious little lawyers, the promoters, who arrived Page 22 Regeneracion

They had been waiting in the wings for the oppor- bed by national and foreign monopolies. The mask tunity to establish the rights of a national bour- of this nouveau-riche is there for any tourist to see, geoisie cloaked in the mantle of modernity and in shops, hotels, residential districts, and luxury progress. spas. But sixty years after Emiliano Zapata rose up Zapata fought on grimly, firm in his loyalty in arms, almost half the population of Mexico is to a revolution 'rooted in local pride and grief.' illiterate, a third never eats bread, a fourth con- But now he fought in order not to die, a hunted sumes neither meat, milk, nor fish, and 12 million fugitive, helpless against the rising national bour- people still walk on their bare feet, in a country geois tide. When he was murdered by Carranza in where shoe manufacturers, for lack of alocai 1919, the heirs of Constitucionalismo were about market, have to export part of their product. The to accept Zapatismo as the local wing ofthe metropolitan markets are saturated, while the 25 national revolutionary movement, as an eccentric million people who livein the countryside Ian- experience that offered limited solutions. This is guish. Yetitis thanks to their sacrifices that how Zapatismo has come down to us: shadowy, Mexico has become a partly industrialized nation. profoundly rooted, sometimes corrupted by the powerful forces imposed on the country by capi- taust development (Zapata's own son, Nicolas, became awealthy, cynical, and oppresiveoli- garch), sometimes winning small battles, seduced bystability and a thinprosperity; sometimes brutally suppressed asin the case of Jaramillo, its primitive cohesion shaken by the mobility and porousnessofthe new Mexican middle class; and sometimes seemingly lost forever inits own brooding nostalgia for Arcadia and its planning. Till the end of the Cardenas presidency in 1940, economic development was accompanied by a sense of social duty; only thus, thought Cardenas, would the inevitable inequities of capitalism be corrected and its programs made coherent. With- out social justice, the national market would never reach the 50 percent of the population that still was, and is, rural. Unhappily, the spirit of Cardenismo (histori- calty coincidental with Roosevelt's New Deal) was quickly abandoned once its revolutionary methods had assured the New Class of sufficient power, wealth, and stability. Centralized politics became a XOCHIPILLI MACUILXOCHITL, "Prince of screenfor quick,profitable,sociallyirrelevant f,. Flowers" and god of f.rtIity anderea- investments. 'The Revolution' became an empty ton, as pkfured ¡n a pre-Hhpanic Codex. When sculpfured, he is generallyshown slogan piously invoked by bankers, corrupt union holcflng an ear of corn in each hand. leaders,andofficialspeech-makers.More and more, Mexico's economy became a model of un- eVen distribution(4 percent of the population receives 50 percent of the national income) and myopic credit structùres. Small loans are given only for short terms and high interest, and thus restrictedto highly remunerative arid/orspecu- lative mercantile operations; large credits are absor- Page 23 Regeneradon

Stupid America

stupidamer ic a, see that chicano with a bRig knife on his steady hand he doesn't want to knife you he wants to sit on a bench and carve christfzgures but you won 't let him. stupid america, hear that chicano shouting cur.es on the street he is a poet without paper and pencil and since he cannot write he will explode. La Raza stupid america, remember that chicanito flunking math and english I was a Mexican American full of dreams. he is the picasso Jam a Mexican Americanfull of laments. ofyour western states Ia,n twisted like the co4ti n I once pulled but he will die In Texas. with one thousand nasterpieces My muscles are spent from harvesting. hanging only from his mind. My face is worn lL etheearth. My thoughts are black like the rain clouds hzgli by abelardo In the sk es.

Louis L. Tijerina

The Mexican Mask I am a stone, I am a tree, I am a wall. Jam sience. I do not pretend you are not there in the pool That reflects us Because you are Not J am the eternal sacrifice over Mexico lam silence, Jam the Spanish, cathedral churc'es. lain the lie. j do not exist in this prehistoric silence Among the brown land and the cactus, lam, seor, No one. I am Mexican A inerican. I am the Mask hiding In the shadows.

Louis L. Tzjerina Autumn, 1970 Page 24 Regeneracion

golondrinas cortando betabel, Americanos de papel, este Mexico-A men cano o nomás mejicano que migra con toy familia a los compos de colorado, illinois, califa, y michigan se me hace que no es mas que puro gitano. salmones en el desaije con un ojo a las colonias a las cuales muy pronto volveran, no les voy a decir porque lo hacen proque la verdad ni ellos saben, quiza el cariflo a la tierra mamado de una chichi prieta, quiza el corazö'n libre que dicta la jornada, aunque el carro este muy viejo y la gasolina cara. turistas sin un centavo de vacacicín en nebraska, aun alabama es un descanso de tejas. bumerangas que la mano de dios por este mundo tiro, gente buena, gente honesta, gente victima de su necesidad de migrar, la lechuga o la justicia es lo que van a sembrar.

abelardo My Brothers

My brothers loot, they say, my brothers steal. Running back from another meeting that promised nothing, because it had nothing to give. Passing by storefronts with Anglo owners that offer things they cannot buy. My brothers howl, in anger and frustration! Askingfor nothingforfear they might get less. Wanting it all because everyone else does.

My brothers spit at the damned store windows. "Don't spit, man, break it!"yells my brother whose bitter voice still squeaks of adolescence.

And so they break, and loot, and steal, and the pigs come to protect "the people's" property. "Tear gas is out, this crowd is dangerous. Use lethal weapons, those are savages you see!" Machines and things that make our country great Lie in shambles where by brothers passed. But, fair revenge has now been taken.

My brocher was shot, but... He didn't even loot... Or steal... Hejust bled... And died the death ofa Chicano... In an alley...

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