The Carbon Footprint of the Finnish Beverage Industry for Years 2000- 2012 As Calculated with Ccalc

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The Carbon Footprint of the Finnish Beverage Industry for Years 2000- 2012 As Calculated with Ccalc The carbon footprint of the Finnish beverage industry for years 2000- 2012 as calculated with CCaLC Pia Karjalainen Master’s Thesis Environmental Change and Policy Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences November 2013 Tiedekunta – Fakultet – Faculty Laitos – Institution– Department Biological and Environmental Studies Environmental Sciences Tekijä – Författare – Author Pia Karjalainen Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title The carbon footprint of the Finnish beverage industry for years 2000-2012 as calculated with CCaLC Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Enviromental Change and Policy Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Master’s thesis November 2013 Number of pages 81 + appendices (4) Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract The increased use of natural resources puts enormous pressure on the planet and has prompted a desire to find ways of quantifying environmental impacts of products and services. Life cycle assessment (LCA) provides a comprehensive way of measuring the environmental impact a product or service causes from its production to disposal. A simpler way of assessing only greenhouse gas emissions is the carbon footprint, which can also be calculated as part of an LCA. The purpose of this study is to quantify and assess the changes in the carbon footprint of the Finnish beverage industry. The study is based on data collected by the three largest beverage manufacturers for 2000-2012. As data specific to the producers included in the study was not available, footprint data was sourced from life cycle inventory databases included in the CCaLC tool or in a few cases other sources. An average footprint for each material category was calculated based on more detailed data of materials provided for 2012. The footprints of five categories: beverage raw materials, packaging materials, energy, waste and direct CO 2 emissions were calculated with the CCaLC tool following LCA methodology. As accurate data was not available the results only reflect changes in the footprint and the figures should not be used as absolute values. The results show that no overall trend is apparent for the carbon footprint of the sector and the results depend on the years which are compared. From 2000 to 2012 the carbon footprint shows an increase of 38 % yet from 2001 to 2012 there is a 4 % decrease. The footprint of packaging materials has increased significantly while those of direct CO 2 emissions, energy use and waste have decreased. The carbon footprint of beverage raw materials has not changed considerably in the time period but fluctuates. Many materials can be bought in bulk or influenced by agricultural yield which can explain part of the fluctuations. Beverage raw materials and packaging materials are identified as “hot spots” of possible major emission reductions. Further reductions in other categories are desirable. Increased energy and material efficiency would likely also bring monetary savings. The carbon footprint describes only the effects on climate. Thus, other environmental impacts than the carbon footprint must also be considered when aiming to reduce harmful effects as these might have a greater overall influence on the environment. Studies with data specific to the producers and detailed materials amounts for each year would provide more accurate results for the whole sector. Complete LCA of the sector or of each producer would allow the pinpointing of specific processes for reduction of harmful environmental impacts. More carbon footprint and LCA studies overall allow comparisons between products and services to be made enabling environmentally conscious decisions by organizations and the general public. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords carbon footprint, life cycle assessment, beverage industry Ohjaaja tai ohjaajat – Handledare – Supervisor or supervisors Olli Borg, Pekka Kauppi Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Department of Environmental Sciences, Viikki campus library Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information Tiedekunta – Fakultet – Faculty Laitos – Institution– Department Bio- ja ympäristötieteellinen tiedekunta Ympäristötieteiden laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Pia Karjalainen Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Suomalaisen juomteollisuuden hiilijalanjälki vuosina 2000–2012 laskettuna CCaLC –työkalulla. Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Ympäristömuutos ja -politiikka Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Pro gradu -tutkielma Marraskuu 2013 Number of pages 81 + liitteet (4 kpl) Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Luonnonvarojen yhä lisääntyvä käyttö kuormittaa planeettaa ja on kannustanut löytämään tapoja määrittää tuotteiden ja palveluiden ympäristövaikutuksia. Elinkaariarviointi on kokonaisvaltainen menetelmä mitata tuotteen tai palvelun aiheuttamat ympäristövaikutukset valmistuksesta loppusijoitukseen. Yksinkertaisempi tapa mitata pelkästään kasvihuonekaasupäästöjä on hiilijalanjälki, joka voidaan myös laskea osana elinkaariarviointia. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoitus on arvioida määrällisesti muutoksia suomalaisen juomateollisuuden hiilijalanjäljessä. Tutkimus perustuu kolmen suurimman juomavalmistajan keräämiin tilastoihin vuosilta 2000–2012. Koska kohdennettua tietoa tutkimuksessa mukana olevista valmistajista ei ollut saatavilla, hiilijalanjälki tiedot on kerätty elinkaaritietokannoista, jotka ovat sisäänrakennettuja CCaLC –työkaluun ja joissakin tapauksissa myös muista tietolähteistä. Vuodelle 2012 oli saatavilla tarkemmat materiaalilistaukset, joiden perusteella laskettiin hiilijalanjäljen keskiarvo jokaiselle materiaalikategorialle. Viiden materiaalikategorian: juomaraaka-aineiden, pakkausmateriaalien, energian, jätteiden ja suorien hiilidioksidipäästöjen hiilijalanjäljet laskettiin vuosille 2000–2012 CCaLC –työkalulla käyttäen elinkaariarviointimenetelmää. Koska yksityiskohtaisia tietoja ei ollut saatavilla tulokset kertovat ainoastaan hiilijalanjäljen muutoksista ja niitä ei tule tarkastella absoluuttisina arvoina. Tulokset osoittavat, että yhtenäistä suuntausta ei ole havaittavissa teollisuuden hiilijalanjäljessä ja tulokset riippuvat vertailtavista vuosista. Vuodesta 2000 vuoteen 2012 hiilijalanjälki on kasvanut 38 %, mutta vuodesta 2001 vuoteen 2012 on havaittavissa 4 % pienentyminen. Pakkausmateriaalien hiilijalanjälki on kasvanut merkittävästi, kun taas suorien CO 2 päästöjen, energian käytön ja jätteiden hiilijalanjäljet ovat laskeneet. Juomaraaka-aineiden hiilijalanjälki ei ole juuri muuttunut tarkastellulla ajanjaksolla, mutta nousee ja laskee vaihtelevasti vuositasolla. Monia materiaaleja ja raaka-aineita voidaan ostaa suuria määriä kerralla ja niiden saatavuus voi vaihdella maatalouden satojen mukaan, joka voi selittää osan vaihtelusta. Juomaraaka-aine- ja pakkausmateriaalikategorioissa on eniten mahdollisuuksia vähentää päästöjä. Vähennykset muissa kategorioissa ovat toivottavia. Energia- ja materiaalitehokkuuden lisääntyminen luultavasti tuo myös rahallisia säästöjä. Hiilijalanjälki kuvaa vain ilmastovaikutuksia. Siksi ympäristövaikutuksia vähennettäessä tulee hiilijalanjäljen lisäksi tarkastella myös muita ympäristövaikutuksia, sillä näillä voi olla kokonaisuudessa suurempi vaikutus ympäristölle. Kohdennetut tiedot valmistajista sekä materiaalien määristä vuosittain mahdollistaisivat täsmälliset tulokset koko alalle. Alan tai yksittäisten valmistajien täysi elinkaariarviointi sallisi valmistajien löytää tietyt prosessinsa, joissa voidaan vähentää ympäristölle haitallisia vaikutuksia. Useammat hiilijalanjälkitutkimukset sekä elinkaariarvioinnit mahdollistaisivat tuotteiden ja palveluiden keskinäisen vertailun sekä kuluttajien ja organisaatioiden ympäristötietoiset valinnat. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords hiilijalanjälki, elinkaariarviointi, juomateollisuus Ohjaaja tai ohjaajat – Handledare – Supervisor or supervisors Olli Borg, Pekka Kauppi Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Ympäristötieteiden laitos, Viikin kampuskirjasto Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 2 Finnish beverage industry .......................................................................................... 3 2.1 Beer production .................................................................................................. 4 2.1.1 Previous studies .......................................................................................... 6 2.2 Cider production .............................................................................................. 10 2.3 Long drink production ..................................................................................... 11 2.4 Carbonated and mineral water production ....................................................... 12 2.5 Soft drink production ....................................................................................... 13 2.6 Beverage packaging ......................................................................................... 14 2.7 Recycling system in Finland ............................................................................ 14 3 Life cycle assessment methodology ......................................................................... 16 3.1 Standards and guidelines ................................................................................. 16 3.1.1 ISO 14040-series standards .....................................................................
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