Alcohol Policies in EU Member States and Norway A Collection of Country Reports Edited by Esa Österberg and Thomas Karlsson 3 The authors and their affiliation ALLAMAN A LLAMANI: Centro Alcologico Integrato e Unità di epidemiologia dell’Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze, Firenze, Italy SIMONA ANAV: Permanent Observatory on Youth & Alcohol, Rome, Italy ANNIE BRITTON: Health Promotion Sciences Unit, Department of Public Health & Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, The United Kingdom SEAN BYRNE: Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland FRANCESCO CIPRIANI: Centro Alcologico Integrato e Unità di epidemiologia dell’Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze, Firenze, Italy IRMGARD EISENBACH-STANGL: Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Addiction Research, Vienna, Austria DIMITRA GEFOU-MADIANOU: Department of Social Policy & Social Anthropology, Section of Social Anthropology, Panteion University, Athens, Greece ANN HOPE: National Alcohol Surveillance Project, Health Promotion Unit, Department of Health, Dublin, Ireland SVEN JÜNGER: Institute for Therapy Research, Munich, Germany THOMAS KARLSSON: Alcohol and Drug Research, National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health, Helsinki, Finland LUDWIG KRAUS: Institute for Therapy Research, Munich, Germany PETRA KÜMMLER: Institute for Therapy Research, Munich, Germany ESA ÖSTERBERG: Alcohol and Drug Research, National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health, Helsinki, Finland DANIELE ROSSI: Permanent Observatory on Youth & Alcohol, Rome, Italy ALFRED UHL: Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Addiction Research, Vienna, Austria FABIO VOLLER: Centro Alcologico Integrato e Unità di epidemiologia dell’Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze, Firenze, Italy 5 Contents Foreword By David Byrne ...................................................................... 13 Acknowledgements ................................................................................. 15 Chapter 1. Studying alcohol policies in national and historical perspectives......................................................................... 17 By Esa Österberg and Thomas Karlsson Chapter 2. Alcohol policies at the European Union level .................. 43 By Esa Österberg and Thomas Karlsson Chapter 3. Austria.................................................................................. 76 By Irmgard Eisenbach-Stangl, Alfred Uhl, Thomas Karlsson and Esa Österberg Chapter 4. Belgium .............................................................................. 100 By Thomas Karlsson and Esa Österberg Chapter 5. Denmark ............................................................................. 120 By Thomas Karlsson and Esa Österberg Chapter 6. Finland ............................................................................... 140 By Thomas Karlsson and Esa Österberg Chapter 7. France ................................................................................. 168 By Thomas Karlsson and Esa Österberg Chapter 8. Germany ............................................................................. 189 By Ludwig Kraus, Petra Kümmler, Sven Jünger, Thomas Karlsson and Esa Österberg Chapter 9. Greece ................................................................................ 217 By Dimitra Gefou-Madianou in collaboration with Thomas Karlsson and Esa Österberg Chapter 10. Ireland ................................................................................ 233 By Ann Hope, Sean Byrne, Thomas Karlsson and Esa Österberg Chapter 11. Italy .................................................................................... 258 By Allaman Allamani, Francesco Cipriani, Fabio Voller, Daniele Rossi, Simona Anav, Thomas Karlsson and Esa Österberg Chapter 12. Luxembourg ...................................................................... 285 By Thomas Karlsson and Esa Österberg Chapter 13. The Netherlands ................................................................ 299 By Thomas Karlsson and Esa Österberg Chapter 14. Norway .............................................................................. 321 By Thomas Karlsson and Esa Österberg Chapter 15. Portugal ............................................................................. 341 By Thomas Karlsson and Esa Österberg Chapter 16. Spain .................................................................................. 363 By Thomas Karlsson and Esa Österberg 6 Chapter 17. Sweden .............................................................................. 383 By Thomas Karlsson and Esa Österberg Chapter 18. The United Kingdom ........................................................ 407 By Annie Britton, Thomas Karlsson and Esa Österberg Chapter 19. Alcohol policies in EU member states and Norway in the second half of the twentieth century .................. 433 By Esa Österberg and Thomas Karlsson Appendix 1. ECAS alcohol policy questionnaire ..................................... 461 List of figures Figure 1.1. Map of Europe ...................................................................... 33 Figure 19.1. Comprehensiveness and strictness of alcohol policies in the ECAS countries, 1950 ................................................ 435 Figure 19.2. Comprehensiveness and strictness of alcohol policies in the ECAS countries, 2000 ................................................ 437 Figure 19.3. Strictness of alcohol policies in the ECAS countries according to subgroups of alcohol control in 1950 and 2000 ............................................................................. 440 List of tables Table 1.1. Gross domestic product in the ECAS countries in 2000, euro per capita ...................................................................... 34 Table 1.2. Percentage of urban population in the ECAS countries in 1950 and 1995, per cent of total population ...................... 35 Table 1.3. Employed population in the ECAS countries by sector of activity (agriculture, industry and services) in 1950 and 1995, per cent of all employed ....................................... 36 Table 1.4. Demographic structure in the ECAS countries in 1950 and 2000 ............................................................................... 38 Table 2.1. Travellers duty-free import allowances of alcoholic beverages from other EU member states in Finland from 1995 in litres of the product ................................................... 63 Table 2.2. Travellers duty-free import allowances of alcoholic beverages from other EU member states in Sweden from 1995 in litres of the product ................................................... 63 Table 3.1. Consumption of alcoholic beverages by beverage categories in Austria in litres of the product per capita in the years 1955, 1965, 1975, 1985 and 1995, five years’ averages ................................................................................ 80 7 Table 3.2. Consumption of alcoholic beverages by beverage categories in Austria in litres of pure alcohol per capita and as percentages of total recorded alcohol consumption in the years 1955, 1965, 1975, 1985 and 1995, five years’ averages ................................................................................ 81 Table 3.3. Excise duty rates for alcoholic beverages in Austria in 2000 in Austrian shillings and in euro..................................... 92 Table 3.4. Consumer price index in Austria, 1960-2000, 1995 is 100 ..... 94 Table 4.1. Consumption of alcoholic beverages by beverage categories in Belgium in litres of pure alcohol per capita and as percentages of total recorded alcohol consumption in the years 1955, 1965, 1975, 1985 and 1995, five years’ averages .............................................................................. 103 Table 4.2. Excise duty rates for alcoholic beverages in Belgium in 2000 in Belgian francs and in euro ....................................... 109 Table 4.3. Excise duty rates for beer in Belgium from 1972 to 1993 in Belgian francs per hectolitre per degree of alcohol according to the yearly production of breweries ................... 110 Table 4.4. Excise duty rates for beer in Belgium effective in January 1993 and in November 1996 per hectolitre per degree Plato in Belgian francs according to the yearly production of breweries ........................................................................ 110 Table 4.5. Excise duty rates for distilled spirits per hectolitre of pure alcohol in the finished product, for table wine with 12 per cent alcohol by volume per hectolitre of the product and for beer containing five per cent alcohol by volume per hectolitre of the product, 1972–1986, Belgian francs ........... 111 Table 4.6. Consumer price index in Belgium, 1960-2000, 1995 is 100.. 112 Table 4.7. Rates of value added taxes on alcoholic beverages by beverage categories in Belgium, 1972-1996, per cent ......... 113 Table 5.1. Consumption of alcoholic beverages by beverage categories in Denmark in litres of pure alcohol per capita and as percentages of total recorded alcohol consumption in the years 1955, 1965, 1975, 1985 and 1995, five years’ averages .............................................................................. 123 Table 5.2. Excise duty rates for alcoholic beverages in Denmark in 2000 in Danish crowns and in euro ...................................... 130 Table 5.3. Excise duty rates for beer in Denmark from 1972 to 2000 in Danish crowns per hectolitre of the product ..................... 131 Table 5.4. Excise duty rates for wines in Denmark from 1972 to 1987 in