Edited for the British Pharmacologicalsociety By

Edited for the British Pharmacological Society by Papers will be considered for publication on all aspects of pharmacology, including chemotherapy. Manuscripts (two copies) should be sent to Edi- A.T. Birmingham (Chairman) torial Office, British Journal of Pharmacology, St. R.W. Horton (Secretary) George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer W.A. Large (Secretary) Terrace, London SW17 ORE. Authors should consult the Instructions to Authors in Vol. 102, 553-559 (1991) and the Nomenclature Guidelines EDITORIAL BOARD for Authors in Vol. 102, 560-561 (1991). J.A. Angus Prahran, Australia F.L. Pearce London The British Journal of Pharmacology is published monthly by the Scientific & Medical M.LJ. Ashford Cambridge F.F. Roberts Greenford Division, Macmillan Press Ltd. G.W. Bennett Nottingham M.H.T. Roberts Cardiff The journal is covered by Current Contents, T. Bennett Nottingham PJ. Roberts Southampton Excerpta Medica and Index Medicus. W.C. Bowman Glasgow C. Robinson Southampton Alison F. Brading Oxford GJ. Sanger Harlow All business correspondence and reprint S.D. Brain London M.A. Simmonds London requests should be addressed to the Scientific & Medical Division, Macmillan Press Ltd., Hound- K.T. Bunce Ware J.M. Sneddon Sunderland mills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS, UK. G. Burnstock London M. Spedding Edinburgh Telephone: (0256) 29242; Fax: (0256) 842754. K.D. Butler Horsham I.P. Stolerman London Annual subscription prices for 1991 EEC £375, M. Caulfield London P.V. Taberner Bristol elsewhere £415/US$750 (sterling rate is definitive). M.K. Church Southampton D.A. Terrar Oxford Orders must be accompanied by remittance. SJ. Coker Liverpool M.B. Tyers Ware Cheques should be made payable to Macmillan R.A. Coleman Ware S.P. Watson Oxford Press, and sent to: Macmillan Press Ltd., Sub- M.G. Collis Macclesfield A.H. Weston Manchester scription Department, Brunel Road, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS, UK. G.A. Cottrell St Andrews BS.R. Whittle Beckenham Overseas subscribers may make payments into AJ. Cross London TJ. Williams London UK Post Office Giro Account No. 5192455. Full V. Crunelli London J.M. Young Cambridge details must accompany the payment. T.C. Cunnane Oxford Second Class postage paid at Rahway NJ. US A.C. Dolphin London Mailing Agent: Mercury Airfreight International CORRESPONDING EDITORS Ltd, Inc., 2323 Randolph Avenue, Avenel, A. Dray London Rahway, New Jersey, NJ 07001, USA. J.M. Edwardson Cambridge P.R. Adams Stony Brook, U.S.A. W. Feniuk Ware C. Bell Melbourne, Australia Enquiries concerning advertising space or rates J.R. Fozard Basle, Switzerland K.P. Bhargava Lucknow, India should be addressed to: Michael Rowley, Adver- LG. Garland Beckenham F.E. Bloom La Jolla, U.S.A. tisement Manager, Macmillan Press Ltd., 4 Little Essex Street, London WC2R 3LF. Telephone: A. Gibson London A.L.A. Boura Clayton, Australia 071 836 6633; Fax: 071 379 4204. A.R. Green London NJ. Dun Toledo, U.S.A. All rights of reproduction are reserved in respect P.E. Hicks Leuville-sur-Orge, France R.F. Furchgott New York, U.S.A. of all papers, articles, illustrations, etc., published SJ. Hill Nottingham T. Godfraind Brussels, Belgium in this journal in all countries of the world. J.C. Hunter Cambridge S.Z. Langer Paris, France Authorization to photocopy items for internal K.A. Kane Glasgow RJ. Miller Chicago, U.S.A. or personal use, or the internal or personal use of P. Keen Bristol R.C. Murphy Denver, U.S.A. specific clients, is granted by Macmillan Press Ltd P. Leff Loughborough E. Muscholl Mainz, F.R.G. for libraries and other users registered with the D. Lodge London R.A. North Portland, U.S.A. Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional J.C. McGrath Glasgow M. Otsuka Tokyo, Japan Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $3.50 per copy is paid directly to CCC, 21 R. McMillan Macclesfield MJ. Rand Melbourne, Australia Congress St., Salem, MA 01970, USA. J. Maclagan London S. Rosell Sodertalje, Sweden W. Martin Glasgow P. Seeman Toronto, Canada D.N. Middlemiss Harlow L. Szekeres Szeged, Hungary R.C. Miller Strasbourg, France B. Uvnas Stockholm, Sweden RJ. Naylor Bradford P.A. Van Zwieten Amsterdam, C.D. Nicholson Newhouse Netherlands D.A.A. Owen London V.M. Varagik Belgrade, Yugoslavia © The British Pharmacological Society & C.P. Page London G. Velo Verona, Italy Macmillan Press Ltd, 1991. B.K. Park Liverpool Wang Zben Gang Beijing, China ISSN 0007-1188 A.N. Payne Beckenham M.B.H. Youdim Haifa, Israel 0007-1188/91 $3.50 + $0.00 © Macmillan Press Ltd. 1991

I NSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS With effect from 1 January 1991

The British Journal of Pharmacology welcomes contributions 6. Discussion and conclusions in all fields of pharmacology for publication as full papers or 7. Acknowledgements as high priority Special Reports. 8. List of references Papers should normally be based on new results obtained 9. Tables experimentally and should constitute a significant contribu- 10. Figures and captions tion to pharmacological knowledge. Papers which reassess The type must not be smaller than 12 pitch or 10 point. pharmacological concepts based on earlier results will also be Each section must be typed in double spacing with margins of considered as will purely theoretical papers. Papers dealing not less than 2.5 cm all round and each page should be num- only with descriptions of methods are acceptable if new prin- bered. The original and one copy of the typescript should be ciples are involved. supplied. Contributions that have already been published, or accepted or are under consideration for publication, with Title page essentially the same content will not be considered. This restriction does not apply to results published as abstracts of The title should normally contain no more than 150 charac- communications, letters to editors, or as contributions to sym- ters and should not consist of a sentence (statement or posia, provided that the submission adds significantly to the conclusion) or be interrogative. A short running title contain- information available in the previously published contribu- ing not more than 50 characters and spaces is also required. tion. The title page should include the names of authors and their Papers are only accepted if accompanied by a Declaration appropriate addresses. It should be made clear which address which must be signed by all Authors. This Declaration con- relates to which author. Authors' present addresses differing cerns the originality of the submitted paper and assigns the from those at which the work was carried out should be given copyright of all papers accepted for publication to Macmillan as footnotes on the title page and referenced at the appropri- Press Ltd. on behalf of the British Pharmacological Society. ate place in the author list by superscript numbers. A footnote See pages 6 and 7 for details. may also be used to indicate the author to whom correspon- The Journal will not consider papers which describe experi- dence should be sent. The use of footnotes for any other ments on animals which do not fall clearly within the current reason is not allowed. If the address to which proofs should be laws governing animal experimentation in the United sent is not that of the first mentioned author, clear instruc- Kingdom. Authors must make it clear that the procedures tions should be given in a covering note and not on the title they use were as humane as possible and the doses (initial and page. The title page should be paginated as page 1 of the subsequent) of anaesthetics and analgesics should be clearly paper. stated; the method of assessing anaesthesia, particularly after the administration of skeletal muscle relaxants (neuro-muscu- Summary lar blocking drugs), must be well defined. The Society has an Ethics Committee which can be consulted by authors through The summary will be printed at the beginning of the paper. It the Secretaries to the Editorial Board. should not exceed 5% of the length of the paper and should When investigations on normal human subjects are report- contain a brief account of the problem, the methods, results ed, evidence of approval by a local Ethics Committee must be and the conclusions. It should be arranged in numbered and given. Papers concerned with clinical trials or investigations of concise paragraphs. Up to ten key words or phrases of two to the effects of drugs on patients are not appropriate for this three words (including names and terms used in the title) Journal. should be displayed at the end of the summary. These may be Authors are strongly urged to keep their manuscripts as selected from 'Medical Subject Headings' issued by Index short as they reasonably can. An effective way is to reduce the Medicus. Key words will be used to compile the annual index. Discussion and the number of figures to a minimum and to The quality of the index will thus be determined by the appro- avoid repetition of information that has already been priatness of the key words. Avoid unhelpful or unqualified published. Authors should remember that a reader may be terms such as 'rat', 'drug' etc. influenced by literary style and will appreciate simple but accurate prose. Introduction It is important to note that failure to comply with 'Instruc- tions to Authors' may lead to considerable editorial delays. The introduction should give a short and clear account of the background of the problem and the rationale of the investiga- tion. Only previous work that has a direct bearing on the FULL PAPERS present problem should be cited. Manuscripts must be typed on one side of A4 paper. Words at Methods the end of lines should not be divided because they may become incorrectly hyphenated. Handwritten characters or The methods must be described in sufficient detail to allow the symbols (e.g. Greek letters) should be spelled out in full in the experiment to be interpreted and repeated by the reader. margin. Papers in recent issues of the British Journal of Phar- However, detailed repetition of methods which have been ade- macology should be consulted for the general layout of the quately described previously should be avoided and references paper and also for details. The following subsections are used: given, although a brief outline is often helpful. 1. Title page Drugs should be listed in a separate paragraph. Their 2. Summary names should be 'approved names' as published previously in 3. Introduction British Approved Names, 1990 (HMSO). If a drug has no 4. Methods 'approved name' its chemical name must be used and the rules 5. Results set out in the current Handbookfor Chemical Society Authors 4 INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

(London, Chemical Society) observed, or its structural formula those of the most recent edition of the International List of given. Cumbersome chemical names should be suitably abbre- Periodical Title Word Abbreviations. References to articles in viated for later reference in the paper. books should consist of names of authors, year of publication, The doses of drugs should be given as unit weight per body title of article followed by the title of the book, the editors, weight, e.g. mmol kg- l or mg kg- l; concentrations should be volume number, if any, and page numbers, the place of pub- given in terms of molarity, e.g. nm or pM. lication and the names of the publishers. For example: Reference should be made to any statistical analyses that BOLTON, T.B. & KITAMURA, K. (1983). Evidence that ionic chan- have been performed on the results in order, for example, to nels associated with the muscarinic receptor of smooth muscle determine the significance of differences between results may admit calcium. Br. J. Pharmacol., 78, 405-416. obtained under different experimental conditions. BRADING, A.F. (1981). Ionic distribution and mechanisms of transmembrane ion movements in smooth muscle. In Smooth Results Muscle: An Assessment of Current Knowledge. ed. Bulbring, E., Brading, A.F., Jones, A.W. & Tomita, T. pp. 65-92. The description of the experimental results should be succinct London: Edward Arnold. but, nevertheless, in sufficient detail to allow the experiments to be repeated by others. Typical single experiments may be presented with a clear statement that n number of similar Tables experiments had similar results. Where appropriate, however, the mean results with confidence limits or with standard Each table should be given on a separate page, paginated as errors of the means and the number of observations should be part of the paper. Tables should be numbered consecutively given. Statistical tests of significance should be performed with arabic numericals and the number should be followed by where appropriate. The results of such tests should be stated a brief descriptive caption, occupying not more than two lines, at the head of the table. The proportions of the text area as the numerical value of the probability (P) that is calculated, should be borne in mind when designing the layout of tables. with any necessary clarification (e.g. one-tail or two-tail test). For the sake of clarity, tables should not have more than 120 Every effort should be made to avoid unnecessary repetition characters to a line, with spaces between columns counted as of data in the text, tables and figures. Conclusions and theo- four characters. The absolute maximum is 180 characters to a retical considerations should not be elaborated in this section. line. Each column should have a heading and the units of measurement should be given in parentheses in the heading. Discussion Except in special circumstances, tables should be self- The purpose of the discussion is to present a brief and perti- explanatory; the necessary descriptions should be at the nent interpretation of the results against the background of bottom of the table. existing knowledge. Any assumptions on which conclusions are based must be stated clearly. A mere recapitulation of the Figures results is not acceptable. A review-like treatment, which reduces the impact on the reader, should also be avoided. The To avoid unnecessary Figures, particularly those requiring main conclusion should be conveyed in a final paragraph. half-tone reproduction, only critical points of the text should be illustrated. If coloured Figures are desired, the Authors Acknowledgements should discuss their requirements with the Secretaries, prefer- able before submission. Acknowledgements should be brief but should include refer- Please note that unsatisfactory Figures will be returned to ence to sources of support. Sources of drugs not widely avail- the Author for revision. The Journal reserves the right to able commercially should be acknowledged. reject a manuscript if the Figures are unacceptable.

References Submission Requirements In the text, references to other work should take the form: (a) The Authors' names and the Figure number must be indi- (Bolton & Kitamura, 1983) or, 'Bolton & Kitamura (1983) cated lightly in pencil on the back of each Figure; if neces- showed that ...'. If there are more than two authors, the first sary, use an adhesive label to avoid damage to the Figure. author's name should be given followed by et al. (Bulbring et (b) Each copy of the manuscript must be accompanied by one al., 1981). set of labelled Figures (i.e. complete with lettering and References to 'unpublished observations' or 'personal com- numbering, arrows, etc.). An original set and one high munications' should be mentioned in the text only, and not quality photocopy will suffice. included in the list of references. Papers which have been sub- (c) Another original set of Figures identical in size but without mitted and accepted for publication, should be included in the any letters or numbers must also be supplied for the use of list of references with the names of the periodicals and 'in the Publisher. Arrows and event marks on experimental press'. A photocopy should normally be submitted with the records may be retained, provided they are larger than manuscript. If this is not possible, authors should indicate 3 mm wide. The Publisher will choose the correct style of whether the work cited is an abstract or a full paper. Papers in typeface of an appropriate size to suit the final size of the preparation or which have been submitted but not yet finally Figure on the printed page. accepted for publication must not be included in the list of refer- (d) No submitted Figure should exceed 210 x 297 mm (A4). ences. (e) Each Figure must be accompanied by a legend; each The reference list at the end of the manuscript must be legend should be typed on a separate sheet of paper and arranged alphabetically according to the surname of the first paginated as part of the manuscript. Legends should author. When the surnames of authors are identical, the explain the Figures in sufficient detail that, whenever pos- alphabetical order of their initials takes precedence over the sible, they can be understood without reference to the text. year of publication. The AUTHORS' names are followed by the year of pubication in brackets. If more than one paper by the same authors in one year are cited, a, b, c, etc. are placed after Line Figures the year of publication, both in the text and in the list of references. The title of the article is given in full, followed by the It is best to submit an original drawing (black ink on heavy abbreviated title of the periodical, volume number and first and white paper or faint blue graph paper) which has been pre- last page numbers. The abbreviations used for periodicals are pared to conform with the style and convention of the INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS S

Line width Line width Symbol size Figure will reduce (axes) (graphs) to this percentage of the original size

ADO 1 00 (No reduction)

ACO 80

ADO 70 ADO 60

-- AQO 50 AQO0 40

Journal, because redrawing is expensive. The original drawing show any parts of the photographs that could be excluded should be lettered in pencil and should be larger (up to two from the finished half-tone illustration. A calibration bar must times as large) than the intended size in the Journal. be provided on the photomicrograph to ensure that, if the It is important that the printed symbols and lines should Printer reduces the plate, the scale is reduced in the correct retain their clarity. To achieve this the symbols and lines in proportion. original drawings should be sharply defined and of an even density and breadth. When graphs are generated by computer, lines must not show noticeable stepping. Heavier (broader) Proofs lines should be used for curves than for the axes of graphs. The table above illustrates line widths and symbol sizes to be Two sets of page proofs, will be supplied, one of which should used together on a figure and the appropriate reductions in be retained by the authors. The other should be corrected the final printed form. immediately and returned to the Publisher. Corrections should be kept to a minimum. Symbols should be chosen from the following set o@ -AAVV c* + x The preferred order to shading of histogram columns is: SPECIAL REPORTS open (clear), closed (solid), cross-hatched, heavily stippled and other (if required). The purpose of Special Reports, which have superseded 'Short The explanation of the symbols and column headings Communications', is to provide rapid publication for new and should be given in the Figure legend and not as a key in the important results which the Editorial Board considers are Figure itself. likely to be of special pharmacological significance. Special Where the Figure is a composite of more than one graph, Reports will have publication priority over all other material experimental record, etc., particular care is needed to minimise and so authors are asked to consider carefully the status of the spaces between each part, without over-crowding the their work before submission. entire Figure. In order to speed publication there is normally no revision Figure 1 illustrates a simple properly-drawn graph in its allowed beyond very minor typographical or grammatical original form (a) and in its reduced form (b) as it would corrections. If significant revision is required, the Board may appear in the Journal. either invite rapid re-submission or, more probably, propose that it be re-written as a Full Paper and be re-submitted for consideration. In order to reduce delays, proofs of Special Reports will be sent to authors but essential corrections must Photographs and photomicrographs reach the Publisher within 48 hours of receipt. Authors should ensure that their submitted material conforms exactly to the These should be submitted, twice as large as their intended following requirements. published size, as good quality prints of high contrast espe- Special Reports should normally occupy no more than two cially where traces and records are illustrated. The originals printed pages of the Journal; two illustrations (Figures or must not contain arrows, lettering or numbering; these must Tables, with legends) are permitted. As a guideline, with type be accurately located on a duplicate print (or photocopy). face of 12 pitch and double-line spacing, a page of A4 paper When submitting half-tone illustrations for publication could contain about 400 words. The absolute maximum authors should remember that it is not possible to reproduce length of the Special Report is 1700 words. For each Figure or Figures to a finer quality than the original photographs/ Table, please deduct 200 words. The manuscript should com- photomicrographs provided. Critical areas should be marked prise a Title page, a Summary consisting of a single short on a second copy or on an overlay, so that the Printer can paragraph, followed by key words (maximum of 10), Intro- choose the correct exposure. Maximum trim areas should be duction, Methods, Results, Discussion and References marked on a second copy of the photograph/ (maximum of 10). In all other respects, the requirements are photomicrograph or on a tracing overlay, i.e. authors should the same as for Full Papers. 6 INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

a 250

200

E 150 c 0 en F-a) 100

0 50 100 150 200 Methylene

b 250

200

E 150 0 U) i) 100

0 50 100 150 200 Methylene Figure 1. (a) Artwork as drawn. (b) Artwork reduced to 60 per cent of its original size for publication in the Journal.

moral obligation to do so, and (b) those whose unpublished STATEMENT AND COPYRIGHT work, including papers accepted for publication (i.e. in AGREEMENT press), has been cited or those whom the Authors wish to acknowledge as having improved the content or presen- The following Statement, Declaration and Copyright Agree- tation of the manuscript. ment should be read carefully by Authors who should then 2. The Authors must declare that the manuscript contents are send a copy of their Declaration with their manuscript follow- original and that they have not already been published or ing the example given in this section. accepted for publication, either in whole or in part, in any form other than as an abstract or other preliminary publication in an unrefereed article. Furthermore, the Authors Statement must verify that no part of the manuscript is under consideration for publication elsewhere and it will not be sub- 1. Submission of a manuscript will be taken to imply that the mitted elsewhere if accepted by the British Journal of Authors have obtained permission to publish from (a) their Pharmacology and not before a decision has been reached employers or institution, if they have a contractual or by the Editorial Board. INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS 7

Declaration signing a Declaration to that effect. The recommended wording is given in the example. No paper will be accepted for I/We assign to Macmillan Press, on behalf of the British Phar- publication without such a Declaration being signed by each macological Society, the copyright of my/our manuscript, cur- Author (see paragraph 6 above). If the manuscript is not rently entitled accepted for publication, the assignment will be null and void.

...... for publication in the British Journal ofPharmacology Furthermore I/We have read, understood and accepted the ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS terms and conditions as set out in Statement and Copyright, Instructions to Authors Br. J. Pharmacol. 1991, 102, 553-559. Physico-chemical quantities Name ...... The British Journal of Pharmacology uses the SI symbols for units. The following prefixes for multiples of units should be Signed .. ; used: Multiplier Prefix Symbol Name ...... lo-, deci d 10-2 centi c Signed ...... l-3 milli m 10-6 micro p Name ...... 10-9 nano n lo-12 pico p io- 15 femto f Signed ...... lo-18 atto a Date ...... Multiplier Prefix Symbol 103 kilo k 106 mega M 109 giga G Copyright 1o02 tera T 1. The Authors must agree that, when the above manuscript Thus, micron =,um; angstrom = 0.1 nm. Mixed prefixes are has been accepted for publication in this Journal, the not permissible, thus mpig should be ng. The symbols d (10- ) worldwide copyright shall pass to the Macmillan Press Ltd. and c (10-2) should be restricted to those occasions on which on behalf of the British Pharmacological Society, on the there is a strongly felt need for them (e.g. cm). understanding that the assignment of copyright will not affect subsisting Patent Rights arrangements pertaining to it. The Authors also accept that, when accepted, the con- Use of the solidus tents will not be published subsequently in the same or similar form in any language without the consent of the The solidus should be avoided as far as possible and the nega- Publisher or Editorial Board of the Journal. tive index substituted, e.g. mg kg-' rather than mg/kg; This Agreement shall not compromise the Authors' pmol mm-' min-' rather than pmol/mm2/min. rights to reproduce their own work (see 3 below). For its part, the British Pharmacological Society will protect the interests of Authors in the matter of copyright. SYMBOLS 2. The Authors must declare that, where excerpts from copy- righted works have been included, the Authors have Symbols denoting physical quantities are usually printed as obtained written permission from the Copyright owners italic capitals (indicated by single underline in typescript). A and have credited the sources in the manuscript. They must dash over the symbol indicates a mean value; a dot over the also warrant that the article contains no libellous or symbol indicates a time derivative. Suffixes may be used to unlawful statements and does not infringe the rights of indicate 'where' and 'what'. They are printed as inferiors on others. the line. Multiple suffixes should be avoided if a simpler 3. The Authors will be entitled to publish any part of the symbol adequately defined is unambiguous, but if necessary paper in connection with any other work by them, provid- should be separated by commas e.g. PA, CO2 denotes partial ed adequate acknowledgement is given. pressure of CO2 alveolar air. 4. If it is appropriate, the Authors' employer may sign this Declaration. It is understood that proprietary rights, with the exceptions of Copyrights and Patent Rights are reserved by the signee. CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL 5. If an Author is a U.S. Government employee and the work ABBREVIATIONS was done in that capacity, the assignment applies only to the extent allowed by U.S. law. If an Author is an employee Authors should also consult Nomenclature Guidelines for of the British Government, HMSO will grant a non- Authors contained in this issue of the Journal. The abbrevia- exclusive licence to publish the paper in the Journal, pro- tions listed may be used without definition except those for vided British Crown Copyright and user rights (including chemicals, drugs and enzymes which must be written in full at Patent Rights) are reserved. first mention in the title, summary and again in the text. At 6. If for good reason a co-author is unable to sign this Decla- first mention they should be followed by the abbreviation in ration, the other Author or co-authors may sign on his or brackets. Subsequently, the abbreviation alone may be used. her behalf, provided that this is clearly stated and on the The list of abbreviations for chemical, drug and enzyme understanding that they will make every effort to inform names is clearly not comprehensive and includes only a few the person concerned of the terms of the agreement. commonly used examples. When submitting a manuscript for editorial consideration, Use abbreviations sparingly as extensive use can make the Authors should confirm their acceptance of these terms by text hard to follow. 8 INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS Physico-chemical quantities Quantity Preferred unit Symbol Amount (of substance) mole mol Capacitance farad F Concentration moles per litre M or moll-' Current ampere A Electrical conductance siemens S Electromotive force volt V Flow (blood or other liquid) litres per second Is' or lmin-' (or min) Flow (air or other gas) litres per second Is` or lmin-' (or min) Force newton N Frequency of regular event hertz Hz Length metre m Mass gram g Power watt W Pressure (or partial pressure) pascal* Pa Radioactivity becquerel or curie Bq (60 d.p.m.) or Ci (3.7 x I100°Bq) Resistance (electrical) ohm Temperature degree celsius Time second (preferred) s minute min hour h Volume (blood or other liquid) litre 1 Volume (air or other gas) litre Work joule J

* mm of mercury (mmHg) are allowed if conventional, and if mercury manometer is used for calibration.

Chemical and biological abbreviations dextro-(absolute configuration) D- dextro-(optical rotation) acetylcholine ACh diameter diam. acetylcholinesterase AChE diameter, inside i.d. adenosine 3': 5'-cyclic cyclic AMP diameter, outside o.d. monophosphate diffusion coefficient D adenosine 5'-phosphate AMP 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine DOPA adenosine triphosphatase ATPase 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine dopamine y-aminobutyric acid GABA direct current d.c. analysis of variants F disintegration per minute d.p.m. adrenaline Ad dissociation constant KD analytical standard of reagent A.R. dissociation constant, negative pK purity logarithm of anhydrous anhyd. distilled dist. approximate(ly) approx. dry ice solid CO2 approximately equals aqueous aq. edition edn arg-vasopressin AVP editor(s) ed. effective concentration EC50 boiling point b.p. effective dose, median ED50 bovine serum albumin BSA electrocardiogram ECG electrocorticogram ECoG electroconvulsive therapy ECT cardiovascular system CVS electroencephalogram EEG catechol-O-methyl transferase COMT electromyogram EMG central nervous system CNS electron spin resonance e.s.r cerebrospinal fluid CSF endothelial-derived relaxing EDRF chi-squared (statistics) X2 factor clearance C epithelial-derived relaxing factor EpDRF coenzyme A CoA equilibrium constant K concentrated conc. equivalent (general use) equiv. correlation coefficient r erythrocyte r.b.c. cubic cu. erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESR ethylenediaminetetracetic acid EDTA degree of freedom (statistics) d.f. excitatory postsynaptic potential e.p.s.p. deoxyribonucleic acid DNA experiment expt deoxyribonuclease DNase experimental exptl INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS 9 fatty acids, nonesterified NEFA page/pages P-/PP- figure(s) (with reference number) Figure(s) para- p./p figure (diagram) figure paragraph para. or 1 parts per million p.p.m. gas-liquid chromatography g.l.c. per cent glomerular filtration rate GFR platelet activating factor PAF posterior post. haemoglobin Hb probability (significance level P half-life t1/2 in a statistical test) high-frequency h.f. high performance liquid h.p.l.c. radioimmunoassay RIA chromatography rectus (configuration by the R human serum albumin HSA sequence rule) hydrogen-ion concentration [H ] red blood corpuscle RBC hydrogen-ion activity, negative pH relative band speed to front RF logarithm of (hydrogen-ion (chromatography) exponent) relative molecular mass Mr 6-hydroxydopamine 6-OHDA relative retention time tr 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid 5-HIAA (gas chromatography) 5-hydroxytryptamine 5-HT renal plasma flow RPF resistance (respiratory) R immunoglobulins IgA, IgD, respiratory conductance Sgaw IgE, IgG, revolutions per minute r.p.m. IgM ribonucleic acid RNA inhibitor constant Kj inhibitory concentration IC50 section § inhibitory postsynaptic potential 1.p.s.p. sedimentation coefficient S insoluble insol. (ultracentrifugation) international unit iu sinister (configuration by the S intra-arterial i.a. sequence rule) intracellular fluid ICF soluble sol. intradermal i.d. solution soln. intramuscular i.m. Spearman rank coefficient rs intraperitoneal i.p. standard deviation: s.d. intracerebroventricular i.c.v. (of observed sample) intravenous i.v. standard error (of estimate s.e.mean isotope (atomic mass) 131i mean value) e.g. iodine-131 standard error (of sampling) s.e. isotopically substituted ["4C]-ethanol standard temperature and STP compounds e.g. pressure subcutaneous s.c. laevo-(absolute configuration) sum (statistical): laevo-(optical rotation) L- of hypothetical population lethal dose, median LD50 of observed sample S or X: leukotriene LT logarithm to base e loge or In temperature temp. logarithm to base 10 log10 thin layer chromatography t.l.c. time clock-24 h clock used t maximum max. e.g. 18h 30min mean arterial pressure MAP time constant -rT mean value of (statistics) 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl- Tris melting point m.p. propan-1,3-diol meta m- Michaelis constant KM ultraviolet U.V. minimum min. unit u mobility (electrophoresis) m monoamine oxidase MAO vacuum vac. valency e.g. Fe2 ; noradrenaline NA Fe(II) nuclear magnetic resonance n.m.r. protoporphyrin number no. or No. number of observations n volume by volume v/v (statistics) wavelength A ortho 0- weight wt. packed cell volume PCV weight by volume w/v © Macmillan Press Ltd, 1991

NOMENCLATURE GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS With effect from 1 January 1 991

The Nomenclature Working Party (NWP) of the Editorial (c) Bradykinin receptors For consistency of style with NK Board of the British Journal of Pharmacology has consulted receptors, these should be designated BK1, BK2. For many acknowledged experts in an effort to clarify and stan- the present, possible additional types and subtypes of dardize receptor and other nomenclature systems for use by BK receptors should not be designated, except as dis- Editors until the recommendations of the IUPHAR Commis- cussion points. sion on Receptor Nomenclature and Classification are made known. (d) Cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors The principal sub- NWP is unanimous in its view that, with rare exceptions, types are CCKA and CCKB receptors, CCKB receptors the Journal should use spellings, names and abbreviations being also known as gastrin receptors. that had been chosen by international bodies or specialist (e) Cholinoceptors The two principal subtypes are groups specially convened for the purpose. muscarinic and nicotinic cholinoceptors (the term acetylcholine receptors is acceptable). 1 Definition ofreceptors and subtypes Muscarinic cholinoceptors Until further evidence is In functional studies, pharmacological receptors are to be forthcoming, the nomenclature should be confined to defined in terms of the relative potencies of agonists and only three subtypes, namely M1, M2 and M3 cholino- selectivities of antagonists, also by the binding of such ceptors, where M2 refers to the cardiac subtype and M3 ligands, without reference to Second (or other) Messenger includes both smooth muscle and glandular subtypes. Systems. When the term is used repetitively, muscarinic receptor would be acceptable. 2 Format ofreceptor names* Note that the style ml, m2, etc. refers to nomenclature It was agreed that, until the IUPHAR Commission on for molecular structure based on cDNA/genomic Receptor Nomenclature and Classification make their re- cloning. commendations: The abbreviation mAChR and variants are not accept- (a) Editors will permit with reluctance new nomenclature able. systems in papers accepted for publication if and only if there are compelling reasons to introduce a new ter- Nicotinic cholinoceptors The principal subtypes cur- minology (or modify an accepted one). The criteria rently accepted are muscle-type and neuronal-type upon which the new receptor type or subtype is defined receptors. The abbreviation nAChR and variants are must be given, together with adequate explanations of not acceptable. the relationship between the previous nomenclature (f) Dopamine receptors Only D1 and D2 dopamine recep- (fully referenced) and the proposed one. tors are currently recognised. For the present, the pos- N.B. The new nomenclature should not appear in the sible D3 subtype must be very clearly defined and fully Title, Short Title or Key-words, unless qualified by the referenced. There is no need to use DA1 and DA2 for adjective putative, where appropriate (e.g. ... mediated peripheral dopamine receptors. by the putative f3-adrenoceptor). (g) Excitatory amino acid receptors At present, no subdivi- (b) Only well-established and universally accepted subtype sions of the receptor for N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA; names (e.g. muscarinic and nicotinic cholinoceptors; a- see 5 (c) below) are permitted except as discussion and fJ-adrenoceptors) will be acceptable without any ref- points. erence to the originator of these terms. In cases of con- Three non-NMDA receptors have been established and troversy concerning further subdivision of the subtype, are named: (i) Quisqualate- and AMPA-preferring non- full referencing must be given. NMDA receptors that control cationic channels, to be (c) Receptor subtypes should be designated by means of a abbreviated AMPA receptors. (ii) Kainate-preferring subscript numeral or capital letter. Some double sub- non-NMDA receptors, to be abbreviated Kai receptors. scripts (i.e. numeral plus letter) have been introduced (iii) 2-Amino-4-phosphobutyrate receptors (also some- but, where possible, further introductions should be times known as ABP or AP4 receptors) to be abbrevi- avoided and must be fully referenced. ated L-AP4 receptors. * Note on abbreviations: the preferred stype is capital Acceptance of the occurrence of another receptor, letters to designate (a) the first letter of the word (e.g. V, described as regulating phosphatidyl inositol pathways, Vasopressin); (b) the first letter of each main syllable or is considered to be premature. The term 'metabotropic additional word (e.g. NK, neurokinin; GABA, y- receptor' is therefore to be used only as a discussion aminobutyric acid; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate). point. lower case letters should be used Otherwise, upper and Otherwise, where appropriate, the term glutamate (e.g. Enk-IR, enkephalin-like immunoreactivity). receptors should be used. 3 Types ofreceptor (h) y-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors The principal (a) Acetylcholine receptors (see Cholinoceptors). subtypes are GABAA and GABAI receptors. Any other is to be used as discussion (b) Adrenoceptors At present, the only adrenoceptor sub- only point. types that should be accepted without a need for very (i) Histamine receptors At present, the only histamine clear definition and full referencing are a,-, a2-' f1- and receptor subtypes that are acceptable without a need for f12-adrenoceptors. Reference to either 'atypical' adreno- very clear definition and full referencing are H1-, H2 and ceptor or the putative f3-adrenoceptor would be per- H3- although in the latter case, a definition and refer- mitted, provided fully referenced. ences are desirable. 12 NOMENCLATURE GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS

(j) Receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine The name 5- function by releasing more than one identified transmitter hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is preferred to serotonin (see may be described accordingly; for example, noradrenergic- 4 (b) below). The principal subtypes recognised are purinergic, cholinergic-peptidergic (in alphabetical order, 5-HT1A,1B,1c,1D, 5-HT1-like, 5-HT2 and 5-HT3. All the order implying no priority of function). three should be defined and referenced. N.B. The suffix 'ergic' should continue to be applied only to Further putative subtypes may be debated in the Dis- nerve fibres and to the transmission event, in accordance cussion section but, until there is international agree- with Dale's intentions. For example, 'cholinergic' indicates ment on the nomenclature, names, such as 5-HTlE, that the nerve fibre, or the transmission, functions under 5-HT4, are not acceptable, except as discussion points. particular conditions through the release of a choline-like (k) Leukotriene receptors When first mentioned, the style substance. The suffix should not be used loosely to mean leukotriene (LT) receptor should be used, thereafter LT 'pertaining to'. Hence, for example, the expression 'choliner- receptor. Receptors should be designated according to gic receptor' (rather than cholinoceptor) is an inappropriate the leukotriene that selectively or preferentially binds to use of the term. them. (a) Catecholamine releasing nerve fibres The adjective to Editors should be aware that the interpretation of [3H]- be applied to nerve fibres that release dopamine as a LTC4-binding is hampered by the presence of a binding transmitter is dopaminergic (not DAergic, even in a site for LTC4 on glutathione S-transferase. title). (1) Neuropeptide Y receptors Despite some attempts to Nerve fibres that are known to function by releasing create subtypes, the view of experts was that no sub- noradrenaline are to be described as noradrenergic. The types should be recognised except as discussion points. term adrenergic should be reserved for either a nerve Full explanations of the basis for proposed subtypes fibre that functions by releasing a catecholamine, the would be required. identity of which is unknown, or one known to release adrenaline. (m) Opioid receptors The principal subtypes are pu-, 6- and K-opioid receptors. Other possible subtypes (e.g. s) are (b) Some other adjectives describing nerve fibre acceptable only as discussion points. function NANC is an acceptable abbreviation of non- adrenergic, non-cholinergic for peripheral efferent nerve (n) Oxytocin receptors (see Vasopressin and oxytocin fibres when the identity of the transmitter(s) is unknown receptors). other than the fact that neither (nor)adrenaline nor (o) Prostanoid receptors The principal types are DP, EP, acetylcholine is involved. It should be defined when FP, IP and TP receptors. These should be introduced as introduced. NANCergic, e-NANC (or NANC-e) and prostanoid XP receptors, thereafter simply as XP recep- i-NANC (or NANC-i) are not acceptable terms. tors (where X denotes the type). If subtypes exist, they Glutamatergic, not glutaminergic, should be used to would be referred to as XP., (e.g. EP1, EP2, EP3) recep- describe nerve fibres releasing glutamate. In referring to tors. peptide-releasing nerve fibres, (e.g. those that may In the event of possible confusion between a subtype of release substance P or vasoactive intestinal peptide), the receptors for prostacyclin IP3 and a 'receptor' for one of nomenclature to be used is peptidergic (X), e.g. pep- the phosphatidyl inositols (inositol trisphosphate; tidergic (SP), peptidergic (VIP), not SPergic, VIPergic. InsP3), the term prostanoid 1P3 receptor should be The terms 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5- used. hydroxytryptaminergic (i.e. nerves releasing 5- (p) Purinoceptors The main subtypes permissible are P1 hydroxytryptamine) are preferred to those of serotonin and P2. Subdivisions of P1 into A1 and A2 types and of and serotoninergic. The term 5-HTergic is not accept- P2 into P2X and P2Y types are acceptable with appro- able, except to avoid frequent repetition of 5- priate supporting references, provided they are based on hydroxytryptaminergic. agonist potencies and results with antagonists but not Likewise, the terms purinergic (ATP) and purinergic on activation of particular Second Messenger Systems. (adenosine) are preferred. (q) Tachykinin receptors Except as discussion points, only the following tachykinin (NK) receptor subtypes are acceptable at present: NK1, NK2 and NK3 and must be 5 Other nomenclature requirements fully referenced. (a) Racemates Authors must state unambiguously in the (r) Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors Despite Methods section of papers which isomers were used, e.g. some attempts to create subtypes, the view of experts (+)- or (-)-propranolol, and must bring to the-atten- was that no subtypes should be recognised except as tion of the reader the composite character of drugs that discussion points. Full explanations of the basis for pro- are mixtures of stereo-isomers. Furthermore, the impli- would be cations of the composite nature of such drugs studied posed subtypes required. for the interpretation of the data measured and the con- (s) Vasopressin and oxytocin receptors The principal sub- clusions drawn must be made explicit. Note that the types are to be designated V1, V2, V3 and OT recep- terms d- or 1- for dextro- and laevo-rotatory are now tors; V3 has sometimes been known as VIB but the obsolete, and the prefixes (+ )- or (-)- respectively orignal term V3 is preferred (see 2(c)). should be used. Capital D and L refer to the absolute configurations and of course remain acceptable when 4 Naming of nervefibres appropriate. Many nerve fibres are now known to release more than one (b) Platelet activating factor (acetyl-glyceryl-ether-phos- transmitter, and future work may show that this is in fact phorylcholine) The acronym to be used is PAF (not the general rule. In that case, the concept of the same trans- AGEPC, Paf, Paf-acether or other variant). mitter being released either at different developmental stages or under various experimental conditions would no (c) Ligands for NMDA receptors N-methyl-D-aspartate longer hold, and single adjectives that imply this (e.g. cho- (NMDA) and N-methyl-DL-aspartate (NMDLA) are to linergic, noradrenergic) would become inappropriate when be given in full when introduced in the text. applied to nerve fibres, as distinct from transmitter func- (d) Purines This term should not be used as a synonym tions. For the present, those nerve fibres that are known to for purine nucleotides or nucleosides.