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Amilj 00884 Nations ... 000884 amilj 00884 Nations .,. We Know from the Older Folks . .,. P eace and Freedom ...... .,. A Modern Nation in the Orient . ~ :!' " .~ -"- - -- .,. "A New Nation Is Born - Yakutia .,. An Ancient Nation R eborn - Armenia ,J .,. Where All Discrimination Ends. I .,. One of the Newest Soviet R epublics . .,. Constitutional Guarantees THE SOVIET UN~Q~ T - LABOR ORIDA ATLANTIO UNIVER~I"fY LI~~ARV. eo l LEGTI 0N : . Ten Cents .. .: .> I) f "A Family 0/ Nations" THE S O VIET U NION A publication of the N ATIONALITIES DIVI SION of the NATIONAL C OUN CIL OF AMERICAN-S OVIET FRIE ND SHIP, INc. 232 M adison Aven ue,N ew York City ~ 3 0 3 PRINTED I N T IlE U . S. A. THE I N T ER N ATIONAL PRESS, l'\EW YORK INNOVEMBER 1941, the G ermans were trying to en ter Moscow. The Volokolamsk road lay open, de­ fended b y twenty-nine m en. Th ese twenty-n ine men were all Soviet Soldiers, they were all called R ed Army men. B ut in nationality they included Russians, Ukrainians, Kazakhs, an d K irgh izians. They were m en of seueral shades of sk in color, and two rel igions. They were men from Euro pe an d Asia, Chris­ tians an d M ohammedans. Toward them came three hu ~dred G erman tommy-gunners, with .orders to m arch through the tiny group of Red Army m en. The little Soviet unit waited like a stone wall until the Nazis were almost upon them, then tore them to pieces with well-aimed bursts of machine gun fire. Tlie G ermans tried again-this time with tanks. And again they were forced to retreat. Of the tw enty-nine m en who h ad b een holding the road, now only fift een were left. They em b raced each o ther in Russian style, b efore the battle to the d eath closed in on them. They knew they must hold the road to M oscow, even though it cos t them their lives. The G ermans came back wi th thirty tanks, two to each R ed Army m an. When at last the smoke of b attle cleared, the tanks lay burning on the grou n d, an d the G erman sold iers w ere in flight, not knowing that of the twenty-nine m en they h ad faced, only one su rvived. So the G ermans did n ot en ter M oscow b y the Volokolamsk road. They we re stop ped b y twenty-nine m en wh ose homes were thousands of miles away-men of four of the Sovi et n ations, from two co n tin en ts, who had fought as one to preserve the co u n try where they h ad lived as one. How did these nationalities become united? Why did they fight as one man for their fatherland? A Family of Nations In the Sovi et Union, the people of many nationalities live to­ gether in complete equality. Besides th e Russians, there are scores of other nationalities living .in th e Sovi et Union­ Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Pol es, Lithuanians, Jews, Esto­ nians, Armenians, Georgians, Tadzhilts, Tatars, Mongolians, Kasakhs, Uzbeks, and many others. E FORE TH E REVOL UTION of Russia, on ce the prison-house B1917, all th ese nationalities of nations, has become a union of were oppressed and mistreated. free peoples, wh ere no one na­ They were treated so badly that tion may take advantage of an­ Russia was called 'a prison of other. But before this there were nations.' Today all this has centuries of mi sery and oppres­ changed. SIO n . All citizens of the Soviet Union are equal, without regard to th eir "VVE KNOW FROI\I THE nationality or race. OLDER FOLKS" The Soviet C onsti tu t io n The young people in th e Soviet states: Union do not remember th e Equality of rights of citizens of the times before th e R evolution of Union of Soviet Socia lis t Republics, ir ­ Igl 7, but th ey have he ard stories respective of th eir nat ion ality or race, in all spheres of econo mic, sta te , cult ural. from the ir elde rs. social and political life is an indefeas­ A few years ago, a young work­ ible law. in g-wom an in th e Sovi et Union Any d irect or indirect restriction of the rights of, or conve rsely, a ny esta b­ wrote: lishment of direct or indirect privileges "I am a Tatar by nationality. for , citizens on acco unt of thei r race or I have not personally experi­ na tionality, as well as any advocacy of ra cial or national excl usiveness or ha­ enced the oppression of the tred and contempt, is punish abl e by law. T sars, but I know from the stories THE SOVIET UNION [3 of the older folks how the Tatars whole nationalities remained il­ were oppressed in Tsarist Rus­ literate. Among the Uzbeks it was sia." hard to find five persons in a hun­ What are the stories the older dred who could write their own folks tell? They tell how they names. were enslaved in the time of the The Tsars tried to deprive the Tsars, how they were whipped people of their own culture, such and imprisoned when they pro­ as their language and their folk tested against injustice, how their songs. villages were burned to the In Georgia, people were pun­ ground when they rebelled. ished for singing Georgian folk Whether they are Tatars, Bash­ songs. A Kalmyk boy caught kirs, Armenians, Poles, Jews, or . speaking his own language in Mongolians, the old folks remem­ school or at play had to wear a ber the sufferings, the massacres sign around his neck: "It is for : and pogroms, before the Revolu­ bidden to speak Kalmyk." tion of 1917. Though today there are over 922 newspapers printed in "IT IS EASIER TO RULE AN Ukrainian: and nearly 2000 books I GN ORA N T PEOPLE" each year, one of the Tsar's min­ The Tsar's governments kept isters solemnly declared: "There the non-Russian nationalities in never was, and never can be, a darkness and ignorance. Under separate . Ukrainian language. Nicholas I, the Chief of Police Ukrainian is only corrupt Rus­ from the Kazan region made this sian." report: Where schools existed, teach­ "Experience of all times proves ers were forbidden to use any that it is easier to rule an igno­ language but Russian. As a result, rant people than a people that there were many nationalities has received even the slightest de­ that had no written literature in gree of education. In accordance their own language, or even an with this idea, the authorities are alphabet for it. doing everything in their power to keep the people of Kazan in " O N LY TH E AIR IS FREE" ignorance." The peoples of the non-Rus­ " The building of schools for the sian nationalities were doomed people, teaching them to read to poverty as well as ignorance. and write was discouraged. Thus They were taxed so severely that '. A Fam ily of Nations th ere was a saying in Bukhara: an d vineyards razed and u proot­ " Here only the air is free." U n­ ed . D ir e poverty wi ll be their able to p ay th e heav y taxes, th e punishment." Thus wrote one of p eopl e su ffere d whippings an d th e T sar's generals, after an up­ impri sonment. rising of Georgian peasants. Alth ough they were taxed with­ ou t mercy, th e n on-Russian na­ " D IVIDE A ND R ULE" tionalities were forbidden to help T he rulers of Russian fanne d th emselves. R egarded as colo­ hatred and mis trust among the nials ex isting only to enrich th e diHeren t n a tion a li ti es. T hey T sars and, th e wealthy Russian kn ew, as tyrants h ave always laridown ers, all eco nom ic prog­ kn own , that the surest way to de- ress was closed to them. They ,stroy freedom is to set the people were forbidden to develop th eir fighting am ong themse lves . T hey industries or to cultivate the re­ set Russians agains t J ews, Tatars sou rces of th eir n ational lands. agains t Arme n ia ns, Armen ia ns In themoun ta insof Kazakhstan against Azerbaijans, th e T urk­ were cop per, zinc, coa l, and iron. men ian tribes one against an­ But the Kazakhs were forbidden other. This was done so that the to mine th em. In T u rkes tan, ri ch oppresse d n ationalities m igh t in cotton, th e Tsars wo u ld not turn their wrath against eac h permit textile mills to be built. other, instead of against th ose They feared th atsu ch mills would responsible for the ir suffe rings. offer competition to th e wealthy Today the Armen ia ns and Ta­ Russian mill-owners. tars live together in peace and fri endshi p .T hey work together "DIRE POVERT Y WILL BE on the collective farms. T hey THEiR P UNI SHMENT" wo rk side by side in the factories. T ime and again th e people of But in the past there was bitter th e non-Russian na tionalities strife between th em .
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