Domestic Terrorism

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Domestic Terrorism # 2002/10 webredaktion https://jungle.world/artikel/2002/10/domestic-terrorism Die Symbionese Liberation Army und der Krieg gegen den Terrorismus in den USA Domestic Terrorism Von ron jacobs Fünf ehemalige Mitglieder der Symbionese Liberation Army stehen derzeit in Los Angeles unter Anklage. Unter den bewaffneten Gruppen, die in den siebziger Jahren in den USA agierten, galt die SLA als bizarr. Über die Merkwürdigkeiten des Verfahrens wie über die Geschichte der Gruppe schreibt Ron Jacobs, Historiker der sozialrevolutionären US-Linken. Sarah Jane Olson bekannte sich am 31. Oktober des vergangenen Jahres schuldig, im Jahr 1975 Brand- und Sprengstoffanschläge auf Polizeifahrzeuge geplant zu haben. Olson wurde vorgeworfen, zusammen mit Mitgliedern der Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) und der New World Liberation Front (NWLF) an der Planung der Anschläge beteiligt gewesen zu sein. Obwohl keine Beweise für eine direkte Beteiligung Olsons vorlagen, wurde sie 25 Jahre später verhaftet und schuldig gesprochen. Bei der Urteilsverkündung im Januar dieses Jahres erhob man darüber hinaus neue Vorwürfe gegen sie. Sie soll an einem Überfall von Mitgliedern der SLA auf eine Bank im kalifornischen Carmichael beteiligt gewesen sein, bei dem Myrna Opsahl, eine Kundin, 1975 erschossen wurde. Vier ehemalige SLA-Mitglieder, Bill und Emily Harris, James Kilgore und Michael Bortin, sind jetzt gemeinsam mit Olson wegen des Mordes an Opsahl angeklagt. Bemerkenswert ist der Zeitpunkt der Verhaftungen. Seit den Anschlägen auf das World Trade Center vom 11. September bestimmt die panische Angst vor Terroristen das Handeln der Justiz wie der Herrschenden in den USA. Das drakonische Anti-Terror- Gesetzespaket (bekannt unter dem Akronym USA-Patriot Act), das die beiden Häuser des Kongresses im November 2001 verabschiedet haben, schuf mit dem »domestic terrorism« ein neues Delikt. Wegen einiger Bestimmungen im Gesetz können viele Mittel der Direkten Aktion (wie das Festketten oder Straßenblockaden) als terroristische Handlungen gelten. Strafrechtlich belangen kann man nun auch Leute, die unter dem Vorwurf des »domestic terrorism« gesuchte Personen in irgendeiner Form unterstützen. Das Gesetz erlaubt der Justiz, Verdächtige zu verfolgen, deren vermeintliche Straftaten Jahrzehnte zurückliegen. Zur Geschichte der SLA Über die Gründung der SLA ist wenig bekannt. Die Gruppe hat nie mehr als ein Dutzend Personen umfasst. 1973 trat die SLA mit dem Mord am Leiter der Schulbehörde von Oakland, Marcus Foster, erstmals in Erscheinung. Foster genoss hohes Ansehen in den überwiegend von Schwarzen und Latinos besuchten Schulen Oaklands. Es gab praktisch keine radikale Organisation in der San Francisco Bay Area, die den Mord unterstützte. Fosters gemäßigt progressive Politik stieß auf den Widerstand der herrschenden Eliten, die Oakland wie Städte im alten Süden der USA rassistisch regierten, fand jedoch die Unterstützung von verschiedenen linken lokal verankerten Gruppen, etwa der Black Panther Party. Die SLA begründete das Attentat auf Foster mit dessen Plan, alle Schüler zum Tragen von Schülerausweisen zu verpflichten und in einigen Schulen des Bezirks uniformierte Polizeibeamte einzusetzen. Das einzige, was der Mord bewirkte, war, der SLA die Aufmerksamkeit der Polizei, der Medien und der Linken zu sichern. Die Black Panther Party begann, Nachforschungen über die Herkunft der Gruppe anzustellen. Ihre Recherchen deckten einige interessante Spuren auf, die nicht selten in der Abteilung für Staatsschutz des Los Angeles Police Department oder im Kriminalkommissariat der kalifornischen Highway Patrol endeten. Von beiden Stellen ist bekannt, dass sie häufig Spitzel einsetzen und in radikale Gruppen oder Straßengangs einschleusen. Auch ohne Verschwörungstheorie ist erwähnenswert, dass ein Informant, der im Laufe seines Lebens mehrfach auf den Gehaltslisten verschiedener Polizeibehörden auftaucht, der Gründer der SLA war: Donald DeFreeze, genannt Cinque, nach Joseph Cinque, dem Anführer der Rebellion auf dem Sklavenschiff Amistad. DeFreeze stand in engem Kontakt zu einem gewissen Louis Tackwood, der der lokalen Organisation der Black Panthers in Los Angeles schon lange als Informant bekannt war. Nach seiner Verlegung vom Gefängnis in Soledad ins Staatsgefängnis von Vacaville lernte DeFreeze die künftigen Mitglieder der SLA bei einem Unisight genannten Programm gegen das Analphabetentum unter Gefangenen kennen. Seit dem Ende der sechziger Jahre waren einige Revolutionäre in diesem Programm gewesen, etwa der später ermordete Black Panther George Jackson oder die Anführer der im September 1971 gescheiterten Revolte im Attica State Gefängnis. Die Black Panther Party misstraute Unisight und hielt es für eine Strategie, Radikale, die Gefangenenarbeit machen wollten, unter Kontrolle zu halten. Zu den überwiegend weißen Aktivisten, die sich die Organisierung von Gefangenen zum Ziel gesetzt hatten, gehörten auch Mitglieder der Gruppe Venceremos, die aus den revolutionären Gewerkschaften der Bay Area und aus der seit 1969 in Auflösung begriffenen Organisation Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) hervorgegangen war. Venceremos war im Umgang mit Waffen nur wenig geschult. Stattdessen verbrachte die Gruppe ihre Zeit damit, mit anderen ultralinken Sekten der Bay Area dubiose Aspekte marxistisch-leninistischer Theorie zu diskutieren. Nach einigen Gruppentreffen von Unisight im Gefängnis von Vacaville formierte sich jedoch die SLA mit einem Programm des revolutionären Terrors. Im März 1973 konnte DeFreeze trotz strenger Bewachung aus Vacaville entkommen und bei Mitgliedern der SLA in Berkeley untertauchen. Deckname »Tania«. Es folgte eine Reihe spektakulärer Aktionen wie die Entführung von Patty Hearst, der Tochter des Medienmoguls William Randolph Hearst. Von dessen Lösegeld wurden Lebensmittel im Wert von mehreren Millionen Dollar an Bedürftige in den Armenvierteln von San Francisco, Oakland und Berkeley verteilt. Wenige Wochen nach ihrer Entführung trat Patty der SLA bei, um mit ihr anschließend raubend durch Kalifornien zu ziehen. In der Folge dieser Serie von »Enteignungen«, die für einige Schlagzeilen in der Presse sorgten, verstärkte sich die polizeiliche Repression vor allem in Berkeley und Santa Cruz, wo die linke Bewegung und die Gegenkultur stark waren. Schließlich kam es in Los Angeles am 4. Mai 1974 zwischen sechs Mitgliedern der SLA und Hunderten von Polizeibeamten zum Showdown. Alle sechs SLA-Mitglieder hielten sich in einer konspirativen Wohnung auf und kamen bei der Schießerei ums Leben. Die versprengte SLA und Patty Hearst (die sich nach Che Guevaras Begleiterin inzwischen Tania nannte) tauchten unter und flohen; der Hass des FBI fand andere Ziele und das Bureau ging dazu über, systematisch linke Landkommunen und städtische Zusammenhänge, Genossenschaften, Untergrundzeitungen und andere oppositionelle politische Organisationen zu durchkämmen. Kathleen Soliah, wie Sarah Olson damals hieß, befand sich zu diesem Zeitpunkt im Untergrund. In diese Phase fällt der Banküberfall in Carmichael, bei dem Myrna Opsahl erschossen wurde. Die SLA bekam selbst in der Zeit, als sie unter stärkeren Druck der Polizei geriet, nur wenig Unterstützung von anderen linken Gruppen. Diese Zurückhaltung ist auf das tiefe Misstrauen zurückzuführen, das zwischen 1974 und 1976 in linken politischen Kreisen und unter gegenkulturellen Aktivisten vorherrschte. Es entstand aus einer wachsenden Sensibilisierung der Öffentlichkeit für die Strategien staatlicher Repression, gespeist aus Enthüllungen im Verlauf der Watergate-Affäre, die in Anbetracht einer drohenden Amtsenthebung auch Präsident Richard Nixon zum Rücktritt zwangen. Die einzigen einer breiteren Öffentlichkeit zugänglichen Erklärungen zur Unterstützung der SLA stammten von Stew Alpert und dessen Partnerin Judith Clavier Alpert, Aktivisten des Weather Underground beziehungsweise der Yippies. Beide kritisierten die Distanzierungsversuche der linken Szene gegenüber der SLA. In den Erklärungen forderten sie die Bewegung auf, sich nicht zu »Erfüllungsgehilfen des Staates« machen zu lassen und die SLA trotz ihrer terroristischen Mittel und ihrer undurchsichtigen Herkunft als Mitkämpfer zu betrachten. Polizei und Staat machten allerdings nicht den Unterschied zwischen der SLA und anderen Teilen der Bewegung, sondern rechneten beide Seiten dem Lager der »Terroristen« zu. Als Sympathisantengruppe der SLA entstand die New World Liberation Front (NWLF). Sie verfasste Erklärungen und führte Aktionen durch, um die Politik der SLA gezielt zu unterstützen. Die Brandbomben auf Polizeifahrzeuge, zu denen sich die NWLF bekannt hat, fallen zeitlich etwa mit den geplanten Anschlägen zusammen, für die sich Sarah Olson jetzt verantworten musste. Politische Repression Seit den Anschlägen vom 11. September ist die herrschende Politik in den USA von Demonstrationen der Macht und einer Einschränkung der Freiheitsrechte geprägt . Ein Großteil der Bevölkerung unterstützt diese Beschränkungen oder ist sich überhaupt nicht darüber im Klaren, dass Bürgerrechte empfindlich beschnitten werden. Die Verunsicherung, die viele US-Amerikaner seit dem 11. September befallen hat, legitimiert eine verstärkte Repression. So wurden über 1000 Personen pakistanischer, afghanischer oder nahöstlicher Herkunft verhaftet; der Druck auf diejenigen, die den so genannten Krieg gegen den Terror ablehnen, wurde erhöht. Ausdruck der stärkeren Repression sind die Isolation aller politischen Häftlinge in Gefängnissen der USA, das gewalttätigere Vorgehen der Polizei bei Demonstrationen und auch
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