Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP)

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL Public Disclosure Authorized MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

Public Disclosure Authorized March 2019 Directorate of On-Farm Water Management Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The provincial government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, through its Directorate of On-Farm Water Management under the Department of Agriculture, is planning to undertake Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project and seeks the World Bank assistance for its implementation. In line with the prevailing legislation in the country and the World Bank Operational Policies, an environmental and social assessment of the proposed project was carried out and the present Environmental and Social Management Framework was prepared.

Project: Background – Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province contributes to over one-tenth of the national Gross Domestic Product, ranking as the third largest economy among the provinces in the country. In the province, agriculture generates more than one-fifth of the provincial Gross Domestic Product and employs 44% of the labor force. About half of that share in total GDP comes from crop agriculture. Most of the cultivatable land are owned by smallholder farmers. Inefficiency of irrigation infrastructure, fragility of uncultivated land and urbanization are some of the main factors causing competition for natural resources. Agricultural productivity is low, which is often attributed to scarcity of water and poor quality of inputs, such as seeds and fertilizer. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is one of the most vulnerable provinces of Pakistan to climate change.

Objective – The objective of the project is to improve the performance of irrigated agriculture in the project area.The project consists of three components on the following themes in agriculture: community irrigation system; technologies for efficient water use; and productivity, value addition and diversification. The project will also support capacity buidling, monitoring and evaluation, and strategic studies on topics related to water and agricutluer sector to solidify the knowledge base for sustainable development. For implementation, a Project Implementation Unit will be established.

Regulatory and Policy: Many national and provincial legislations as well as international treaties ratified by the country are applicable to the implementation process of the project, from protection of wetlands to respect of human rights. The World Bank Operational Policies that the borrower has the obligation to abide by for the project are Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01), Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12), Pest Management (OP 4.09), Safety of Dams (OP 4.37), Rapid Response to Crises and Emergencies (OP 8.00), Cultural Property (OP 4.11), Indigenous People (OP 4.10) and its policy on access to information. The necessity to conduct environmental and social assessment itself stems from the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environment Protection Act 2014 and the World Bank Operational Policy on Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01).

Environmental and Social Baseline: Ecosystems– Khyber Pakhtunkhwa boasts a varied terrain and a wide range of climates and ecosystems. An important portion of freshwater available in the country originates in glacier melt and snow in the mountainous areas, which include the province. The north of the province is relatively abundant in water, given their proximity to the source and lower ambient temperature. The southern districts are lower in altitude, drier and hotter, forcing the farmers to rely increasingly on groundwater whose sustainable extraction rates are unknown.

Biodiversity – Thanks to the forests, the north is also home to numerous flora and fauna, many of them endemic or indigenous. Deforestation, climate change and hunting are among the

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factors that threaten their existence. Agrobiodiversity has been in decline since the Green Revolution, which led to considerable reduction in cultivation of local varieties.

Climate change – Climate change has raised average temperature without exception in the province and caused many extreme weather events, such as flooding and droughts. The areas affected by waterlogging is considered large, and severe flooding that climate change brings about is expected to exacerbate the situation. The alluvial plain, the economic hub of the province, is prone to waterlogging. Higher temperatures have brought new pests and more of familiar ones, to which the farmers have responded by increase in pesticide application. Water in the country is highly contaminated with agrochemicals, many of which are persistent organic pollutants and harmful to human beings.

Human capital – In 2017-18, the national literacy rates were 52% and 73% for women and men, respectively. The literacy rates in the province were: 39% for women and 73% for men. While the literacy rate among men is almost uniform around the country, women’s rate in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the second lowest among the five provinces. Although close to half of the school-aged children are out of school in the country, such incidences appear fewer in the province. More than 60% of the out-of-school children were girls in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Poverty – Province wide poverty rate is high, affecting almost half of the population, and even higher in the north. Very few people are covered by social protection measures. Rapid growth in its urban population took place in the 1980s and the 2000s, caused by floods and conflict. Population growth and urbanization have shrunk the agricultural lands, including pasture. Share cropping is the most dominant form of land tenancy arrangements in the province, and the second dominant contract is fixed-rent tenancy. From both environmental and socioeconomic points of view, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa population is considered quite vulnerable to climate change.

Women and Other Vulnerable Groups - In terms of social groups, indigenous people, women, youth, elderly and handicapped persons have the least access to resources and opportunities. As a consequence, they are the poorest. Similarly, the people in the rural areas are more socioeconomically vulnerable than those in the urban areas.

The Kalash tribe in the province represents one of the oldest minorities, whose presence dates back to more than 3,000 years. Their population and influence are slowly decreasing, due to conversion to Islam, high infant and maternal mortality rates among Kalash women and increasing migration of Muslim outsiders to their areas. Kalash people consider themselves indigenous because of their distinct language, folklore, and polytheistic religion; they differentiate themselves from the other communities in the area who migrated later to Chitral.

Women not only have less access to resources, including education and information, but they also participate less in decision making, even when it concerns their own health. It has been estimated that per capita income in the province could be several times higher in 2050 compared to 2015, if the fertility rate declines rapidly. The education level and the fertility rate are negatively correlated in Pakistan as in the rest of the world. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa registers the highest fertility rate in the country. The rates are higher in rural areas and among poorer households.

Stakeholder Consultations: The stakeholders singled out the less-than-desirable amount of water available on the farm as the limiting factor in production, while at the same time pointed to the necessity of water saving technologies. Many farmers recognize vegetables and fruits as

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high-value crops and are willing to cultivate them to increase income. They did not seem to be conscious of what would be involved in earning income beyond production in the modern economy. Many officials are familiar with integrated pest management, which is yet to be implemented in the province. The concerns of the Kalash people related to agriculture are similar to those of other peoples in the province, except that the livestock plays an important role in their festivals and rituals. The presence of people from outside the communities is considered a serious issue in terms of their culture. Harassment of women by tourists has been particularly problematic.

Potential Impacts and Mitigation: There is no negative impact envisaged a priori by the implementation of the project; exact impacts and appropriate mitigation measures hinge on the details of the subprojects. For the project to avoid widening the wealth gap among the population, vulnerable groups must be separately targeted by interventions appropriate to them.

Watercourse Rehabilitation – The chances are very small that land acquisition becomes necessary for watercourse rehabilitation. Acquisition should be avoided, since it could entail further reduction of rangelands, forests and agricultural lands, and will require resettlement of the population who live off the land. If land acquisition becomes inevitable, the Resettlement Plan Framework, an accompanying document, must be followed. Some of the waterbodies are considered sacred by the Kalash, and rehabilitation should not result in their degradation through changes in hydrology.

If rehabilitation does not take climate change into account, its utility may be short-lived. Farmers’ knowledge needs to be strengthened so that increase in water availability on farm does not result in inefficient water use and delay in adopting climate resilient agriculture. Environmental degradation is possible from the use of construction material, vehicles and machinery; such activities should be well planned and minimized. Application of nature-based solutions and renewable energy are some of the most effective mitigation measures. The communities in the project area will need to share their natural resources with the project workers from outside the communities; resource management plans need to be established with the involvement of all resource users. The workers also need to be sensitized on local culture, especially in indigenous areas, so as not to create conflict.

Introduction of Water Saving Technologies – Given that the environment varies widely in the province, water saving technology must be tailored to each locale for maximum efficiency with minimum damage. Technology also needs to be understandable to and adjustable by the farmers, and equipment and machinery should be easy for them to operate and maintain. Farmers’ knowledge needs to be strengthened so that increase in water availability on farm does not encourage inefficient water use and discourage adoption of climate resilient agriculture.

Environmental degradation is possible from the use of material for equipment installation, vehicles and machinery. The workers from outside the communities will be using the natural resources in the project area; the mitigation measures mentioned above need to be applied. Provision of funds by the project must be based on a thorough analysis of the rural financial sector for efficacy and also for avoiding harm to the sector.

Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition – Many agricultural practices exist that aid in retaining moisture in the ground. They typically do not require increase in irrigation water, let alone construction of new canals or watercourses, which will further diminish agricultural lands

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and wildlife habitats. The project has enormous potential to increase soil moisture by promoting appropriate practices for diversification. It also can contribute to watershed management by promoting agroforestry. Climate resilient agriculture necessarily involves diverse crops; diversification can be part of climate resilient agriculture by choosing crops and design adequately. Integrated pest management is an element of climate resilient agriculture; by promoting the former, environmental protection and climate resilience will be enhanced. Improvement in income from crop agriculture should not result in pressure for more agricultural land at the expense of forests and rangelands. Groundwater use should not be encouraged, given the lowering water table and slower replenishment rates.

If value addition involves mechanization, it may result in job destruction for people who are employed to do the same task manually. Socioeconomic analysis of the intervention areas needs to be conducted for identifying job reduction possibilities.

Environmental and Social Management Framework: An Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMP) sets out the principles to be respected in formulation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) which is tailored to the specific details of the project and subprojects. A management plan consists of processes and practices that are required for consistently implementing activities and attaining the project and subproject objectives. It allows assessment and control of risks in order to prevent and mitigate undesirable outcomes. An important feature is that the plan should not be fixed but evolve by reflecting the findings from regular monitoring and evaluation of project implementation results. Given the nature of the project, ESMF has three accompanying documents: Resettlement Plan Framework (RPF), Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework (IPPF) and Integrated Pest Management Framework (IPMF).

Implementation of Framework – A Project Implementation Unit (PIU) will be established and a Project Director designated, who will be responsible for the environment and social performance of the project as well as compliance with the Environmental and Social Management Framework, Resettlement Plan Framework, Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework and Integrated Pest Management Framework. The PIU will be supported by an environment specialist, a social specialist, and a social inclusion (gender, indigenous people, youth, etc.) specialist. Monitoring scheme should put the beneficiaries at the center for the sake of ownership, sustainability and better mitigation results. Indicators, measurement methods, frequency and recording must be within the technical and financial means of the communities as much as possible.

Grievance Redress Mechanism – A grievance redress mechanism (GRM) must be established to provide a predictable, transparent and creditable process to all parties, resulting in outcomes that are seen as fair, effective and lasting. It will address proactively and promptly the affected people’s concerns and complaints regarding subproject design and implementation, using understandable and transparent process that takes vulnerable groups’ conditions into account. It will be culturally appropriate and readily accessible to all segments of the affected people at no cost and without retribution. The most local level of GRM for the project will be based on customary practices of the people who may be affected by the subproject, such as jirga. The mechanism should be established as soon as possible so that the subproject design phase will not be without one. The communities to be affected will be informed about the mechanism immediately after its establishment.

Capacity Building –. Capacity building of the project staff and beneficiaries will be carried out for the environmental and social management of the subprojects. The PIU, environment specialist, a social specialist and a social inclusion specialist will be responsible for this capacity building.

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Reporting and Documentation – Complete documentation will be maintained for the entire ESMF implementation process. This will include environmental and social monitoring checklists completed by the PIU and related personnel, visit reports with photographs prepared by the safeguard specialists, quarterly reports on overall ESMF implementation of the project, annual third-party monitoring reports, and project completion report on overall ESMF implementation during the entire duration of the project. The PIU will be responsible for the documentation and reporting.

Disclosure Requirements – Once finalized, the Environmental and Social Safeguard Framework and accompanying documents will be disclosed on the official websites of the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and World Bank Info shop. The documents will also be kept by the PIU.

Implementation cost – The total cost of the ESMF implementation has been estimated to be about PKR 132.4 million. It covers the costs of environment and social specialists, capacity building, third party validation and ESMP preparation for subprojects. This cost is included in the overall project.

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XECUTIVE SUMMARY IN URDU خالصہخالصہ خیبر پختون خواہ کی صوبائی حکومت زراعت کے محکمے کے تحت آن فارم واٹر منیجمنٹ کے ڈائرریکٹوریٹ کے ذریعے خیبر پختون خواہ آبپاشی اور زرعی بہتری کے منصوبے کی منصوبہ بندی کر رہی ہے اور اس ضمن میں اسے عالمی بینک کی امداد درکار ہے۔ ملک کے موجوودہ قوانین اور عالمی بینک کی آپریشنل پالیسیوں کے مطابق پیش کردہ منصوبے کی ماحولیاتی اور سماجی تشخیص کی گئی تھی اور اس کے مطابق موجودہ ماحولیاتی اور سماجی انتظام کے ڈھانچے کو تیار کیا گیا تھا۔ پراجیکٹ کا جائزہ:پس منظر۔ خیبر پختون خواہ صوبوں کے لحاظ سے ملک کی تیسری بڑی معیشیت ہے جوکہ مجموعی جی ڈی پی کا دسواں حصہ پیدا کرتا ہے جبکہ زراعت صوبے میں مجموعی جی ڈی پی کا چوتھا حصہ پیدا کرتا ہے۔مزیدبرآں یہ چوالیس فیصد افرادی قوت کو مالزمت بھی فراہم کرتا ہے۔ مجموعی جی ڈی پی کا نصف حصہ زراعت سے حاصل ہوتا ہے۔ زیادہ تر رزعی زمین چھوٹے چھوٹے کسانوں کی ملکیت ہے۔ آبپاشی کے غیر معیاری بنیادی ڈھانچے، غیر آباد شدہ زمین اور شہری آباد کاری وہ عوامل ہیں کو قدرتی وسائل کے استعمال کےلیے مقابلے کی فضاء پیدا کر دیتے ہیں۔ ذراعت کی پیداوار کم ہے جس کی وجہ اکثر پانی کی کمی، غیر معیاری بیچ اور کھاد بنتے ہیں۔خیبر پختون خواہ موسمیاتی تبدیلیوں کے لحاظ سے سب سے زیادہ کمزور صوبہ ہے۔ مقاصد:منصوبے کا مقصد عالقے میں آبپاشی اور زراعت کی کارکردگی کو بہتر بنانا ہے یہ منصوبہ بندی موضوعات کے عتبار سے تین عناصرپر مشتمل ہے: مقامی آبپاشی کا نظا م، پانی کے موثر استعمال کے لئے ٹیکنولوجی، پیداوار ،تنوع اور اضافی قدر۔ اس منصوبے کی مدد سے زراعت کے شعبے میں صالحیت کی تعمیر، نگرانی، تشخیص اور حکمت علمی کے مطالعہ میں مدد ملے گی جس میں طویل مدتی ترقی کے علم کی بنیاد کو مضبوط بنایا جاسکےاور ج اسکے لئے منصوبے کے عمل درآمدی یونٹ کا قیام عمل میں الیا جائے گا۔ ریگولیٹری اور پالیسی کا جائزہ:بہت سے قومی و صوبائی قوانین اور سرکاری طور پر منظور شدہ بین االقوامی معاہدوں کا اطالق منصوبے کے عمل درآمدی فعل پر ہوتا ہے جس میں ویٹ لینڈ کی حفاظت سے لے کر انسانی حقوق کا احترام شامل ہے۔ عالمی بینک کی آپریشنل پالیسیاں جوکہ قرض دہندہ کے لئے الزمی قرار دیتی ہیں کہ مزکورہ پالیسیاں ماحولیاتی تشخیص )OP4.01( غیر رضاکارانہ دوبارہ آباد کاری)OP4.12( اور کیڑے مکوڑوں سے متعلق پالیسی )OP4.09(، ڈیموں کی حفاظت )OP4.37(، بحران اور ہنگامی صورتحال کا فوری جواب(OP 8.00) ثقافتی اثاثہ )OP4.11(، مقامی باشندے)OP4.10(اور معلومات تک رسائی کی پالیسی پر قائم ہیں۔ ماحولیاتی اور سماجی تشخیص کی ضرورت پاکستان کے تحفظ ماحولیات ایکٹ 1997، خیبر پختون خواہ کے تحفظ ماحولیات ایکٹ 2014 اور عالمی بینک کی ماحولیاتی تشخیص کی آپریشنل پالیسی .(OP 4.01)سے تعلق رکھتی ہے۔ ماحولیاتی اور سماجی بنیادی معلومات کا جائزہ:ماحولیاتی نظام۔ خیبر پختون خواہ مختلف عالقوں موسم اور وسیع ماحولیاتی نظام کا حامل ہے۔ ملک میں دستیاب میٹھے پانی کا ایک اہم حصہ اس صوبے میں گلیشیر اور پہاڑی عالقوں میں برف کے پگھلنے سے پیدا ہوتا ہے۔ صوبے کے شمال میں نسبتا کافی مقدار میں پانی ہے جوکہ پانی کے ذخائر میں اضافہ اور درجہ حرارت میں کمی کا باعث بنتاہے۔ جنوبی اضالع کم اونچےہیں لہذا گرم اور خشک ہیں جن کی وجہ سے کسانوں کو زمینی پانی پر انحصار کرنا پڑتا ہے اور اس پانی کے زمین سے نکالنے کی شرح نامعلوم ہے۔

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حیاتی تنوع:جنگالت کی وجہ سے شمالی عالقہ بہت سے پودوں اور جانوروں کی اماجگاہ ہے۔ جن کی ایک بڑی تعداد دیسییا مقامی ہے۔ جنگالت کی کٹائی، موسمیاتی تبدیلی اور شکار وہ عوامل ہیں جو ان کے وجود کے لیے خطرہ ہیں۔سرسبز انقالب، زرعی حیاتی تنوع میں کمی کا باعث ہے جس کی وجہ سے مختلف اقسام کی مقامی فصلوں میں نمایا ں کمی آئی ہے۔ موسمیاتی تبدیلی:موسمیاتی تبدیلی نے صوبے میں اوسط درجہ حرارت کو بڑھا دیا ہے جس کی وجہ سے کئی شدید موسمیاتیحادثات رونما ہوچکے ہیں جیساکہ سیالب اور خشک سالی۔موسمیاتی تبدیلی کی وجہ سے متاثرہ عالقوں میں پانی کیزیادتی سیالبی صورت حال پیدا کردیتی ہے اور جس کی وجہ سے دریائی زمین جوکہ صوبے کا معاشی مرکز ہے پانی کی زیادتی کا نشانہ بن جاتی ہے۔زیادہ درجہ حرارت کی وجہ سے نئے کیڑے مکوڑے پیدا ہوتے ہیں جن سے واقف کسان کیڑے مار ادویات کا استعمال کر کے نجات حاصل کرتے ہیں۔ ملک میں پانی زراعتی کیمیائی مادوں کی وجہ سے انتہائیآلودہ ہوگیا ہے جس کی وجہ زیادہ تر نامیاتی مادہےہیں اور انسانوں کے لیے نقصان دہ ہیں۔ انسانی سرمایہ:2017-18 میں ملکی خواندگی کی شراح میں خواتین کاتناسب52%اور مردوں کا73%تھا جبکہ صوبے میں خواندگی کی شرح میں خواتین کاتناسب39%اور مردوں کا73%تھا- ملک بھر میں مردوں کی خواندگی کی شرح ایک جیسی ہے جب کہ خیبر پختون خواہ میں خواتین کی شرح خواندگی پانچوں صوبوں کے مقابلے میں نیچے سے دوسرے نمبر پر ہے۔ اگر چہ ملک میں اسکول جانے والے بچوں کی شرح نصف کے قریب ہے لیکن صوبے مینیہ شرح نسبتا کم ہے۔ خیبر پختون خواہ میں اسکول نہ جانے والے بچوں میں60%سے زائد لڑکیاں ہیں۔ غربت:کلی طور پر صوبے میں غربت کی شرح زیادہ ہے جو تقریبا آدھی آبادی کو متاثر کرتی ہے جبکہ شمال میں اس کی شرح نسبتا زیادہ ہے۔ سماجی تحفظ کے اقدام سے متعلق جتنے بھی لوگ ہیں ان کی شرح کم ہے۔ شہری آبادی میں تیزی سے اضافہ 1980ء اور 2000ء کی دہائیوں میں سیالب اور دیگر تنازعات کی وجہ سے ہوا۔ بڑھتی ہوئی آبادی اور شہری آباد کاری نے زرعی زمین بشمول چراہگاہیں کم کر دی ہیں۔ شراکتی زمینداری زمین کی کرایہ داری میں سب سے نمایاں حیثیت رکھتی ہے جبکہ طے شدہ کرایہ داری دوسرے درجے پر اہم ہے۔ ماحولیاتی و سماجی اور معاشی نقط نظر سے خیبر پختون خواہ کی آبادی کو آب و ہوا کی تبدیلی کے لحاظ سے کافی کمزور سمجھا جاتا ہے۔ خواتین اور دیگر متاثرہ افراد:سماجی دھڑوں کے لحاظ سے مقامی باشندے، خواتین، نوجوان، بزرگ اور معزور افراد کمزور ترین طبقات سے تعلق رکھتے ہیں۔ اس کی وجہ وسائل اور مواقع تک رسائی کی کمی ہے۔ اس طرح دیہی عالقوں میں لوگ شہری عالقوں سے کہیں زیادہ سماجی و معاشی طور پر کمزور ہیں۔ صوبہ میں کیالش قبیلہ تین ہزار سال پرانی تاریخی اقلیتوں میں سے ایک کی نمائندگی کرتا ہے ۔ وقت کے ساتھ ساتھ انکیمذہباسالم مینتبدیلی،زچہ بچہ کی بلند شرح اموات اور مسلمانوں کی انوادیوں میں نقل مقانی اور آبادی کاری کی وجہ سے کیالشی لوگوں کی آبادی اوراثر و رسوخ بتدریج کم ہورہی ہیں۔ کیالشی لوگ اپنی مخصوص زبان، ورثہ اور مذہب کی وجہ سے خود کو مقامی سمجھتے ہیں اور عالقے میں موجود دوسری مقامی آبادیوں سے مختلف ہیں جو کہ بعد میں چترال منتقل ہوئے ہیں۔ خواتین نہ صرف تعلیم اور معلومات سمیت وسائل تک رسائی میں پیچھے ہیں بلکہ فیصلہ سازی میں بھی کم اہمیت رکھتی ہیں۔ یہاں تک کہ اس کا تعلق ان کی اپنی صحت سے ہی کیوں نہ ہو۔ ایک اندازے کے مطابق صوبے میں فی کس آمدنی2050ء میں2015ء کے مقابلے میں کئی گنا زیادہ ہوسکتی ہے اگر شرح پیدائش میں تیزی سے کمی واقع ہوجائے۔پاکستان میں تعلیم کی

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سطح اور شرح پیدائش میں ایک منفی تناسب پایا جاتا ہے جبکہ خیبر پختون خواہ میں درج شدہ شرح پیدائش سب سے زیادہ ہے اور یہ شرح دیہی اور غریب گھروں میں نسبتاً زیادہ ہے۔ فریقین سے مشاورت:منصوبے کے فریقین نے ضرورت سے کم پانی کی دستیابی کی نشاندہی کی ہے جوکہ محدود پیداوار کا باعث ہے اس کے ساتھ ساتھ انہوں نے پانی کے بچت کے طریقے کار کو اختیار کرنے کی ضرورت پر ضرور دیا ہے۔ بہت سے کسان زیادہ قیمت والی سبزیوں اور پھلوں کی کاشت کو اپنی آمدنی میں اضافے کا سبب سمجھتے ہیں۔ ان کو یہ معلوم نہیں تھا کہ جدید معیشت میں پیداوار سے الگ آمدنی حاصل کرنے کا کیا فائدہ ہوگا۔بہت سے اہل کاروں کو کیڑوں کے مربوط انتظام سے واقفیت حاصل ہے جو کہ صوبے میں ابھی تک الگو نہیں کیا گیا ہے۔زراعت سے متعلق کیالشی لوگوں کے خدشات صوبے کے دوسرے لوگوں کے کیساتھ مماثلت رکھتے ہیں۔ عالوہ ازیں مال مویشی ان کے تہواروں اور رسومات میں اہم کردار ادا کرتے ہیں۔ مقامی آبادی میں باہر کے لوگوں کی موجودگی کو کیالشی لوگ اپنی ثقافت کیلئے ایک سنجیدہ مسئلہ سمجھتے ہیں۔ سیاحوں کی طرف سے خواتین کو ہراساں کرنا خاص طور پر ایک بڑا مسئلہ ہے۔ ممکنہ خطرات اور اثرات:منصوبے کے عمل درآمدی نظام میں کسی قسم کے از خو منفی اثراات کا اندازہ نہیں لگایا جاسکتا۔ اثرات اور خطرات کا صحیح اندازہ ذیلی منصوبے کی تفصیالت سے ہی لگایا جاسکتا ہے۔ اس منصوبے کے دوران آبادی کے درمیان دولت کے فرق کو بڑھانے سے بچنے کیلئے کمزور گروہوں کے ساتھ علیحدہ طور پر معامالت طے کرنے چاہیں۔ کھالہ جات کی بحالی:کھالہ جات کی بحالی کے لیے زمین کے حصول کا امکان بہت کم ہے۔ زمین کے حصول سے اجتناب کرنا چاہیے چونکہ یہ جنگالت، زرعی زمین اور چراگاہوں میں مزید کمی کا باعث ہوتے ہیں اور لوگوں کی دوبارہ آبادکاری جیسے مسائل کو جنم دیتے ہیں۔ اگر نہیں تو )آر پی ایف( کے دستاویزات کی پیروی کرنا ضروری ہے۔ کیالش میں کچھ پانی کے ذخائر کو مقدس سمجھا جاتا ہے اور بحالی کے اس کام کے نتیجے میں پانی کے ذخائر میں کسی قسم کی تبدیلییا کمی نہیں ہونی چاہیئے۔ اگر بحالی کے کام میں آب و ہوا کی تبدیلی کا خیال نہیں رکھا جاتا تو اسکی افادیت مختصر ہوسکتی ہے۔ اس سلسلے میں کسانوں کے علم کو موثر بنانے کی ضرورت ہے تاکہ فارم پر پانی کی دستیابی کے نتیجے میں ناکافی پانی کے استعمال اور آب و ہوا کی تبدیلی کو اختیار کرنے مینتاخیر نہ ہو۔ تعمیراتی مواد، گاڑیاں اور مشینری کے استعمال سے ماحولیاتی تباہی ممکن ہے جسکی منصوبہ بندی موثر انداز میں ہونی چاہیے تاکہ نقصان کمسے کم ہو۔ قدرتی و سائل پر مبنی حل اور قابل جدید توانائی جیسے اقدامات کیے گئے ہیں۔ باہر سے حاصل کی گئی افرادی قوت جوکہ اس عالقے میں قدرتی وسائل کا استعمال کرتی ہے عالقے میں مقابلے کی فضا پیدا کرتی ہے۔ وسائل کے انتظام کے منصوبوں میں وسائل کے صارفین کی شمولیت ہونی چاہیے۔ مزدوروں کو عالقے کی روایات اور ثقافت خصوصاً مقامی آبادی کے بارے میں حساس ہونا چاہیے تاکہ تنازعات پیدا نہ ہوں۔ پانی کی بچتکی ٹیکنالوجی کا تعارف:یہ دیکھتے ہوئے کہ ہر صوبے میں قدرتی ماحول کے لحاظ سے اختالف پایا جاتا ہے۔ پانی کی بچت کی ٹیکنالوجی کو اسطرح اپنایا جائے کہ ہر ممکن حد تک فائدہ حاصل کیا جاسکے کم سے کم نقصان برداشت کرتے ہوئے ٹیکنالوجی کسانوں اور سامان اورمشینریکیلئےقابل فہم اور آسان ہونی چاہیے۔ اس سلسلے میں کسانوں کے علم کو موثر بنانے کی ضرورت ہے تاکہ فارم پر پانی کی دستیابی کے نتیجے میں ناکافی پانی کے استعمال اور آب وہوا کی تبدیلی کو اختیار کرنے میں تاخیر نہ ہو۔

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تعمیرات اور تنصیب کے مواد، گاڑیاں اور مشینری کے استعمال سے ماحولیاتی تباہی ممکن ہے۔ باہر سے حاصل کردہ مزدور عالقے میں قدرتی وسائل کا استعمال کرتے ہیں۔ اسلئے اوپر بتائے گئے تحفیف کے اقدامات کو الگو کرنے کی ضرورت ہے۔ اس منصوبے کی طرف سے فنڈز کی فراہمی کو دیہی مالیاتی شعبے کے مکمل تجزیہ پر الزمی مبنی ہونا چاہیے تاکہ عالقے کو نقصان سے بچایا جاسکے۔ تقسیم اور قدر اضافی کا فروغ:بہت سے ایسے زرعی طریقہ کار موجود ہیں جن سے زمین میں موجود نمی کو برقرار رکھنے میں مدد ملتی ہے اور عام طور پر آبپاشی کے پانی میں اضافے کی ضرورت نہیں ہوتی اور نہ ہی نئی نہروں اور پانی کے ذخائر کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے جو کہ مزید زرعی زمین اور جنگلی حیات کی تباہی کے امکانات کو کم کرتی ہے۔ اس منصوبے میں زمین کی نمی کو برقرار رکھنے کیلئے موزوں ٹیکنالوجی کے استعمال کا امکان بہت زیادہ ہے۔ زرعی شجرکاری کے فروغ کی مدد سے پانی کے انتظام کو بہتر بنایا جاسکتا ہے۔ آب و ہوا میں تبدیلیوں کو برداشت کرنے والی زراعت میں مختلف قسم کی فصلیں شامل ہیں۔ فصلوں کے مناست انتخاب اور خاکوں کو مدد سے مختلف اقسام کی فصلوں کو حاصل کیا جاسکتا ہے۔ مربوط کیڑے مکوڑوں کا انتظام آب و ہوا کی محافظ زراعت کا ایک عنصر ہے جو کہ ماحولیاتی تحفظ اور آب و ہوا کی لچک کو فروغ دینے سے حاصل ہوجائے گا۔ زراعت سے حاصل ہونے والی آمدنی میں بہتری کے نتیجے میں مزید زرعی زمین کے حصول کیلئے دباؤ نہیں ہونا چاہیے جو کہ جنگالت اور زرخیز چراگاہوں میں کمی کاباعث بنے۔ زیر زمینپانی کے استعمال کی حوصلہ افزائی نہیں کی جانی چاہیے جسکی وجہ سے زیر زمین پانی کی سطح اور اسکی بحالی کی شرح کم ہوجاتی ہے۔ اگر قدر اضافیمیں مشینی طریقہ کار شامل ہوں تو اسکے نتیجے میں ان لوگوں کیلئے مالزمت میں کمی واقع ہوسکتی ہے جو وہی کام ہاتھ سے کرنے کی صالحیت رکھتے ہیں۔ منصوبے کے عالقوں میں سماجی و اقتصادی تجزیہ کرنے کی ضرورت ہے تاکہ نوکریوں کی تباہی کے امکانات کی شناخت ہوسکے۔ ماحولیاتی اور سماجی انتظامی ڈھانچہ:ماحولیاتی اور سماجی ڈھانچے کی تشکیل میں منصوبے اور اسکے ذیلی منصوبے کی تفصیالت کا خیالرکھا جاتا ہے۔ایک انتظامی پالن میں منصوبے اور سکے ذیلی مقاصد پر مسلسل عمل درآمد کرنے کیلئے ضروری عمل اور مشق درکار ہوتی ہے۔ یہ ناپسندیدہ نتائج کی روک تھام اور کمی کے سلسلے میں تشخیص اور خطرات کو قابو کر نے میں مدد دیتا ہے۔ ایک اہم خصوصیاتیہ ہے کہ یہ پالن طے شدہ نہیں ہونا چاہیے۔ یہ نگرانی اور تشخیص کے نتائج پر مبنی ہوناچاہیے جو باقائدگی سے منصوبے کے عمل درآمدی نتائج پر مبنی ہوناچاہیے۔ منصوبے کی نوعیت کو دیکھتے ہوئے )ای ایس ایم ایف( میں تین دستاویزات موجود ہیں۔ بحالی کے منصوبے کا انتظامی ڈھانچہ )RPF(۔ مقامی آبادی کے منصوبے کا ڈھانچہ )IPPF(۔ کیڑے مکوڑوں کا مربوط انتظامی ڈھانچہ)IPMF(۔ بنیادی ڈھانچے پر عمل درآمد:منصوبے کا عمل درآمدییونٹ قائم کیا جائے گا ایک پراجیکٹ ڈائریکٹر نامزد کیا جائے گا جو منصوبے کے ماحولیاتی اور سماجی کارکردگی کا ذمہ دار ہوگااور اسکے ساتھ ماحولیاتی اور سماجی انتظامی ڈھانچے )ESMF(، بحالی کے پالن کا ڈھانچہ )RPF(، مقامی آبادی کے منصوبے کاڈھانچہ)IPPF( اور کیڑے مکوڑوں کے مربوط انتظامی ڈھانچے )IPMF( کو منصوبے کی مدت کے دوران مد نظر رکھے گا۔ منصوبے کا عمل درآمدییونٹ )PIU( ایک ماہر ماحولیات، ماہر سماحیات اور ایک ماہر سماجی شمولیات کی مدد سے حاصل کر یگا۔مانیٹرنگ اسکیم کو مرکزی، استحکام اور بہتر تحفیف کے نتائج کے لیے مرکز میں فائدہ مند افراد کو رکھناچاہیے۔ اشارے، پیمائش کے طریقہ کا، فریکوننسی اور ریکارڈنگ کمیونٹی کے تکنیکی اور مالی وسائل کے اندرون حد تک ممکن ہو۔

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شکایت کے ازالےکاطریقہ کار:تمام فریقین کی شکایات کے ازالے کے لیے ممکنہ، شفاف اور قابل اعتماد طریقہ کار فراہم کرنا الزمی ہے جس کے نتایج منصفانہ، موثر اور مستقل طور پر واضح ہوں۔ یہ ذیلی منصوبےکے ڈیزائن اور عمل درآمد کے بارے میں متاثرہ لوگوں اور انکے خدشات اور شکایت سے متعلق ہے-یہ ان افراد کو بال قیمت شفاف اور قابل فہم طریقہ کار کے زریعے جو روایتی طور پر موزوں اور قابل رسائ ہو شکایات کا ازالہ فراہم کرتا ہے- ذیلی منصوبےسے متاثرہ افراد کے لیے مقامی سطح پر ازالےکا طریقہ کار مقامی روایتی طریقوں پر مبنی ہوگایہ طریقہ کارجلدازجلدرائج کیا جائے گا۔تاکہ ذیلی منصوبہ کسی بھی مرحلے پراس سے محروم نہ ہو- مقامی افراد کو طریقہ کارکے رائج ہونے پر فوری طور پر اگاہ کیا جاۓ گا- صالحیت کی تعمیر –منصوبے کے عملے اور منصوبے سے فائدہ اٹھانےوالوں کی صالحیت میں اضافہ منصوبےکےذیلی شعبوں کے ماحولیاتی اور سماجی انتظام کے لئےکیا جائے گا ۔منصوبے کا عمل درآمدی یونٹ ،ماحولیاتی وسماجی ماہراور اور سماجی شمولیت کے ماہر اس صالحیت کی تعمیر کے لئے ذمہ دار ہوں گے۔ رپورٹنگ اور دستاویزات-مکمل دستاویزات پورےای ایس ایم ایف کےعمل درآمدی عمل کو برقرار رکھے گی۔ اس میں منصوبے کا عمل درآمدی یونٹ اور متعلقہ اہلکار کی طرف سے مکمل ماحولیاتی اور سماجی نگرانی کی جانچ پڑتالیں، حفاظتی ماہرین کی طرف سےدوروں کی تصاویر کے ساتھ تیار کردہ رپورٹیں، منصوبےکے مجموعی ا ی ایس ایم ایف پرعمل درآمدکی سہ ماہی رپورٹیں، ساالنہ تیسری پارٹی کی نگرانی کی رپورٹیں اور منصوبےکی پوری مدت کے دوران ای ایس ایم ایف کے مجموعی عمل درآمد پر منصوبے کی تکمیلی رپورٹ شامل ہوں گی۔ان دستاویزات اور رپورٹنگ کے لئے منصوبے کا عمل درآمدی یونٹ ذمہ دار ہوں گے- انکشاف کے تقاضے: ایک بار حتمی طور پر، خیبر پختون خواہ حکومت اور عالمی بینک کی معلومات کی سرکاری ویب سائٹس پر ماحولیاتی اور سماجی تحفظ کے فریم ورک کو ظاہر کیا جائے گا یہ دستاویزات منصوبےکےعمل درآمدی یونٹ کی طرف سے بھی رکھے جائیں گے۔

کل الگت: ESMF ٖ ٖ کے عمل درآمد کی کل الگت کا اندازہPKR132.4ملین ہے. اس میں ماحولیاتی اور سماجی ماہرین، صالحیت کی تعمیر، تیسری پارٹی کی توثیق، اور ذیلی منصوبوں کے لئے ESMP کی تیاری شامل ہے. مجموعی منصوبے میں یہ الگت شامل ہے.

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ACRONYMS

BHU Basic Health Unit DHQ District Head Quarter Hospital EA Environmental Assessment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FPIC Free Prior Informed Consultation GDP Gross domestic product GRC Grievance Redress Committee GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HEIS High Efficiency Irrigation System IEE Initial Environmental Examination IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development ILO International Labor Organization IPM Integrated Pest Management IPMF Integrated Pest Management Framework IPPF Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa KPI Key Performance Indicators KPIAIP KP Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project LAA Land Acquisition Act, 1894 LARP Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan LGRC Local Grievance Redress Committee M&E Monitoring and Evaluation NGO Non-Governmental Organization NRSP National Rural Support Programme OFWM On Farm Water Management OP Operational Policy PIU Project Implementation Unit PPAF Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund

Environment and Social Management Framework xi | P a g e ` Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP)

RAP Resettlement Action Plan RHC Rural Health Center RPF Resettlement Plan Framework THQ Tehsil Headquarter Hospital UC Union Council UNDP United Nation Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USAID U.S. Agency for International Development WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority

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Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... i ACRONYMS ...... xi 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2. Project Overview ...... 3 1.3. Environmental and Social Management Framework ...... 4 1.3.1. Requirements for Framework ...... 4 1.3.2. Objectives ...... 4 1.3.3. Methodology ...... 4 2. LEGISLATIVE, REGULATORY, AND POLICY FRAMEWORK ...... 4 2.1. Legislative, Regulatory, and Policy Framework ...... 6 2.1.1 18th Amendment of the Constitution ...... 6 2.1.2 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 ...... 6 2.1.3. Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations 2000 6 2.1.4. National Environmental Quality Standards ...... 7 2.1.5. National Water Policy 2018 ...... 7 2.1.6. National Climate Change Policy 2012...... 7 2.1.7. Forest Act 1927 ...... 8 2.1.9. Land Acquisition Act 1894 ...... 8 2.1.10. Antiquity Act 1975 ...... 9 2.1.11. Legislation Related to Protection of Tribal and Indigenous Peoples ...... 9 2.1.12. Resettlement Policy ...... 9 2.1.13. National Culture Policy 2018 ...... 10 2.1.14. Pakistan Penal Code 1860 ...... 10 2.1.15. Cooperative Societies Act 1925 ...... 10 2.1.16. Constitution, Acts and Rules on Labor ...... 10 2.1.17. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Local Government Act 2013 ...... 10 2.1.18. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environment Protection Act 2014 ...... 11 2.1.19. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Policy 2016 ...... 11 2.1.20. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Wildlife and Biodiversity Act 2015 ...... 12 2.1.21. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Forest Ordinance 2002 ...... 12 2.1.22. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Drinking Water Policy 2015 ...... 12

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2.1.23. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agriculture Policy 2015 ...... 12 2.1.24. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Food Safety Authority Act 2014 ...... 13 2.1.25. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Antiquities Act 2016 ...... 13 2.1.26. Culture Policy Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 2018 ...... 14 2.1.27. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Water User Association (WUA) Ordinance 1981 ...... 14 2.1.28. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Farm Services Centers Act 2014 ...... 14 2.2. The World Bank Operational Policies ...... 16 2.2.1. Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) ...... 16 2.2.2. Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) ...... 16 2.2.3. Pest Management (OP 4.09) ...... 16 2.2.4. Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) ...... 17 2.2.5. Rapid Response to Crises and Emergencies (OP 8.00) ...... 17 2.2.6. Cultural Property (OP 4.11) ...... 17 2.2.7. Indigenous Peoples (OP 4.10) ...... 17 2.2.8. Policy on Access to Information ...... 18 2.3. Obligations under International Treaties ...... 18 2.3.1. Environmental Obligations ...... 18 2.3.2. Social Obligations ...... 18 2.4. Institutional Setup for Environmental Management ...... 18 2.5.1. National Guidelines ...... 24 2.5.2. Provincial Guidelines ...... 24 2.5.3. World Bank Guidelines ...... 24 2.5.4. Other Guidelines ...... 24 3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 25 3.1. Background ...... 25 3.2. Project Development Objectives ...... 25 3.3. Project Components ...... 26 3.4. Alternatives Considered and Reasons for Rejection ...... 28 3.5. Implementation Arrangements ...... 29 4. ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE CONDITIONS ...... 31 4.1. Location ...... 31 4.2. Geography ...... 31 4.3. Geological Setting ...... 32

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4.4. Soils ...... 32 4.5. Land Use ...... 33 4.6. Waterlogging and Salinity ...... 36 4.7. Hydrology and Water Resources ...... 37 4.8. Air and Noise ...... 39 4.9. Climate ...... 40 4.10. Climate Change ...... 41 4.10.1. Past Changes ...... 41 4.10.2. Future Changes ...... 41 4.11. Ecosystems, Biodiversity and Protected Areas ...... 43 4.11.1. Forest Ecosystems ...... 43 4.11.2. Rangeland Ecosystems ...... 46 4.11.3. Biodiversity ...... 46 4.11.4. Protected areas ...... 47 4.11.5. Agrobiodiversity ...... 50 4.12. Solid Waste Management ...... 51 5. SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE CONDITIONS ...... 52 5.1. Demographics ...... 52 5.2. Literacy and Education ...... 52 5.3. Land Tenancy ...... 53 5.4. Poverty ...... 54 5.5. Labor Force ...... 55 5.6. Urbanization ...... 55 5.7. Social Protection ...... 56 5.8. Culture and Language ...... 57 5.9. Religion and Belief System ...... 58 5.10. Indigenous Peoples ...... 59 5.11. Gender ...... 59 5.11.1. Literacy and Education ...... 59 5.11.2. Access to Resources ...... 60 5.11.3. Participation in Decision Making ...... 61 5.11.4. Gender Parity and Economic Growth ...... 62 5.12. Health ...... 67

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5.13. Water Supply and Sanitation ...... 69 5.14. Water User Associations ...... 69 5.15. Energy ...... 70 5.16. Crop Agriculture as Livelihood ...... 71 5.17. Livestock Management as Livelihood ...... 74 5.18. Forestry as Livelihood ...... 75 5.19. Other Livelihoods ...... 76 5.20. Climate Change Vulnerability ...... 77 6. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS ...... 78 6.1. Objectives ...... 78 6.2. Stakeholder Identification ...... 78 6.3. Consultation of Institutional Stakeholders ...... 79 6.3.1. Project Design ...... 79 6.3.2. Project Environmental Impacts ...... 79 6.3.3. Project Social Impacts ...... 79 6.4. Consultations of Community Stakeholders: Farmers and Field Officials ...... 80 6.4.1. Irrigation Systems and Water Storage Tanks ...... 80 6.4.2. Water User Associations ...... 80 6.4.3. Land Acquisition and Resettlement ...... 81 6.4.4. Crop Agriculture: Constraints and Opportunities ...... 81 6.4.5. Forestry and Livestock: Constraints and Opportunities ...... 82 6.4.6. Coping Strategies for Climate Change ...... 82 6.4.7. Indigenous Peoples ...... 83 6.4.8. Entrepreneurial Capacities and Possibilities ...... 83 6.5. Summary of Findings...... 85 6.5.1. Agricultural Water Requirements ...... 85 6.5.2. Agricultural Productivity ...... 86 6.5.3. Kalash People ...... 86 6.5.4. Other Issues ...... 86 7. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 87 7.1. Soils ...... 87 7.1.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Soils ...... 87 7.1.2. Introduction of Water-Saving Technologies: Soils ...... 88

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7.1.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Soils ...... 88 7.2. Hydrology and Water Resources ...... 89 7.2.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Hydrology and Water Resources ...... 89 7.2.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Hydrology and Water Resources ...... 91 7.2.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Hydrology and Water Resources 91 7.3. Air and Noise ...... 94 7.3.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Air and Noise ...... 94 7.3.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Air and Noise ...... 94 7.3.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Air and Noise ...... 95 7.4. Climate ...... 96 7.4.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Climate ...... 96 7.4.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Climate ...... 96 7.4.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Climate ...... 97 7.5. Solid Waste ...... 98 7.5.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Solid Waste ...... 98 7.5.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Solid Waste ...... 98 7.6. Vehicle Traffic ...... 99 7.6.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Vehicle Traffic ...... 99 7.6.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Vehicle Traffic ...... 100 7.6.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Vehicle Traffic...... 100 7.7. Ecosystems and Biodiversity ...... 100 7.7.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Ecosystems and Biodiversity ...... 100 7.7.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Ecosystems and Biodiversity ...... 100 7.7.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Ecosystems and Biodiversity .... 100 7.8. Land Tenancy ...... 101 7.8.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Land Tenancy ...... 101 7.8.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Land Tenancy ...... 102 7.8.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Land Tenancy ...... 102 7.9. Poverty, Labor Force and Urbanization ...... 102 7.9.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Poverty, Labor Force and Urbanization ...... 102 7.9.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Poverty, Labor Force and Urbanization 103 7.9.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Poverty, Labor Force and Urbanization ...... 103

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7.10. Social Protection ...... 105 7.10.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Social Protection ...... 105 7.10.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Social Protection ...... 106 7.11. Culture and Language ...... 106 7.11.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Culture and Language ...... 106 7.12. Religion and Belief System ...... 107 7.12.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Religion and Belief System ...... 107 7.12.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Religion and Belief System ...... 108 7.12.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Religion and Belief System ...... 108 7.13. Women and Other Vulnerable Groups ...... 108 7.13.1. Watercourses Rehabilitation: Women and Other Vulnerable Groups ...... 108 7.13.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Women and Other Vulnerable Groups 110 7.13.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Women and Other Vulnerable Groups ...... 110 7.14. Health ...... 110 7.14.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Health ...... 110 7.14.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Health ...... 111 7.15. Water Supply and Sanitation ...... 112 7.15.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Water Supply and Sanitation ...... 112 7.15.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Water Supply and Sanitation ...... 113 7.15.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Water Supply and Sanitation ... 114 7.16. Water User Associations ...... 115 7.16.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Water User Associations ...... 115 7.16.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Water User Associations ...... 115 7.16.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Water User Associations ...... 116 7.17. Energy ...... 116 7.17.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Energy ...... 116 7.17.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Energy ...... 117 7.17.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Energy ...... 117 7.18. Crop Agriculture as Livelihood ...... 117 7.18.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Crop Agriculture as Livelihood ...... 117 7.18.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Crop Agriculture as Livelihood ...... 118

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7.18.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Crop Agriculture as Livelihood ...... 119 7.19. Livestock Management as Livelihood ...... 119 7.19.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Livestock Management as Livelihood ...... 120 7.19.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Livestock Management as Livelihood 120 7.19.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Livestock Management as Livelihood ...... 120 7.20. Forestry as Livelihood ...... 121 7.20.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Forestry as Livelihood ...... 121 7.20.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technology: Forestry as Livelihood ...... 122 7.20.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Forestry as Livelihood ...... 122 7.21. Other Livelihoods ...... 122 7.21.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Other Livelihoods ...... 123 7.21.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Other Livelihoods ...... 123 7.21.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Other Livelihoods ...... 123 7.22. Cumulative Impacts ...... 123 8. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK ...... 123 8.1. Framework and Plan ...... 123 8.2. Subproject Screening ...... 124 8.3. Institutional Arrangements ...... 125 8.4. Contingent Emergency Response ...... 125 8.5. Resettlement Plan Framework ...... 126 8.6. Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework ...... 127 8.7. Integrated Pest Management Framework ...... 128 8.8. Mitigation and Monitoring Plan ...... 129 8.9. Capacity Building ...... 130 8.9.1. Capacity of Implementing Agency ...... 130 8.9.2. Plan for Capacity Building ...... 130 8.10. Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 134 8.10.1. Objectives ...... 134 8.10.2. Structure ...... 134 8.10.3. Resolution Process ...... 135 8.10.4. Legal Process ...... 136

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8.11. Reporting and Documentation ...... 136 8.12. Disclosure Requirements for Environmental and Social Management Framework ...... 137 8.13. Implementation Budget for Environmental and Social Management Framework ...... 138 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 139 ANNEXES ...... 158 Annex A: International Treaties Most Relevant to the Project...... 158 Annex B: National Environmental Quality Standards ...... 167 Annex C: List of Institutional Stakeholders Consulted ...... 175 Annex D: Questionnaire for Institutional Stakeholders ...... 177 Annex E: List of Community Stakeholders Consulted ...... 179 Annex F: Questions Asked to Community Stakeholders...... 180 Annex G: Rapid Assessment Checklist ...... 184 Annex H: Suggested Methodology and Structure of Environmental and Social Management Plans ...... 193 Annex I: Scheme Siting Checklist ...... 196 Annex J: Gender and Social Protection Checklist...... 199 Annex K: Safeguards Procedures for Inclusion in the Technical Specifications of Contracts ...... 203

List of Tables and Figures

Table 2.1: International Treaties Relevant to Environmental Aspects 18 Table 2.2: International Treaties Relevant to Social Aspects 20 Table 4.1: Land Utilization in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (hectares) 31 Table 4.2: Cropping intensity in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 31 Table 4.3. Air Pollutants in Peshawar (2007-2010) 35 Table 4.4: Climatic Regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province 36 Table 4.5: Forest Ecosystems of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 40 Table 4.6: Notable Fauna of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 42 Table 4.7: Protected Areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 43 Table 4.8: Crops Cultivated or Collected in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 45 Table 5.1: Population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 47 Table 5.2: Provincial Census in 2017 47 Table 5.3: Labor Force Participation Rate (%) 50

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Table 5.4: Key Features of Social Protection in Pakistan 52 Table 5.5: Mother Tongue of the Population in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2017) 53 Table 5.6: Access to Resources by Gender 58 Table 5.7: Participation in Decision Making by Gender 60 Table 5.8: Number of Medical Facilities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 62 Table 5.9: Number of Medical Personnel in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 63 Table 5.10: Key Health indicators for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 63 Table 5.11: Percentage Distribution of Households by Source of Drinking Water in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2014-15) 64 Table 5.12: Major Vegetables Grown in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2015-16) 67 Table 5.13: Major Fruits Grown in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2015-16) 67 Table 5.14: Price Changes of Vegetables and Fruits in Peshawar (2011/12 - 2016) 67 Table 5.15: Agro-ecological Zones of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 68 Table 5.16: Livestock Population in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 70 Table 8.1: Suggested Methodology and Structure for Environmental and Social Management Plan 116 Table 8.2: Personnel of Directorate of On-Farm Water Management in Peshawar 123 Table 8.3: Personnel of Directorate of On-Farm Water Management in the Field 124 Table 8.4: Capacity Building Plan 125 Table 8.5: Indicative Budget for Safeguards Implementation 130 Table B.1: Selected National Environmental Quality Standards for Waste Effluents 161 Table B.2: National Environmental Quality Standards for Industrial Gaseous Emissions 162 Table B.3: National Environmental Quality Standards for Ambient Air 163 Table B.4: Selected National Environmental Quality Standards for Motor Vehicles Exhaust and Noise 164 Table B.5: National Environmental Quality Standards for Drinking Water Quality 166 Table B.6: National Environmental Quality Standards for Noise 167 Figure 4.1: Soil Types of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa based on Harmonized World Soils Database 30 Figure 4.2: Land Use in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and former Federally Administered Tribal Areas 32 Figure 4.3: Hydrological conditions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 34 Figure 4.4: Changes in Maximum Temperature in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 38 Figure 4.5: Changes in Minimum Temperature in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 38 Figure 4.6: Changes in Precipitation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 39

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Figure 5.1: District Map of Incidence of Poverty (2014-15) 49 Figure 5.2: Types of Health Facilities under Different Categories 62 Figure 5.3: Skill Composition of Emigrants 71 Figure 5.4: Multi Hazard Vulnerability of 25 Districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province 72

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, the northernmost province, contributes to slightly over one- tenth of the national Gross Domestic Product, ranking as the third largest economy among the provinces in Pakistan.1 In the northern half of the province, winter is cold and with considerable amount of snow. The southern half is arid with hot summers and cold winters. The major rivers include: Kabul, Swat, Chitral, Kunar, Siran, Panjkora, Bara, Kurram, Dor, Haroo, Gomal and Zhob. The Khyber Pass in the Province was used for more than thousand years by merchants and had substantial cultural, economic, and geopolitical significance for Eurasian trade. Due to the strategic importance of the Pass, the province experienced numerous invasions by various Empires. The ancient kingdom of Gandhara was situated in the Province, which was a prominent center of learning during that time.

In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, agriculture generates 22% of the provincial Gross Domestic Product and employs 44% of the labor force. About 50% of that share in total GDP comes from crop agriculture and the rest from livestock. Most of the cultivatable land are owned by smallholder farmers. Share cropping is the most dominant form of land tenancy, and the second dominant contract is fixed-rent tenancy, where the tenant pays cash to the landowner for using the land.

In the north of the Province, the water supply is relatively stable with multiple sources: rain, snow, surface and groundwaters. In other parts, annual rainfall can be as little as 100mm and irrigation is possible only when supplemented by groundwater. Nearly half of the cultivated land is operated with rainwater only, and hill torrents are important means of irrigation.

Wheat is the main crop grown in summer, which is taken over by maize, rice, fruit, and tobacco in winter. Vegetables are grown throughout the year and make important contributions to nutrition intake and income generation. In comparison with other provinces, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is a strong producer of various fruits, including peach, watermelon, apricot, and date. In Swat, the commercial production of fruits and vegetables has expanded rapidly in the last two decades; the district is now known as the fruit basket of the country.

As the aridity increases, the importance of livestock grows and that of crop agriculture diminishes. Livestock provides food security and also serves as an income smoothing tool. Wheat straw and maize Stover are agricultural wastes used as feed for livestock. A large number of people rely on transhumance, who rear sheep and goats. Cows and buffalo are also common livestock. The animals may be sold live to the urban population or kept for production of wool and dairy products, which are also important commercial goods. Freshwater fish is cultivated in lakes and streams in the higher altitude areas and in ponds and other waterbodies in lower altitudes.

Tertiary level irrigation systems consist of about 73,500 water courses, including 12,500 water courses in canal command areas under the public irrigation network and 61,000 under non canal command areas. Among them only 25,000 watercourses have been lined by the On-Farm Water Management Directorate.

1 As of 2015, the province produced 13% of national GDP, following 54% of Punjab and 30% by Sindh (Pasha, 2015).

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Inefficiency of irrigation infrastructure, fragility of uncultivated land and urbanization are some of the main factors causing competition for natural resources. Agricultural productivity is low, which is often attributed to scarcity of water and poor quality of inputs, such as seeds and fertilizer. The farmers resort to excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides, exceeding the prescribed doses, or to use of chemicals banned in the international markets. The ratio of cultivatable waste to cultivatedarea is about 0.75 to 1, and an increasing amount of such land with potential for cultivation is lost to land degradation and urbanization. Inadequate markets, lack of economic incentives to farmers and herders, as well as political unrest have also limited the development of agriculture.

Despite the prominence of agriculture in the province, food insecurity is experienced by close to one-third of the population and malnutrition is prevalent. The situation is attributed to: volatile food prices; expensive agricultural inputs; energy shortage; accelerating population growth; water scarcity and drought; and, increasing natural disasters. Much food is imported from other provinces, most notably wheat.

The Pakistan National Water Policy established in 2018 is grounded in the concerns emanating from the diminishing availability of freshwater and its effects on food and energy security, and ultimately on health and the well-being of the Pakistani people. As evidenced by the floods in 2010, climate change has only exacerbated the situation. The Policy contains 33 objectives, which are summarized into strategic priorities and planning principles.

The first principle listed in the Policy, conservation and efficiency, recognizes that demand management is of great importance, although various policies in place have focused on the supply of water resources. The Policy also rightly points out that, given the increasingly extreme rainfall patterns, rainwater storage has become crucial in averaging the water availability over surplus and decifient years.

In addition, it firmly states the necessity of a shift from sectoral to integrated water resources management, which protects watershed and catchment areas and integrates the interests of upstream and downstream stakeholders. These measures are indispensable for environmental and socioeconomic sustainability of water resources management, and we cannot achieve one sustainability without the other.

The Agriculture Policy 2015-2025 for the Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was elaborated in order to achieve the full potential in the agriculture sector – including, crops, livestock, on-farm water management and fisheries – so as to improve rural income and food security. Although an estimated 80% of the population relies on income from agriculture and the population has grown by 72% between 1998 and 2017 (above 56% for the same period for the entire country), the growth rates of crop agriculture, livestock, and forestry between 1991/1992 and 2004/2005 were all lower than those in the rest of the country. It stresses that water is one of the critical constraints, aggravated by inefficient use and poor land management. Another important constraint is the short growing seasons of the existing crops. The greatest potentials are seen in off-season horticulture crops.

The Policy acknowledges the changing situation that the sector in the province faces: growth of the private sector and intensification of commercialization; amendment to the Constitution that devolved responsibilities to the Provinces; and, the one-offavailability of external funds in the

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early 2000s related to natural disasters and crisis in law and order. Keeping these evoultions in mind, it proposes to: build on local skills backed by long trandition; involve all stakeholders in agriculture; support and regulate the private sector, non-governmental and civil society organizations, instead of replacing them; strengthen human capacity at the government; and, take into account climate change and disasters.

Its specific goals are to: enhance sector productivity and competitiveness by improving the supply chain, technology dissemination and trade promotion; address food security, income generation for the vulnerable groups and gender equality; and, improve natural resources management, climate change adaptation and disaster risk management.

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is one of the most vulnerable provinces of Pakistan to climate change. Although the National Climate Change Policy was formulated in 2012, the devolution of governing power in 2010 had put responsibilities on the subject on the shoulder of the provinces. Such circumstances led to climate change policy for the province tailored to its specifics in 2016. Four agroecological zones – northern mountains, sub-humid eastern mountains and wet mountains, central valley plain, and piedmont plain and suleiman piedmont – are recognized by the Policy, which predicts negative effects of climate change on biodiversiy in all the zones. Agriculture and water resources will be affected in three zones, excepting the mostnorthern one. Irregular weather patterns and heat waves have already negatively affected agriculture in the province.

The Policy recommends: mainstreaming climate change into legislations and policies on agriculture and livestock; strengthening regulatory and monitoring mechanisms to reduce the use of harmful fertilizers and pesticides; devising incentives for adoption of organic farming as well as water and soil conservation; promoting measures to increase productivity, such as soil management, organic farming, artificial insemination and livestock feed enrichment; and, developing risk management systems for crops and livestock.

The Policy also acknowledges the effects of climate change and overexploitation on forests and calls for prioritizing rehabilitation of degraded natural forests, pastures and watersheds. It emphasizes the importance of promoting non-timber forest products in poverty reduction.

1.2. Project Overview

The province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan plans to implement a project on irrigated agriculture, named “Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project,” with financial and technical assistance of the World Bank. The borrower of the World Bank funds is the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the implementing agency is the Department of Agriculture of the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The total project financing stands at USD 211.5 million, of which USD 157.3 million is the commitment of the International Development Association. The budget has no grant or other commitments. The project is expected to be approved during 2019 and closed in 2025. The objective of the project is to improve the performance of irrigated agriculture in the project area.

The project consists of three components on the following themes in agriculture: community irrigation system; technologies for efficient water use; and productivity, value addition and diversification. The one on community irrigation systems aims at improving the efficiency of water delivery at the farm level. The objective of the second component is to assist the farmers in adopting technologies that increase the productivity through efficient water use, such as high

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efficiency Irrigation system and precision land leveling. The third component is to strengthen the capacity of farmers to generate income through enhanced productivity, value addition and diversification of crops. The project will also support capacity buidling, monitoring and evaluation, and strategic studies on selected topics related to water and agricutluer sector to solidify knowledge base of long-term development.

1.3. Environmental and Social Management Framework

1.3.1. Requirements for Framework

By the Environmental Protection Act of 1997, the proponent of any development project in Pakistan has the obligation to submit to the to the concerned environmental protection agency an initial environmental examination or an environmental impact assessment, if the project is likely to cause adverse effects on the environment. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act of 2014 stipulates the same, where the concerned agency is the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Agency.

The World Bank Operational Policy 4.01 requires environmental assessment of projects proposed for financing by the Bank so as to ensure that the project is environmentally sound and sustainable. The assessment is also supposed to improve decision making related to the project.

1.3.2. Objectives

As the details of the project activities remain unspecified at present, a framework approach has been adopted to assess environmental and social impacts that may be caused by implementing the project. The framework is elaborated to: assess the existing the environmental and socioeconomic conditions of the areas targeted by the project; identify potential impacts of the proposed project on the natural and human environments of the area; propose generic mitigation measures that should be integrated in the design of the project to minimize the negative impacts; verify the project’s compliance with national and provincial legislations as well as the World Bank’s Operational Policies. It should be also applicable to subprojects to be created and implemented under the project.

1.3.3. Methodology

The information for the Framework was obtained through: scoping of informants; stakeholder consultations with key institutional informants and selected communities; collection of baseline data on environmental and social conditions; and, collection of information on international, national and provincial legal obligations. Based on the information above, we assessed impacts, identified mitigation measures, and elaborated a management framework. This document contains the information of this process in addition to the framework.

2. LEGISLATIVE, REGULATORY, AND POLICY FRAMEWORK

This Chapter discusses the policy, legal and administrative framework relevant to the environmental and social assessment of the proposed Project. Also included in the Chapter are the environmental and social guidelines from the national agencies as well as international donors and other organizations.

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2.1. Legislative, Regulatory, and Policy Framework

Pakistan’s statute books contain a number of laws concerned with the regulation and control of the environmental and social aspects. However, the enactment of comprehensive legislation on the environment, in the form of an act of parliament, is a relatively new phenomenon. The laws relevant to the project and possible subprojects are briefly reviewed below.

2.1.1 18th Amendment of the Constitution

Amendment XVIII (the Eighteenth Amendment) of the Constitution of Pakistan, was passed by the National Assembly of Pakistan on April 8, 2010, removing the power of the President of Pakistan to dissolve the Parliament unilaterally, turning Pakistan from a semi-presidential to a parliamentary republic, and renaming North-West Frontier Province to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. One of the key highlights of the 18th amendment is the devolution of powers to the provincial governments. Provinces are required by law to establish local government systems, devolve political, administrative and financial responsibility and authority to elected representatives. The devolution of functions allows the provincial government to plan and implement the project independent of the national government.

2.1.2 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997

The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 is the basic legislative tool empowering the government to frame regulations for the protection of the environment, where the ‘environment’ has been defined as: (a) air, water and land; (b) all layers of the atmosphere; (c) all organic and inorganic matter and living organisms; (d) the ecosystem and ecological relationships; (e) buildings, structures, roads, facilities and works; (f) all social and economic conditions affecting community life; and (g) the interrelationships between any of the factors specified in sub-clauses ‘a’ to ‘f’. The Act is applicable to a broad range of issues, including socioeconomic aspects: for example, land acquisition, air, water, soil, marine and noise pollution, and the handling of hazardous waste.

The requirement for environmental assessment is laid out in Section 12 (1) of the Act. Under this section, no project involving construction activities or any change in the physical environment can be undertaken unless an initial environmental examination (IEE) or an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is conducted, and approval is received from the federal or relevant provincial Environmental Protection Agency. Section 12 (6) of the Act states that the provision is applicable only to such categories of projects as may be prescribed. The categories were later defined in the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations 2000.

This Act obliges the project to conduct IEE or EIA in case construction activities or changes in the physical environment are planned. It also provides the foundation for environmental regulations that the project must abide by.

2.1.3. Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations 2000

The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations 2000, which was developed by the Pakistan-EPA under the powers conferred upon it by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, provide the necessary details on preparation, submission and review of the IEE and the EIA. Categorization of projects for IEE and EIA is one of the main

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components of the Regulations. Projects have been classified on the basis of expected degree of adverse environmental impacts. Project types listed in Schedule I are designated as potentially less damaging to the environment, and those listed in Schedule II as having potentially serious adverse effects. Schedule I projects require an IEE to be conducted, provided they are not located in environmentally sensitive areas. For Schedule II projects, conducting an EIA is necessary. A development project may not fall under either Schedule I or II.

The Regulations stipulate the nature of a project which obliges it to conduct IEE or EIA.

2.1.4. National Environmental Quality Standards

The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), promulgated under the Pakistan Environment Protection Act 1997, specify the following standards: • Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in gaseous emissions from industrial sources; • Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in municipal and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment and sea (three separate set of numbers); • Maximum allowable emissions from motor vehicles; • Ambient air quality standards; • Drinking water standards; and • Noise standards.

The Standards specify the thresholds of certain environmental quality indicators that the project should respect. The details are provided in Annex A.

2.1.5. National Water Policy 2018

The objective of Pakistan’s first National Water Policy, approved in April 2018, is to take cognizance of the emerging water crisis and provide an overall policy framework and guidelines for a comprehensive plan of action. The policy concedes that management of water resources is a national responsibility, but irrigation, agriculture, water supply (including drinking water), the environment and other water-related sub-sectors are provincial subjects.

The policy covers all water-related issues, including: water uses and allocation of priorities; integrated planning for development and use of water resources; environmental integrity of the basin; impact of climate change; trans-boundary water sharing; irrigated and rainfed agriculture; drinking water and sanitation; hydropower; industry; groundwater; water rights and obligations; sustainable water infrastructure; water-related hazards; water quality management; awareness and research; water conservation measures; legal framework and capacity building of institutions in the water sector.

The Policy devolves the power related to water management for irrigation and agriculture to the province; it gives the province the authority to plan and implement the current project.

2.1.6. National Climate Change Policy 2012

The goal of the National Climate Change policy is to ensure that climate change is mainstreamed in the economically and socially vulnerable sectors and to steer Pakistan towards climate resilient development. The policy has the following main objectives:

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• To pursue sustained economic growth by appropriately addressing the challenges of climate change; • To integrate climate change policy with other interrelated national policies; • To focus on pro-poor gender sensitive adaptation while also promoting mitigation to the extent possible in a cost-effective manner; • To ensure water security, food security and energy security of the country in the face of the challenges posed by climate change; • To minimize the risks arising from the expected increase in frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as floods, droughts and tropical storms; • To strengthen inter-ministerial decision making and coordination mechanisms on climate change; • To facilitate effective use of the opportunities, particularly financial, available both nationally and internationally; • To foster the development of appropriate economic incentives to encourage public and private sector investment in adaptation measures; • To enhance the awareness, skill and institutional capacity of relevant stakeholders; and • To promote conservation of natural resources and long-term sustainability.

The Policy encourages the project to take climate change into account in all areas, including gender and disaster risk mitigation.

2.1.7. Forest Act 1927

The Forest Act 1927 seeks to consolidate the laws relating to: forests; transit of forest produce; and duty that can be levied on timber and other forest products. The Forest Act provides for the creation of various classes of forests. It also allows provincial governments to declare state- owned forest lands to be reserved forests or protected forests and to assume control of privately-owned forest land. The Act establishes three categories of forests: Reserve Forests; Protected Forests; and Village Forests. The Act prohibits any person to: set fire in a forest; quarry stone; remove any forest-product; or cause any damage to a forest by cutting trees or clearing up the area for cultivation or any other purpose. The Act provides legal argument to preserve certain classes of forests as defined by the Act.

2.1.8. Canal and Drainage Act 1873

The Canal and Drainage Act 1873 regulates irrigation, navigation and drainage. It prohibits corruption or fouling of water in canals (defined to include channels, tube wells, reservoirs and watercourses), or obstruction of drainage. The Act gives legal requirements on the usage of irrigation infrastructure in the project.

2.1.9. Land Acquisition Act 1894

The Land Acquisition Act (LAA) of 1894, amended from time to time, has been the de facto policy governing land acquisition and compensation in the country. The Act is the most commonly used law for acquisition of land and other properties for development projects. It comprises of 55 sections pertaining to: area notifications and surveys; land acquisition; compensation and apportionment of awards; disputes resolution; penalties; and exemptions. The Act allows the acquisition of private land by a government agency, after the government pays a pre-determined compensation to cover the losses incurred by landowners from

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surrendering their land. If the project necessitates land acquisition, the Act lays out the necessary conditions that need to be met with respect to land acquisition and compensation.

2.1.10. Antiquity Act 1975

The Antiquities Act of 1975 ensures the protection of cultural resources in Pakistan. Antiquities have been defined in the Act as: ancient products of human activity; historical sites; sites of anthropological or cultural interest; and national monuments. The law prohibits new construction in the proximity of a protected antiquity and empowers the Government of Pakistan to prohibit excavation in any area that may contain articles of archeological significance.

Under this Act, the project proponents are obligated to:

• Protect antiquities from destruction, theft, negligence, unlawful excavation, trade and export; • If an archeological discovery is made during the course of the project, it should be protected and reported to the Department of Archeology, Government of Pakistan, for further action.

The Act stipulates the necessary actions if antiquities are found in the project area prior to and during implementation.

2.1.11. Legislation Related to Protection of Tribal and Indigenous Peoples

Pakistan does not have any national policies on indigenous and tribal peoples. 2 Under specialadministrative arrangement of Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and ProvinciallyAdministrative Tribal Areas (PATA), the Government had been running the affairs of sometribal areas through regulations or laws enacted during the British rule.Since no specific laws for indigenous peoples exist, the project will rely on the World Bank Policy and international conventions ratified by the country on the subject.

2.1.12. Resettlement Policy

Resettlement Policy of Pakistan was drafted by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency in 2002 and is not yet approved by the parliament. In the absence of a specific resettlement policy, the Land Acquisition Act 1894 has been the policy governing resettlement and compensation to the persons affected by a project. However, the provisions of Land Acquisition Act 1894 do not take into account the changes that have taken place with respect to social, cultural, economic and environmental landscapes in which they operate. Furthermore, the Act does not take into account gestation periods. Since the Land Acquisition Act is a national law that is implemented on a provincial basis, dispensations in compensation and resettlement packages can differ from province to province for similar cases of resettlement. Given the above situation of the Land Acquisition Act and Resettlement Policy, the project resorts to the World Bank Policy on this matter.

2 Wagha (2012).

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2.1.13. National Culture Policy 2018

Pakistan’s first National Culture Policy was launched in May 2018. The culture policy envisages preservation of national heritage, integrating minorities’ culture, promotion of art and craft, and revival of regional languages to highlight the positive image of Pakistan. The Policy promotes minorities culture, which shows direction to the project with respect to indigenous peoples in the absence of related legislations.

2.1.14. Pakistan Penal Code 1860

The Pakistan Penal code 1860 deals with the offences where public or private property or human lives are affected due to intentional or accidental misconduct of an individual or organization. The Code also addresses control of noise, noxious emissions and disposal of effluents. Most of the environmental aspects of the Code have been superseded by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997.Noise, noxious emissions and disposal of effluents caused by the project must be within the limits permitted by the Code.

2.1.15. Cooperative Societies Act 1925

The Cooperative Societies Act aims to facilitate the formation and working of cooperative societies for the promotion of thrift, self-help and mutual aid among agriculturists and other persons with common economic needs so as to bring about better living, better business and better methods of production and for that purpose to consolidate and amend the law relating to cooperative societies in the province.The Act guides formulation of agricultural and other cooperatives if the project activities are facilitated by them.

2.1.16. Constitution Acts and Rules on Labor

The Constitution of Pakistan defines labor rightsin the following articles: Article 11 prohibits all forms of slavery, forced labour and child labour; Article 17 stipulates the rights to exercise freedom of association and to form unions; article 18 establishes the right to enter upon any lawful profession or occupation and to conduct any lawful trade or business; article 25 affirms the right to equality before the law and prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of sex alone; and article 37(e) makes provision for securing just and humane conditions of work, ensuring that children and women are not employed in vocations unsuited to their age or sex, and for maternity benefits for women in employment.

In addition to Article 18 of the Constitution, Industrial Relations Ordinance 2002 pronounces on the conditions of termination of contracts. Maximum working hours are determined in Factories Act 1934; West Pakistan Shops and Establishments Ordinance1969 and Mines Act 1923. Factories Act 1934 makes provisions for paid leave, while work conditions related to maternity are defined by Article 37 of the Constitution, Maternity Benefit Ordinance 1958 and Mines Maternity Benefit Act 1941. Employment of children is framed by Article 11(3) of the Constitution, Factories Act 1934 and Employment of Children Rules 1995.The project may create wage labor, and if it does, the working conditions should respect the laws above.

2.1.17. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Local Government Act 2013

The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Local Government Act 2013 established local governments and a framework for their operations. The main established entities were: district governments,

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district councils, tehsil municipal administration, town municipal administration, tehsil councils, village and neighborhood councils and provincial finance commission. The role of the heads of these entities, as well as finance, property, taxation and supervision of local governments were also stipulated.

In 2014, it was reported that one important feature that distinguished this Act from 2001 Ordinance on the same subject was that village and neighborhood councils make the third tier of the local governments instead of determined by the tehsil or town councils. The Provincial Government has not yet enforced the law; despite the passage of the latest Act, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Local Government Act 2012 which is based on 1979 Ordinance is still in force. No local government elections have been planned. The project will need to take into account the local governance structure that will be in place at the time of implementation, which may be different from that during planning.

2.1.18. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environment Protection Act 2014

The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act 2014 empowers the provincial Environmental Protection Agency to: • Administer and implement the provisions of the Act and the rules and regulations made there-under to comply with the environmental policies approved by the Council; • Enforce the provisions of the Act through environmental protection orders and environmental tribunals headed by magistrates with wide-ranging powers, including the right to fine violators of the Act; • Prepare or revise, and establish the Environmental Quality Standards with the approval of the Council; • Develop environmental emission standards for parameters such as air, water and land; • Identify categories of projects to which IEE or EIA will apply; • Develop guidelines for conducting IEE and EIA as well as procedures for the submission, review and approval of the same; • Review IEE or EIA with the objectives that these meet the requirements of the Act; and • Public participation shall be ensured during review process of IEE or EIA reports.

Section13 of the Act states that “no proponent of a project shall commence construction and operation unless he has filed with the Agency an initial environmental examination or where the project is likely to cause an adverse environmental effect, an environmental impact assessment, and has obtained from the Agency, environmental approval in respect thereof.” In the same Section, it continues that the provisions of the main subsections “shall apply to such categories of projects and in such manner as may be prescribed.”The project is obliged to protect the environment as provided by the Act. In addition, depending on the details of the project, it may be required to file an IEE or EIA and obtain an approval from the provincial EPA.

2.1.19. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Policy 2016

The goal of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Policy is to ensure that climate action is mainstreamed in the development planning and especially in the economically and socially vulnerable sectors of the economy, and to steer the province towards green growth and climate compatible development.

The policy is in line with the National Climate Change Policy of Pakistan (2012) but is more specific and focused to the ecosystems of the Province. The policy focuses on 13 sectors

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including: agriculture and livestock, forestry, water resources, biodiversity, vulnerable ecosystems, energy, industry, transport, waste, urban planning, disaster preparedness, health and socioeconomic sector on poverty and gender. The policy highlights sector specific risks of climate change, requisite measures to minimize these risks and curtail the contribution of the sector to climate change.The Policy advocates for climate compatibility of the project.

2.1.20. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Wildlife and BiodiversityAct 2015

The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Wildlife and Biodiversity (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management) Act 2015 was enacted to protect the province’s wildlife resources directly and other natural resources indirectly. It classifies wildlife by degree of protection: animals that may be hunted on a permit or special license; and species that are protected and cannot be hunted under any circumstances.

For the first type of animals, the Act restricts hunting and trade in live animals or as trophies or meat. The Act also defines various categories of wildlife protected areas: National Parks; Wildlife Sanctuaries; and Game Reserves. No human activities besides wildlife protection should be conducted inside any protected areas defined under the Act.The Act specifies the wildlife that should not be threatened and habitats that should not be encroached upon by the project implementation.

2.1.21. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Forest Ordinance 2002

The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Forest Ordinance 2002 has authorized the Department of Forest to perform certain functions related to protection of forests, including development, protection, management, and sustainable development of forests. It has established a Forest Settlement Board, which is concerned with reserved forests and performs functions related to settlement of rights and claims.The Ordinance supports the project in legal aspects if its diversification activities are forest related, such as promotion of no-timber forest products.

2.1.22. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Drinking Water Policy 2015

The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Drinking Water Policy envisions a better quality of life for the people of the province through universal access to adequate quantities of potable water. The overall goal of the policy is to streamline the sector and ensure that the entire population of the province has access to sufficient drinking water at affordable costs through equitable, efficient and sustainable services by 2025. The provincial policy has adopted key principles outlined in the National Drinking Water policy 2009, and is aligned with the National Environment Policy 2005.The Policy urges the project to consider the shared origins of irrigation water and drinking water.

2.1.23. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agriculture Policy 2015

The agriculture policy of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2015-2025) aims to support and promote sustainable agriculture as an inclusive and dynamic source of economic growth and development and also as a producer of food, incomes and employment. The specific goals and objectives of agricultural policy are to: • Enhance sector productivity and competitiveness by activities such as improving the supply chain, technology dissemination and trade promotion; • Address food security and income needs of the vulnerable sections of the population;

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• Take targeted actions to improve food security, reduce poverty and enhance the role of women; and • Improve national resource management, adaptation to climate change and disaster risk management.

The Policy links agriculture to natural resources management, climate change adaptation and disaster risk management, recommending projects to do the same.

2.1.24. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Food Safety Authority Act 2014

The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Food Safety Authority Act of 2014 “provides for the safety and standards of food in the province and for establishment of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Food Safety Authority.”A minimum penalty of PKR 3 million will be imposed for every human life lost as a result of eating unsafe food. The compensation money is the responsibility of the food operator or the firm which provided the food in question. The Act bestows the Authority the power to: • Formulate or adopt standards, procedures, processes and guidelines in relation to any aspect of food including food business, food labeling, food additive, and specify appropriate enforcement systems; • Specify procedures and guidelines for setting up and accreditation of food laboratories; • Formulate method of sampling, analysis of samples and reporting of results; • Specify licensing, prohibition orders, recall procedures, improvement notices and prosecution; • Establish a database and information system of network of food operators and consumers to facilitate food safety and quality control; • Organize training programs in food safety and standards; • Promote general awareness about food safety and standards; • Levy fee for registration, licensing and other services; • Certify food for export; • Establish safe limits for processing residues in the foods; • Implement rules and regulations relating to all different types of food; • Regulate matters relating to halal food.

The Act serves as one of the legal reasons for the project to adopt integrated pest management approach and other agricultural practices free of agrochemicals.

2.1.25. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Antiquities Act 2016

The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Antiquities Act 2016 aims to protect, preserve, develop and maintain antiquities in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Antiquities have been defined as ancient products of human activity, historical sites, sites of archaeological or cultural interest, and national monuments.The objectives of the Act are to preserve ancient archaeological sites and historic buildings as well as to discourage illegal excavation and smuggling of antiques and objects.

After the 18th amendment, the Department of Archaeology along with a sizeable number of archaeological sites were devolved to the province.Consequently, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Antiquities Act was passed to address the need for implementing rules and regulations at the provincial level. Under the new law, a penalty of PKR 2 million has been proposed against demolishing of historic buildings, illegal construction on archaeological sites, and smuggling of

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ancient objects.The Act stipulates how the project should protect antiquities in the province in case any in found in the target area.

2.1.26. Culture Policy Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 2018

The Culture Policy of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was elaborated after devolution of the sector as a result of the passage of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution. The provincial culture policy, while integrating the specifics of the province, envisages to: create an enabling environment for the culture sector to flourish; acknowledge culture rights and promote diverse cultural heritage of the province; integrate culture and creative sector into economic and social development for employment and revenue generation; and provide equal opportunities regardless of class, caste and creed.

The objectives include: to incorporate all tangible and intangible culture heritage including all major and minor cultural traditional festivals, languages, artifacts, performing arts, visual arts, literature and aspirations; to facilitate small and medium entrepreneurs; to safeguard rights of artistes, artisans; and to discourage the culture of violence, intolerance and fanaticism by promoting social cohesion and inter-cultural dialogue. The Policy encourages to preserve minority culture in an enlarged sense and gives indication to the project how it should be implemented in the indigenous areas.

2.1.27. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Water User Association (WUA) Ordinance 1981

The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Water User Association Ordinance was passed to provide for the formation, operation, and promotion of water users’ association in the province. According to the Ordinance, Water User Associations shall be voluntary organizations of natural and legal persons, which, in accordance with the interest of their members and society and through mutual assistance and cooperation, shall perform activities related to the irrigation and drainage of agricultural lands and the maintenance of irrigation and drainage infrastructure on the territory of the Association. The Associations shall be legal persons established and registered in accordance with the provisions of this Ordinance.

One of the main activities of the project is to strengthen the capacity of Water User Associations so that they can contribute in a sustainable manner to community irrigation systems. The Ordinance will frame the functionalities of the Associations from a legal point of view.

2.1.28. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Farm Services Centers Act 2014

The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Farm Services Centers Act paved the way for establishment of the Farm Service Centre Board. Its duties are to: (i) safeguard farmers rights and interests; (ii) enhance farmers knowledge and skills; (iii) boost the modernization of agriculture; (iv) increase crop yields; (v) improve farmers livelihood; (vi) develop rural economy; (vii) purchase certified seed, fertilizers, animal husbandry services, quality veterinary health care services and medicines, farm machinery, expertise and technology for the provision to the members of the Centre on affordable rates in comparison to open market rates; (viii) provide or extend the facility of loan to the members; (ix) facilitate its members to avail the facilities of laboratories established and maintained by Government on such charges as may be prescribed from time to time by Government; and (x) make marketing arrangements for all types of surplus produce at Centers.

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The project aims at improving agricultural activities and value addition of their products. The Board could be involved in assisting the farmers in taking up new practices and ventures.

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2.2. The World Bank Operational Policies

The World Bank Operating Policies (OPs) relevant to the proposed project are discussed below.

2.2.1. Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01)

The World Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of proposed projects to ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and Operational Policy on Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) defines the assessment process and its instruments.

The policy is triggered by the proposed project, as it consists of activities which may cause environmental or social impacts: rehabilitation of existing irrigation watercourses; strengthening water user associations; introduction of modern technologies for efficient on-farm water use; promotion of horticulture and high value crops. In the absence of project details required to carry out impact assessment, an Environmental Safeguards Management Framework (ESMF) has been developed to guide the assessment when the details become available. The framework sets out the obligations of the executing agency in identifying and addressing environmental and social risks and impacts that may require particular attention.

2.2.2. Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12)

The project triggers theWorld Bank Operational Policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) as it may involve land acquisition and resettlement associated with civil works. Involuntary resettlement may cause severe long-term impoverishment, trauma and environmental damage unless appropriate measures are carefully planned and carried out. The overall objectives of the Bank policy on involuntary resettlement are the following:

• Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all viable alternative project designs; • Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the project to share in project benefits; • Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs; and • Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore themin real terms to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation – whichever is higher.

2.2.3. Pest Management (OP 4.09)

The World Bank OperationPolicy on Pest Management (OP 4.09) is triggered as the project’s implementation couldresult in increased use of synthetic chemical pesticides for crop development, leading to greater exposure to pesticides and environmental and health risks. Thus, to mitigate this impact, the project will apply an Integrated Pest Management approach with an Integrated Pest Management Plan prepared as part of the ESMF.

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2.2.4. Safety of Dams (OP 4.37)

The project will not finance rehabilitation of existing dams or construction of new dams.The project will rehabilitate the existing watercourses, and depending on the project design details, the Bank Safeguard Policy onSafety of Dams(OP4.37) could be triggered, especially if the effectiveness of the rehabilitation depends on the adequate storage and operation of the existing dams.

2.2.5. Rapid Response to Crises and Emergencies (OP 8.00)

The World Bank Operational Policy on Rapid Response to Crises and Emergencies (OP 8.00) sets forth the operational procedures in accordance with the broadened role of the World Bank in responding to crises, emergencies and catastrophes. It covers a wide range of crises and emergencies to address the socioeconomic impacts from actual or imminent, natural or anthropogenic crisis, disaster, emergency or catastrophe. The policy includes support not only for tangible damages, but also for the preservation of human, institutional and social capital as well as facilitation of peace building, while coordinating with development partners in the delivery of responses and applying a strategic approach to disaster management and crisis prevention.

2.2.6. Cultural Property (OP 4.11)

The World Bank’s policy regarding cultural properties (OP 4.11) is to assist in their preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. The specific aspects of the Policy are given below. • The Bank normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage nonreplicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that are sited or designed so as to prevent such damage. • Activities related to preservation, restoration, relocation etc. should be directly included in the scope of the project, rather than being postponed for some possible future action, and the costs are to be internalized in computing overall project costs. • Deviations from this policy may be justified only where expected project benefits aregreat, and the loss of or damage to cultural property is judged by competent authorities to be unavoidable, minor, or otherwise acceptable. • This policy pertains to any project in which the Bank is involved, irrespective of whether the Bank is itself financing the part of the project that may affect cultural property. • In case of discovery of any sites or artifacts of cultural, archeological, historical, or religious significance during the project implementation, the work will be stopped at that site and the provisions of this Policy willbe followed. The provincial and federal archeological departments will be notified immediately and their advice sought before resumption of construction activities at the sites.

2.2.7. Indigenous Peoples (OP 4.10)

For purposes of the World Bank OperationalPolicy on Indigenous Peoples (OP 4.10), the term “Indigenous Peoples” is used in a generic sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees: • Self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others; • Collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories;

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• Customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and • An indigenous language, often different from the official language of the country orregion.

The OP requires the project to define the process to be followed (detailed in the Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework) if it affects the indigenous people. Since there are identified indigenous peoplein Kalash valley in the northern Pakistan (Chitral district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwaprovince), one of the priority districts of the project, this OP will be triggered.

2.2.8. Policy on Access to Information

The World Bank recognizes that transparency and accountability are of fundamental importance to the development process and to achieving its mission to alleviate poverty. Transparency is essential to building and maintaining public dialogue and increasing public awareness about the Bank’s development role and mission. It is also critical for enhancing good governance, accountability, and development effectiveness. Openness promotes engagement with stakeholders, which, in turn, improves the design and implementation of projects and policies, and strengthens development outcomes. It facilitates public oversight of Bank-supported operations during their preparation and implementation, which not only assists in exposing potential wrongdoing and corruption, but also enhances the possibility that problems will be identified and addressed early on.In accordance with this Policy, the present ESMF will be disclosed to the public.

2.3. Obligations under International Treaties

The international treaties that are most relevant to the project is briefly described below (Annex A contains more details).While the international conventions fill the gap left by national and provincial legislation, the inefficient resources for enforcement remain an issue across the board.

2.3.1. Environmental Obligations

Pakistan has ratified major international treaties on the environment and human health which the project is obliged to respect. Their primary goals and relevance to the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province are summarized in Table 2.1.

2.3.2. Social Obligations

Pakistan has ratified major international treaties on or related to human rights which the project must abide by. Their primary goals and relevance to the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province are summarized in Table 2.2.

2.4. Institutional Setup for Environmental Management

The apex environmental body in the country is the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council, which is presided by the Chief Executive of Pakistan. Other bodies include the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (PEPA), provincial Environment Protection Agencies (EPAs), and environmental tribunals. The Environment Protection Agency of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province was established under the Environmental Protection Ordinance 1983, whose authority

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was strengthend by he Pakistan Environment Protection Act 1997 and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environemnt Protection Act 2014. The provincial EPA has been empowered to receive and review the environmental assessment reports of the proposed projects and subprojects, and provide approval. The Khyber Pakhtunkwa EPA’sother functions are: • Administer and implement the PEPA Act 1997, its rules and regulations, review of IEE/EIA, preparation of procedures and guidelines. • Prepare, revise and enforce National Environment Quality Standards (industries, municipalities, vehicular emission). • Establish and maintain laboratories, certification of laboratories for conducting "tests and analysis". • Assist local councils/authorities, and other government agencies in execution of projects. • Establish a system for surveys, monitoring, examination and inspection to combat pollution. • Conduct trainings for government functionaries and industrial management. • Provide information and education to the public on environmental issues. • Publish the Annual State of the Environment report. • Survey and provide qualitative and quantitative data on air, soil, water, industrial, municipal and traffic emissions. • Take measures to promote environment related research and development activities.

The present EPA is led by the Director General, and the remaining staff consists of a Director, three Deputy Directors, and Zonal Assistant Directors.

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Table 2.1: International Treaties Relevant to Environmental Aspects

Treaty Name Goals Relevance to Project Nagoya Convention on Conserve biological diversity; promote the sustainable Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is said to account for over 40% of Pakistan’s forests;3 the Biological Diversity use of its components; and encourage equitable sharing majority of terrestrial biodiversity is most likely found in the province. The of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic province needs to pay attention to the provision and use of genetic resources. resources. Convention on Wetlands of Halt the progressive encroachment on and loss of Two Ramsar sites exist in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Tanda Dam, Thanedar Wala. International Importance wetlands, which are among the most diverse and Both are used for wintering by migratory birds. especially as Waterfowl Habitat productive ecosystems and indispensable for (Ramsar Convention) sustainable management of freshwater and biodiversity. Convention on International Ensure that international trade in specimens of wild CITES lists 95 species that concern Pakistan and are endangered by Trade in Endangered Species of animals and plants does not threaten their survival. international trade. A recent study revealed that trade of animals was thriving Wild Fauna and Flora in all corners of the country, especially in Karachi and Peshawar. Dried Indian (CITES) cobra and sand lizard are reported to be consumed widely in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab. United Nations Framework Stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the Pakistan submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Convention on Climate Change, atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous prior to the Paris Agreement; the country “intends to reduce up to 20% of its Kyoto Protocol and Paris anthropogenic interference with the climate system 2030 projected” greenhouse gas “emissions subject to availability of Agreement international grants to meet the total abatement cost ... amounting to about US$ 40 billion at current prices.” United Nations Convention to Combat desertification and mitigate the effects of A National Action Programme to Combat Desertification in Pakistan was Combat Desertification in Those drought in countries experiencing serious drought elaborated in 2002 in the framework for the Convention. It identified main Countries experiencing Series and/or desertification, with a view to contributing to the causes of desertification as: water erosion; wind erosion; soil fertility Drought and/or Desertification, achievement of sustainable development and with depletion; deforestation; overgrazing; biodiversity loss; waterlogging and Particularly in Africa special attention to arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid salinity; drought; flooding; and, socioeconomic factors. areas. Basel Convention on the Protect human health and the environment from Pesticides and other agrochemicals, which are banned in other countries and Control of Transboundary negative impacts of hazardous wastes by managing hence become waste, may be imported to be used as agrochemicals. Movements of Hazardous transboundary movements of hazardous wastes. Wastes and Their Disposal

3Saeed, A. (2018).

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Table 2.1 – continued.

Treaty Name Goals Relevance to Project Rotterdam Convention on the Promote shared responsibility and cooperative efforts Pesticides and industrial chemicals covered by the Convention require Prior Informed Consent among Parties in the international trade of certain implementation of Prior Informed Consent procedure before importation. Procedure for Certain hazardous chemicals for the ultimate purpose of Hazardous Chemicals and protecting human health and the environment from Pesticides potential harm. Stockholm Convention on Protect human health and the environment from A recent study4 concluded that the country is highly contaminated with Persistent Organic Pollutants chemicals that do not degrade easily organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). The efforts to eliminate the chemicals from the environment and to prevent exposure to them are hampered by lack of environmental quality standards, food safety standards, and appropriate inventory of persistent organic pollutants as waste. Montreal Protocol on Protect the ozone layer by controlling global emissions The use of methyl bromide is exempted under the Protocol for quarantine and Substances that Deplete the of substances that deplete it and by precautionary pre-shipment applications to control pests and pathogens in certain imported Ozone Layer measures to do so. and exported commodities, and such consumption in Pakistan has shown rapid increase from nearly none in 2011, approaching 100 tons in 2017.5 It is mainly used for cotton exports to control Boll weevil.6 International Convention for Specify minimum safety standards for construction, International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code must be abided by countries the Safety of Life at Sea, equipment and operation of ships that are parties to either of the two Conventions. The Code requires that International Convention for dangerous goods are in a correct and safe manner: classified and identified; the Prevention of Pollution packed; marked, labelled and placarded; documented; stowed on board the from Ships, and International vessel; and, segregated from other goods with which they may react Maritime Dangerous Goods dangerously. Any import of agrochemicals could be subject to this obligation. Code

Codex Alimentarius Protect consumers’ health and ensure fair practices in The Codex includes provisions, among others, on: food hygiene; food additives; the food trade. residues of pesticides and veterinary drugs; and contaminants.

4 Khan et al. (2018). 5 UNEP(2018). 6 Batchelor, T. and Alfarroba, F. (n.d.).

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Table 2.2: International Treaties Relevant to Social Aspects

Treaty Name Goals Relevance to Project International Covenant on Guarantee human rights related to economics, society The rights covered include: rights to work in just and favourable conditions Economic, Social and Cultural and culture. and to strike; rights to social security, to adequate standard of living, to Rights health and rights of families, mothers and children needing special protection and assistance; rights to education and to participation in cultural life. International Covenant on Civil Guarantee human rights related to civil and political life. Pakistan ratified the Covenant with reservations on its Article 3 (equality of and Political Rights men and women) and Article 25 (election to the public posts), since they contradict the Constitution of Pakistan. The rights concerned include: rights to self-determination, physical integrity, rights to liberty and security of the person; rights to procedural fairness in law; rights to individual liberty; rights to prohibition of any propaganda for war as well as any advocacy of national or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence by law; rights to political participation; and rights to non- discrimination. Convention on the Rights of Guarantee the civil, political, economic, social, health It focuses on the needs specific to children, including: right to preservation of the Child and cultural rights that should be enjoyed by any human her or his identity; right to express her or his own views freely in all matters; being under the age of eighteen, unless the age of right to freedom of expression; right to freedom of thought, conscience and majority is attained earlier under national legislation. religion; and right to freedom of association and to freedom of peaceful assembly. Children make up nearly half of Pakistan's population, making it one of the largest populations of children in the world. International Labour Guarantee human rights of indigenous and other tribal Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is home to a wide variety of tribes, sub-tribes and clans Organization Convention No. and semi-tribal peoples. as well as indigenous people. 107 concerning the Protection and Integration of Indigenous and Other Tribal and Semi- Tribal Populations in Independent Countries

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Table 2.2 – continued.

Treaty Name Goals Relevance to Project United Nations Declaration on Respect and promote the inherent rights of indigenous The indigenous peoples in Pakistan include: Kochis, Rabari, Baluch, Bakarwal, the Rights of Indigenous peoples which derive from their political, economic and Kehal, Jogi, Kabootra, Sanyasi and Kalash. The Kalash is one of the smallest People social structures and from their cultures, spiritual with 5,000 people. The government of Pakistan recognizes the Kalash as a traditions, histories and philosophies, especially their religious minority, but not as an indigenous group.7 rights to their lands, territories and resources. Respect indigenous knowledge, cultures and traditional practices for sustainable and equitable development and proper management of the environment.

Convention on the Elimination Eliminate discrimination against women in political and Pakistan belonged to the group of least developed countries with respect to of all Forms of Discrimination public life and to promote equal rights for women and Gender Development Index established by the United Nations Development against Women men. Programme.

Convention for Safeguarding Safeguard the intangible cultural heritage; ensure In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the traditional code of behavior known as Pukhtun the Intangible Cultural respect for the intangible cultural heritage of the Wal is alive, in which honor, revenge and hospitality are the cardinal Heritage communities, groups and individuals concerned; raise principles. Jirga, or tribal assembly, plays an important part in the resolution awareness at the local, national and international levels of issues according to riwaj or tradition. Other practices remain strong, of the importance of the intangible cultural heritage, binding and regulatory.8 and of ensuring mutual appreciation thereof; and provide for international cooperation and assistance.

7 Cultural Survival (2017). 8 Cultural Survival (2017). unkhwa (2018).

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2.5. Environmental and Social Guidelines

2.5.1. National Guidelines

The Pakistan Environment Protection Agency has established the National Environment Quality Standards on air pollutant emissions (see Annex A). The Environment Protection Agency of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province has the following guidelines: • Environmental Guidelines for the Establishment and Operation of Municipal Solid Waste Landfills; • Municipal Solid Waste Guidelines; • Motor Fuel and Lubricants Oil Quality and Adulteration in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; • Detoxification/Disposal of Gusathion Pesticide; • Disposal of Hospital Waste; • Reduction of Exhaust Emission and noise Level of Two-Stroke Auto Rickshaws in Peshawar; • Industrial Pollution and Environmental Laws; • Industrial Hazardous Waste Management; • Safeguarding and Disposal of Obsolete Pesticides in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; and • Constriction Manual for Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln (VSBK) Peshawar.

No guidelines at the national level exist for safeguarding the society.

2.5.2. Provincial Guidelines

In order to support environmental impact assessment(EIA) implementation, EIA guidelines for 22 subsectors exist, one of which is for canal cleaning. It lists the potential environmental impacts from dredging, transportation and disposal of waste material, mitigation measures and environmental assessment checklist.Guidelines for safeguarding the society at the provincial level do not exist.

2.5.3. World Bank Guidelines

The major World Bank environmental and social guidelines are contained in the following publications: • Environment, Health, and Safety General Guidelines (2007). • Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook: Towards Cleaner Production (1999). • Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume I: Policies, Procedures, and Cross- Sectoral Issues (1991). • Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume II: Policies, Procedures, and Cross- Sectoral Guidelines (1991). • Social Analysis Sourcebook (2003).

2.5.4. Other Guidelines

Other environmental and social guidelines related to environmental impacts include: Environmental Impact Assessment: Guidelines for FAO Field Projects (2011).

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3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

This Chapter describes various aspects of the proposed project including its background, objectives, its components, and activities under each component.

3.1. Background

With geographical proximity and community ties to Afghanistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has suffered from the fallout of the Afghan conflicts. Associated hostilities and extremist violence have caused far-reaching disruption to economic activity and inflicted extensive damage on livelihoods, public infrastructure, and private properties, which resulted in a precarious security situation as well as prolonged sociopolitical and economic instability and generated significant negative impacts on government’s institutional and implementation capacity.

Most socioeconomic indicators, such as literacy, infant mortality, school enrollment, employment, and out-migration rates compare quite unfavorable to the rest of the country, which as a whole already ranks toward the end on the list of income. In order to overcome this difficult situation, the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has reached an agreement with the World Bank to develop a broad program for economic development in the province with financial assistance from the World Bank: the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigation Agriculture Improvement Project. It consists of three main components: improvement of community irrigation systems; promotion of water-saving technologies; and capacity enhancement and investment in farming, processing and marketing. The direct beneficiaries are the smallholder farmersand rural communities.

The tentative project cost is estimated at approximately USD211.5 million, of which the World Bank would finance up to USD157.3 million from the International Development Association. The project will contribute to the development of the agriculture sector through addressing: (i) water management as an important and limiting factor to productivity and overall production; and (ii) training and technology for improving productivity, post-harvest management and value addition. It will support six key priority areas in the government strategy for the sector: (i) improving performance of the delivery system and reducing water wastages; (ii) making water distribution equitable; (iii) increasing financial sustainability of the irrigation system management; (iv) increasing climate resilience; (v) increasing productivity and promoting high value agriculture and value chains (production, processing and marketing); and (iv) strengthening the department for improved service delivery and governance.

3.2. Project Development Objectives

The Project Development Objective is to improve the performance of irrigated agriculture on smallholder farms in the project area. This objective will be achieved through: (i) improving on- farm water management (OFWM) system by upgrading watercourses, introducing advanced irrigation technologies, and strengthening the capacity of communities, farmers, and OFWM Directorate; and (ii) increasing agriculture productivity as well as promoting agro-processing and value addition.The Project would cover all districtsand tehsils of the province.

Project Beneficiaries: The majority of beneficiaries will be smallholder farmers with less than 5 hectares of land. They account for 96% of total farms in the province and 540,000 farmer households, or 4.3 million people. Rural communities will also benefit, since the project activities include improvement of community mobilization for enhance water use on farm. The

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capacity of the government institutions involved will also be strengthened on management of water resources, provision of public services and development of policies and programs. The project aims at paying particular attention to gender and providing equal opportunities for women to participate in project activities.

Indicators for Project Development Objectives: The achievement of the Project Development Objective will be measured with the following indicators: (i) Area provided with new/improved Irrigation services (ha); (ii) Water productivity at farm level (kg agricultural production/m3 water consumption); (iii) Crop structure changed (% of high value crops); and (iv) Direct beneficiaries reached (number of direct beneficiaries and % share of women)

3.3. Project Components

Component A: UpgradingCommunity Irrigation Systems (USD118.6million, of which USD91.3 million is from the International Development Association).The objective of this component is to improve the efficiency of on-farm water delivery. It consists of four sub-components: (A1) watercourse improvement in canal command areas; (A2) watercourse improvement in non- canal-command areas, in particular, very large watercourses or channels shared by many users; (A3) other watercourses in non-canal-command areas; and (A4) piped water schemes in non- canal-command areas whose water sources are tubewells, springs, or tanks.

In order to enhance management of on-farm irrigation systems, water user associations (WUAs) will be developed, or strengthened if they have been already established.The associations will be responsible for organizing the labor required for the upgrading of watercourses.They must procure the necessary material, which will be finance by loans under this project.

Component B:Promoting Innovative Technologies for Efficient Water Use (USD35.8 million, of which USD21.1 million is from the International Development Association).This component consists of: (B1) installation of high efficiency irrigation systems; (B2) installation of water storage tanks and ponds; and (B3) strengthening precision-land-leveling service in the private sector.

The component will support installation of drip, trickle, bubbler, or sprinkler irrigation systems for improvement in water use efficiency at the farm level. The financial costs of systems installation will be shared by the farmers and the project: 40% and 60% respectively. Other associated costs, such as administration and management, will be shouldered by the project. Technical assistance will be provided by system vendors to farmers; further assistance and training will be provided under Component C of the project. Increase in water use efficiency obtained is expected to contribute to crop diversification and higher productivity. Water storage tanks and ponds will be constructed; they will contribute to water conservation by allowing intermittent and timely releases at higher volumetric flow rates. As in the case of watercourses, farmers would provide labor and the project will pay for the material.

Uneven terrain causes inefficient water use and low yields. Laser land leveling can save up to 30% of irrigation water, allow uniform seed germination, and increasefertilizer uptake efficiency so that crop yields is increased as much as 20%. The leveling equipment will be made available to service providers on a shared cost basis. The service providers are to run a business of land leveling for the farmers. The providers will be selected according to a determined set of criteria, which will be updated every six months to reflect the monitoring results.

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Component C: Capacity Building and Investment in Farming, Processing, and Marketing. (USD27 million, of which USD15 million is from the International Development Association).The project will help the beneficiaries in capitalizing on the farming opportunities created by improvement in water use efficiency; the focus will be on high-value crop farming. This Component consists of two subcomponents: (C1) strengthening capacity in farming, processing and marketing; and (C2) investing in production, processing, and value addition.

The capacity of the farmers will be strengthened through: participatory training; demonstration and assistance on new technologies and practices; farmer-to-farmer study tours; and establishment of ICT based Farmers Service Center. The subjects to be touched upon include: farm management; irrigation agronomy; marketing and value addition; and operation and maintenance of high efficiency irrigation systems. The ultimate goal is to promote diversification into high-value crops. The smallholders should take advantage of growing urban population, which is more demanding in terms of assortment of vegetables and fruits as well as processing; post-harvesting management can be improve through adequate practices and equipment, in addition to participation of women. Matching grants will be used for financing farmers’ access to: post-harvest practices and technology; storage and product delivery mechanisms; and market.

Component D: Project Management, Capacity Building, Monitoring and Evaluation, and Strategic Studies (USD 28 million, all of which is from International Development Association). This component is to ensure that all project activities are carried out according to the provisions in the Financing Agreement, the World Bank-approved project documents as well as its Project Implementation Manual and applicable environment and social policies and fiduciary guidelines. This component will finance: (D1) project management supervision and monitoring and evaluation; (D2) technical assistance, capacity building and training; (D3) strategic studies on selected topics related to water and agriculture sector to solidify knowledge foundation for long-term development.

Component E: Contingent Emergency Response (USD 0). This component supports preparedness and rapid response to disaster, emergency, or catastrophic events, as needed. The provisional zero-cost for this component will allow for rapid reallocation of credit proceeds from other components by means of streamlined procurement and disbursement procedures.

3.4. Alternatives Considered and Reasons for Rejection

No work on watercourses: The Directorate of On-Farm Water Management of the Department of Agriculture considered: (i) no work on watercourses; and (ii) rehabilitation of existing watercourses. In view of the aged and worn infrastructure and climate change that will increase extreme weather events, it was judged that rehabilitation was necessary to protect the livelihoods of the local population, while noting that rehabilitation alone would not improve the livelihoods and that it must be accompanied by strengthened water user associations and adoption of agricultural practices which decrease evapotranspiration.

No introduction of technologies for water-use efficiency: The Directorate further considered the possibilities of: (i) stand-alone watercourse rehabilitation; and (ii) watercourse rehabilitation coupled with promotion of water-saving technologies. Improvement in water use efficiency will be limited if the efforts are confined to addressing the aspects of irrigation water supply. It was decided to combine watercourse rehabilitation with practices and technologies to decrease

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water demand per crop – introduction of water saving technologies – so that water use efficiency would be further enhanced. Focus on current cash crops: The Directorate considered: (i) stand-alone watercourse rehabilitation; (ii) watercourse rehabilitation coupled with promotion of existing crop pattern; and (iii) watercourse rehabilitation coupled with promotion of high-value crops, namely vegetables and fruits. Considering the complementarity that vegetables and fruits will bring to the conventional crops – in terms of agricultural work, nutrient requirements, seasonality, and suitability in expanding urban markets – and the comparative advantage the province possesses in growing them, the Directorate opted for promotion of horticulture crops, instead of tobacco, maize, barley, sugarcane, and wheat, which are currently the major cash crops in the province.

3.5. Implementation Arrangements

Project Implementation: The Director General of Agriculture Water Management (DGAWM) of the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa will act as the Project Director, who is responsible for all aspects of the project, most importantly implementation. A Project Steering Committee (PSC) will be created, involving allgovernment agencies concerned, for providing strategic guidance as well as for coordinating support within the government.It will be headed by DGAWM. The Project Leadership Committee (PLC) will comprise of heads of relevant government institutions, who meet quarterly to review the physical and financial progress as well as to suggest means to overcome the constraints faced in the field for execution of project activities. It will be chaired by the Secretary of Agriculture.

The Project will have three Regional Directors (RD), each covering southwest, middle and north regions of the province. Every RD will be assisted by two technical staff members and, if necessary, support staff. Under a RD will be District Officers of On-Farm Water Management in the region. District Offices of On-Farm Water Management will be responsible for supervision, coordination and internal monitoring at the district level.

The Project Implementation Committee (PIC) would be chaired by the Director General of Agriculture Water Management. Its member will include: Regional Directors, District Officers of On-Farm Water Management, consultants and other persons who are directly involved in implementation. The Committee will meet monthly to review the physical and financial progress as well as to suggest means to overcome the constraints faced in execution of project activities. ADistrict Implementation Committee (DIC) will be established in each district to implement the project at the district level with relevant District Officers as members. They are to meet monthly to review physical and financial progress, ensure effective project implementation, oversee the proper flow of funds to water user associations, conduct internal monitoring of project activities, and make recommendations to the PIC for improvement in implementation.

The District Rate Committee (DRC) would be placed under the DIC to decide the rates of construction materials for improvement of watercourses and will consist relevant district officers among others.

Results Monitoring and Evaluation: Effective and efficient monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is crucial for the project’s successful implementation. In view of the limited M&E capacity of the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the project will hire a consulting firm (or third-party consultants) to conduct M&E activities under the close supervision ofthe Project Director and PIU.

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The M&E consultants will report to the Project Director tosupport: (i) monitoring,according to the project results framework which includes key performance indicators; (ii) completing a baseline survey for each component; (iii) carrying out impact evaluation studies; and (iv) establishing a Project Management Information System (MIS). The M&E activities should provide continuous feedback to the Planning and Development Department and Agriculture Departmenton the project’s performance, impacts and issues to be addressed so that corrective actions could be undertaken by relevant government institutions in a timely manner.

A M&E report should accompany the quarterly financial statements that consist of, among others: (i) comparison of actual physical and financial outputs with forecasts as well as updated six-month project forecasts; (ii) project financial statements, including sources and application of funds, expenditures by category statement, and designated account and reconciliation statement; and (iii) procurement management report, showing procurement status, contract commitment and overall procurement plan for the next six months. The interim financial statements should be submitted to the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the World Bank by the Project Director within 45 days after each quarter ends.

The Project Director will be held accountable for providing a consolidated quarterly report in a specified format to the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the World Bank no later than 45 days after each quarter. The consolidated report should cover the overall project implementation status, project outcomes and impact, and detailed progress of all components activities, such as progress on physical constructions, progress on capacity building and training, progress and results of special studies, and other fiduciary issues.

The Project Director will also prepare annual Project Implementation Plan. The Plansmustbe prepared by March 31 of each year of project implementation. Each PIP will cover the planned fiscal year (July 1 to June 30) and will include: (i) work plans for each component, with funds required for implementation of eachactivity; (ii) an updated disbursement profile; and (iii) project targets for the planned year.

Impact evaluation will be carried out to establish empirical evidence of net project contributions to the targeted beneficiaries. The net contribution will be measured “before” and “after,” or “with” and “without,” scenarios. This impact evaluation will feed into the preparation of future interventions. A Mid Term Review will be undertaken half way through the project implementation, and an Implementation Completion Report willbe submitted to the World Bank no later than six months after the closing date of the project.

Environmental and Social Safeguards: The Project Director will be responsible for the environment and social performance of their respective project components. The Director will oversee compliance with the various frameworks, most notably the Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF), throughout the project period. ThePIUwill be responsible for: subproject screening; implementation of various Plans; and monitoring and reporting. It will be supported by an environment specialist, a social specialist. a social inclusion (gender, indigenous people, youth, etc.) specialist, and in case resettlement becomes necessary, also by a resettlement specialist.

Sustainability:All components are to increase farmers’ income and hence improve their capacity for paying water charges. Rehabilitation of watercourses as well as introduction of technology and practices for efficient water use will reduce the frequency and the difficulty of operation and maintenance of the irrigation system; it is expected that increase in longevity of the system

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and reduction in necessity of cleaning will diminish the labor required and lower the overall cost. In other words, the sustainability of the components is mutually reinforcing. The intervention on irrigation water supply system is demand-driven and farmers are to contribute in-kind (skilled and unskilled labor) up to 35 percent of the cost. The existing traditional system of cooperation will be strengthened through creating a formal platform of Water Course Associations (WCAs) that will be recognized under the national laws. It will enable access to further public support and other forums such as farmers’ organizations and Area Water Boards, when created. HEIS technologyhas very high initial cost (60 percent of which is shoulderedby the project through matching grants), but can be fully recovered in 2-3 yearsif high value crops are grown and successfully marketed. The prowessof the technology is evidenced by the rate of adoption in the neighboring Punjab, which is currently at 15,000 acres per year. Similarly, the feasibility of the precision land leveling (PLL)is high, as a fully functioning private market for PLL exists in Punjab.

Support to the farmers and agribusiness beyond water (e.g., equipment, machinery, training, and matching grants) under Component C is not only based on demand, but also on a thorough selection process in which financial sustainability will be an important factor; the project will roughly imitate a market process for inputs other than water. Beneficiaries will be required to contribute 40 percent, in case of technologies and machinery, for the purpose of instilling a sense of ownership.

4. ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE CONDITIONS

4.1. Location

The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province is situated in the northwest frontier of Pakistan. It lies between latitudes 31°40' and 36°57' N and longitudes 69°16' and 74°70' E9. It borders with Afghanistan in the north and west, Baluchistan in the south, Punjab and Islamabad in the southeast, and Gilgit Baltistan and regions of Jammu and Kashmir in the east. The province extends 657 km from north to south and 449 km from east to west. Its area is approximately 100,200 km2, of which approximately 27,200 km2 covers the formerly Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) which have now officially merged with the province. The region is divided into 26 districts with Peshawar serving as its capital.

4.2. Geography

The terrain of the province is dominated by mountains. It is surrounded by the Hindukush mountain range in the north-west. The Himalayas surround the province in the north-east. The east-west tending Safed Koh•Cherat range forms its southern boundary. Tirich Mir rising 7690 m above the sea level is the highest point in the province. The Peshawar Valley is enclosed by the Malakand range on its northern side and by the Khyber hills on its western sides. The Kurram range encloses the Bannu basin in its north and the mountains cover the basin along the eastern and southern boundaries. The Dera Ismail Khan basin in the south of the province is separated from the Bannu basin by the Bhittanni mountain range.

The relatively flat alluvial plains, with the best groundwater resources, are the hub of economic activity, mostly in the form of agriculture. Some parts of these plains are irrigated by one or more rivers crossing most of the plains. The whole province drains into the Indus River, with the

9 Kruseman and Naqavi (1988).

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exception of the Kunhar River which flows down the Kaghan Valley into the Jehlum River. The Indus River flows between the Swat and Mardan districts on the right bank and the districts of Kohistan, Mansehra and Abbottabad on the left bank. It flows through Tarbela Dam, the largest earth-filled dam on the planet. Most of the irrigation water in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is supplied by the Kabul River (Warsak Dam) and Tarbela Dam, both of which are located in the province. Chashma Right Bank Canal (CRBC) also makes a significant contribution in terms of irrigation water supply.

4.3. Geological Setting

The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province primarily lies on the Iranian Plateau and contains the junction of the Hindu Kush mountains on the Eurasian plate and the hills through which the Indus flows toward South Asia. The region has geologically evolved on the northwestern corner of the collision zone between the Laurasian and the Greater Indian tectonic plates. This continuing convergence between the Eurasian continent and the Indian subcontinent have resulted in the accelerated uplift of most of the present high mountain ranges during the Paleo- Pleistocene. Intermontane basins containing major groundwater resources were also formed and filled with alluvial deposits as a result of the geological evolution.10

The province can be said to consist of four geological units:11 • Metamorphic and igneous rocks of the northern mountains; • Mesozoic rocks of the southern and southwestern part; • Tertiary rocks of the central and southeastern part; and • Upper Tertiary and Quaternary fill of the intermontane basins.

The intermontane basins are primarily filled with alluvium deposits, which were formed by erosion of the mountains and transported by water and air. These consist of sand, gravel, boulders, silt and clay. Such floodplain deposits consisting of mix of sandy streambed material and clayey sediments are found in the central parts of the large basins of Peshawar, Bannu, Dera Ismail Khan.

According to the seismic map of Pakistan, northern parts of the province mostly lie in zone 3 (moderate to severe damage) of the Earthquake Zones Classification of the Uniform Building Code of Pakistan.12The central and southern parts mostly lie in zone 2B (minor to moderate damage).

4.4. Soils

To date there is no comprehensive study on the soils of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, but a few studies have been carried out in parts of the province.

One classification identified five different soil types in cultivated lands, all of them a combination of three major soil classes of weathered rock particles: sand; silt; and clay13. The soils of the province can be divided into three different types on the basis of physiography: residual-colluvial soil of mountain slopes, fans and terraces; alluvial plains; and loess plains. The

10Kruseman and Naqavi (1988). 11Kruseman and Naqavi (1988). 12Building Code of Pakistan (2007). 13 Fischer et al. (2008).

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residual-colluvial soil is mostly shallow soil with very little organic matter on the slopes; it is not suited for agriculture. Alluvial plains contain soil that is deep, of low organic content, prone to waterlogging, but with considerable agricultural potential. It is foundextensively in Dera Ismail Khan District, Peshawar, Bannu and in the intermontane valleys. Loess plainsis comprised ofdeep and moderately alkaline soil with very high agriculture potential, but constrained by steep slopes, water shortage and water erosion. It is found extensively in the Peshawar Valley, Haripur plain and in the intermontane valleys in northwestern parts of the Province.

On the basis of soil texture, another study classified into six major soil categories the watershed that spans from Swat district, Tehsil Adenzai of Lowe Dir to a part of Malakand districts: loamy sand; sandy loam; sandy clay; sandy clayey loam; loam; and silt loam. More than seventy percent the soil was sandy loam or loamy sand, explaining the low water-holding capacity of the soil in the watershed. According to Harmonized World Soil Database, there are five type soils in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: loam; clay loam; silt loam; clay; and permaforst/glaciers. The distribution of these soil types is shown in Figure 4.1.

4.5. Land Use

Agricultural land covers one-third or less of the total area in the province. Decline in cultivated area has been observed in the province, although the cropped area has been increasing (Table 4.1). The total cropped area includes net sown area and net area sown more than once, where the net area sown more than once represents the area that is counted as many times as there are sowings in a year. On the other hand, the current fallow represents the area which is vacant during the year but was sown at least once during the previous years. The implication is that the land put to fallow is decreasing, and most likely, an increasing area is sown more than once per year. The evolution of the intensity of cropping (Table 4.2) confirms this view. The forest area is on a diminishing trend.

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Figure 4.1: Soil Types of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa based on Harmonized World Soils Database Source: Fischer et al. (2008)

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Table 4.1: Land Utilization in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (hectares)

Item 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 20016-17

Reported 5,643,140 5,643,140 5,620,533 5,730,235 5,723,429 5,627,106 5,633,000 Area Total Cultivated 1,652,568 1,645,245 1,643,793 1,653,823 1,647,042 1,634,053 1,621,000 Area Net Area 1,055,616 1,097,891 1,128,575 1,107,957 1,077,693 1,130,558 1,113,118 Sown Current 596,952 547,354 515,218 545,866 569,349 503,495 507,690 Fallow Total Cropped 1,450,726 1,555,017 1,683,115 1,629,275 1,616,359 1,632,346 1,664,929 Area Area sown more than 413,966 457,126 554,540 521,318 538,666 501,788 551,811 once Total un- cultivated 3,990,572 3,997,895 3,976,740 4,076,412 4,076,387 3,993,053 4,012,000 area Culturable 1,043,698 1,039,828 1,017,539 1,088,782 1,083,248 1,076,117 1,180,112 waste

Forest Area 1,270,819 1,278,376 1,272,541 1,253,195 1,258,326 1,255,597 1,175,000

Not available for 1,676,055 1,679,691 1,686,660 1,734,435 1,734,813 1,661,339 1,656,996 cultivation Source: Mehmood (2018)

Table 4.2: Cropping intensity in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Year Intensity of Cropping

2010-11 87.79

2011-12 94.51

2012-13 102.39

2013-14 98.52

2014-15 98.14

2015-16 91.99

2016-17 102.77 Source: Mehmood (2018)

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Figure 4.2: Land Use in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and former Federally Administered Tribal Areas Source: Pakistan Agriculture Information System (2018)

The northern parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, including Malakand and Hazara divisions, mostly comprise of hilly areas, and thus, have less area suited for crops and agriculture but more forests compared with other parts of the province. Unlike the north, the major part of the south is covered by harbeceous rainfed crops. The other major land-cover items are harbeceous crop on irrigated lands and tree orchards, which can be seen in central Pakhtunkhwa (Swabi, Mardan, Charsadda and Peshawar), Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan regions. Figure 4.2 shows spatial distribution of these various land-use type.

4.6. Waterlogging and Salinity

Waterlogging refers to the water saturation of plant root zone depth of soil due to the rise of underground water table. In severe cases, water may come out and accumulate on the soil surface for a long period of time. This phenomenon is normally coupled with another problem of soil, salinization, which refers to the accumulation and concentration of salts in the soil that reduce the crop yields sharply. Waterlogging and salinity ultimately make the soil uncultivable. These phenomena occur because of poorly drained soils, either due to natural or anthropogenic factors, and they are inevitable under conventional irrigation practices.

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In 2006, over 40% (7.12 million hectares) of the Indus Basin Irrigation System was classified as waterlogged with depth to water table of less than 3 m.14 In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 0.40 million hectare of the area belonging to the System was surveyed, and 100% was considered affected by waterlogging; the rates for Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan were 20%, 81%, and 25% of the total surveyed area, respectively.15 Climate change is exacerbating waterlogging and salinity due to increase in the number and intensity of flooding, particularly in Sindh.

Salinity has overall decreased from 1971-1975 to 2001-2003 in the province; the salt free area is up from 75% to 86% and the strongly saline area is down from 2% to less than 1%.16 This reduction has been mainly thanks to the water drainage caused by installation of tubewells in the fresh groundwater zones. Tubewells are in fact used either for irrigation, drainage or combination of both to help and maintain an optimal level of water table. About 14,400 tube wells had been installed in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by mid 2000s, 1,500 of which by the government, to serve 0.27 million hectare of cultivable command area.17

4.7. Hydrology and Water Resources

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has complicated and diverse hydrological conditions and different situations of water resources and water availability in different parts. In the south (Dera Ismail Khan, Tank, Lakki Marwat and Bannu) there is shortage of water, whereas the north, including Chitral, Upper Dir, Lower Dir, Swat, Shangla, and Kohistan, has abundant water resources. There are three sources of freshwater: precipitation; streams and rivers; and groundwater.

The province is located on the borders of two climatic regions: the Mediterranean in the west and the monsoon region in the east. Summer rainfall is brought by the south-west monsoon, while, winter precipitation is brought by the winter cyclonic depression known as “western disturbances,” originating over the Mediterranean Sea. The east-northern part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa receives more rainfall during the monsoon season while the northern areas receives more rain or snow during the winter seasons. Annually, more rainfall occurs in the northeast in Balakot area of Mansehra district, while less rainfall occurs in the southern parts of the province. Surface water is available in the major rivers that flow through the province: Kabul, Swat, Chitral, Kunar, Siran, Panjkora, Bara, Kurram, Dor, Haroo, Gomal and Zhob. Figure 4.3 shows that, a few rivers exist in the southern part of the province, but some of them have no water in winter. This result in water shortages and dependence on groundwater. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Kabul and Bara Rivers are the main streams and recharging resources of the local groundwater aquifers.

Unfortunately, no comprehensive assessment on groundwater exists for the entire province. Limited and regional/district-wise studies are available, which indicate significant depletion of groundwater used for drinking. The situation is not very different for groundwater for irrigation. The degree of depletion of aquifers varies according to the altitude, but it is more common in the southern districts. In the old city of Peshawar, the depth of water supply tubewells ranged from 150 to 250 feet in the 1980s, but have reached to 500 feet.18 In Sra Darga area of Bannu, an artesian well produced water without pumping in 1984, but its water level has gone down to

14 WAPDA (2006). 15 Shah et al. (2011). 16The World Bank (2003). 17WAPDA (2006). 18Asghar (2012).

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around 700 feet.19 In Haripur, a tube well could be established with 150 feet depth, but now the depth required has reached 250 feet.20

Figure 4.3: Hydrological conditions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Source: Rahman and Khan (2013). Note: Rivers are marked in dark blue.

Ground- and surface water pollution is also becoming a major problem in the province, especially in the urban areas. The main causes of deteriorating water quality are the contamination of waterbodies by: fecal sewerage; solid waste; hazardous industrial waste

19 Asghar (2012). 20 Asghar (2012).

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discharge; pesticides; and fertilizer. A study on water quality of four cities21 (Peshawar, Abbotabad, Mangora and Mardan) showed that at least 55% of the samples examined are microbiologically contaminated. Second major contaminant is iron; 67% and 38% samples, respectively, from Mardan and Peshawar were found unfit for human consumption. In another study,22 42% of 90 water samples collected from various urban and rural areas of Peshawar were found to be contaminated with total coliform and 26% by fecal coliform. According to a study on various chlorinated pesticides using 239 ground- and surface water samples from four cities (Peshawar, Mardan, Charsadda and Swabi),23 organochlorine compounds, such as β- hexachlorocyclohexane (β-BHC), γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-BHC), heptachlor, aldrin, α- chlordane, endosulfan I, 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (4,4'-DDE) and dieldrin, were detected in most of the water samples. While the great majority of the pesticides applied in Pakistan are highly or moderately poisonous by WHO classification, the levels detected by the study were below the limits prescribed by the organization.

4.8. Air and Noise

Air pollution is a rapidly growing environmental problem in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, as in the rest of Pakistan. The major causes of worsening air quality in the urban areas are: increasing domestic and industrial power consumption which is met by coal; highly inefficient energy use; exponential growth in the number vehicles; increasing industrial activities by marble factories, brick kilns, sugar mills, and cement factories without adequate air emission control; and open air burning of solid waste, including plastic.

The latest available data24 shows very high concentrations of air pollutants in Peshawar (Table 4.3); the levels of fine particle matter (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2)and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are respectively three times, two times and one and a half times higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, while ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO) are within the guidelines. The project sites will be in the rural areas, where the ambient air is likely to be free from most of the air pollutants described above. Brick kilns and agricultural lands---through burning of agriculture residue, such as rice husks and sugarcane straw and leaves---emit greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane), air pollutants (carbon monoxide, ammonia, nitrous oxides, sulfur dioxide, non-methane hydrocarbons, and volatile organic compounds), particulates matters and smoke. The amounts of these gases and pollutants in the rural areas are unknown.

Table 4.3. Air Pollutants in Peshawar (2007-2010)

3 3 3 3 3 PM2.5 (µg/m ) SO2 (µg/m ) NO2 (µg/m ) O3 (µg/m ) CO (mg/m ) 71± 38 39 ± 34 52 ± 21 35 ± 19 1.5 ± 1 Source: Sanchez-Triana et al. (2014).

Similarly, noise pollution in the urban areas of the province is a rapidly growing environmental hazard. Higher levels of noise pollution can have a range of health effects, including stress related mental health issues, heart disease, insomnia, cognitive impairment among children and annoyance. A recent survey conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency of Khyber

21 Soomro et al. (2011). 22 Bacha et al. (2010). 23 Ismail (2014). 24Sanchez-Triana et al. (2014).

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Pakhtunkhwa25 at various traffic junctions in Peshawar shows a very high noise level with an average value of 90 decibel (dB) to 100 dB which is well above the upper limit of 85 dB prescribed the WHO. The main sources of this urban noise pollution are: vehicles horns; and defective silencers of the two-stroke auto rickshaws. The situation in the rural areas, where project sites will be found, no data is available, but in the countryside the traffic volume is low, commercial activities are less and industries are absent; the current noise pollution is most likely within the prescribed limit.

4.9. Climate26

The climatic profile of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province is extremely diverse, thanks to various altitudes and vegetation cover, mountain barriers and topography. Six types of climatic profiles are recognized for the province (Table 4.4).

Table .4.4: Climatic Regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province Climatic Region Features Areas Name Semi-arid Large plains, characterized by great annual and Western zone of the Peshawar subtropical daily variations in temperature; maximum Valley, Bannu basin, Dera Ismail continental temperature about 41°C; minimum Khan basin. lowland temperature from 4.5 °C; a few frosty days, generally low humidity; mainly late summer monsoon rains and rainfall between 80 and 500 mm. Sub-humid Rainfall of 500 to 1000 mm, increasing sharply Buner area in Swat district, Talash subtropical towards the hills. At least two months per year and Adinzai Valleys in Dir district, continental are humid; winters are distinctly colder and part of Abbottabad district, and lowland summers cooler than climatic region above Nizampur area as well as the (semi-arid subtropical continental lowland). eastern part of the Peshawar Valley. Humid Mountainous areas, including the narrow Spurs of the outer Himalayas subtropical intervening valleys. The maximum temperature extending into Mansehra district. continental occurs in June or July and is less than 38 °C; highland winters are cold, snowy and foggy; rainfall exceeds 1250 mm; late winter and summer rains are common. Sub-humid Does not greatly differ from the above region Hills of Swat, Dir, Kohistan, Kohat subtropical (humid subtropical continental highland), and Karak districts. continental except for the rainfall, which ranges from 500 highland to 1250 mm. Semi-arid Similar to sub-humid subtropical continental Northern part of Swat and subtropical highland, but the rainfall is less: 200 to 500 southern part of Chitral, as well as continental mm. Kohat, Karak, Waziristan, Bajaur, highland Khyber disctricts. Arid Similar to the other subtropical continental Northern part of Chitral District. subtropical highland regions except for the rainfall, which continental is less than 200 mm. highland Source: Kruseman and Naqavi (1988).

25 Environmental Protection Agency, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2018). 26Kruseman and Naqavi (1988).

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Temperate summers and extremely cold winters, with temperatures regularly falling below the freezing point, occur in the mountainous north region, while in the south, the district of Dera Ismail Khan is one of the hottest in Pakistan with maximum temperatures ranging between 46°C and 50°C during the summers. In general, the plains are very hot and dry in summer, the highest temperatures are above 40°C and the lowest do not drop below 24°C. Warmer winters are observed in the plains.

The monsoons in summer (June to September) and in winter (October to November) form the two wet seasons of the region. The annual amount of precipitation also exhibits a large variation, exceeding 1000 mm in some northern parts and not reaching 250 mm in the southern districts. The relative humidity remains moderate throughout the year except during the monsoon season when it rises. The air is generally very dry; consequently, the daily and annual range of temperature is quite large.

4.10. Climate Change

4.10.1. Past Changes27

Climate change has pushed up the annual maximum temperature in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and lowered the annual minimum temperature during 1960-2007. The increase in the maximum was much larger than the decrease in the minimum; the annual mean temperature has increased no more than 0.5oC. Climate change also increased the number and intensity of extreme weather events, but not evenly so in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Between 1960 and 2007, Parachinar became dryer overall, while in Peshawar and in Dera Ismail Khan both consecutive dry days and extreme precipitation increased. Chitral turned wetter, but without increase in extreme rainfalls.

4.10.2. Future Changes

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has defined possible evolutions of greenhouse gas emission over time, each of which corresponds to a different plausible path with respect to changes in technology, economies, lifestyle and policy and the resultant response of the Earth system. Four of them have been used in the latest IPCC Assessment Report: Representative Concentration Pathways or RCP 8.5, 6.0, 4.5 and 2.6, ranging from extremely high level of greenhouse gas to substantial emission reduction in the future.28 Whereas the climate change projection for after mid-century strongly differs among the pathways, that up to mid-century is largely driven by the past emissions, and hence, the pathways are not significantly distinguishable for examination of consequences before mid-century. 29 This document refers to climate change in 2050 without reference to each RCP.

By 2050, the temperature in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is expected to increase throughout the year by 1-1.5oC, especially in winter; the temperature will be more uniform with a higher average (Figure 4.4). The minimum temperature is also expected to shoot up all your around, but with less clear seasonal pattern (Figure 4.5).

The rainfall projection indicates that the summer monsoon will bring much more rain in 2050 than in 1960-1995 and the winter monsoon slightly less. The other months will be drier,

27Chaudhry (2009). 28 Data Distribution Centre (2018). 29 Snover et al. (2013).

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implying possibility of droughts. In sum, the precipitation will be more extreme over the year (Figure 4.6).

4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Change in Max. TMP (0C) TMP Max. in Change 0.5 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Ave. Change_Max-TMP_2050 Change_Max-TMP_2100

Figure 4.4: Changes in Maximum Temperature in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Source: Based on Chaudhry (2009). Note: Baseline period is1960-1995. The projections for 2100 is under RCP 6.0, the most extreme case.

3.5

3

2.5

2

1.5

1 Change in Min. TMP (0C) TMP Min. in Change 0.5

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Ave. Change_Min-TMP_2050 Change_Min-TMP_2100

Figure 4.5: Changes in Minimum Temperature in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Source: Based on Chaudhry (2009).

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Note: Baseline period is1960-1995. The projections for 2100 is under RCP 6.0, the most extreme case.

25 20 15 10

5 %) 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Ave. -5 -10 Change in Precipitation (Percent (Percent Precipitation Changein -15 Change_Preci_2050 Change_Preci_2100

Figure 4.6: Changes in Precipitation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Source: Based on Chaudhry (2009). Note: Baseline period is1960-1995. The projections for 2100 is under RCP 6.0, the most extreme case.

In terms of water resources, an increase in their availability will be observed in the near future, but decrease in medium future and after 2050. This is because the major sources of water are snow and glacier; the increasing temperatures will result in more rain than snow---rain cannot be stowed until spring like snow and rushes to the sea---and also in eventual disappearance of glacier.

4.11. Ecosystems, Biodiversity and Protected Areas The wide range of geographical and climatic conditions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa yields equally diverse ecosystems and sets of floral and faunal species. In terms of ecosystems, there are various types of forests, including meadows, rangelands (or pastures), and wetlands. The province hosts approximately 4500 species of plants, 100 mammal species, 466 bird species, 66 reptile species, 44 butterfly species and 118 fish species, and protected areas expand over 14% of the total provincial area.30However, climate change---rise in temperature, changes in precipitation patterns, increase in floods and droughts---and heavy application of hazardous agrochemicals are adversely affecting ecosystems and biodiversity in Pakistan as well as in the province.31

4.11.1. Forest Ecosystems32

30 Sarfraz et al. (2016). 31 Government of Pakistan (2015). 32Sarfraz et al. (2016).

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Forests cover approximately 20% (29%, if the alpine pastures are added) of the total land area of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The country’s most significant tract of west Himalayan temperate forests are located in Palas Valley of the province, which belongs to a Himalayan moist temperate coniferous forest ecosystem, extending over Abbottabad, Mansehra and Swat. The plant species in this region include the conifers, such as blue pine, spruce, yew, fir, birch and rhododendron. Mammals include the endangered snow leopard and blue sheep.

Table 4.5: Forest Ecosystems of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Forest Region Flora and Fauna Ecosystem Cold desert Hindu Kush Trees of juniper, and Salix denticulate. Fauna include and Mountain region in Himalayan ibex, lynx, and snow leopard. snowfields Chitral Steppe pine Lower valleys of Tree species of junipers, wild pistachio, chilghoza, and blue forest Chitral, Kohistan, pine. Dominant fauna includes markhor, and Royle’s pika. ecosystem and parts of Dir above an elevation of 4000 m Alpine Kaghan Valley and Forbs and grasses. Dwarf and stunted trees of birch, Salix meadows eastern Hindu Kush spp., and Juniperus spp. Fauna include Himalayan ibex, and Mountain Ranges in snow leopard. Swat Kohistan Sub-Alpine Upper Swat and Blue pine, fir, birch, Salix spp., Prunus spp., and Vibernum scrub and Kaghan valleys spp. birch Wild animal species include musk deer, markhor, and snow ecosystems leopard. Dry temperate Upper Kaghan in Tree species include deodar with patches of spruce, blue coniferous Mansehra District, pine, and chilghoza. Dominant fauna includes Himalayan forest Kalam in Upper Swat black bear, Royle’s Pika, Kashmir flying squirrel. ecosystem and Dir District Himalayan Abbottabad, Trees include blue pine, silver fir, Picea smithiana, oak, Acer moist Mansehra and Swat caesium, common yew, Aesculus indica, Rhododendron temperate districts arboretum, Prunus padus, Cedrus deodara, and Alnus coniferous niteda. Leading fauna species include Himalayan black bear, forest leopard cat and rhesus macaque. ecosystem Sub-Tropical Haripur, Abbottabad, Dominant tree species include chir pine, oak, Rhododendron pine forest Mansehra, Buner arboretum and Pistacia integerrima. Common fauna includes ecosystem and Swat districts chir pheasant (now extinct), grey goral and common leopard. Dry sub- Foothills of Hindu Dominant tree species include phulai, wild olive, sanatha Tropical semi Kush and Himalayan and black berries, Zizyphus nummularia. Dominant fauna evergreen mountains in includes urial, chinkara and common leopard. scrub districts of Haripur, ecosystem Abbottabad, Mansehra, Buner, and Swat Tropical thorn Southern districts Dominant tree species are babul, ber, peelo and unab. Fauna ecosystem include Hobara bustard, grey partridge, sandgrouse, falcons,

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Forest Region Flora and Fauna Ecosystem eagles, chinkara, jackal, red fox and wild boar. Source: Sarfraz et al. (2016).

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Other forest ecosystems of the province are: forest ecosystem of cold desert and snowfields in Hindu Kush Mountain region of Chitral; steppe pine forest ecosystem in the lower valleys of Chitral, Kohistan, and high elevation parts of Dir; alpine meadows of Kaghan Valley and eastern Hindu Kush Mountain Ranges in Swat and Kohistan; sub-Alpine scrub and birch ecosystem in upper Swat and Kaghan valleys; dry temperate coniferous forest ecosystem of upper Kaghan in Mansehra district, Kalam in upper Swat and Dir district; subtropical pine forest ecosystem in Haripur, Abbottabad, Mansehra, Buner and Swat; dry subtropical semi evergreen scrub ecosystem on the foothills of Hindu Kush and Himalayan mountains in the districts of Haripur, Abbottabad, Mansehra, Buner, and Swat; and tropical thorn ecosystem in the southern districts (Table 4.5).

4.11.2. Rangeland Ecosystems33

There are four types of rangelands or pastures in the province: alpine pastures lying above 3,000 m altitude and below the snowline, with forage productivity of 1,500 kg/ha; trans-Himalayan grazing lands at 2,300-3,300 m elevation, with forage productivity of 300-1,200 kg/ha; Himalayan forest grazing lands in 1,000-2,000 m altitude, with forage productivity of 200-3,000 kg/ha; and arid/semi-arid grasslands at around 250 m elevation and having forage productivity of 400-500 kg/ha.

4.11.3. Biodiversity34

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province has the richest diversity of flora and fauna in the country, owning to variety of its climatic zones. The tree species include conifer, Himalayan spruce, Indian pine, silver fir, cedar, pine nut, birch, Himalayan pistachio, horse chestnut, maple, Himalayan poplar, ash, walnut, oak, gum, babul, Indian olive, black locust, Indian rosewood, mulberry, Indian plum, black siris and chinaberry. In addition to the timber tree species, there are various economic, medicinal and aromatic non-timber species, which produce wild fruits and vegetables, mushrooms, resins, gum, fibers, silk cocoons. Some palms and grasses are also important in the same vein.

The high-altitude northern parts are home to: Himalayan ibex; markhor; snow leopard; Himalayan bear; Himalayan snowcock; and snow partridge. The alpine and sub-alpine regions of the province host species, such as Himalayan ibex, markhor, Western Tragopan and Monal pheasants. The moist and dry temperate forests in the districts of Chitral, Dir, Swat, Mansehra and Abbottabad provide habitats to species, such as Himalayan black bear, common leopard, grey goral, Koklass pheasant and Kalij pheasant. The lower reaches of Himalaya and Hindu Kush, where the sub-tropical scrub forests exist, provide habitat to rhesus macaque, urial, common leopard and birds like Chir pheasant, black partridge, Chukar partridge and See-see partridge. Notable species in the desert and thorn forests of the province include chinkara, cape hare, Afghan urial, grey wolf, sandgrouse and houbara bustard.

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa holds the world’s largest populations of Kashmir markhor and western Tragopan pheasant and contains Endemic Birds Areas, as designated by the Birdlife International. The wetlands host numerous species of migratory water birds, including swans, geese, ducks, waders, falcons and cranes. demoiselle crane, Eurasian cranes, houbara bustard, Saker falcon, peregrine falcon, bar-headed goose, and red-crested pochard. The notable fauna of the province is listed in Table4.6.

33Sarfraz et al. (2016). 34Sarfraz et al. (2016).

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The near threatened animal species of the region include Altai weasel, Argali, Himalayan goral and markhor, the national animal of Pakistan. The most vulnerable species include Himalayan brown bear, vole, snow leopard, Demoiselle cranes, cinereous vulture among others. Twenty coniferous and broad-leaf species of plants are threatened due to overexploitation and destruction of habitants. Three plant species – Himalayan Yew, Podophyllum emodii and Saussurea lappa – are endangered mainly because of climate change and overexploitation for construction. In general, the causes of the threats identified are lack of: political stability; technical and institutional capacity; financial resources; sufficient access to local knowledge; appropriate legal instruments; public and stakeholder participation and awareness; recognition of biodiversity as a cross-cutting issue; and, engagement of scientific community. Other contributing factors are: poverty; increasing population; and, climate change.

Table 4.6: Notable Fauna of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Category Species Ungulate Chinkara, grey goral, Himalayan ibex, markhor, musk deer and urial

Carnivore Brown bear, Civet, Common leopard, fox, Himalayan black bear, Himalayan lynx, Jackal, Wolf and Snow Leopard. Game Bird Black partridge, Chukar partridge, Grey partridge, Russian doves, Sandgrouse, See-see Partridge and Waterfowl. Reptile & Amphibian Afghan tortoise, Batura toad, Black headed royal snake, Brahminy river turtle, Brown roofed turtle, Chitralthin-toed gecko, Cobra, Himalayan ground skink, Indian sawbacked turtle, Indian soft-shell turtle, Krait, Kumaon mountain lizard, Laudakia, Mertens toad, Python and Viper. Pollinator & Moth Bumblebee, butterflies and honeybees. Vulture Eurasian black vultures, Eurasian griffon vultures, Himalayan griffon, and Oriental white backed vultures. Species of Ecological Black partridge, black stork, cape hare, Chukar partridge, See-see & Economic partridge, common leopard, common quail, Demoiselle crane, Eurasian significance crane, desert cat, fishing cat, golden eagle, Tawny eagle, grey goral, Himalayan barbet, Himalayan ibex, Himalayan snowcock, Houbara bustard, Indian parakeet, Indus dolphin, Kalij pheasant, long-tailed marmot, Murree vole, Kashmir vole, burrowing vole, porcupine, Rhesus macaque, Tragopan pheasant, wild boar and yellow throated martin. Source: Sarfraz et al. (2016) and Wikipedia (2018).

4.11.4. Protected areas

The protected areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa cover 14% of its landmass, consist of 163 sites of all categories of protected areas and spread across all climatic zones of the province35. The national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, wildlife refuges, wildlife parks and the Ramsar sites of the province are listed in the Table 4.7 In addition to these sites, there are 38 public game reserves and 106 community/private game reserves in the province.

35 Sarfraz et al. (2016).

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Table 4.7: Protected Areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Name Area (ha) District Climatic Zone Key Wildlife National Parks Ayubia National Park 3,372 Abbottabad Moist temperate forests Koklass pheasant, Kalij pheasant, Chakor partridge, yellow throated martin, common leopard, Rhesus monkey, flying squirrel. Chitral Gol National 7,750 Chitral Alpine meadows & dry Markhor, urial, snow leopard, wolf, snowcock, Chakor partridge, Greenwood Park temperate forests pigeon Lulusar Dodipat 30,376 Mansehra Alpine meadows, sub Common leopard, black bear, ibex, marten, Monal pheasant, Koklass pheasant, National Park alpine pasture, wetlands & Ram chakor dry temperate forests Saiful Malook 4,867 Mansehra Alpine meadows, sub Black bear, marten, Ram chakor, snow partridge, Monal pheasant National Park alpine pastures , cold deserts & wetlands Shiekh Badin National 15,540 DI Khan Subtropical pine forest & Black partridges, grey partridges, Chakor partridge, Blue Rock pigeon, Pied bush Park subtropical scrub forest chat, red vented bulbul, fox, hare, jackal, Jungle cat, porcupine, wild boar, wolf Broghil National Park 134,744 Chitral Alpine meadows, sub Himalayan ibex, blue sheep, snow leopard, brown bear, Tibetan wolf, golden alpine pastures , cold marmot, snow cock, Chakur partridge deserts & wetlands Wildlife Sanctuaries Manshi 2,560 Mansehra Moist temperate forests & Monal pheasant, Koklass pheasant, Chakor partridge, Rhesus monkey, languor, juniper scrubs musk deer, common leopard, marten Agram Basti 29,866 Chitral Alpine & sub alpine Snow leopard, Himalayan ibex, wolf, snowcock, Chakor partridge pastures Boraka 2,025 Kohat Subtropical scrub forests Urial, Chinkara, common leopard, Chakor, black partridge Wildlife Refuges Dera Ismail Khan 3,774 Dera Ismail Khan Wetlands & riverian forests Waterfowl Waterfow Refugel Lakki Crane Refuge 5,180 Lakki Marwat Wetlands & riverian forests Crane, Waterfowl

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Table 4.7 - continued

Name Area (ha) District Climatic Zone Key Wildlife Wildlife Parks Cherat 2,688 Nowshera Subtropical scrub forests Jackal, Fox, Hare, Grey partridge, Chakor partridge Manglot 715 Nowshera Subtropical scrub forests Chinkara, urial, Hog deer, Jackal, Fox, Hare, Grey partridge, Chakor partridge Tanda 1,133 Kohat Subtropical scrub forests Chinkara, urial, Hog deer, Blue bull, Hare, Jackal, Fox, Grey partridge, Chakor partridge Kotal 100 Kohat Subtropical scrub forests Chinkara, urial, hog deer, blue bul, hare, jackal, fox, grey partridge, Chakor partridge Togh Mangara 1,250 Kohat Subtropical scrub forests Jackal, fox, hare, black partridge, grey partridge, Chakor partridge Nizampur 2,612 Nowshehra Subtropical scrub forests Urail, hog deer, Chukar Partridge, grey partridge, black partridge, chinkara, hare, jackal. Malakand Safari Park 97 Malakand Subtropical pine forests, Ringnecked pheasant, wood green pheasant, silver pheasant, Kalij pheasant, Subtropical scrub forests golden pheasant Lakki 10 Bannu sub-tropical scrub forest Grey partridge, See-see partridge, black partridge, hare, Dakkani grey partridge Ramsar Sites Tanda Dam 405 Kohat Duck, goose, swan Thanedar Wala 4,407 Lakki Marwat Great egret, ruddy shelduck, common teal, mallard, northern shoveller, common pochard,ferruginous duck Source: Forestry, Environment and Wildlife Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2018) .

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4.11.5. Agrobiodiversity36

Pakistan is a country with rich diversity in indigenous crops. It is estimated that nearly 3,000 taxa of cultivated plants and around 500 wild relatives of cultivated crops are found within its borders. The northern and western parts of the country, precisely where Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is located, comprise one of the most important birthplaces in the world of plants for cultivation.Many wild and local cultivars survived until the Green Revolution during which high- yield varieties were introduced, but local cultivars are rarely cultivated by farmers today. The crops cultivated or collected in the province are shown in Table 4.8.

Similarly, cattle, buffalo and chicken were domesticated on the subcontinent early in history. Pakistan counts two breeds of buffalo, eight of cattle, one of yak, 25 of goat, 28 of sheep, one of horse, four of camel, and three of indigenous poultry. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is home to most of this rich biodiversity: buffalo (Azikheli), cattle (Achai, Gabrali, Bashgalian, and Lohani), yak, goat (Damani, Kaghani, Pothohari, Ghizeri, and Pamiri), sheep (Harnai, Balkhi, Damani, Hashtnagri, Kaghani, Michni, Tirahi, Waziri, and Keri), horse (Waziri), and camel (Gaddi, Ghulmani, Khader and Maya). It appears that indigenous chickens are grown in the province, but the precise breeds are unknown.

As for cattle, the pure-bred animals are said to constitute less than a quarter of the population. Approximately 75-80% of Pakistan’s domestic livestock breeds are derivatives of established breeds, and the proportion of ‘non-descript’ livestock to pure-bred ones are increasing.

Table 4.8: Crops Cultivated or Collected in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Type Crops Field Crops: Sugarcane, sugar beet, wheat, barley, rape seed and mustard, sunflower, soybeans, cotton, rice (cold water and warm water), sorghum, millets, and maize Food legumes Lentils, chickpeas, mung beans, mash beans, broad beans, and moth beans Fruits Apples, peach, plums, cherry, almonds, olives, fig, pear, apricot, pomegranate, mulberry, strawberry, black berry, melons, passion fruit, persimmon, loquat, guava, ber, citrus, litchi, mangoes, falsa, and dates Vegetables Cauliflower, cabbage, turnip, radish, carrot, potatoes, sweet potatoes, squashes, bitter gourd, pumpkins, okra, eggplant, spinach, leak, broccoli, and mushrooms Industrial crops Tobacco, guar, castor oil, and jojoba Fodders Alfalfa, berseem, oats, and elephant grass Culinary herbs and spices Coriander, mint plant, cumin, turmeric, chili, and ginger Wild fruits (collected) walnut, chilghoza, almonds, pear, apricot, loquat, mulberry, fig, persimmon, plum, black berry, raspberry, and strawberry Wild mushrooms (collected) Truffles and morels. Source: Forestry, Environment and Wildlife Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2016).

36 Government of Pakistan (2015), unless specified otherwise.

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Similarly, cattle, buffalo and chicken were domesticated on the subcontinent early in history. Pakistan counts two breeds of buffalo, eight of cattle, one of yak, 25 of goat, 28 of sheep, one of horse, four of camel, and three of indigenous poultry. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is home to most of this rich biodiversity: buffalo (Azikheli), cattle (Achai, Gabrali, Bashgalian, and Lohani), yak, goat (Damani, Kaghani, Pothohari, Ghizeri, and Pamiri), sheep (Harnai, Balkhi, Damani, Hashtnagri, Kaghani, Michni, Tirahi, Waziri, and Keri), horse (Waziri), and camel (Gaddi, Ghulmani, Khader and Maya). It appears that indigenous chickens are grown in the province, but the precise breeds are unknown.

As for cattle, the pure-bred animals are said to constitute less than a quarter of the population. Approximately 75-80% of Pakistan’s domestic livestock breeds are derivatives of established breeds, and the proportion of ‘non-descript’ livestock to pure-bred ones are increasing.

4.12. Solid Waste Management37

Mismanagement of solid waste in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is a growing environmental and health hazard. Municipal waste (household and commercial waste collected by the municipalities) constitutes the main portion of the total solid waste, followed by industrial and medical waste. According to the statistics available in 2016, Peshawar generated 0.25 million tons of solid municipal waste per year. The composition of this waste was 53% non-degradable, 34% biodegradable (or putrescible), and 13% non-biodegradable (non-putrescible). The major causes of the growing rate of waste generation are urbanization, industrialization, overpopulation and lack of proactive and integrated planning for waste management. The province, like the rest of Pakistan, is inadequate in its capacity to handle, collect, transfer, transport, process, dispose, and recycle solid wastes. Inadequate waste collection in the urban areas has resulted in disposal in geological depressions, agricultural land, water bodies and roadside dumps.

In the urban areas, thousands of people in the province make a livelihood out of scavenging solid waste. They burn the waste in open dumps to obtain valuable materials like glass and metals. Untreated hospital and industrial waste release pathogens and toxic substances into the environment, posing great hazards to the humans, animals and plants. In the surrounding and remote rural areas, household, commercial and animal waste are dumped openly around and inside villages which pose environmental and health risks.

4.13. Vehicle Traffic

The economic growth in the province have triggered a substantial increase in the number of commercial and personal vehicles. It is generally acknowledged that the number of private and public transport units has increased dramatically, particularly in the past two decades or so.This increase has been fueled by promotion of vehicles on a lease basis by the private sector, including banks.

The total number of registered vehicles in the province doubled from 389,956 in 200638 to 857,852 in 2011, which again doubled to 1,553,304 in 2016.39 Compared to the urban areas, the number of vehicles in the rural areas of the province is much lower.

37Korai et al. (2017). 38Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2010). 39Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2013).

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5. SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE CONDITIONS

5.1. Demographics

According to the most recent census held, the total population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was estimated to be 36,117,000 in 2017-18, which is 17% of the national population.40 The province had an annual growth rate of 2.9% as compared to the national rate of 2.1% in 2016.41The average household size in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is 7.6 and 8.1 in urban and rural areas, respectively.42

Table 5.1: Population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Location Male Female Transgender All Sexes Rural 12 495 278 12 298 236 223 24 793 737 Urban 2 972 367 2 756 577 690 5 729634 Total 15 467 645 15 054 813 913 30 523 371 Source: Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan (2017). Notes: (i) Total population includes all persons residing in the country including afghan & other aliens with the local population. (ii) Population does not include Afghan Refugees living in refuges villages. (iii) Total population excluding population excluding population of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.

High population growth rate, Afghan refugees, Internally Displaced Persons and volatile security situation are some of the key challenges that the government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is facing. As shown in Table 5.2, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is a province of a high birth rate. Some districts showed a high increase also in the numbers of people aged eighteen and above: Karak, Haripur, Abbottabad, Chitral, Hangu, Swabi, Charsadda, Swat, Batagram, Kohat, Mardan and Lower Dir.43

Table 5.2: Provincial Census in 2017

Administrative unit Households Total Population Average Annual (2017) Growth Rate (1998- 2017) Pakistan 32,205,111 207,774,520 2.40 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 3,845,168 30,523,371 2.89 Federally Administered 558,379 5,001,676 2.41 Tribal Areas Punjab 17,103,835 110,012,442 2.13 Sindh 8,585,610 47,886,051 2.41 Balouchistan 1,775,937 12,344,408 3.37 Islamabad Capital Territory 336,182 2,006,572 4.91 Source: Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan (2017).

5.2. Literacy and Education

In 2017-18, the national literacy rates were 52% and 73% for women and men, respectively.44 The literacy rates in the province show greater disparity between gender: 39% for women and

40Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2018). 41Social Policy and Development Centre (2018). 42Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2018). 43The rates of increase were: 9.22%, 8.97%, 7.89%, 7.38%, 3.37%, 2.58%, 1.70%, 1.55%, 1.50%, 0.52%, 0.41% and 0.14%, respectively. 44 Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan (2018).

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73% for men.45 While the literacy rate among men is almost uniform around the country, women’s rate differ from 34% in Balochistan to 57% in Punjab.46 The rate is the second lowest in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa among the five provinces.47

The Pakistan Education Statistics 2016-2017 estimated that among 51.53 million children in Pakistan between the ages of 5 and 16 years, 22.84 million children did not attend school. In primary to higher secondary level, 49% of girls are out of school as compared to 40% of the boys.48In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 1.8 million children are out of school; considering that the population of the province is about 15% of national, proportionately more children appear to be schooled in the province.49 Among those out of school in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 64% of were girls and 36% boys.50

Male repeaters are twice as many as female repeaters at all levels of education in the province, from pre-primary to higher secondary. Slightly more than half of the teachers are female in primary and middle schools, but less than half at higher levels.51

Some of the factors responsible for the slow progress in education include: (i) shortage of schools especially for girls and also in remote and far flung areas; (ii) shortage and absenteeism of teachers; (iii) lack of qualified and trained teachers; (iv) missing facilities such as water, toilets and boundary walls; (v) weak supervision; and (vi) out-of-school factors such as conservative and tribal culture, insecurity and lawlessness, and poverty.52

5.3. Land Tenancy53

In rural Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, land is the major form of wealth, and class differences exist. Most of the landlords and tenants are involved in traditional land tenancy contracts; the landowners hire the landless laborers from a competitive labor market under land tenancy contracts, whose production feeds all households involved, tenants’ and landlords’. Excess is sold for income generation. Due to the availability of irrigation systems and fertile soil, agriculture activities and land tenure arrangements are more common in the central parts of the province: Mardan, Nowshera, Swabi, Charsadda and Peshawar.

Three variants of private or individual tenure exist in Pakistan: owner cultivation; share cropping contract; and fixed-rent tenancy.In the case of owner cultivation, the landowner takes all the responsibilities of management and supervision related to farm production by using family labor or occasionally hiring causal labor, especially in growing or harvesting seasons. The motivations of this type of tenure are: availability of own family labor; lack of employment; and lack of business skills as well as education.

45Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan (2018). 46 Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan (2018). 47 Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan (2018). 48Academy of Educational Planning and Management, Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training, Government of Pakistan (2017). 49 Academy of Educational Planning and Management, Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training, Government of Pakistan (2017). 50 Academy of Educational Planning and Management, Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training, Government of Pakistan (2017). 51Academy of Educational Planning and Management, Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training, Government of Pakistan (2017). 52Academy of Educational Planning and Management, Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training, Government of Pakistan (2017). 53 Khan et al. (2016).

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Share cropping is the most dominant form of land tenancy arrangements in the province. The most common is 50:50 crop share between the landlord and tenant, while75:25 crop share also exists. Division of tasks and costs is decided through consultations and depends on the crop and required inputs.

In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the second dominant contract is fixed-rent tenancy; the tenant pays cash to the landowner for using the land. The tenant takes all responsibility related to management and makes decisions on farm production. It is possible that the landlord leases out the land to a tenant for fixed lump sum and the tenant hires unskilled labor to provide management. If the enforcement of tenant efforts is considered the defining problem of the contract, fixed rent contract dominates other contracts. Some tenants work for more than two different landlords, both under share and fixed-rent contract.

5.4. Poverty

Poverty in Pakistan is multifaceted and dynamic. Depending on the geography and socio- political climate, households throughout the country are faced with varied challenges: devastating natural disasters; militancy; sectarian violence; volatile law and order situation; and issues related with weak governance.

Figure 5.1: District Map of Incidence of Poverty (2014-15) Source: Planning Commission of Pakistan, Ministry of Planning, Development and Reformet al. (2016).

According to the latest Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) report available,54 nearly 39% of Pakistanis live in poverty with disparities across regions and provinces. Among the provinces,

54Planning Commission of Pakistan, Ministry of Planning, Development and Reformet al. (2016).

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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa had the second highest multidimensional poverty at 49%. Within the province, the incidence of poverty is the highest in the northern districts of Kohistan (96%), Torgar (92%), Shangla (80%), Upper Dir (76%), Battagram (75%), and Buner (72%) as shown in Figure 5.1. Poverty is lower in urban areas: 9% as compared to 55% in rural areas.55 The MPI showed a strong decline nationally from 55 % in 2004 to 39% in 2015, but the progress across the country is uneven.56

5.5. Labor Force57

According to the Labor Force Survey 2017-2018, the labor force participation rate in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa at 25% is currently the lowest of all provinces; the national average is 32%.The national or provincial rates, disaggregated by sex and rural/urban, have stayed stable since 2014.

Throughout the country, men are more likely to be engaged in wage-labor than women, about three times more nationally and more than fivefold in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Women’s share in waged employment is on a declining trend nationwide and also in the province.

High unemployment rates, particularly among the youth, have been a persistent phenomenon in the country in the recent years; the unemployment rates for youth in the province were among the highest in the country.58

Table 5.3: Labor Force Participation Rate (%)

2014-15 2017-18 Province Total Male Female Total Male Female Pakistan 32.3 48.1 15.8 31.7 48.3 14.5 Rural 34.0 47.4 20.2 32.7 47.2 18.0 Urban 29.0 49.4 20.2 30.0 50.3 8.4 Khyber 25.0 40.0 9.9 24.4 41.1 8.0 Pakhtunkhwa Rural 25.1 39.3 10.7 24.2 40.4 8.5 Urban 24.7 42.9 6.1 25.1 44.3 5.8 Source: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan (2018).

5.6. Urbanization59

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has seen periods of rapid growth in its urban population, in part due to the influx of refugees from Afghanistan during the 1980s and the 2000s, and displacements caused by floods and conflict. In the 1981-98 period, population density increased by over 60% from 148 persons/km2 in 1981 to 238 persons/km2 in 1998, with the highest increase in Peshawar: an

55UNDP (2016). 56Planning Commission of Pakistan, Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform et al. (2016). 57Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan (2018), unless specified otherwise. 58 Ikram et al. (2015). 59 Ikram et al.(2015), unless specified otherwise.

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increase of 721 persons/km2. In 2017,60 Charsadda and Swabi districts had a population density exceeding 1,000 persons/km261 and Peshawar 3,400 persons/km2.

While 83% of the province’s population was classified as rural in 2015, over two-thirds of the population lived within one hour of travel time from a city, and 90% of the population lived within two hours. The population within 2-4 hours of travel time from a city was 7% of the total. About 2% of the population lived where more than four hours of travel time was required toreach a city; they are all residents of Chitral district.

As is the casearound the country, city populations in the province have extended outside the administrative boundaries of the municipalities and to settlements peripheral to the cities, capitalizing on employment opportunities and easy access to urban services. “Ribbons” of development along the highways, between major urban centers and industrial satellite areas have developed largely due to similar reasonsin addition to tax and tariff incentives. Even in more rural areas, the highest population densities are along the major road corridors. Consequently, three identifiable urban agglomerationswere observed in2013:

• Central Pakhtunkhwa: The districts of Peshawar, Charsadda, Mardan, Swabi and Nowshera. These districts cover almost 10% of the area of the province and contain 36% of the population. • Hazara: The districts of Haripur, Abbottabad and Mansehra, with an area of 11% of the province, contain 15% of the provincial population. • Other: Three relatively smaller but significant concentrations of population are in the districts of Swat with 7% of the provincial population, Dera Ismail Khan with 5% and Kohat with 3%.

It was estimated in 2015 that these agglomerations covered nearly a third of the provinces area and were inhabited by two-thirds of the population.The rural areas near the agglomeration have considerable advantage in terms of access to employment opportunities, municipal, social and business services and appear to have been influenced by the urbanization more than the remoter areas.

5.7. Social Protection

Pakistan is one of the few developing countries that stipulate social security as an explicit fundamental right in their constitution, but the majority of people in the country live without any social protection. Workers in the informal sector in particular face a higher risk of falling into poverty if they incur unforeseeable expenses or suffer sudden loss of income. More than 70% of the population is employed in the informal sector, and overall less than 15% are covered by the social protection system.62

A National Social Protection Strategy was designed by the Government of Pakistan in 2007 and aimed at developing an integrated and comprehensive social protection system, covering all the population, especially the poorest and the most vulnerable. However, resources for its

60Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (2017). District and Tehsil Level Population Summary With Region Breakup for Charsadda, Swabi and Peshawar, and Pakinformation (2015). 61 In Charsadda 1,600 persons/km2 and in Swabi 1,100 persons/km2. 62 GIZ (undated).

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implementation dwindled due to the global financial crises, high food and fuel prices in the world markets, and unstable law and order situation.63

In order to mitigate the adverse effects of such conditions as well as catastrophic floods of 2010 and 2011, the Government of Pakistan put in place a series of social protection programs to protect the poor and vulnerable: Social Security/Social Insurance, Safety Net/Social Assistance, and so on.64 Table 5.4 shows the key features of these social protection schemes.

Social insurance and social assistance programmes also exist in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: three social insurance programmes, meant to extend financial support to public employees, and eight social assistance programmes, including one for Afghan refugees.65

Table 5.4: Key Features of Social Protection in Pakistan

Name of Social Key Features Protection Scheme • Generally based around formal employment and includes social insurance and social assistance measures. Social Security/Social • Examples: Government Servants Pension Fund, EOBI, Public Sector Insurance Benevolent Fund and Group Insurance, Employees Social Security Institution, Workers Welfare Fund • Usually short-term emergency measures. • People, who are outside the labour market, extremely poor and considered Safety Nets/Social marginalized segment of the society, are provided safety net assistance, Assistance usually in the form of in-kind or unconditional cash transfers. • Examples: Benazir Income Support Programme, Zakat, Pakistan Bait-ul- Mal,Watan Card. • The programs are schemes with immediate impact on the standard of living of ordinary people. Labour Market • Demand-based funds are provided to the locally elected representatives. Programs • Examples: Peoples Works Program, Khushal Pakistan Program, Tameer-e- WatanProgram. • Three initiatives form this category: o Community Development Centers, managed by provincial and federal governments; Microfinance and o NGOs that carry out community development work; and Other Safeguards for o Rural Support Organizations. the Informal Sector • Examples: NRSP, PPAF, community development, micro finance, income generation, value chain development programs operated by international aid agencies (IFAD, FAO, and USAID, etc.) and agriculture support programs. Source: Yuet al. (2017).

5.8. Culture and Language

The province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is populated by diverse tribes, sub-tribes and clans, each with its own network of ties, but forms a unified collective called Pathan or Pashtuns. They

63Yu et al. (2017). 64Yu et al. (2017). 65 Sustainable Development Policy Institute (2013).

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consider themselves imbued with character, bravery and shrewdness66. Over the years, however, the larger towns have become a mix of various other peoples from Afghanistan, Kashmir and the rest of Pakistan, just as many original inhabitants of the province have migrated to, or work in, the larger towns of Punjab, Sindh and Baluchistan.67

The main ethnic group in the province is the Pashtuns, locally referred to as Pakhtuns, followed by a number of smaller ethnic groups, most notably, the Hazarawals and Chitralis.68The Pashtun tribes predominantly speak Pashto. The Pashtun way of life69 still maintains the time-tested code of behavior known as pukhtunwali. Honor, revenge and hospitality are the cardinal principles while the jirga, or tribal assembly, plays a potent part in the resolution of issues according to riwaj or tradition.The Kalash people in the north maintain culture distinct from the rest of the country. The details of their culture as well as strategies to respect their dignity, human rights, economy and culture as indigenous people are found in the Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework that accompanies this document.

Table 5.5: Mother Tongue of the Population in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2017) (proportion of total population in percentages)

Languages Urdu Punjabi Sindhi Pushto Balochi Saraiki Others Khyber 0.78 0.97 0.04 73.9 0.01 3.86 20.43 Pakhtunkhwa Rural 0.24 0.24 0.02 73.98 0.01 3.99 21.52 Urban 3.47 4.58 0.11 73.55 0.03 3.15 15.11 Source: Statistics Division, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan (undated)

In the northern highlands, languages such as Khowar, Hindko, Kohistani, Shina, Torwali, Kashmiri, Kalasha and Kaghani are spoken.70 The refugees from Afghanistan consist mainly of Ghilzai and Durrani tribes.71 In the southern districts Pashto is predominantly spoken, but in the city area of Kohat, Hindko is spoken, and in some parts of Dera Ismail Khan, Saraiki is spoken.72Urdu, the national and official language, is used for inter-ethnic communications. English is also used in education, while Arabic is used for religious purposes and education.

5.9. Religion and Belief System

Pakistan is an Islamic Republic, meaning Islam is the official religion and laws are written to be consistent with its teachings. The state religion is central to the daily life in Pakistan; mosques are located in almost every neighborhood and the call to prayer heard throughout the country five times a day. About 96% of Pakistanis identify themselves as Muslims.73 While not all may practice Islam on a regular basis, the religion’s moral beliefs and tenets are widely recognized and respected.Sunni and Shi’a Islam are the two major Islamic sects practiced in Pakistan.

66Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2018a). 67Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa(2018b). 68 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Federally Administrated Tribal Areas Multi Donor Trust Fund (2017). 69Pashtunwali, or Pakhtunwali refers to the traditional lifestyle of the Pashtun people. It is the name for the un- written codes of honor that control, guide, and balance the character and discipline of the Pashtun’s way of life. 70Community Motivation and Development Organization (undated). 71Community Motivation and Development Organization (undated). 72Community Motivation and Development Organization (undated). 73Statistics Division, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan (undated).

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Pakistan is a Sunni majority country.74 It is estimated that less than 4% of Pakistanis belong to a non-Muslim religious minority. These include Christians, Hindus, Qadiani and others.75

Most of the inhabitants of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (99.4%) profess Islam,76 with a Sunni majority and significant minorities of Shias, Ismailis and Ahmedis.77 There are very small communities of Hindus (0.03%), Christians (0.21%) and Sikhs in the province.78Many of the Kalasha people of Southern Chitral still retain their ancient Animist/Shamanist religion. More information is contained in the Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework for this project.

5.10. Indigenous Peoples79

In Pakistan, the term “ethnic minority” is used to refer to the Kalash people.80This framework identifies the Kalash as indigenous people, according to World Bank Operational Policy 4.10 on Indigenous Peoples, whichstates that “the term ‘Indigenous Peoples’ is used in a generic sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group.”

The Kalash tribe in northern Khyber Pakhtunkhwarepresents one of the oldest minorities in the country. Known also as Kafirs, they represent a unique culture of a very old society in the world, dating back to at least 3,000 years. Some consider them the descendants of Alexander the Great. Once scattered all over Chitral with strong political and social clout, they are now confined in three main valleys of Ramboor, Bumburaite and Birir. Due to conversion to Islam, high infant and maternal mortality rates among Kalasha women and increasing migration of Muslim outsiders to Kalasha valleys, their population and influence are slowly decreasing, which puts the Kalasha culture in danger. The people consider themselves indigenous due to their distinct language, folklore, and polytheistic religion, and differentiate themselves from the other communities in the area who migrated to Chitral at later times.More information onthe people is found in the Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework for this project.

5.11. Gender81

5.11.1. Literacy and Education

The provincial literacy rates for men in the country are comparable, but the rates for women differ greatly.82Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is ranked the second lowest in terms of female literacy rate in the country with 39%. 83 For rural women in the province (excluding the Federally Administered Tribal Areas), the rate is even lower (30%), while 55% of the men in the same area are literate. In the Tribal Areas, the gap is much larger; the proportions are 9% and 65%, respectively.

As for primary school attendance rates, when the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas(FATA) is excluded fromKhyber Pakhtunkhwa and the two are counted separately, Khyber

74CIA (2019). 75 Statistics Division, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan (undated). 76 Statistics Division, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan (undated). 77Community Motivation and Development Organization (undated). 78 Statistics Division, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan (undated). 79 Malik, J.A. and Waheed, A. (2005), unless specified otherwise. 80 PPAF – Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework (undated). 81 Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan (2019), unless specified otherwise. 82 Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan (2018). 83 Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan (2018).

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Pakhtunkhwa is the second highest (57%) after Punjab (64%) and former FATA the second lowest (40%). The gender parities for former FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa on primary school attendance are the two of the lowest in the country: 0.48 and 0.78, respectively, where the nation as a whole has achieved 0.90.The same disparity can only persist or worsen in higher education; the gender parities in former FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in secondary school attendance are 0.24 and 0.61, respectively. The women in rural areas are more disadvantaged in terms of education than women in urban areas, and former FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are not exceptions.

5.11.2. Access to Resources

The highlights of the gender difference in access to resources are described below. Selected statistics are given in Table 5.6.

Information: Women in the rural areas of the two regions, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and former FATA, have much less access to information in general. The proportions of women who have access at least once a week to neither newspaper, television, or radio are 20 percentage points higher than men in the two regions, although the similar gap nationwide is only 10 percentage points.

Roughly the same gender gaps exist on internet usage, which are also much higher than the national average gender gap. As for mobile phone ownership, around one-third of rural women own one in the two regions while 80-90% of men do in the same areas. Nationally about 40% of women are in possession of a mobile phone.

Employment:Almost all men in Pakistan are employed, and that is also the case in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and former FATA. Much less than 10% of women in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are formally employed, while 0.1% of women in former FATA are.

Cash income: The majority of men decide on their own how to use their cash earnings in the two regions, only one-third of women have such opportunities. Slightly less than one-third of women in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa submit to the decision of their husbands on how to use the cash that they earn. House Ownership: Very few, if any, of the women in the country own a house, while men are almost equally divided among sole owners, joint owners and non-owners. The pattern appears the same in any region in the country.

Land Ownership: Compared to house ownership, the gender gaps in land ownership are smaller, because the percentages of men without land are approximately 65-70% in the two regions (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and former FATA) as well as nationwide. The proportions of women who do not own land are slightly closer to 100% than who do not own a house.

Bank Account: In the two regions, about 15% of men have and use a bank account, although the national average of the same is over 30%. Only 2.2% and 4.5% of women in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and former FATA claim the same.

Social Protection: Benazir Income Support Programme, the largest social safety net program in Pakistan, supports 8% of women and 9% men in the country. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (excluding the former FATA), 13% of women and 16% of men are beneficiaries, while in former FATA 13% of women and 11% of men receive support from the program. If we assume that poverty is

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gender neutral, access to social protection is only slightly worse or even better for women, but given that female-headed households are typically poorer, gender parity may be lower than these figures imply.

Medical Care: Over 80% and 97% of women in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and former FATA reported that they have at least one problem in accessing health care, such as: obtaining permission to leave for treatment; securing funds for treatment; distance to the treatment facility; and unwillingness to visit the facility alone.

An overwhelming proportion of people around the country does not have any health insurance, regardless of gender. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, more women (3.7%) are insured than men (1.2%).

5.11.3. Participation in Decision Making

The gender difference in participation in decision making isnarrated below. Selected statistics are given in Table 5.7.

Finance: As discussed above in relation to access to cash income, for each woman in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa who has the final say in how to use her own earnings, there is a husband who decides how her earnings has to be used. At the same time, 12.4% of wives in rural Pakhtunkhwa earn more than their husbands and 20.6% of the husbands do not have any cash earnings.

Health: Manyfewer women in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (27.3%) and former FATA (9.7%) decide on how to take care of their own health than the national average (50.5%). Most men make decisions on their own health.

Reproduction: The desire to limit children tends to be higher among women in most regions in the country. The gender gap for the desire narrows as the number of children living with the family increases. Given that very few women decide on their own health issues, the reproduction desire of the men is likely to prevail. In fact, among men aged 15-49, more than a quarter of men (27%) agreed to the statement that contraception is women’s business, and 16% of the group expressed approval of the statement that women who use contraception become promiscuous.

Women aged 15-29 and had begun childbearing amounted to 16% of the same age and sex group in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the highest region in the country, while the percentage was 13.2% in former FATA and 8.1% nationally.

Marriage: Women marry earlier than men; 61% of women and 24% of men age 25-49 are married by age 22. There is no statistics available as to whether it was women’s choice to marry early.

Major Household Purchases: Decision making on big-ticket items are more balanced than on health, but still less than one-third and one-tenth of women in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and former FATA, respectively, participate in deciding major household purchases.

Visit to Wife’s Family or Relatives: The proportion of women who participate in decision making on major household purchases is about the same for that who can influence decisions related to their visit to their own family or relatives, respectively in the two regions.

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Attitude toward Wife Beating: The husband’s beating or hitting the wife is considered justifiable by some people when she burns the food, argues with him, goes out without telling him, neglects the children, refuses to have sexual intercourse with him, or neglects her in-laws. Just as the lack of participation in decision making mentioned above, permitting violence in such situations implies deep inequality between women and men.

All over the country, however, considerably fewer men think it justifiable to resort to violence, and consistently so over all of these issues. The largest gender difference in the two regions is observed in former FATA on refusal of having sexual intercourse; the proportion of women who thought beating and hitting were justified was higher than that of men who thought the same by over 60 percentage points.

Among the ever-married women aged 15-49 and have experienced physical violence after age 15, 80% of them reported current husbands as the perpetuator.

Violence:Among ever-married women aged 15-49 who had experienced physical violence since age 15 were 46.2% in rural Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and 56.2% in former FATA, while the proportion was 27.6% nationally.

Among ever-married women aged 15-49 who had ever been subject to sexual violence constituted 8.8% and 4.7% in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and former FATA, respectively. The national average was 5.7%. Among the same group of women, those who had experienced sexual violence in the 12 months prior to the survey were 7.5% and 3.6% for the two regions, while the national average was 3.6%.The two percentages are higher in the rural than in urban areas.

With respect to spousal violence, women in the rural areas on Khyber Pakhtunkhwa reported that they were subject to emotional (51.1%), physical (37.6%), or sexual violence (7.9%). In former FATA, the percentages were 64.5%, 51.2% and 4.7%, respectively.More than a quarter of them sustained physical injury. The proportion was close to half for sexual violence by spouses.

Over 70% and 80% of these women in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and former FATA, respectively, did not seek help or tell anyone about the violence. The national average for the same was 56.4%.

5.11.4. Gender Parity and Economic Growth

One study indicated thatper capita income in the province will be 167% higher in 2050than in 2015 in case there is no decline in fertility, but more than 400% higher if fertility declines rapidly.84

As is the case around the world, the higher the education level, the lower the fertility in Pakistan. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and former FATA registered two of the highest total fertility rates in the country: 4.8 and 4.0 births per woman, respectively. The rates are higher in rural areas and poorer households.

84Bloom, D. et al. (2015).

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Table 5.6: Access to Resources by Gender

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Former Federally National Average (excluding former FATA) Administered Tribal Areas Rural Rural Men Women Men Women Men Women Access to Information Exposure to Mass Media (%) Reads a newspaper at least once a week 2.2 23.1 0.7 14.0 5.1 27.1 Watches television at least once a week 20.6 30.8 5.6 18.8 50.6 55.4 Listens to the radio at least once a week 4.5 12.1 8.6 13.9 3.7 8.3 Accesses all three media at least once a week 0.4 1.6 0.0 0.5 0.5 2.6 Accesses none of the three media at least once a week 75.4 56.4 86.8 66.0 46.9 36.3

Internet Usage (%) Ever used the internet 5.2 26.0 1.5 18.3 12.6 29.8 Used the internet in the past 12 months 4.5 25.5 1.3 18.3 12.0 28.4

Ownership of Mobile Phone (%) 33.3 92.3 25.8 80.2 39.2 92.7

Access to Other Resources Employment Status (%) Currently employed 7.0 91.3 0.9 92.9 17.3 96.1 Not currently employed 0.4 5.3 0.0 1.3 2.7 1.6

Financial Decisionson Wife’s Cash Earnings (%) Mainly wife decides how the earnings are used 31.8 n.a. n.a. n.a. 48.7 n.a. Wife and husband jointly decide how the earnings are used 40.1 n.a. n.a. n.a. 40.6 n.a. Mainly husband decides how the earnings are used 28.1 n.a. n.a. n.a. 9.3 n.a.

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Table 5.6– continued.

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Former Federally National Average (excluding former FATA) Administered Tribal Areas Rural Rural Men Women Men Women Men Women Financial Decisionson Husband’s Cash Earnings (%) Mainly wife decides how the earnings are used n.a. 2.4 n.a. 0.0 n.a. 3.0 Wife and husband jointly decide how the earnings are used n.a. 19.7 n.a. 9.0 n.a. 41.3 Mainly husband decides how the earnings are used n.a. 62.6 n.a. 79.4 n.a. 46.8

House Ownership (%) Owned alone 1.7 21.9 0.3 28.9 1.8 30.7 Owned jointly 0.7 34.7 0.1 27.2 1.4 35.1 No house owned 97.3 27.2 96.7 27.0 96.7 27.8

Land Ownership (%) Owned alone 1.2 5.6 0.3 3.2 1.2 9.8 Owned jointly 0.5 18.1 0.1 15.0 0.8 14.4 No land owned 98.2 70.4 99.3 64.3 97.9 72.8

Ownership and Use of Bank Accounts (%) Have and use a bank account 2.2 15.1 4.5 15.0 6.0 31.6

Health Insurance Coverage (%) None 96.3 98.8 100.0 98.7 98.6 95.9 Any health insurance 3.7 1.2 0.0 1.3 1.4 4.1 Note: * indicates rougher estimates than the rest of the figures in the table. For details see National institute of Population Studies and ICF International (2019). Source: National institute of Population Studies and ICF International (2019).

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Table 5.7: Participation in Decision Making by Gender

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Former Federally National Average (excluding former FATA) Administered Tribal Areas Rural Rural Men Women Men Women Men Women Financial Decisionson Wife’s Cash Earnings (%) Mainly wife decides how the earnings are used 31.8 n.a. n.a. n.a. 48.7 n.a. Wife and husband jointly decide how the earnings are used 40.1 n.a. n.a. n.a. 40.6 n.a. Mainly husband decides how the earnings are used 28.1 n.a. n.a. n.a. 9.3 n.a.

Financial Decisionson Husband’s Cash Earnings (%) Mainly wife decides how the earnings are used 2.4 n.a. 0.0 n.a. 3.0 n.a. Wife and husband jointly decide how the earnings are used 19.7 n.a. 9.0 n.a. 41.3 n.a. Mainly husband decides how the earnings are used 62.6 n.a. 79.4 n.a. 46.8 n.a.

Women’s Participation in Decision Making (%) Women’s health care 27.3 n.a. 9.7 n.a. n.a. 50.5 Major household purchases 22.3 n.a. 6.2 n.a. n.a. 44.1 Visits to wife’s family or relatives 26.4 n.a. 6.9 n.a. n.a. 48.5 None of the three decisions 65.9 n.a. 88.6 n.a. n.a. 39.4

Men’s Participation in Decision Making (%) Men’s health care n.a. 80.6 n.a. 71.3 n.a. 88.6 Major household purchases n.a. 65.9 n.a. 81.5 n.a. 82.5

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Table 5.7 - continued.

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Former Federally National Average (excluding former FATA) Administered Tribal Areas Rural Rural Men Women Men Women Men Women Attitude toward Wife Beating (%) Husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife if she: Burns the food 28.8 3.8 42.0 7.7 18.3 4.1 Argues with him 58.4 31.8 88.7 50.2 31.6 20.3 Goes out without telling him 54.6 47.6 88.1 63.6 31.5 27.7 Neglects the children 44.1 33.9 56.1 40.0 27.8 18.8 Refuses to have sexual intercourse with him 49.3 12.1 74.1 12.3 27.4 9.4 Neglects in-laws 44.6 31.0 72.2 48.8 26.0 17.9

Reproductive Decisions (%) Desire to limit childbearing when four children are living in the house 58.7 40.4* 26.6 30.1* 72.5 65.4 Desire to limit childbearing when six children are living in the house 82.8 72.4* 56.7 68.2* 80.9 68.4 Women aged 15-19 who have begun childbearing 16.0 n.a. 13.2 n.a. 8.1 n.a.

Note: * indicates rougher estimates than the rest of the figures in the table. For details see National institute of Population Studies and ICF International (2019). Source: National institute of Population Studies and ICF International (2019).

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5.12. Health85

Pakistan has a large and dispersed primary public health system that gives citizens access to trained doctors and staff and to subsidized medicines. A huge gap exists between budget allocation in rural and urban areas, resulting in: disproportionate distribution of health workforce; imbalance in allocation of staff; and unmet need for basic preventive and curative services. Provision of affordable and accessible health in rural and urban slum areas is also much less compared to the urban areas, mainly due to lack of political will, fiscal capacity and health workers. As a consequence, both the use of the facilities and health outcomes remain unsatisfactory.

Medical facilities that provide heavily subsidized healthcare are broadly divided into three types: Primary Healthcare, Secondary Healthcare, and Tertiary Healthcare. Figure 5.2 shows the types of facilities under each category.

Primary Health Care Secondary Health Care Tertiary Health Care

Tehsil Headquarter Basic Health Units (BHUs) Teaching Hosptials Hospitals (THQ)

Rural Health Centers District Head Quarter (RHCs) Hospitals (DHQ)

Others: Civil Dispensaries, Mother and Child Health Centers, Sub Health Centers etc Figure 5.2: Types of Health Facilities under Different Categories Source: Thaver and Khalid (2016).

Table 5.8: Number of Medical Facilities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Facilities (Functioning) Number Hospitals * 278 Dispensaries * 918 Rural Health Centers 102 Basic Health Units 939 Sub Health Centers 23 Total Beds 22,010 Hospitals/Disp/RHCs Population Per Bed (Persons) 1,596 Source: Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2018). * Includes private institutions.

85Thaver and Khalid (2016), unless specified otherwise.

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Table 5.9: Number of Medical Personnel in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Government Medical Personnel (2017) Number Doctors 7,957 Population Per Doctor 4,414 Nurses 5,885 Lady Health Visitors 1,463 Private Medical Practitioner(2016-17) Male 6,585 Female 970 Source: Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2018). * including Private institutions

The provincial government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has launched several new initiatives to reform and strengthen existing programs. In 2017, the government launched a healthcare program called the SehatSahulatProgramme.86It currently covers 69% of the population and is attracting funds. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Health Roadmap is another initiative that uses targeted interventions in high priority areas of health care. Other initiatives include donor funded programs on reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health and nutrition services.

Life expectancy at birth for women was 67.52 years and for men 65.51 years in 2016.87According to the latest statistics on infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (excluding former FATA) ranks in the middle among eight regions (Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, Islamabad Capital Territory, former FATA, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and Gilgit Baltistan) and former FATA the lowest.88 The same ranking holds for child mortality rate (per 1,000 live births). Comparison among the rural areas improves the ranking, but only slightly.89 As discussed above, the vast majority of rural women in the province report difficulty in obtaining health treatment.

Table 5.10: Key Health indicators for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Former (excluding former FATA) Federally Health Indicators Administered Urban Rural Tribal Areas Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000 live births) 36 57 29 Child Mortality Rate (per 1000 live births) 5 13 4 Mortality Rate under 5 (per 1000 live 41 69 33 births) Source: National institute of Population Studies and ICF International (2019)

Persons with correct knowledge regarding tuberculosis and hepatitis are rarer in the rural than in urban areas and among less than more wealth.90 Fewer women in rural Khyber Pakhtunkhwa had correctly understood both diseases than men in the same area.91

86 Department of Health, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (undated). 87 The World Bank Group (2019). 88 National institute of Population Studies and ICF International (2019). 89 National institute of Population Studies and ICF International (2019). 90 National institute of Population Studies and ICF International (2019). 91 National institute of Population Studies and ICF International (2019).

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5.13. Water Supply and Sanitation

In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa76% of population has access to safe drinking water with 72% Rural and 95% coverage in urban areas.92In terms of number of households, 35% use tap water as a main source of drinking water, followed by 26% using motor pump and 12% hand pumps.93

According to the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Drinking Water Policy,94the predominant source of drinking water is groundwater. However, due to excessive withdrawal and slower recharge processes because of climate change, groundwater is fast depleting at many places. The surface water sources are mostly available in northern districts of the province. Increasing pollution and amount of withdrawal for irrigation pose major threats to safety and availability of surface water for drinking purposes.

Table 5.11: Percentage Distribution of Households by Source of Drinking Water in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2014-15)

Groundwater Tap Water Hand Motor Other Dug Well Pumped Pumped Pakistan 27 26 33 3 11 Urban 51 7 27 1 14 Rural 13 38 36 5 9 Khyber 35 12 26 8 18 Pakhtunkhwa Urban 55 7 32 4 3 Rural 30 14 25 9 22 Sources: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan (2016).

Eighty percent of the people in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have access to sanitation services: 74% in rural and 98% in urban areas.95 To improve the conditions on sanitation, the provincial government has drafted a Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Sanitation Policy and established a WatSan Cell under the Local Government and Rural Development Department.96

5.14. Water User Associations

Approximately 28,000 Water User Associations are registered under the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Water Users' Associations Ordinance 1981. The key responsibilities of the Associations according to the Ordinance are:97 • Arrange skilled and unskilled labor required for reconstruction and maintenance of earthen water channels and water storage tanks, installation of water control structures, and lining of critical reaches; • Procure construction materials for carrying out civil works;

92 Local Government and Rural Development Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (undated) 93Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan (2016). 94 Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2015). 95 Local Government and Rural Development Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (undated). 96 Local Government and Rural Development Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (undated). 97Directorate of On-Farm Water Management, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (undated).

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• Settle matters of disputes amongst the water users in respect of channel alignment, fixation of nakkas(outlets of the watercourse to deliver water to the farmers´ fields). distribution of work, etc.; • Make alternate arrangements for conveyance of water during execution of improvement works; • Carry out civil works in accordance with standards and specifications under the supervision of field staff of the On-Farm Water Management Directorate; • Regularly undertake operations and maintenance of improved watercourses; and • Undertake construction and improvement of field watercourse branches and ditches.

The mandate of Water User Associations may need to be revisited, as they are not effectively contributing to efficient use of water resources for irrigation. The main reasons often cited are: lack of funds for rehabilitation of the irrigation schemes and related activities; lack of technical training of farmers and technical staff of the Associations; inadequate qualified personnel; employment insecurity of the personnel; uncertain duty and authority among the Association managers; absence of farmers in the Association meetings; meagre contribution from farmers to protect the schemes; and privileged attitudes of the Associations’ chairpersons and their insufficient administration management skills.

The root cause of the ineffectiveness is said to stem from the weakness of human capital and social cohesion among the farmers; unless these issues are addressed, no reform would lead to satisfactory improvement in efficiency of on-farm water use. Nonetheless ideas for reform have been proposed. For example, a federation of the Associations at the canal or village level could create a sense of unity among farmers in solving their financial and social problems. The capacity of Associations considered critical today is the ability to: mediate disputes regarding water and land; maintain watercourses; arrange quality seeds and fertilizer for the farmers; arrange funds for needy persons; contact higher officials to ensure training for their members; and carry out collective developmental works like transport management, roads maintenance, and facilitation of water. Such Associations would increase awareness among farmers on their rights and obligations.

5.15. Energy98

The country as a whole and the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have been plagued with shortage in energy. Whilethe precise statistics on supply and demand or the origin of energy do not exist and the assessment appears to be based on the experience of unavailability of electricity, circumstantial evidence points to the overall excess of demand over supply and to fuelwood as the main energy source.

Ghulamo Timber Market in Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, is a well-known wood market of Asia, which serves the entire country and beyond. Roughly 6,600 tons of timber wood, 1,270 tons of fuel wood and 110 tons of saw dust were traded weekly in 2010-2012 in the market. The amount of imports from Malaysia of fuelwood, wood in chips or particles, sawdust, wood waste and scrap totaled USD45,600 in 2017.

Fuel wood consumption tends to be higher in the rural than in the urban areas, and the dominant source for rural household energy, particularly cooking, which takes up a big portion

98 Syed (2014).

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of rural household energy consumption. In urban areas, other types of energy consumption can be significant.

5.16. Crop Agriculture as Livelihood99

Critical State ofCrop Agriculture: The agriculture sector is a vital component of Pakistan’s economy as it provides not only food and export goods, but also raw materials to domestic industries; thesector was responsible for 18.9% of GDP in 2018 and provided work to 42.3 %of the labor force. However, its GDP share has been declining, as the average growth rate of the sector between 2008-13 was 2.4%.100Most worryingly, the crop sector grew only by 1.3%.101 If the declining trend in agriculture continues, it could threaten food and nutrition security, rural employment and poverty reduction, leading to increase in the rural-to-urban migration and slow growth in agro-based industries.102

Crop Agriculture in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: The share of agriculture in the provincial GDP is higher than in the national GDP at 22%, compared to less than 20%. The share of crop agriculture in the provincial GDP is also higher than in the national GDP at about 50%, compared to 40%. Forty-four percent of the provincial labor force is engaged in agriculture, as opposed to slightly over 42% nationwide. In other words, crop agriculture has a larger economic presence in the province than for the nation as a whole. Some 80% of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa population is said to rely on agriculture for their significant portion of their income.

Major Crops: Wheat is the most important rabi (winter) crop, while maize, rice, fruit, and tobacco are the main kharif (summer) crops. Wheat straw, maize thinning and stover are important as-fodder for livestock, which constitutes the other half of the agriculture sector.

Vegetables are grown throughout the year and make important contributions to nutrition and income of the growers. The major vegetables grown in the province are listed in Table 5.12. The surface area devoted to vegetables has grown by about the same proportion for rabi and kharif vegetables, but kharif crops showed larger production growth between 2011 and 2016.103

Fruits are also widely grown in the province (Table 5.13), and Swat has become to be known as the fruit basket of the country in the past decades. Its fruits are sold to consumers in the urban areas and generate important income for the farmers in the district together with the vegetables.

The surface area devoted to these crops has stayed more or less the same according to the latest data available, between 2011 and 2016, with slight increases, while the production volume showed a small decreasing trend.104

The wholesale prices at the main markets in Peshawar changed greatly, showing a large potential for income increase by carefully choosing the crops to grow (Table 5.14).

99Economic Advisor’s Wing, Finance Division, Government of Pakistan (2018) for national information, and Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa(undated) for provincial information, unless specified otherwise. 100 Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform (undated). 101 Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform (undated). 102 Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform (undated). 103 Economic Wing, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Government of Pakistan (undated). 104 Economic Wing, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Government of Pakistan (undated).

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Table 5.12: Major Vegetables Grown in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2015-16)

Importance by Season Surface Area Production Volume Rabi Tomato, turnip, pea, spinach and Tomato, turnip, spinach, cauliflower cauliflower, radish and pea Kharif Tomato, lady finger, arum, bitter Tomato, arum, lady finger, tinda gourd and tinda squash gourd and bitter gourd Source: Economic Wing, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Government of Pakistan (undated).

Table 5.13: Major Fruits Grown in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2015-16)

Importance by Season Surface Area Production Volume Rabi Citrus, guava and loquat Citrus, guava and loquat Kharif Peach, apple, melon, persimmon, Apple, peach, melon, persimmon, plum and apricot guava and plum Source: Economic Wing, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Government of Pakistan (undated).

Table 5.14: Price Changes of Vegetables and Fruits in Peshawar (2011/12 - 2016)

Period Crop Overall Price Change 2011-16 Banana -25% 2011-16 Apple +30% 2012-16 Lady Finer +116% 2012-16 Tinda squash -16% 2011-16 Tomato +28% 2011-16 Radish -6% 2011-16 Turnip +87% 2011-16 Cauliflower +15% Source: Economic Wing, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Government of Pakistan (undated).

Agro-ecological Zones: Four agro-ecological zones are distinguished in the province: norther dry mountains (Zone A), eastern wet mountains (Zone B), central valley plains (Zone C), and southern piedmont plains (Zone D). Owing to the wide ranges of climate and ecology in the province, growth of crops is rather concentrated. While citrus is found in Zones A, B and C, most apple and peach are from Zone A, apricot and plum from Zones A and C, guava from Zones C and D, date from Zone D, walnut from Zone A, potato from Zones A and C, tomato from Zones A and D. Other crops cultivated in each agro-ecological zone are shown in Table 5.15. In the crops sector, the main underexploited potentials are thought to be in off-season horticulture crops, including seed crops.

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Table 5.15: Agro-ecological Zones of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Northern Dry Eastern Wet Southern Piedmont Zones Central Valley Plains Mountains Mountains Plains Zone C Zone A Zone B Zone D Districts Chitral, Upper Dir, Kohistan, Batagram, Mardan, Charsada, Karak, Bannu, Lakki- Lower Dir, Swat, Mansehra, Peshawar, Nowshera, marwat, D. I. Khan, Buner, Shangla Abbotabad, Haripur Swabi, Kohat, Hangu Tank Major Maize, apple, apricot, Maize, apple, potato Maize, sugarcane, Rice, date, guava, Crops citrus, plums, walnut, tobacco, peach, ground nut (turmeric potato, onion, apricot , citrus, plum, and honey could be tomato potato, tomato cash crops in Bannu and Karak districts, respectively) Source: Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (undated)

Water Supply and Farming Systems: As the water source and availability also differ greatly, there are farming systems differentiated by irrigation water. In Swat and parts of Buner, there are extensive areas of flat valley bottom blessed with rain and snow, which become surface water and groundwater for irrigation. In these areas, about two-thirds of agricultural land areirrigated during thekharifseason and half of the land during therabiseason. In other parts of the province, rainfall can be as low as 100 mm per year, as is the case in much of Shangla and Dir, and most irrigation canals provide water only seasonally. Groundwater plays an important role in these areas in the south.

Water and Crop Productivity: For the country as a whole, the crop agriculture is marked by stagnant productivity, which stems from low investment and inefficient use of agricultural inputs, including water and technology.105

The slow growth of the agriculture sector in the province can be attributed to: poor use of available surface and groundwater, inadequate land management and a relatively short crop growing season. A study on agricultural productivity in Dera Ismail Khan district106 examined net revenue, crop area, amount of labor, number of irrigation water application, amount of fertilizer, and education level of farmer, and concluded that irrigation benefited the poor through higher agricultural productivity.Higher yields increased cropping intensity, income, consumption and savings as well as farm and off-farm employment.

Climate Change and Crop Productivity: Climate change has given rise tofurther needs in the sector:107 • Crop varieties resistant to pests, diseases and drought as well as tolerant to extreme variations in temperature; • Cropping patterns and sowing dates suitable to new climate conditions; • Plant and water management; • Water resource conservation, including demand management through increase in small- scale water storage capacity and rainwater harvesting; • Equitable water pricing; and

105 Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform (undated). 106 Khan and Shah (2012). 107 Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform (undated).

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• Development of water markets at the farm level where the farmers could buy and sell water through mutual agreements as is presently done in case of the tube-well water.

In Peshawar Valley, sufficiently high temperatures in the rabi season were identified as the source of high productivity, but they negatively affected kharif crops.108Increased temperatures haveled to weed and pest proliferation and decreased crop production.109They also caused the crops to ripen in quick succession, resulting in malnourished crops and less nutrient food.110

Water is scarce in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, but water use efficiency could be improved through better farm-level water management. Construction of mega structures, such as GomalZam Dam, Chashma Right Bank Canal in the province, may significantly improve irrigation facility, but the socioeconomic and environmental costs of huge infrastructure construction are usually not considered.

Poverty: As detailed above in 5.4 Poverty, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was the province with the second highest multidimensional poverty; almost half of the population was poor and about 80% of the people are dependent on agriculture. Within the province, the incidence of poverty is the highest in the northern districts of Kohistan, Torgar, Shangla, Upper Dir, Battagram, and Buner,,111 where water is relatively more available than in the south.

5.17. Livestock Management as Livelihood112

Livestock is the largest component of agriculture sector with a share of nearly 60%. In 2017-18, its contribution stood at 59% of agriculture and 11% of GDP.The subsector is relatively stable with consistent growth trend as compared to other subsectors. Livestock raising is labor intensive and does not involve heavy mechanical or energy intensive infrastructure. The animals raised are cattle, buffalos, sheep, goat, camel, horses, asses, mules and poultry. The increasing demand and prices of livestock and its products have provided incentives for greater production. It is a major source of food as well as a form of saving. There is a significant number of Gujars, who specialize in the rearing of sheep and goats and engage in transhumance. The animals kept by Gujars graze in pastures in summer and on crop stubble after the harvests in winter; the animals are mostly for sale in urban centers, particularly during Eid times when the tradition calls for sacrifice of a sheep or goat per household.

The livestock sector contributes to 30% of the total agricultural income in the province and complements the agricultural incomes of small and landless families. More than 70% of families own ruminant livestock. With more than 15 million animals and about 22 million poultry in the province, livestock is a significant supplement to families’ nutritional and cash requirements. Modern, large-scale livestock management systems have not been adopted on any substantial scale; it is estimated that only 9% of buffaloes are managed on a commercial scale. Most production is dependent on rangeland grazing,113 and the greatest potential is believed to lie in the large rangelands where ruminants, particularly small ruminants and local cattle, give good returns. In the arid areas, livestock is more important for livelihoods than crops.The livestock population by type of animals during the livestock census in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is presented

108 Haidar, A. et al. (2016). 109 Haidar, A. et al.(2016). 110 Haidar, A. et al. (2016). 111Planning Commission of Pakistan, Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform, et al. (2016). 112 Economic Advisor’s Wing, Finance Division, Government of Pakistan (2018) for national information, and Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa(undated) for provincial information, unless specified otherwise. 113Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2014).

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below in Table 5.11. For the animals whose estimates are available, the numbers have nearly doubled in a decade.

Table 5.16: Livestock Population in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Livestock 2006 Census 2017-18 Estimate Cattle 4,422,358 8,039,130 Buffalo 1,801,658 2,689,836 Sheep 1,685,748 3,754,895 Goat 6,180,537 12,369,140 Poultry 21,004,067 n.a. Camel 41,669 n.a Horse 57,942 n.a Ass 409,185 n.a Mule 29,415 n.a Source: Bureau of Statistics, Planning and Development Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2017 and 2018)

5.18. Forestry as Livelihood114

Pakistan is one of the countries with scant forest cover: only 5% of the land area, whose total is equal to 4.2 million ha. Major forest types include: coastal mangroves; riverine forests; sub- tropical scrub forests; moist temperate conifer forests; dry temperate conifer forests; and irrigated plantations, including linear plantations. Pakistan is home to some of the world’s most unique forests, such as: juniper, deodar (cedar) and chilghoza(pine) forests. The relative shares of various forests are: coniferous 40%; scrub 28%; tropical thorn 3.5%; manmade irrigated 5%; riverine 7%; mangrove 8%; and farm forests 11%.115

Under the Constitution of Pakistan, respective provincial governments are responsible for forests. The functions of the federal government pertaining to forestry are limited to: national planning and economic coordination; inter-provincial matters and coordination; and matters incidental or ancillary thereof. The Constitution also entitles the federal government to regulate: import and export of wood and forest products; and inter-provincial trade and commerce.

Forests are never a sole base for livelihood in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, but a very important source of fuel wood and of non-timber forest products for cash in the northern districts. Existing forest resources are inadequate for meeting the demands for wood by the increasing population of the country; increase in demand is three times faster than the annual increment of forests or potential sustainable supply. The rise in population has added pressure to expand agricultural lands at the expense of forests. The current harvesting practices of sawing off branches to obtain pine nuts and honey are highly damaging to the trees and forests, and illegal logging on a regular basis has been reported.

As a result, forests in all provinces, particularly in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Gilgit-Baltistan, are under serious threat. At the national level, the rate of deforestation is estimated at 27,000 hectares per year and mainly concerns private and community-owned natural forests. Deforestation in watershed areas adversely impacts the yield and quality of water at

114 Ministry of Climate Change, Government of Pakistan (2015), unless specified otherwise. 115 Pakistan Paedia (2008).

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outlets,besides triggering land degradation and loss of biodiversity. In riparian areas, deforestation causes catastrophic floods inflicting huge economic losses.The increasing importance of watershed protection under climate change also translates into a bigger role for forests.

5.19. Other Livelihoods116

Remittances from abroad has grown continuously over the past years in Pakistan, from USD 7,811 million in the fiscal year 2008-09 to USD 19,622 million in the fiscal year 2017-18.Both in 2017 and 2018, threedistricts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Swat, Lower Dir and Mardan – were among the top ten districts,and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was the second province after Punjab in terms of the number of emigrants from the country. Since Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the third largest province population wise, it exports proportionately more of its manpower than Sindh.Nearly every fourth Pakistani who went abroad through the Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment or Protector of Emigrants came from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.The number of emigrants from Pakistan has slightly decreased in 2017-18, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is not an exception.

The share of the province in the total national remittance is estimated to have remained in the range of 26-29% in 2005-2011.117 If we assume that this share, which is the latest information available, is still valid, the total remittance to the province in the fiscal year 2017-18 is about USD 5,100-5,700 million, or 1.7-1.9% of national GDP.118Approximately 60% of total emigrants from the country were skilled, semi-skilled, highly qualified or highly skilled (Figure 5.3).

Migrant remittances can serve as an insurance mechanism, allowing families and communities to weather external shocks. In the province, remittances have proved crucial for coping with the aftermath of both conflict and natural hazards, which damaged infrastructure and economic activities. Remittances can also contribute to overall growth, if recipient households could use them for investment in human, physical or natural capital.

Figure 5.3: Skill Composition of Emigrants

116Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment (2018), unless specified otherwise. 117Amjad and Arif (2014). 118 Gross domestic product in 2018 was USD 306.95 billion in current prices. (Statista, 2019).

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Source: Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment (2018).

5.20. Climate Change Vulnerability

According to the Global Climate Risk Index, Pakistan is among the ten most vulnerable countries to climate change. Pakistan contributes less than 1% to the greenhouse gas emissions, but the country faces a serious threat from the growing consequences of climate change, including droughts and flooding that threaten health, agriculture, water supplies and hopes for development of a society that ranks among the bottom quarter of nations in terms of income per capita.119 The Pakistan Economic Survey has reported that during 2010-2012 more than 3,000 people were killed and economic losses of USD 16 billion were incurred by floods. Pakistan was one of the five nations that were most seriously affected by the climate change induced weather events in 2014.120

Figure 5.4: Multi Hazard Vulnerability of 25 Districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province Source: Environmental Protection Agency Forestry and Environment and Wildlife Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2016).

Climate conditions vary considerably throughout the province. The northern region experiences extremely cold and snowy winters, with heavy rainfall and pleasant summers, whereas the southern parts see fairly less severe winters, moderate rainfall and hotter summers. Chitral records the lowest temperatures in winter, and many glaciers are found in this district. Dera Ismail Khan, the southernmost district, has milder winters, and hence, is dominated by

119 Salam, A. (2018). 120 Ijaz (2016).

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agricultural and rangelands. 121 Figure 4 shows the vulnerability of districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to climate hazards based on multi-hazard vulnerability assessment by the National Disaster Management Authority.122. According to experts at the Climate Change Centre of the University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change.123

6. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS

6.1. Objectives

The stakeholder consultation is an integral part of the environmental and social assessments and aims to provide a two-way communication channel between the stakeholders and the project proponents. In line with this aim, the objectives of the stakeholder consultation conducted as part of the present study were to: • Develop and maintain communication links between the project proponents and stakeholders; • Provide key project information to the stakeholders and solicit their views on the project and its potential or perceivedimpacts; • Collect and document local institutional knowledge on the socioeconomic and environmental conditions in the project area, how these relate to the project activities and how project activities can be designed to maximize social and environmental benefits and minimize potentially negativeimpacts; and • Ensure that the views and concerns of the stakeholders are incorporated into the project design and implementation in order to reduce or offset negative impacts and enhance the benefits of the proposedproject.

6.2. Stakeholder Identification

The Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the World Bank held discussions to design the project, during which the initial set of stakeholders were identified: ministries, departments, line agencies and farmers. In order to ensure that no relevant groups are excluded from the consultation, relevant stakeholders were identified on the basis of: their ability to influence the project, or their vulnerability to be negatively impacted from it. Consequently, the consulted stakeholders were officials at various levels of institutions within the province (Department of Irrigation, Directorate of On-Farm Water Management, Department of Agriculture, Department of Livestock), potentially affected persons and intended beneficiary communities. A participatory approach was employed for information gathering and data collection.

Based on discussions with the World Bank, the Environment and Social Safeguards team selected four out ofnine primary target districts124 for field visits: Chitral, Swat, Haripur, and Dera Ismail Khan. In order to ensure a representative sample, considerations were given to the geographic spread, the presence of indigenous population, and the importance of sites for

121 UN Habitat et al. (2015) 122 Environmental Protection Agency Forestry and Environment and Wildlife Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2016). 123 Environmental Protection Agency Forestry and Environment and Wildlife Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2016). 124The primary target districts are: Dera Ismail Khan, Kohat, Kohistan, Swat, Haripur, Manshera, Dir Lower, Dir Upper and Chitral. Chitral District was spilt into two– upper and lower–on 21 November 2018, after the selection of consultations districts. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/396533-upper-chitral-notified-as-new-district

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potential intervention to improve water-use efficiency.In-depth consultations with stakeholders in the districts took place over a period of 10 days in November 2018 and 7 days in December 2018 to assess environmental and social safeguard issues related to proposed project activities.Inaddition to consulting the departments, meetings were held with male farmers, women farmers, and indigenous people living and working in the project areas for the best understandingof the needs of the population, including differences emanating from gender or indigenous status.

Annexes C and E the summary of stakeholders consulted during this study. Agriculture and Livestock officials are included, since the project touches upon these areas.

6.3. Consultation of Institutional Stakeholders

6.3.1. Project Design

On raising the efficiency of water use at the on-farm level, the ideas on project design were as follows: • Rainwater harvesting may encourage efficient water use; • High efficiency irrigation system (HEIS) may not be an effective technology, since operation and maintenance costs are significant; and • Awareness raising of farmers through Farmers Field School is vital in application of water saving technologies, such as HEIS and laser land leveling.

With respect to enhancing agricultural productivity, the suggestions included: • Pest control through integrated pest managementshould be a key component in the project; • Inputs of better quality, especially seeds and vaccination, need to be considered for the used for the project; • Climate resilient agriculture should be part of design; and • Medical waste from artificial insemination would be an environmental problem without a proper waste program and facilities.

General consideration on project formulation were: • Awareness raising and technical training of line departments’ staff and farmers need to be included in before and during designing of subprojects; and • Training and research should be activities of the project.

6.3.2. Project Environmental Impacts

The institutional stakeholders’ view is that the project will not cause any negative impact on the environment, except for the medical waste that will be generated by artificial insemination for livestock and for material from excavation related to irrigation system. The adoption of integrated pest management and climate resilient agriculture as well as decrease in water loss from the irrigation systems would only benefit the environment. The major concern of the stakeholders was about planning the maximum number of activities.

6.3.3. Project Social Impacts

According to the government, the proposed interventions will have an overwhelmingly positive social impact. On-Farm Water Management officials asserted that the rehabilitation of

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watercourses will prevent major water losses and help farmers grow crops which they previously could not due to insufficient amounts of water. They expect that the project will contribute to social harmony among farmers, as rehabilitation of courses will prevent water theft and other disputes, which are common due to water insufficiency. Similarly, interventions in agriculture production will ensure food security and contribute to the overall social well-being of the farmers through adoption of smart agriculture practices, including crop diversification, high-value crop cultivation and integrated pest management

6.4. Consultations of Community Stakeholders: Farmers and Field Officials

6.4.1. Irrigation Systems and Water Storage Tanks

Most of thewatercourses are more than 20 years old, and the great majority of themlosea significant amount of water before reaching their destinations; half of the farmers do not receive sufficient water for irrigation, and seepage exacerbates waterlogging and salinization.

The Khangi Wara bandi system for water distribution – farmers decide among themselveswhen and how long each farmeravails water – encourages inefficient water use at the head end because of relative abundance of water compared to the tail end. As a result, waterlogging, salinity, and soil degradation are common at the head end. It also discourages collective action required to rehabilitate the system, as the farmers at the head ends see no need. The field officials believe that lining of watercourses as well as efficient management would minimize such adverse effects and discourage inequitable water distribution. About 10-20% of the existing watercourses have been lined, but 50% or over is desired by them.Farmers also consider the Khangi Wara bandi system and excessive seepage from the irrigation systemsas the main reasons for water shortage and water theft.

When insufficient water is available, weeds grow in the system and farmers also resort to groundwater, whose use is not regulated. Farmers also noticed that reduced water availability negatively affects sanitation.

The means to improve water use efficiency proposed by the farmers included: crop rotation; cultivation of off-season crops and vegetables; use of land leveling, high efficiency irrigation system and water storage tanks; and improvement in drainage and lining. In other words, control of water demand as well as supply.

High efficiency irrigation system will require construction of water tanks and ponds. If the tanks and ponds are not installed properly, they may cause soil erosion and subsidence. The soil excavated during installation must be disposed of properly so as not to hinder drainage or degrade cultivable lands.

Cultivation and irrigation on steep slopes are likely to result in soil degradation or erosion; terrace farming would be recommended for such terrains, particularly in Swat and Chitral.

The preferred construction material for canals and watercourses is Pre-Cast Parabolic Segments (PCPS). The On-Farm Water Management officials claimed thattheir environmental impacts are low.

6.4.2. Water User Associations

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According to the Canal and Drainage Act (1873), the construction and major repairs of watercourses are the responsibility of the provincial authorities, while overall maintenance of the watercourses is unregulated by these acts and are in effect the responsibility of the users. In 1981 the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa promulgated the Water User Association Ordinance, thereby giving the Associations a legal status and empowering them to improve, rehabilitate, operate, and maintain watercourses; establish water delivery schedules and supervise water allocation and distribution.

The discussions with the On-Farm Water Management officials revealed that, despite the legal status, the interest of farmers dwindles down soon after the repair works are completed. When asked about the Water User Association, the farmers invariably cited the title of the Ordinance, but nothing more. Organizing the farmers under an association is a challenge to begin with, as there are no particular incentives for farmers to form an association. For instance, farmers at the tail end of the canal are not interested since they believe the water will not reach them given the partial lining of water courses. Farmers at the head are not bothered since they already have sufficient water to irrigate their fields. To address this issue, the farmers have requested for more incentives such as increased percentage of water course linings as well as trainings and capacity building of farmers on smart agriculture practices.

6.4.3. Land Acquisition and Resettlement

During the preliminary stakeholder consultations, the officials and farmers asserted that, in case the project rehabilitates the canals and watercourses, no land acquisition or resettlement issues would arise. They acknowledged at the same time that if land acquisition and resettlement would be necessary, it would have great negative impacts on their livelihoods, although they seemed unwilling or unable to articulate how they would be affected. Land is already in short supply.

6.4.4. Crop Agriculture: Constraints and Opportunities

Growing population demands for more income and food production. It is a challenge to enforcethe cultivation schemeenvisaged for the irrigation system at the time of its designing. For example, sugarcane was planned to take up 15% of the cropped area in Dera Ismail Khan, but more than 70% is devoted to the crop in practice; sugarcane is a plant that requires large amounts of water.Contributing factors are: lack of awareness on the part of farmers, lack of enforcement by the irrigation and agriculture departments; lack of opportunities and awareness of alternate cash crops;and economic policy that encourage the farmers to grow sugarcane.

Excessive watering leads to waterlogging, salinity and low crop production per unit water, but such adverse effects on the crop were not explicitly acknowledged by the farmers. Similarly, use of poor quality or inappropriate pesticides lead to adverse effects on crop production, human health, ecosystem, and agrobiodiversity. The stakeholders appeared unaware that application of agrochemicals and practice of tilling are contributing to soil fertility loss – decrease in soil organic matter, damage to soil structure, decrease in soil aggregate stability, reduction in carbon and nitrogen mineralization.

Improvement in water use efficiency on farm is not only about increasing water supply, but also about decreasing water demand, which is a more sustainable strategy.Rehabilitation of irrigation systems is a supply-side measure, while introduction of water saving technologies and

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changes in cultivation practices are some of the demand-side measures. Farmers and officials alike identified both types of activities as necessary.

Officials in the field are concerned about the harmful effects of the pesticides on human health, but many farmers think that pesticides are medicine for the crops and necessary in any case for income generation. No restraint seems to be in place in the amount of pesticide application, and protective gear is usually not used. Chemicals application may be carried out by persons who specialize in spraying of synthetic agrochemicals. Broad spectrum pesticides that are banned elsewhere in the world are used in Pakistan; water is contaminated with such toxic substances as well as with sewerage. Farmers did not seem to be aware of the business opportunities that could be opened by organic farming or the long-term effects of pesticides on the environment.

6.4.5. Forestry and Livestock: Constraints and Opportunities

Forestry and livestock are not the main components of the project, but are deeply connected with supply of irrigation water and pest management. Two of the major problems associated with irrigation water – shortage and siltation – can be alleviated by watershed management, in other words, appropriate management of forests. This point was raised by an irrigation official, but not by others.

Watershed management will also regulate the local water cycle and temperature, thus contributing to reduction in risks of floods and to temperature regulation, providingan appropriate environment for agriculture. Restoration of forests will also mean increase in non- timber forest products, which often supplement the income from agriculture. Forests are usually home to numerous plants and animals; forest protection enhances agrobiodiversity, and more broadly, biodiversity.Such effects of forests were not mentioned during the consultations.

It is increasingly being recognized that not only animal and human health are connected, but alsoplant health forms part of the pathology dynamics. As climate change creates new habitats for pest and pathogens and as persons displaced by climate change carry pathogens to new terrains, we will be forced to pay greater attention to the interactions and recognize that one cannot be completely put under control without ignoring the others. Some farmers were aware that animal skin disease can leap to humans, but did not seem aware of a general connection between animal and human health.

Indigenous crop varieties and animal breeds are more resilient to extreme weather conditions, even under climate change, than exotic varieties and breeds. Together they make the local ecosystems and agroecosystems resilient to external shocks, including climate change. Agriculture would not be truly resilient to climate change without integrating livestock management; without integration, agrochemicals will most likely be necessary and soil diversity required for climate resilience would not be present. Such roles of indigenous varieties and breeds or the necessity of integrated management were not acknowledged by the stakeholders.

6.4.6. Coping Strategies for Climate Change

Rise in temperature and changes in precipitation in intensity, timingand frequency are causing adverse impacts on water availability, agriculture and livestock. The farmers have noticed in relation to climate change: decrease in vegetation; deterioration in crop health; slower tree growth; quality deterioration of drinking water and sanitation; reduction in groundwater recharge; increase in heavy floods; and drying up of springs.

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The coping strategies for shortage of water are to: reduce the area of irrigation or crop cultivation; change the crops to cultivate; change the timing of planting; and supplement irrigation with groundwater. In the northern district of Chitral, crops that were not suited to the previous climate are now grown: guava, olive, orange and cherry.Increase in the number of pests has been observed due to climate change, which has prompted the farmers to spray more pesticides to their products. No other coping strategy was shared during the consultations.

6.4.7. Indigenous Peoples

Consultations were held with the Kalash people in all three Kalash valleys: Bumburet, Rumbur, and Birir. The communities in all valleys did not foresee any adverse impact of the project interventions on Kalasha livelihood, religion, belief system, and overall social structure. They welcomed the joint initiative of the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and World Bank to improve the socioeconomic status of the Kalasha. During the same discussion, they stated that the presence of people from outside the communities had become a cultural issue. Tourists frequently harass women, offending the people and making it difficult for women to go about outside their houses.

At present, the main source of irrigation in the Kalash valleys are the irrigation channels built in their forefathers’ time. The channels have not been maintained, and there are huge water losses, which means farmers especially at the tail end do not get sufficient water to irrigate their fields. Rehabilitation of the main channels and watercourses will facilitate the irrigation activities, enabling the subsistence farmers to cultivate fields otherwise left uncultivated due to insufficient water.

Since majority of the Kalash farmers are subsistence farmers who barely meet their household needs, lower yields mean that they are unable to generate extra income by selling extra produce in the market. It is therefore expected that provision of quality inputs (seed and fertilizers) and trainings on improved agricultural practices will secure the livelihoods of farmers by enabling them to improve yields and diversify crop production. Major food items cultivated or collected in the area include: wheat, maize, kidney beans; walnuts, pine nuts, grapes, apples, pears, apricots, and mulberry. The people of Kalash heavily rely on forests for fuel wood and other forest products such as morels, honey, and pine nuts, and this has led to severe forest degradation. For example, facing great difficulty of task at hand, entire branches are chopped down to harvest pine nuts. The officials believe that improved techniques and transfer of knowledge on sustainable forest management will prevent forest degradation in the area and preserve this critical source of livelihood.

Livestock plays a significant role in the lives of Kalash people. In addition to contributing to food security, animals are slaughtered during major events, such as funerals and other celebrations. However, in absence of proper vaccinations and disease management, the animals are at a high risk of disease outbreaks. The communities believe that support in livestock management can reduce such risks and improve livestock production.

6.4.8. Entrepreneurial Capacities and Possibilities

The project recognizes that the famers need capacity building for mastering good farming practice and developing agri-business. The farmers are certainly interested in obtaining higher income and shared the view with the provincial government that horticulture is the most

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promising. It was not clear whether they were aware of the knowledge and skills required for generating income in the current economy. It could not be gauged whether they have or could develop business acumen rapidly enough through formal trainings.

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6.5. Summary of Findings

6.5.1. Agricultural Water Requirements

Water shortage is a serious issue for the farmers as their livelihood is heavily dependent on irrigation water. According to the farmers and the officials, the main culprits are water leakage from the canals and watercourses as well as the water distribution system that favors the head- end farmers. They also reported that seepage was causing waterlogging and salinization, especially at the head ends. Many stakeholders were concerned about the improper drainage of the fields, but did not acknowledge that excessive application of irrigation waterin the fields will result in waterlogging and salinization, even when water seeping is minimal or drainage is proper.

Irrigations canals are the primary source of water and groundwater the second; this schema of sources was not questioned, although some showed interest in rainwater harvesting. Although slower groundwater recharge and drying up of springs had been noticed by some farmers, concerns regarding eventual unavailability of groundwater were not raised by either farmers or officials.

The necessity of integrated water management, including watershed protection, was voiced by an irrigation official. While the effects of climate change on water resources – shortage as well as floods – are being felt by the farmers and officials alike, the link among rehabilitation of irrigation systems, availability of irrigation water and climate change was not mentioned. Farmers were concerned about degradation of irrigation water quality caused by use of canals as dumping grounds for waste. They had also noticed the adverse effects on sanitation due to water shortage.

Both the officials and the farmers assumed that land acquisition and resettlement would not happen, seemingly because their desire to have the irrigation system repaired was too strong and the consequences of acquisition and resettlement unimaginable. Similarly, all except farmers in Chitral stated that disposal of excavated material would be carried out properly.

The Kalash culture recognizes sacred lakes and springs, but their place in a bigger picture of hydrology in the area and hence their relation to water supply for irrigation, were not mentioned during the consultations.

The weakness of water user associations is a big concern for the Directorate of On-Farm Water Management, which sees strengthening of the Associations as one of the important means to bolster water use efficiency. The farmers appeared less concerned. Insufficient human capacity and social cohesion were cited by the Directorate as the main causes of non-functionality of the Associations.

Efficiency in water use was, in most occasions, discussed with respect to efficiency in water transportation from the source to the farm and the absolute quantity available at the farm, and not in terms of minimizing the evapotranspiration at the farms, which is as important as the absolute quantity of water available. Some officials pointed out that the water currently used by the farmers is 140% of the designed capacity of the canals in the area. It was also highlighted that farmers have recently started growing sugarcane en masse which has high water requirements. Certain on-farm water management officials were aware of water saving techniques at the farm level which are independent of watercourses: mulching, green manure,

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cover crops, and rainwater harvesting. A few farmers appeared also aware of the multidimensionality of the water issue and suggested ways to improve water use efficiency not only through better lining, but also through cultural methods, and suggested crop rotation as well as cultivation of off-season crops and vegetables.

Some farmers expressed their interests in measures to control water demand, such as high efficiency irrigation system (HEIS), land leveling and water storage tanks, in addition to increasing water supply. The officials were also greatly in favor of HEIS and land leveling, but expressed concerns about the capacity to effectively make use of the technology as well as the operation and maintenance costs required by HEIS.

6.5.2. Agricultural Productivity

Many farmers recognize vegetables and fruits as high-value crops and are willing to cultivate them to increase income. They did not seem to be conscious of what would be involved in earning income in the modern economy, beyond production.

There is no single formula for integrated pest management, except that the management does not concern pests alone, but the entire agricultural landscape. The combination of crops to be cultivated is also important. Integrated pest management necessitates crop diversification, which is planned under the project, but such cross-sectional nature of the approach did not come up in the discussions.Many officials are familiar with integrated pest management, which is yet to be implemented in the province. It was not clear whether farmers knew that not every single pest need to be controlled and some pests are even beneficial. Farmers did not seem to be aware of the business opportunities that organic farming could present, the negative effects of pesticides on human health and the environment or the development of pesticide resistance.

6.5.3. Kalash People

The concerns of the Kalash people related to agriculture are similar to those of other peoples inthe province, except that the livestock plays an important role in their festivals and rituals. The presence of people from outside the communities is considered a serious issue in terms of their culture. Harassment of women by tourists has not only offended the people, but also made it difficult for women to go about outside their houses. Further details are given in the Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework that accompanies this document.

6.5.4. Other Issues

Livestock is kept for milk by almost all households and constitute an indispensable element in the livelihoods of the people.Animal disease was a major concern and the necessity of vaccines was emphasized. Pesticides are occasionally used against ticks. Bacterial diseases are treated by antibiotics, whose negative effects to overall health were observed. Many farmers were aware that the health of animals and people are linked, but did not go as far as linking them to plant health.

The Kalash culture cannot exist without their livestock, which are indispensable for festivals and rituals. The Kalash men are increasingly helping women in agriculture, but their main occupation is livestock which grazes on rangelands. The effects of climate change are acknowledged by institutional stakeholders and most farmers. Due to changes in arrival of the rainy season, patterns and quantity of rain, and higher overall

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temperature, water required for crop cultivation is higher, sowing opportunities are fewer, new pests are present and less fodder as well as rangeland grasses are available.Livestock are suffering from heat.

The coping strategies for shortage of water are to: reduce the area of irrigation or crop cultivation; change the crops to cultivate; change the timing of planting; and supplement irrigation with groundwater. Where available, their preference was to cope with more inputs: more irrigation water and application of more pesticides. Many of them also expect support from the government to overcome the problems.

7. POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

7.1. Soils

7.1.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Soils

Steep slopes are subject to soil erosion, which becomes more likely if watercourses allow more water to escape; system designs which do not take the contours of the slope into account are conducive of such outcomes.Unlined watercourses could also cause soil erosion and siltation downstream if not compacted properly.Climate change has already increased the number and intensity of extreme events, affecting how and when rains arrive. Irrigation systems must be equipped with flood control and drainage functions if they are to function properly in the near future.

Civil works on watercoursesmay involve use and transport of vehicles and heavy machinery, which damage the soil. Their improper maintenance and use could contaminate soil, affecting people and wildlife. If various waste generated and hazardous material, including fuel, used by the watercourse rehabilitation crew is not treated properly, it will result in soil contamination. Vehicles and equipment that are not properly used or maintained will leak fuel and other toxic substances.

If there is any earth excavation involved, the resultant material may block waterways, drains, watercourses, and local traffic routes or interfere with agricultural activities, including pastoralism, and wildlife.

Mitigation Measures

• Irrigation systems must use design (location, dimension, material, layout, consideration of contours of the slopes, etc.) to adapt to climate change and enforce flood and drainage control functions. • Earthen watercourses must be well compacted in a timely manner to avoid soil erosion and resultant siltation. Vegetation from such watercourses should also be removed as little as possible. • Use and movement of heavy machinery should be minimized to limit soil damage. • Vehicles and equipment must be properly maintained. If stored without use for a prolonged period, they must be regularly checked for possible leak of chemicals. • Waste and hazardous material, including fuel, must be handled, stored (away from water source, locations subject to natural or man-made hazards, residential areas, schools and religious sites).and treated so as not to cause soil pollution or pose threat to human health.

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• Use of hazardous chemical substances should be avoided as much as possible by adopting integrated pest management, nature-based solutions, renewable energy, etc. • Excavated material needs to be disposed of in pre-identified locations so as not to hinder agriculture, livelihoods and wildlife. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.1.2. Introduction of Water-Saving Technologies: Soils

Installation of ponds and water storage tanks is envisaged tosupport high efficiency irrigation systems; their improper construction or siting maycause soil erosion or subsidence.Soil compaction and other damages to soil structure, which will lead to lower agricultural productivity, may occur from use of heavy machinery for pond embankments and laser land levelling.

Installation of irrigation equipment may involve use and transport of vehicles and heavy machinery, negatively affecting the soil. Their improper maintenance and use could contaminate soil, affecting agriculture, people and wildlife. Installation works are likely to generate waste and may involve hazardous material, which could cause soil pollution and threaten human health. If there is any earth excavation involved, the resultant material may block waterways, drains, watercourses, and local traffic routes or interfere with agricultural activities, including pastoralism, and wildlife.

Mitigation Measures

• Ponds and water storage tanks should be designed and located so as to avoid soil erosion and subsidence. • Use and movement of heavy machinery should be minimized to limit soil damage. • Vehicles and equipment must be properly maintained. If stored without use for a prolonged period, they must be regularly checked for possible leak of chemicals. • Waste and hazardous material, including fuel, must be handled, stored (away from water source, locations subject to natural or man-made hazards, residential areas, schools and religious sites).and treated so as not to cause soil pollution or pose threat to human health. • Use of hazardous chemical substances should be avoided as much as possible by adopting integrated pest management, nature-based solutions, renewable energy, etc. • Excavated material needs to be disposed of in pre-identified locations so as not to hinder agriculture, livelihoods and wildlife. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.1.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Soils

Soil erosion will be caused if the increased availability in water prompts the farmers to clear the forests and convert them into farmlands.

The residual-colluvial soil found on the mountain slopes of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is unsuited for agriculture, because of its lack of depth and insufficient organic content. The effects of irrigation

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on soil organic matter are unclear. Irrigation may also raise soil pH and make the loess plains more alkaline than it is at present. Increased application of irrigation water may result in exacerbated waterlogging and salinization, especially under climate change which makes flooding more likely. Agriculture in the alluvial plains is the major economic power horse of the province, but such soil is prone to waterlogging. A study from 2006 showed the extensive spread of waterlogging problem in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Salt built-up may occur in areas where brackish groundwater is used for irrigation; salinization was on a decreasing trend as of 2003. Soil fertility may be lost, depending on the agricultural practices which the project recommends; excessive use of agrochemicals, tilling, and inadequate crop rotation would result indecrease in soil organic matter, reduction in aggregate stability, damage to soil structure, and reduction in mineralization. Excess use of agrochemicals will also lead to soil pollution and destruction of soil fertility.

If proposed activities involve use and transport of vehicles and heavy machinery, they would damage the soil and lower agricultural activity. Their improper maintenance and use could contaminate soil, affecting agriculture, people and wildlife. Diversified and high-value-added agriculture may generate waste and may involve hazardous material, which could cause soil pollution and threaten human health. Use of vehicles and heavy machinery could result in soil compaction.

Mitigation Measures

• Conversion of forests into farmlands must be avoided. If forest clearing is inevitable, compensatory plantation needs to be carried out in appropriate watershed areas; at least three times the number of trees cut must be planted. • Soil testing must be conducted before selection of subproject sites to avoid exacerbation of waterlogging, salinity and other undesirable characteristics. • Agricultural practices to be promoted should enhance soil fertility, which means climate resilience and sustainability. Examples include: terrace faming on steep terrains; integrated pest management; intercropping; and mulching. • Movements and use of vehicles and heavy equipment should be minimized. • Vehicles and equipment must be properly maintained.If stored without use for a prolonged period, they must be regularly checked for possible leak of chemicals. • Waste and hazardous material, including fuel, must be handled, stored (away from water source, locations subject to natural or man-made hazards, residential areas, schools and religious sites).and treated so as not to cause soil pollution or pose threat to human health. • Use of hazardous chemical substances should be avoided as much as possible by adopting integrated pest management, nature-based solutions, renewable energy, etc. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.2. Hydrology and Water Resources

7.2.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Hydrology and Water Resources

Climate change has already increased the number and intensity of extreme events, affecting how and when rains arrive. Irrigation systems must be equipped with flood control and drainage functions if they are to contribute to water cycles to the benefit of agriculture.

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With the rehabilitation of the watercourses, less water will escape from the irrigation system and more canal water will be available to the farmer for irrigation at the on-farm level. Farmers will have greater control over the amount of water that crops receive, but whether less canal water will be demanded overall is unclear, since seepage may have contributed to soil moisture to the benefit of some crops.

The sources of groundwater recharge are: seepage from the irrigation systems, including ponds and tanks; application of irrigation water; rainfall; and supply to and demand from other waterbodies connected to the aquifer. While it is clear that the seepage or water absorption pattern will be altered by climate change, watercourse rehabilitation, different irrigation and agricultural practices, it is not clear whether there will be more or less recharge. Climate change implies less recharge overall, watercourse rehabilitation points to less upstream and more downstream, and irrigation and agricultural practices can influence recharge in both ways. It also depends on the degree of waterlogging.

Civil works on watercourses may involve use and transport of vehicles and heavy machinery. Their improper maintenance and use could contaminate water, affecting people and wildlife. If various waste generated and hazardous material, including fuel, used by the watercourse rehabilitation crew is not treated properly, it will result in soil contamination. Vehicles and equipment that are not properly used or maintained will leak fuel and other toxic substances.

If there is any earth excavation involved, the resultant material may block waterways, drains, watercourses, and local traffic routes or interfere with agricultural activities, including pastoralism, and wildlife.

If various waste generated and hazardous material, including fuel, used by the watercourse rehabilitation crew is not treated properly, it will result in water pollution. Vehicles and equipment that are not properly maintained will leak fuel and other toxic substances.

Water demanded by the rehabilitation workers for drinking and civil work as well as water cut- off during rehabilitation are likely to negatively affect the availability of irrigation water and general water availability in downstream ecosystems and communities.

Mitigation Measures

• Irrigation systems must use design (location, dimension, material, layout, consideration of contours of the slopes, etc.) to adapt to climate change and enforce flood and drainage control functions. • Hydrology, including both surface water and groundwater, should be studied before project design and monitored. Groundwater studies carried out by various organizations in the country should be consulted. • Vehicles and equipment must be properly maintained. If stored without use for a prolonged period, they must be regularly checked for possible leak of chemicals. • Waste and hazardous material, including fuel, must be handled, stored (away from water source, locations subject to natural or man-made hazards, residential areas, schools and religious sites).and treated so as not to cause soil pollution or pose threat to human health. • Use of hazardous chemical substances should be avoided as much as possible by adopting integrated pest management, nature-based solutions, renewable energy, etc.

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• A water management plan that includes water for local residents, rehabilitation and other project work, workers and local ecosystems will be established by the community, rehabilitation work contractors and the Project Implementation Unit with advice from the environmental specialist for the project. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.2.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Hydrology and Water Resources

The province exhibits wide ranges of geological features, altitude, climate, ecosystems and vegetation, and types and abundance of water resources. Water saving technology that has the minimum negative impacts on hydrology in one district may well not be so in another district.

Installation of ponds and water storage tanks may create seepage if construction, design and siting are inadequate. They will also tap stream water and reduce downstream flows. If various waste generated and hazardous material, including fuel, used by the installationcrew is not treated properly, it will result in water pollution. Vehicles and equipment that are not properly maintained will leak fuel and other toxic substances. Use and maintenance of equipment and machinery may entail the same.

Mitigation Measures

• Water saving technology to be introduced must taken into account the local geological features, altitude, climate, ecosystems and vegetation, and types and abundance of water resources. • Irrigation systems must use design (location, dimension, material, layout, consideration of contours of the slopes, etc.) to adapt to climate change and enforce flood and drainage control functions. • Hydrology, including both surface water and groundwater, should be studied before project design and monitored. Groundwater studies carried out by various organizations in the country should be consulted. • Groundwater depletion should be avoided through ensuring surface water availability, particularly because no comprehensive information on groundwater exists for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and climate change is allowing only slow replenishment of the aquifers. • Vehicles and equipment must be properly maintained. If stored without use for a prolonged period, they must be regularly checked for possible leak of chemicals. • Waste and hazardous material, including fuel, must be handled, stored (away from water source, locations subject to natural or man-made hazards, residential areas, schools and religious sites).and treated so as not to cause soil pollution or pose threat to human health. • Use of hazardous chemical substances should be avoided as much as possible by adopting integrated pest management, nature-based solutions, renewable energy, etc. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.2.3. Promotion of Diversification and ValueAddition: Hydrology and Water Resources

If agricultural practices promoted by the project reduce evapotranspiration on farm and improves soil moisture retention, the water passed on by upstream users to downstream users

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will increase; great potential exists in increasing water supply and decreasing water demandthrough promotion of appropriate agriculture, including agroforestry which protects watersheds.On the other hand, increase in agricultural land by clearing forests will decrease water availability, and so would cultivation of fallow lands at a shorter than optimal interval.

Improved water availability may prompt less efficient water use, increase in cultivation of crops, in particular, high water consumption crops, such as sugarcane and rice. This is likely to lead to reduced water availability downstream. The farmers may also turn to groundwater, whose aquifers have been recharged more slowly due to climate change, and quickly deplete it when the climate change reduces the amount of canal water available; climate change is to increase the surface water supply in the short run and decrease in the long run, with very little possibility of recovery, if any. Such scenario is more likely in the south, where water shortage is more chronic.

If various waste generated and hazardous material, including fuel, used by cultivation of high- value-added crops is not treated properly, it will result in water pollution. Vehicles and equipment that are not properly maintained will leak fuel and other toxic substances. Excess use of agrochemicals will also lead to water pollution.

Mitigation Measures

• Agricultural practices promoted, including selection of crops, must improve soil moisture retention • Agricultural practices promoted, including selection of crops, must improve watershed protection, e.g. agroforestry. • Irrigation systems must use design (location, dimension, material, layout, consideration of contours of the slopes, etc.) to adapt to climate change and enforce flood and drainage control functions. • Hydrology, including both surface water and groundwater, should be studied before project design and monitored. Groundwater studies carried out by various organizations in the country should be consulted. • Groundwater depletion should be avoided through ensuring surface water availability, particularly because no comprehensive information on groundwater exists for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and climate change is allowing only slow replenishment of the aquifers. • Awareness must be raised among the stakeholders on hydrological cycle, including roles of forests and effects of fallow period as well as climate change, especially in the south. • Agroforestry should be adopted for controlling local water cycle and microclimate. • Use of hazardous chemical substances should be avoided as much as possible by adopting integrated pest management, nature-based solutions, renewable energy, etc. • Vehicles and equipment must be properly maintained. If stored without use for a prolonged period, they must be regularly checked for possible leak of chemicals. • Waste and hazardous material, including fuel, must be handled, stored (away from water source, locations subject to natural or man-made hazards, residential areas, schools and religious sites).and treated so as not to cause soil pollution or pose threat to human health. • Awareness of farmers and consumers needs to be raised on the existing contamination of water by fecal matter and highly poisonous pesticides. • Irrigation and agricultural practices that reduce evapotranspiration of crops, including choice of crops, will be promoted.

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• Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

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7.3. Air and Noise

7.3.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Air and Noise

If machinery and vehicles for watercourse rehabilitation are not properly installed, maintained or used, they could leak gasoline and other hazardous substances in addition to creating more than minimal dust and vibration.

Extensive or inappropriatetransportation, storage and use of gasoline and other hazardous chemicals will cause air pollution; many toxic substances are volatile and can become airborne.

Mitigation Measures

• Training on maintenance, operation and storage of chemicals, machinery and vehicles is necessary for the operating personnel. • The personnel involved in civil works and machinery installation and use need to be trained on occupational hazards and equipped with appropriate protection gear – masks, safety googles, earmuffs, hazmat suits, etc. – and trained on proper use of the gear. • All machinery and vehicles in use must be well maintained and in good working condition. If stored without use for a prolonged period, they must be regularly checked for possible leak of chemicals. • All machinery and vehicles must be operated with designated fuel. • Sustainably harvested renewable energy must be used as much as possible. • Waste and hazardous material, including fuel, must be handled, stored (away from water source, locations subject to natural or man-made hazards, residential areas, schools and religious sites).and treated so as not to cause soil pollution or pose threat to human health. • Use of hazardous chemical substances should be avoided as much as possible by adopting integrated pest management, nature-based solutions, renewable energy, etc. • Materials and chemicals that consist of small particles or pieces must be stored in a container with a watertight cover, or if non-reactive with water, may be sprinkled with water for dust control. • Activities that involve operation of machinery and equipment must be conducted away from residential areas, schools, religious sites and habitats of vulnerable wildlife, if they cause noise, vibration or dust that interfere seriously with life and livelihoods of the community members. • Activities that involve operation of vehicles, machinery and equipment must not be conducted during the hours when their noise, vibration or dust interfere seriously with life and livelihoods of the community members or wildlife. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.3.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Air and Noise

If machinery and vehicles for installation and operation of water saving systems are not properly installed, maintained or used, they could leak gasoline and other hazardous substances in addition to creating more than minimal dust and vibration.

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Extensive or inappropriate transportation, storage and use of gasoline and other hazardous chemicals will cause air pollution; many toxic substances are volatile and can become airborne. Mitigation Measures

• Training on maintenance, operation and storage of chemicals, machinery and vehicles is necessary for the operating personnel. • The personnel involved in machinery installation and use need to be trained on occupational hazards and equipped with appropriate protection gear – masks, safety googles, earmuffs, hazmat suits, etc. – and trained on proper use of the gear. • All machinery and vehicles in use must be well maintained and in good working condition. If stored without use for a prolonged period, they must be regularly checked for possible leak of chemicals. • All machinery and vehicles must be operated with designated fuel. • Sustainably harvested renewable energy must be used as much as possible. • Waste and hazardous material, including fuel, must be handled, stored (away from water source, locations subject to natural or man-made hazards, residential areas, schools and religious sites).and treated so as not to cause soil pollution or pose threat to human health. • Use of hazardous chemical substances should be avoided as much as possible by adopting integrated pest management, nature-based solutions, renewable energy, etc. • Materials and chemicals that consist of small particles or pieces must be stored in a container with a watertight cover, or if non-reactive with water, may be sprinkled with water for dust control. • Activities that involve operation of machinery and equipment must be conducted away from residential areas, schools, religious sites and habitats of vulnerable wildlife, if they cause noise, vibration or dust that interfere seriously with life and livelihoods of the community members. • Activities that involve operation of vehicles, machinery and equipment must not be conducted during the hours when their noise, vibration or dust interfere seriously with life and livelihoods of the community members or wildlife. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.3.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Air and Noise

If machinery and vehicles used for growing and transporting high value-added crops are not properly installed, maintained or used, they could leak gasoline and other hazardous substances in addition to creating more than minimal dust and vibration.

Extensive or inappropriate transportation, storage and use of agrochemicals, gasoline and other hazardous chemicals will cause air pollution; many toxic substances are volatile and can become airborne.

Mitigation Measures

• Training on maintenance, operation and storage of chemicals, machinery and vehicles is necessary for the operating personnel. • The personnel involved in machinery installation and use need to be trained on occupational hazards and equipped with appropriate protection gear – masks, safety googles, earmuffs, hazmat suits, etc. – and trained on proper use of the gear.

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• All machinery and vehicles in use must be well maintained and in good working condition. If stored without use for a prolonged period, they must be regularly checked for possible leak of chemicals. • All machinery and vehicles must be operated with designated fuel. • Sustainably harvested renewable energy must be used as much as possible. • Waste and hazardous material, including fuel, must be handled, stored (away from water source, locations subject to natural or man-made hazards, residential areas, schools and religious sites).and treated so as not to cause soil pollution or pose threat to human health. • Use of hazardous chemical substances should be avoided as much as possible by adopting integrated pest management, nature-based solutions, renewable energy, etc. • Materials and chemicals that consist of small particles or pieces must be stored in a container with a watertight cover, or if non-reactive with water, may be sprinkled with water for dust control. • Activities that involve operation of machinery and equipment must be conducted away from residential areas, schools, religious sites and habitats of vulnerable wildlife, if they cause noise, vibration or dust that interfere seriously with life and livelihoods of the community members. • Activities that involve operation of vehicles, machinery and equipment must not be conducted during the hours when their noise, vibration or dust interfere seriously with life and livelihoods of the community members or wildlife. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.4. Climate

7.4.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Climate The project may affect local climate through rise in evapotranspiration losses from intensified irrigation: in particular, rainfall in downwind areas. Vehicles and machinery, ill maintained or operated with inappropriate fuel, will emit more greenhouse gases.

Mitigation Measures

• All machinery and vehicles in use must be well maintained and in good working condition. If stored without use for a prolonged period, they must be regularly checked for possible leak of chemicals. • All machinery and vehicles must be operated with designated fuel. • Sustainably harvested renewable energy must be used as much as possible. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.4.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Climate

Local climate may be affected if evapotranspiration losses changes from modification in water use on the field, in particular, rainfall in downwind areas. Vehicles and machinery, ill maintained or operated with inappropriate fuel, will emit more greenhouse gases.

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Mitigation Measures

• All machinery and vehicles in use must be well maintained and in good working condition. If stored without use for a prolonged period, they must be regularly checked for possible leak of chemicals. • All machinery and vehicles must be operated with designated fuel. • Sustainably harvested renewable energy must be used as much as possible. • Irrigation practices that reduce evapotranspiration of crops will be promoted. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.4.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Climate

Changes in evapotranspiration from changes in cultivation practices will affect rainfall in downwind areas. If improvement in water availability encourages switch to rice from other crops could increase emission of greenhouse gases: methane and nitrous oxide. Increase in agricultural production may entail more burning of agricultural waste in the fields.

Use of fossil fuels, synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides as well as clearing of forests or decrease in well-maintained rangelands will result in emission of greenhouse gases and exacerbation of climate change.

Vehicles and machinery, ill maintained or operated with inappropriate fuel, will emit more greenhouse gases.

Mitigation Measures

• Irrigation and agricultural practices that reduce evapotranspiration of crops, including choice of crops, will be promoted. • A water regime for rice cultivation that produces the least greenhouse gases should be considered. • Practices that benefit the material cycle of agroecosystems, instead of burning in open air, should be promoted for disposal of agricultural waste. • Use of substances that contribute to climate change should be avoided as much as possible by adopting integrated pest management, nature-based solutions, renewable energy, etc. • Sustainably harvested renewable energy and organic fertilizer must be used as much as possible. • Forests or well-maintained rangelands should not be converted into agricultural lands. • Agroforestry should be adopted for controlling local water cycle and microclimate. • All machinery and vehicles in use must be well maintained and in good working condition. If stored without use for a prolonged period, they must be regularly checked for possible leak of chemicals. • All machinery and vehicles must be operated with designated fuel. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

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7.5. Solid Waste

7.5.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Solid Waste

Civil works themselves and camps for the laborers hired for civil works will generate solid wastes, and their inadequate disposal would contaminate air, water and soil. Vehicles and machinery used for civil works, ill maintained or operated with inappropriate fuel, may become solid waste.

Mitigation Measures

• Waste management plan that covers waste generated by the community members and the outside workers for the project will be established by the community, project work contractors and the Project Implementation Unit with advice from the environmental specialist for the project. • Awareness raising and training on hazardous substances should be conducted for stakeholders. • All machinery and vehicles in use must be well maintained and in good working condition. If stored without use for a prolonged period, they must be regularly checked for possible leak of chemicals. • All machinery and vehicles must be operated with designated fuel. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.5.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Solid Waste

Installation of on-farm irrigation system for water saving will also generate wastes: odd ends of equipment parts (plastic tubing, pieces of metal pipes, and pipe fittings); packaging material (Styrofoam, plastic bags and bands); and leftover material from mounting (cement, sand and bricks), which could exude toxic substances and pollute the environment. People, flora, including crops, and fauna will be negatively affected by such pollution.

Vehicles and machinery used for installation of systems, ill maintained or operated with inappropriate fuel, may become solid waste.

Mitigation Measures

• Waste management plan that covers waste generated by the community members and the outside workers for the project will be established by the community, project work contractors and the Project Implementation Unit with advice from the environmental specialist for the project. • Awareness raising and training on hazardous substances should be conducted for stakeholders. • All machinery and vehicles in use must be well maintained and in good working condition. If stored without use for a prolonged period, they must be regularly checked for possible leak of chemicals. • All machinery and vehicles must be operated with designated fuel. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

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7.5.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Solid Waste

If the agricultural practices promoted involve machinery and equipment, theymay create odd ends of equipment parts (plastic tubing, pieces of metal pipes, and pipe fittings), packaging material (Styrofoam, plastic bags and bands), and leftover material from mounting (cement, sand and bricks), which could exude toxic substances and pollute the environment. People, flora, including crops, and fauna will be negatively affected by such pollution.

Vehicles and machinery used for installation of systems, ill maintained or operated with inappropriate fuel, may become solid waste.

Mitigation Measures

• Waste management plan that covers waste generated by the community members and the outside workers for the project will be established by the community, project work contractors and the Project Implementation Unit with advice from the environmental specialist for the project. • Awareness raising and training on hazardous substances should be conducted for stakeholders. • All machinery and vehicles in use must be well maintained and in good working condition. If stored without use for a prolonged period, they must be regularly checked for possible leak of chemicals. • All machinery and vehicles must be operated with designated fuel. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.6. Vehicle Traffic

7.6.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Vehicle Traffic

Movement of vehicles and machinery at and around the rehabilitationsitescould negatively affect traffic, pedestriansand wild animals by making their established routes hazardous.The same would result, if the agriculture practices and value addition activities involve movements of vehicles and machinery.

Mitigation Measures

• Designated routes for vehicles and equipment---which do not involve forest clearing, rangelands reduction, or disturbance to wild animal movements---will be established by the community, rehabilitation work contractors and the Project Implementation Unit with advice from the environmental specialist for the project. • Appropriate sign boards will be placed along the routes. • Rehabilitation work and other activities that involve operation of vehicles, machinery and equipment must not be conducted during the hours when their movements interfere seriously with life and livelihoods of the community members or wildlife. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

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7.6.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Vehicle Traffic

See as 7.6.1 Watercourse Rehabilitation; Vehicle Traffic.

7.6.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Vehicle Traffic

See as 7.6.1 Watercourse Rehabilitation; Vehicle Traffic.

7.7. Ecosystems and Biodiversity

7.7.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Ecosystems and Biodiversity

Changes in soils, hydrology and water resources described above– by rehabilitation of watercourses, and adoption of water saving technologies and agricultural practices – would affect ecosystems and biodiversity, including migratory birds. So would the negative effects on air quality, noise and vibration, and climate.

Mitigation Measures

• Rehabilitation work will be carried out so as not to disturb migratory birds. • Mitigation measures for soils, hydrology and water resources, air, noise, climate, waste and vehicle traffic must be adopted. • Excavated material needs to be disposed of in pre-identified locations so as not to block waterways, drains, watercourses, and local traffic routes or interfere with agricultural activities, including pastoralism, and wildlife. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.7.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Ecosystems and Biodiversity

See 7.7.1 Watercourses Rehabilitation; Ecosystems and Biodiversity.

7.7.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Ecosystems and Biodiversity

More direct effects on ecosystems and biodiversity are likely to be caused by expansion of agricultural lands through conversion of forests and rangelands and disposal of excavated material.

A unique set of flora and fauna, including many endemic and indigenous species, exists mostly in the forests of the northern parts of the province, and more than a few of them are on the Red List of Threatened Species of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Examples include:the national animal, markhor (Capra falconeri); burrowing vole (Hyperacrius fertilis); Kashmir vole (Alticola montosa); brown bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus) which is critically endangered; and snow leopard (Panthera uncia) also critically endangered. Further destruction of forests, meadows and rangelands are likely to seriously endanger the ecosystems and their inhabitants.

Wetlands are found in the mountains as well as in the plains and serve as important habitats for birds, including migratory birds, and fish. Drainage of wetlands will not only put in danger these

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animals, but also the water regulating function that wetlands provide, preventing floods and ensuring sufficient water in the wells during the dry season: an ecosystem service whose importance can only increase under climate change. Protected areas do not need to be no-go zones for human beings. Considering the population pressure, it should be used to support human needs and it can be through sustainable agroforestry and other similar practices.

Agrobiodiversity is a subset of biodiversity; the richer it is, the better off the humans are.However, agrobiodiversity has been in decline since the introduction and adoption of conventional modern agriculture. Promotion of horticulture with emphasis on mainstream cash- crops may exacerbate the situation, while adoption of indigenous crops will boost the resilience of agroecosystems.

Mitigation Measures

• Mitigation measures for soils, hydrology and water resources, air, noise, climate, waste and vehicle traffic must be adopted. • Conversion of forests, meadows and rangelands must be avoided; if a forest needs to be sacrificed, the beneficiaries of the activity that caused the felling of trees must plant appropriate indigenous tree species to recover the ecosystem functions lost as much as possible. • Wetlands should not be drained or converted into agricultural lands, and its water regulation functions should be enhanced through agroforestry in watershed areas, etc. • Human activities should be allowed in protected areas, but only in ways that enhance flora and fauna diversity. • Crop diversification should not focus only on proven cash crops, but also include indigenous crops, which will enhance climate resilience of the agroecosystems. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.8. Land Tenancy

7.8.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Land Tenancy

In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, land is the major form of wealth and determines the class differences among the rural people; the land tenure defines the social and political structures of the society. According to the institutional stakeholders, no land acquisitions are expected under the project, and if any, public lands will be used. However, the location and other details of project activities remain unknown, and rehabilitation of various infrastructure might require land acquisition.

Land is a fundamental input required for crop agriculture, livestock raising and other types of livelihoods. Not only livelihoods, but entire lifestyle, are the results of adaption to the ecosystem and landscape of particular land, and it is usually impossible to find a comparable environment elsewhere; land acquisition would have profound impacts on the lives of the farmers whose land for cultivation is acquired by the project.

Among the three types of tenure observed in the country (owner cultivation, share cropping contract and fixed-rent tenancy), share cropping is the most dominant in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and fixed-rent tenancy the second dominant. Sharecroppers and fixed-

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rent tenants will need to find new landowners to work with if the land that they cultivate is acquired by the project.

Mitigation Measures

• Project activities should be planned according to a participatory approach, involving tenants in addition to landowners and supervisors. If land must be acquired by the project, it should be an outcome of Free, Prior and Informed Consent by the local population, including tenants, either indigenous or non-indigenous. • Resettlement Policy Framework for the project should be strictly followed to ensure that there is no involuntary land acquisition or loss of livelihood, especially for tenants. Tenants should not be evicted against their will as a result of a landowner’s donation or sale of land to the project. • Resettlement Plan Framework and Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework must be followed if the plans are deemed necessary, according to the criteria put forth in the frameworks. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.8.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Land Tenancy

Not only farmers who are directly engaged in agriculture, but also their supervisors and landowners need to understand and be convinced of the utility of technologies and practices promoted by the project, as they constitute the set of decision-makers on the field. If not, adoption will be half-hearted and the results will be less then optimal, or even negative.

Mitigation Measures

• Project activities should be planned according to a participatory approach, involving tenants in addition to landowners and supervisors. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.8.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Land Tenancy

See 7.8.2 Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Land Tenancy.

7.9. Poverty, Labor Force and Urbanization

7.9.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Poverty, Labor Force and Urbanization

The project must adopt the most sustainable approach to resources management and take future climate change into account so that all stakeholders may benefit from the project sustainably.No activity should widen the wealth gaps, and as the high poverty rates are recorded in the northern districts of the province and high unemployment rates have become the norm for the youth, greater attention must be paid to them. The project needs to make livelihoods in the rural areas based on agriculture attractive to the youth, and the vulnerable groups besides the youth – women, elderly, handicapped and the poorest of the poor – will need specific programs or activities tailored to each group.

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Without a full analysis of rural financial sector, including examination of all possible instruments for investment, and strong socioeconomic justification, matching grants may exacerbate external aid dependency and hinder development of local finance sector. If the recipient selection is not planned and implemented properly, it may increase the poverty gap.

Mitigation Measures

• Activities must be planned according to the principles of integrated natural resources management as well as climate change adaptation and mitigation. • The target districts should include the ones in the north so as not to increase the wealth gap among districts. • Livelihood opportunities should be created for the youth, especially those that make rural living a viable and attractive one. • Programs or activities that specifically target the vulnerable groups should be planned and implemented. • All people whose properties and livelihoods would be negatively affected must be properly compensated; a grievance redress mechanism should be established with the participation of the locals. • Resettlement Plan Framework and Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework must be followed if the plans are deemed necessary, according to the criteria put forth in the frameworks. • A full analysis of rural financial sector, including examination of all possible instruments for investment, should be conducted. The financing mechanism with the strongest socioeconomic justification should be adopted. • Recipient selection for financial aid should be planned and implemented so as to diminish the poverty gap. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.9.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Poverty, Labor Force and Urbanization

See 7.9.1 Watercourses Rehabilitation: Poverty, Labor Force and Urbanization.

7.9.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Poverty, Labor Force and Urbanization

The project must adopt the most sustainable approach to resources management, take climate change into account, and diminish the wealth gaps so that all stakeholders may benefit from the project sustainably. To that end, the project must know: how natural resources are used by various stakeholders; how value chains function; and who are the actors in the chains.

Increased availability of irrigation water could encourage farmers to grow more of water- intensive crops, such as sugarcane. Considering the water scarcity that climate change would incur, such crop choices are unsustainable and must be discouraged. Cash crops to be introduced may also call for application of synthetic agrochemicals, which is an unsustainable practice, as weeds and pests develop resistance. More generally, use of synthetic chemicals, including fertilizers, are ultimately harmful to the ecosystems and human beings. For

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sustainability, we need solutions that bring benefits to people as well as to ecosystems and their biodiversity, which will reinforce resilience of the ecosystems and agriculture built on them. Thorough market analysis should be conducted so as not to “grow and sell” (cultivating crops without understanding how the agriculture products are sold in the market), but to “grow to sell" (providing products based on the market demand). Cultivation of high-value cash crops does not necessarily mean higher income for farmers if they lack good understanding of markets and negotiation skills.

Promotion of cash crops may also come at the expense of rangelands and forests, leading to conflicts and impoverishment of the region as a whole. Non-timber forest products must be considered together with crops for commercialization of high-value commodities.

Agrobiodiversity is only increasing in importance under climate change, which is accompanied by unpredictable and extreme weather. Local varieties are more resistant to extreme weathers and local diseases compared to non-local varieties even under climate change; they must be protected for its suitability to and role in the local ecosystems as well as for diversity.

Effectiveness of activities to increase value addition and crop diversification will depend on how much access farmers and other value-chain actors have to market information and how well they can make use of it. The consultations with the officials and farmers did not reveal that there is sufficient entrepreneurial skills or clear roadmap to strengthen such skills.

Some activities to improve overall efficiency could well result in unemployment; mechanization of tasks carried out manually will put the workers out of work.

If economic prospects in the rural areas become good enough, urbanization of the rural areas could be mitigated by reducing loss of agricultural lands and rangelands to residential and commercial structures. Expansion of urban areas could also be attenuated by retaining young people who would otherwise go to the cities. Migrant workers could also be enticed to come back to the province from abroad bringing with them valuable skills obtained. Remittance may decrease, but human capital of the province will be elevated and could lead to further socioeconomic prosperity.

Mitigation Measures

• Activities must be planned according to the principles of integrated natural resources management as well as climate change adaptation and mitigation. • Farmers must be trained on climate change (including its mitigation and adaptation to it), ecosystem-based agriculture, and nature-based solutions (including Integrated pest management). • The target districts should include the ones in the north so as not to increase the wealth gap among districts. • Livelihood opportunities should be created for the youth, especially those that make rural living a viable and attractive one. • Programs or activities that specifically target the vulnerable groups should be planned and implemented. • All people whose properties and livelihoods would be negatively affected must be properly compensated; a grievance redress mechanism should be established with the participation of the locals.

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• A comprehensive livelihood and value-chain analysis, dealing with both environmental and socioeconomic aspects, must be conducted with the participation of the community prior to and during activity formulation. • Farmers must be trained on functionality of markets and negotiation skills, for example based on SHEP (Smallholder Horticulture Empowerment and Promotion) approach. If illiteracy is prevalent, reading and basic arithmetic must be taught. • Non-timber forest products should be exploited for income generation and as incentives to maintain forests. • Entrepreneurial skills of farmers and other actors in the relevant value chains must be strengthened so that the increase in production is effectively sold in the market to generate income for the farmers. • Socioeconomic analysis must be conducted so as not to create unemployment. • The provincial government should support the re-integration of migrant workers upon return to make use of their knowledge and skills gained abroad. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.10. Social Protection

7.10.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Social Protection

While social protection measures exist in the province in the form of social insurance and social assistance, the great majority of the population, especially in the rural areas, have no access to the programs.

Hiring of local and external workers, contractors and service providers for the project activities – rehabilitation of irrigation schemes, operation and maintenance of equipment and machinery for water saving technologies, operation and maintenance of facilities for reduction of harvest loss, and so on – must be undertaken so as to minimize the wealth gaps. Without clear criteria and communication, local people might perceive it as unjust and detrimental to their immediate interest. If the locals feel socially and economically unprotected, it may lead to conflicts and disruptions, including violence.

Contractors, sub-contractors, and other personnel engaged for the civil work will be relieved of their duties upon completion of the project activity. They must be prepared for loss of income from the project.

Mitigation Measures

• Formulation of any project activity should be based on the use of the Gender and Social Protection Checklist (Annex J) and Free, Prior and Informed Consent of all vulnerable groups. • Hiring must be conducted in consultation with the local population in a transparent and accountable manner. • Hiring conditions must be in compliance with pertinent labor legislation and ratified international conventions. • Workers, contractors and service providers must be well informed of the duration of the work and the finite nature of their contracts under the project. • Whenever local people/organizations can carry out project activities, they should be given preference over external people/organizations.

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• External organizations should be hired only after the local communities acknowledge that they have inadequate capabilities. • Work opportunities must benefit the people directly affected by the project; local authorities must be adequatelyinvolved to better manage the influx of external workforce. • Local training programs on project activities must be first provided to the affected locals. • A grievance redress mechanism should be established to resolve disputes or conflicts related to employment and service provision with the consultation of the local population. • Resettlement Plan Framework and Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework must be followed if the plans are deemed necessary, according to the criteria put forth in the frameworks. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.10.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Social Protection

See 7.10.1 Watercourse Rehabilitation: Social Protection.

7.10.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Social Protection

See 7.10.1 Watercourse Rehabilitation: Social Protection.

7.11. Culture and Language

7.11.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Culture and Language

The project details are still to be determined, and a priori the activities planned under the project would not have direct adverse impacts on the sites of cultural, religious or historic importance, such as family and community cemeteries and other sacred places. If it is found during any stage of project development that the project could harm graves, cemeteries, cultural sites of any kind, including ancient heritage, relics or anything that might be or believed to be of archeological or historical importance, such findings should be immediately reported to the Project Implementation Unit and measures must be taken to protect the resources.

An influx of outside laborers in the project area, especially in the region with Kalash people, may adversely impact the culture and heritage of the locals. Simple introduction of a new crop may change the local agricultural system, and culture based on the system. The possible impacts and mitigation measures concerning indigenous peoples of this project are detailed in the Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework, an accompanying document.

If technologies and practices used or introduced by the project are not based on the local culture and capacity, they have a small chance of being understood and embraced by the farmers. Their willingness to maintain the infrastructure, machinery and equipment is likely to be low or unsustainable.

Mitigation measures

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• The guidelines given in the Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework–which includes Free, Prior and Informed Consent–should be followed in establishing an Indigenous Peoples Plan which aims at protecting the culture and heritage of indigenous people. • To identify and protect sites of cultural and religious significance, stakeholder consultation should be conducted especially with the Directorate of Archeology and Museumsand the Department of Auqaf, Hajj, and Religious and Minority Affairs, both of the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (the former for archeological sites and the latter for religious affairs). • In the event of discovery of any site or artifact of archeological, historical, cultural, or religious significance, the World Bank Policy on Management of Cultural Property (OP 4.11) should be followed. • Workers and service providers must be trained on cultural sensitivity. • Technology and practices must be chosen and developed in a participatory approach. For effective communication with the farmers, their confidence and analytical skills must be built so that they will be able to articulate their knowledge systems. • Resettlement Plan Framework and Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework must be followed if the plans are deemed necessary, according to the criteria put forth in the frameworks. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.11.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Culture and Language

See 7.11.1 Watercourse Rehabilitation: Culture and Language.

7.11.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Culture and Language

See 7.11.1 Watercourse Rehabilitation: Culture and Language.

7.12. Religion and Belief System

7.12.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Religion and Belief System

The project does not include activities that deal directly with religion and belief systems. The influx of laborers and outsiders may pose real and perceived threats, such as violation of the communities’ sociocultural rules and forced conversion to another religion. Works on irrigation systems and other project interventions may affect the springs and lakes that are considered sacred by the Kalash by way of altering hydrology. Civil works during major festivals may cause disruptions in practicing their religion and lifestyle.

Mitigation measures

• The guidelines given in the Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework–which includes Free, Prior and Informed Consent–should be followed in establishing an Indigenous Peoples Plan which aims at protecting the culture and heritage of indigenous people. • Before the start of any intervention, religions and belief systems of the locals must be studied in depth so that they can be accommodated in activity formulation.

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• In the event of discovery of any site or artifact of archeological, historical, cultural, or religious significance, the World Bank Policy on Management of Cultural Property (OP 4.11) should be followed. • Workers and service providers must be trained on cultural sensitivity. • Technology and practices must be chosen and developed in a participatory approach. For effective communication with the farmers, their confidence and analytical skills must be built so that they will be able to articulate their knowledge systems. • Resettlement Plan Framework and Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework must be followed if the plans are deemed necessary, according to the criteria put forth in the frameworks. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.12.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Religion and Belief System

See 7.12.1 Watercourse Rehabilitation: Religion and Belief System.

7.12.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Religion and Belief System

The proposed changes in crop agriculture may well affect livelihood which is intertwined with culture, religions and belief system, especially for the indigenous peoples. The potential impacts and mitigation measures for them are detailed in the Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework.

Mitigation measures

See 7.12.1 Watercourse Rehabilitation: Religion and Belief System.

7.13. Women and Other Vulnerable Groups

7.13.1. Watercourses Rehabilitation: Women and Other Vulnerable Groups

The vulnerable population is usually insufficiently considered in many interventions; the wealth and social gaps are widened as a result. Women and other vulnerable people lag behind in literacy, education and access to other resources and opportunities. Vulnerable people tend to be overburdened just to make a living, any additional work under the project should be balanced by reduction in their other responsibilities.

Mitigation Measures

• Formulation of any project activity should be based on the use of the Gender and Social Protection Checklist (Annex J) and Free, Prior and Informed Consent of all vulnerable groups. • High infant and maternal mortality rates and violence against women need to be taken into account when formulating subprojects. • A sociologist or an anthropologist must be engaged to identify vulnerable groups in target districts and their role and contribution in local livelihoods. • Project activities must ensure that gaps in access to resources and opportunities, capacities and wealth between the vulnerable groups and the rest of the community are

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reduced through project implementation; the low literacy rate (35%) among women, in particular, needs to be addressed. • Resettlement Plan Framework and Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework must be followed if the plans are deemed necessary, according to the criteria put forth in the frameworks. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

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7.13.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Women and Other Vulnerable Groups

See 7.13.1 Watercourse Rehabilitation: Women and Other Vulnerable Groups.

7.13.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Women and Other Vulnerable Groups

See 7.13.1 Watercourse Rehabilitation: Women and Other Vulnerable Groups.

7.14. Health

7.14.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Health Rehabilitation activities related to irrigation systems may impact public health of surrounding communities and workers through air, water and soil pollution, noise or direct contact with hazardous material. The operation of supply facilities of fuel and other chemicals may release hazardous or flammable material due to accidental damages to storage containers and delivery structures. Work induced incidents–landslides and collapse of tall structures such as cranes– could lead to damages.

Safety issues may arise if community’s access to work sites is not controlled; people may be injured by rehabilitation related machinery or may fall in open trenches (roads, water supply and other works).

Placement of workers’ camps next to communities’ living areas may also result in noise, inconvenience and conflict. The workers from outside the community may bring diseases. Influx of people and machinery could create a large concentration of people in a confined area and can result in a high number of casualties if there is an emergency of any sort (fire, earthquake, etc.).

Environmental degradation affects physical health directly (e.g., water pollution) and mental health mostly indirectly (e.g., depression from illness). Negative social impacts would impact largely mental health first (e.g., maladjustment to changes in everyday life), but will eventually affect physical health as well (e.g., reduced income and nutrition from maladjustment).

Mitigation Measures

• Mitigation measures for the environment (See Sections 7.1 – 7.7) as well as for the social aspects (See sections 7.8 – 7.21) must be implemented. • A water management plan that includes water for local residents, rehabilitation and other project work, workers and local ecosystems will be established by the community, rehabilitation work contractors and the Project Implementation Unit with advice from the environmental specialist for the project. • Worker’s camps must be located at an adequate distance from local residential areas. • Adequate water-supply and sanitation facilities must be provided to the workers. • Waste management plan that covers waste generated by the community members and the workers at the camp will be established by the community, rehabilitation work contractors and the Project Implementation Unit with advice from the environmental specialist for the project. • The local people must be informed of the danger of the activity and safety measures available to them.

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• Proper signage, adequate and safe pedestrian walkways and alternate routes for use by the public must be provided. • In case of traffic diversions, proper sign boards should be provided sufficiently ahead of the work site. • Appropriate speed limits for motored vehicles must be set. • Fire Safety Plan and Emergency Evacuation Plan (which include identification of fire/emergency exits, placement of fire extinguishers, first aid kits, evacuation plans) must be established. • Workers, including drivers, must be trained on work safety, machinery operation and public health before the commencement of work. • Workers must be provided with personal protection equipment, such as helmets, gloves, dust masks, boots and earmuffs. • Workers and local people must be trained on transmissive diseases and reproduction. • Relevant legislations, conventions andWorld Bank Operational Policies and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.14.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Health

Installation, and most likely maintenance, of machinery and equipment of water saving technologies will involve technicians from outside the communities, and hence the same impacts as watercourses rehabilitation.

Mitigation Measures

See 7.14.1 Watercourse Rehabilitation: Health

7.14.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Health

Changes in the crops to cultivate may lead to decrease in food or nutritional insecurity, if farmers decide to concentrate on high-value cash crops and use the cash earned to purchase foodstuff of lower nutritional value, but associated with higher social status. Purchasing produce from far flung places is never equivalent to consuming locally produced goods in terms of nutritional values and sustainability. Increase in pesticides will also have negative effects on the farmers as producers and consumers.

The number of medical facilities remains inadequate in the rural areas, and traditional use of medicinal plants can fill the unmet needs to a certain extent. The project activities should not increase the already high infant and maternal mortality rates and violence against women by replacing medicinal plants by high value crops.

Environmental degradation affects physical health directly (e.g., water pollution) and mental health mostly indirectly (e.g., depression from illness). Negative social impacts would impact largely mental health first (e.g., maladjustment to changes in everyday life), but will eventually affect physical health as well (e.g., reduced income and nutrition from maladjustment).

Mental health also hinges on cultural aspects of crop agriculture and livestock management in addition to culture itself and religions and belief systems. Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) is not only important in terms of self-determination and ownership of the project activities, but also for minimizing the negative mental and psychological impacts of the project.

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Mitigation Measures

• Mitigation measures for the environment (See Sections 7.1 – 7.7) as well as for the social aspects (See sections 7.8 – 7.21) must be implemented. • Farmers need to be sensitized on food and nutritional security and importance of good health for income generation. • High infant and maternal mortality rates and violence against women need to be taken into account when formulating subprojects. • Traditional use of medicinal plant should be encouraged by facilitating their collection and cultivation. • Culture, religion and belief systems must be well researched and taken into account in project formulation. • Free, Prior, Informed Consent (FPIC) for project activities must be obtained. • Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework and Integrated Pest Management Plan Framework mustbe followed if the plans are deemed necessary, according to the criteria put forth in the frameworks. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.15. Water Supply and Sanitation

7.15.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Water Supply and Sanitation

Modifications in hydrology brought about by works on irrigation systems may dry up the springs and wells used for drinking water. To avoid such outcomes, it is indispensable that the mitigation measures for hydrology and water resources are implemented.

Increase in resource competition, especially drinking water, is inevitable when workers from outside communities are engaged in the project. Improper design of temporary toilets, sewage treatment and disposal systems could lead to surface, sub-surface and groundwater contamination.

The rehabilitation work itself requires water from the project area or the water sources of the communities---preparation of sand, cement mortar, curing of walls before and after plastering require a large amount of water that would reduce the availability of water in the intervention area. The work may also result in contamination from civil-work waste.Vehicles and equipment that are not properly maintained will leak fuel and other toxic substances.

Mitigation Measures

• Measures for hydrology and water resources should be implemented (See Section 7.2 above), including the following: – Vehicles and equipment must be properly maintained. If stored without use for a prolonged period, they must be regularly checked for possible leak of chemicals. – Waste and hazardous material, including fuel, must be handled, stored (away from water source, locations subject to natural or man-made hazards, residential areas, schools and religious sites).and treated so as not to cause soil pollution or pose threat to human health.

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– Use of hazardous chemical substances should be avoided as much as possible by adopting integrated pest management, nature-based solutions, renewable energy, etc. • A water management plan that includes water for local residents, rehabilitation and other project work, workers and local ecosystems will be established by the community, rehabilitation work contractors and the Project Implementation Unit with advice from the environmental specialist for the project so as not to compromise water supply and sanitation of the local communities. – Rehabilitation staff must be trained on water conservation practices to avoid excessive loss and pollution. – Water required for rehabilitation should be obtained in a way so that water availability and supply to the local communities remain unaffected. – Latrines for the workers must be constructed at least 50 meters away from hand pumps, tube wells and other water sources. – Latrine design should include sustainable waste disposal mechanism: composting toilets with sawdust or dry toilets with ash or lime mixed dry with soil. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.15.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Water Supply and Sanitation

Modifications in hydrology brought about by application of less water in the fields may have unexpected consequences on water resources used by the inhabitants. It isindispensable that the mitigation measures for hydrology and water resources are implemented.

Increase in resource competition, especially drinking water, is inevitable when workers from outside communities are engaged in the project. Improper design of temporary toilets, sewage treatment and disposal systems could lead to surface, sub-surface and groundwater contamination.

The installation and repair of equipment and machinery may require water from the project area or water sources of the communities. It may also result in contamination from waste generated during installation, use and repair.Vehicles and equipment that are not properly maintained will leak fuel and other toxic substances.

Mitigation Measures

• Measures for hydrology and water resources should be implemented (See Section 7.2 above), including the following: – Vehicles and equipment must be properly maintained. If stored without use for a prolonged period, they must be regularly checked for possible leak of chemicals. – Waste and hazardous material, including fuel, must be handled, stored (away from water source, locations subject to natural or man-made hazards, residential areas, schools and religious sites).and treated so as not to cause soil pollution or pose threat to human health. – Use of hazardous chemical substances should be avoided as much as possible by adopting integrated pest management, nature-based solutions, renewable energy, etc.

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• A water management plan that includes water for local residents, rehabilitation and other project work, workers and local ecosystems will be established by the community, rehabilitation work contractors and the Project Implementation Unit with advice from the environmental specialist for the project so as not to compromise water supply and sanitation of the local communities. – Rehabilitation staff must be trained on water conservation practices to avoid excessive loss and pollution. – Water required for rehabilitation should be obtained in a way so that water availability and supply to the local communities remain unaffected. – Latrines for the workers must be constructed at least 50 meters away from hand pumps, tube wells and other water sources. – Latrine design should include sustainable waste disposal mechanism: composting toilets with sawdust or dry toilets with ash or lime mixed dry with soil. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.15.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Water Supply and Sanitation

Improved water availability may prompt less efficient water use, increase in cultivation of crops, in particular, high water consumption crops, such as sugarcane and rice. This is likely to lead to reduced water availability downstream. The farmers may also turn to groundwater, whose aquifers have been recharged more slowly due to climate change, and quickly deplete it when the climate change reduces the amount of canal water available; climate change is to increase the surface water supply in the short run and decrease in the long run, with very little possibility of recovery, if any. Such scenario is more likely in the south, where water shortage is more chronic.

Mitigation Measures

• Measures for hydrology and water resources should be implemented (See Section 7.2 above), including the following: – Hydrology, including both surface water and groundwater, should be studied before project design and monitored. Groundwater studies carried out by various organizations in the country should be consulted. – Groundwater depletion should be avoided through ensuring surface water availability, particularly because no comprehensive information on groundwater exists for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and climate change is allowing only slow replenishment of the aquifers. – Awareness must be raised among the stakeholders on hydrological cycle, including roles of forests and effects of fallow period as well as climate change, especially in the south. – Vehicles and equipment must be properly maintained. If stored without use for a prolonged period, they must be regularly checked for possible leak of chemicals. – Waste and hazardous material, including fuel, must be handled, stored (away from water source, locations subject to natural or man-made hazards, residential areas, schools and religious sites).and treated so as not to cause soil pollution or pose threat to human health. • Agroforestry should be adopted for controlling local water cycle and microclimate.

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• Use of hazardous chemical substances should be avoided as much as possible by adopting integrated pest management, nature-based solutions, renewable energy, etc. • Awareness of farmers and consumers needs to be raised on the existing contamination of water by fecal matter and highly poisonous pesticides. • Irrigation and agricultural practices that reduce evapotranspiration of crops, including choice of crops, will be promoted. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.16. Water User Associations

7.16.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Water User Associations

Currently the Water User Associations are not functioning as they should, which has led to inefficient use of water resources and related facilities. If the very problem of unsatisfactory functioning of the associations is indeed the insufficient human capital and social cohesion among the farmers,as suggested by the Directorate of the On-Farm Water Management, the impacts of rehabilitation of watercourses on the associations would depend on how the Directorate and the communities seize the project as an opportunity to galvanize the sentiment among the farmers that effective water user associations are necessary for making the best use of the improvement brought about by the project.

Farmers’ interest in collective action and long-term solutionswould be increased by making them aware of climate change implications as well as the effects of larger water demand on the environment and further on agricultural productivity.

Mitigation Measures

• The roles of water user association for each village should be redefined and their rules revised using a participatory approach. • Social capacity of and cohesion among farmers must be strengthened so that they will be able to act collectively for tasks, such as maintain the watercourses, mediate disputes, reduce incidences of conflicts and other tasks that are best done collectively. • Farmers’ awareness must be raised on climate change and groundwater recharge through participatory trainingso that they can effectively plan water use in the long run. • Water user associations should be encouraged to take an integrated management of water resources • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.16.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Water User Associations

Water User Associations can serve as a platform for peer-to-peer knowledge sharing on various practices and technologies: judicious use of groundwater; cultivation of crops with lower water requirements; and agricultural techniques to reduce evapotranspiration.

They can also be a platform for introduction of infrastructure that needs collective action: rainwater harvesting or water impounding facilities.

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Farmers’ interest in collective action and long-term solutions would be increased by making them aware of climate change implications as well as the effects of larger water demand on the environment and further on agricultural productivity.

Mitigation Measures

See 7.16.1 Watercourse Rehabilitation: Water User Associations

7.16.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Water User Associations

The water user associations can serve as a platform for peer-to-peer knowledge sharing on various practices and technologies: design and management of diversified agricultural lands or agroforests; market information on high-value crops; and techniques and opportunities for value addition.

They can also be a platform for co-ownership of infrastructure, equipment and machinery for easing the financial burden on the farmers: storage facilities, packaging and weighing equipment, for example.

Farmers’ interest in collective action and long-term solutions would be increased by making them aware of climate change implications as well as the effects of larger water demand on the environment and further on agricultural productivity.

Mitigation Measures

See 7.16.1 Watercourse Rehabilitation: Water User Associations

7.17. Energy

7.17.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Energy

Rehabilitation of watercourses as well as residence of workers from outside the communities will increase the energy demand of the area. The use of fuelwoods by the locals is already causing deforestation, and the arrival of workers from outside the communities may well exacerbate the situation. Such impacts on the forests will further affect the livelihoods of people who are dependent on forest products.

Mitigation Measures

• Energy management plan that includes demand by the community members and the outside workers for the project will be established by the community, project work contractors and the Project Implementation Unit with advice from the environmental specialist for the project. • Awareness must be raised on deforestation, ecology, climate change and hazardous material (including fuel) among workers, contractors and local people. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

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7.17.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Energy

See 7.17.1 Watercourse Rehabilitation: Energy.

7.17.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Energy

If non-timber forest products are promoted as a way to diversify crops, it may result in overharvesting and other unsustainable manner of forest exploitation, such as chopping off the branches to obtain pine cones, as is already practiced in Chitral.

Processing of fruits is likely to and that of honey can involve application of heat, and hence require energy. The most widely available fuel source is wood and charcoal.

Mitigation Measures

• Energy management plan that includes demand by the community members and the outside workers for the project will be established by the community, project work contractors and the Project Implementation Unit with advice from the environmental specialist for the project. • Awareness must be raised on deforestation, ecology, climate change and hazardous material (including fuel) among workers, contractors and local people. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.18. Crop Agriculture as Livelihood

7.18.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Crop Agriculture as Livelihood

Any environmental degradation caused by watercourse rehabilitation will adversely impact crop agriculture as livelihood.

We need to realize the potential capacity of irrigation systems to act as flood and drainage control systems; climate resilient agricultural methods are ineffective if the fields are washed away or flooded, and the floodwater needs to be harnessed in view of reduced water availability under climate change.

If the farmersinterpret the improved availability of irrigation water as a new permanent condition and plant crops with high water requirements, it would most likely lead to a direr situation in a few years than without the irrigation system improvements, because of climate change and population increase that decrease the amount of water available per capita. Such outcomes are more likely in districts where rainfall is scarcer and groundwater is more important. If theylead to construction of a new mega dam, the demand-driven cycle to augment supply will recommence with larger negative consequences for the livelihood and the environment.

Sharecropping is the most dominant in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and fixed-rent tenancy the second most common. Sharecroppers and fixed-rent tenants will need to find new landowners to work with if the land that they cultivate is acquired by the project.Resettlement

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from land acquisition, if it takes place, will have profound impact on the farmers who live off the land, especially for tenants and sharecroppers.

Mitigation Measures

• Mitigation measures for the environment (See Sections 7.1 – 7.7) must be implemented. • Irrigation system must incorporate flood and drainage control functions. • Floodwater needs to be harnessed to compensate for overall water shortage. • Awareness of farmers must be raised on climate change, hydrology---connection between rain, snow, surface water and groundwater---and water availability in the long run. • Project activities should be planned according to a participatory approach, involving tenants in addition to landowners and supervisors. If land must be acquired by the project, it should be an outcome of Free, Prior and Informed Consent by the local population, including tenants, either indigenous or non-indigenous. • Resettlement Policy Framework for the project should be strictly followed to ensure that there is no involuntary land acquisition or loss of livelihood, especially for tenants. Tenants should not be evicted against their will as a result of a landowner’s donation or sale of land to the project. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.18.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Crop Agriculture as Livelihood

Any environmental degradation caused by introduction of water saving technologies will adversely impact crop agriculture as livelihood.

If the introduction of technologies that improves water use efficiency has the effect of encouraging the farmers to increase the scale of the agriculture that they practice today, it will be damaging to their livelihood in the long run, since the present agroecosystems in the province are not fully climate resilient. Access to water saving technology may delay adoption of climate resilient agriculture.Technology also needs to be understandable to and adjustable by the farmers as well as easy for them to operate and maintain so that the practices and equipment would not be abandoned after the closure of the project.

Mitigation Measures

• Mitigation measures for the environment (See Sections 7.1 – 7.7) must be implemented. • Awareness of farmers must be raised on climate change, hydrology---connection between rain, snow, surface water and groundwater---and water availability in the long run. • Awareness of farmers must be raised on agroecosystems and its relation to resilience to climate change. • Climate resilient water resources management and climate resilient agriculture must be promoted, including integrated pest management and taking into account the agricultural problems that already exist, such as salinization and waterlogging. • Technologies to be introduced must be selected and developed in a participatory manner for efficiency and sustainability of the intervention.

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• Resettlement Plan Framework, Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework and Integrated Pest Management Plan Framework must be followed, if the plans are deemed necessary, according to the criteria put forth in the frameworks. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.18.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Crop Agriculture as Livelihood

Any environmental degradation caused by promotion of crop diversification and value addition will adversely impact crop agriculture as livelihood.

Resilience to climate change needs to be reinforced; it has already brought floods, droughts, higher temperatures and erratic rainfall as well as new pests and increased the number of familiar pests, prompting the farmers to use more pesticides. Without integrated pest management, which should include cultural practices, the negative impacts of agrichemicals on the environment, human health and livelihoods are likely to intensify. In addition, existing waterlogging must be taken into account, which will be exacerbated by climate change, when considering crop diversification. Climate resilient agriculture can be introduced by promoting an appropriate set of crops, practices and farm design, which includes integrated pest management.

If one crop is vastly superior to others in value addition, it may encourage monoculture of that crop, or overexploitation in case it is a non-timber forest product, leading to destruction of ecosystems as it has happened for pine nuts.125

Mitigation Measures

• Mitigation measures for the environment (See Sections 7.1 – 7.7) must be implemented. • Diversification efforts should be consistent with climate resilient agriculture. • Awareness of farmers must be raised on climate change, hydrology---connection between rain, snow, surface water and groundwater---and water availability in the long run. • Awareness of farmers must be raised on agroecosystems and its relation to resilience to climate change. • Awareness of farmers must be raised on synthetic agrochemicals, the environment, human health and livelihoods. • Climate resilient water resources management and climate resilient agriculture must be promoted, including integrated pest management and taking into account the agricultural problems that already exist, such as salinization and waterlogging. • Resettlement Plan Framework, Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework and Integrated Pest Management Plan Framework must be followed, if the plans are deemed necessary, according to the criteria put forth in the frameworks. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.19. Livestock Management as Livelihood

125Dybas, C.L. (2014).

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7.19.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Livestock Management as Livelihood

Any environmental degradation caused by watercourse rehabilitation will adversely impact livestock management as livelihood. Promotion of crop agriculture will have negative effects on the rangelands, which are already under pressure from population increase, climate change and urbanization.

Livestock raising constitutes an important element in Kalash culture: not only the activities themselves but also the provision of animals required for rituals and festivals. Mitigation Measures

• Mitigation measures for the environment (See Sections 7.1 – 7.7) must be implemented. • Integrated management of crops and livestock must be sought so that one does not thrive at the expense of another. • Good quality rangelands must be maintained and expanded, which will not only support livestock but will also mitigate climate change. • Resettlement Plan Framework, Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework and Integrated Pest Management Plan Framework must be followed, if the plans are deemed necessary, according to the criteria put forth in the frameworks. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.19.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Livestock Management as Livelihood

Any environmental degradation caused by introduction of water saving technologies will adversely impact livestock management as livelihood. Decrease in water requirements from adoption of water saving technologies coupled with increase in water availability from watercourse rehabilitation will lead to higher crop productivity, including that of fodder crops. It may mean availability of more drinking water to support a larger number of livestock.

Livestock raising constitutes an important element in Kalash culture: not only the activities themselves but also the provision of animals required for rituals and festivals.

Mitigation Measures

• Mitigation measures for the environment (See Sections 7.1 – 7.7) must be implemented. • Integrated management of crops and livestock must be sought so that one does not thrive at the expense of another. • Good quality rangelands must be maintained and expanded, which will not only support livestock but will also mitigate climate change. • Resettlement Plan Framework, Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework and Integrated Pest Management Plan Framework must be followed, if the plans are deemed necessary, according to the criteria put forth in the frameworks. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.19.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Livestock Management as Livelihood

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Any environmental degradation caused by crop diversification and value addition will adversely impact livestock management as livelihood. Promotion of high-value crop agriculture, increased use of synthetic agrochemicals and construction of facilities for value addition will have negative effects on the rangelands.Many, if not all, of the negative impacts of agriculture can be eliminated by implementing an integrated management approach to agriculture, combining crop cultivation and livestock raising, so that circular flow of resources is realized and necessity to external inputs, especially of synthetic kind, is greatly reduced.

Livestock raising constitutes an important element in Kalash culture: not only the activities themselves but also the provision of animals required for rituals and festivals.

Mitigation Measures

• Mitigation measures for the environment (See Sections 7.1 – 7.7) must be implemented. • Integrated management of crops and livestock must be sought so that one does not thrive at the expense of another. • Good quality rangelands must be maintained and expanded, which will not only support livestock but will also mitigate climate change. • Awareness of farmers must be raised on synthetic agrochemicals, the environment, human health, animal health and livelihoods. • Resettlement Plan Framework, Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework and Integrated Pest Management Plan Framework must be followed, if the plans are deemed necessary, according to the criteria put forth in the frameworks. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.20. Forestry as Livelihood

7.20.1. Watercourse Rehabilitation: Forestry as Livelihood

Any environmental degradation caused by watercourse rehabilitation will adversely impact forestry as livelihood. Promotion of crop agriculture may result in further deforestation, which has accelerated from population increase, climate change and urbanization.

The presence of workers from outside communities will increase the demand for energy, most likely fuel wood or charcoal.

Mitigation Measures

• Mitigation measures for the environment (See Sections 7.1 – 7.7) must be implemented. • Energy management plan that includes demand by the community members and the outside workers for the project will be established by the community, project work contractors and the Project Implementation Unit with advice from the environmental specialist for the project. • Awareness must be raised on deforestation, ecology, and climate change among workers, contractors and local people. • Resettlement Plan Framework, Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework and Integrated Pest Management Plan Framework must be followed if the plans are deemed necessary, according to the criteria put forth in the frameworks.

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• Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.20.2 Introduction of Water Saving Technology: Forestry as Livelihood

Any environmental degradation caused by introduction of water saving technology will adversely impact forestry as livelihood. Promotion of crop agriculture may result in further deforestation, which has accelerated from population increase, climate change and urbanization.

The presence of workers from outside communities will increase the demand for energy, most likely fuel wood or charcoal.

Mitigation Measures

See 7.20.1 Watercourse Rehabilitation: Forestry as Livelihood.

7.20.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Forestry as Livelihood

Any environmental degradation caused by promotion of crop diversification and value addition will adversely impact forestry as livelihood. If the agricultural practices promoted by the project increase the use of synthetic agrochemicals, the project will in the long run inflict negative ecological impacts on the communities.

Income increase from growing cash crops may trigger hike in fuel use and further deforestation. Hasty efforts to increase cash revenue from sale of non timber forest products may involve destructive practices, such as cutting off branches for pine nut or honey harvesting. Increase in the number of outsiders for business in the target districts may allow illegal loggers to operate more easily.

Mitigation Measures

• Mitigation measures for the environment (See Sections 7.1 – 7.7) must be implemented. • Energy management plan that includes demand by the community members and the outside workers for the project will be established by the community, project work contractors and the Project Implementation Unit with advice from the environmental specialist for the project. • Awareness must be raised on deforestation, ecology, and climate change among workers, contractors and local people. • Farmers need to be trained on sustainable management of forests, including the desirability of balanced exploitation of timber and non timber forest products. • Farmers’ capacity to organize must be strengthened so that illegal loggers, especially from outside the communities, are discouraged to enter the forests. • Resettlement Plan Framework, Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework and Integrated Pest Management Plan Framework must be followed if the plans are deemed necessary, according to the criteria put forth in the frameworks. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.21. Other Livelihoods

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7.21.1.Watercourse Rehabilitation: Other Livelihoods

If the project attracts workers who migrated out of the rural areas back to agriculture, they may contribute to increase in information on marketing and value chain. If the influx is such that population growth is considerably more than the natural increase, the government will need to provide public infrastructure to accommodate them. The increase in population should not come at the expense of forests and rangelands which are already suffering from decrease.

Mitigation Measures

• The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government should devise a policy so that existing farmers would socially and physically integrate the returning residents. • New agricultural lands or residences should not be allowed in the forests or rangelands. • Resettlement Plan Framework and Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework must be followed if the plans are deemed necessary, according to the criteria put forth in the frameworks. • Relevant legislations, conventions and World Bank Operational Policies and guidelines (see Section 2.6) must be respected.

7.21.2. Introduction of Water Saving Technologies: Other Livelihoods

See 7.21.1 Watercourse Rehabilitation: Other Livelihoods.

7.21.3. Promotion of Diversification and Value Addition: Other Livelihoods

See 7.21.1 Watercourse Rehabilitation: Other Livelihoods.

7.22. Cumulative Impacts

Even when the negative environmental or social impacts of individual subprojects may be insignificant, cumulative impacts of a cluster of small subprojects may be quite significant. Many impacts also depend not only on the details of activity implementation, including duration and frequency, but also on post-project measures, such as changes that the beneficiaries would apply to the interventions. Cumulative impacts will be examinedtogether with the impacts of subprojects.

8. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 8.1. Framework and Plan

An Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) sets out the principles to be respected in formulation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) which takes into account the details of the project and subprojects.

Management consists of processes and practices to consistently implement activities to meet the project and subproject objectives. It allows assessment and control of risks, which leads to prevention and mitigation of undesirable outcomes. The success of a management plan rests on appropriate policies and procedures in place as well as on commitment and capacities of the institutions and persons who are entrusted with implementation. An important feature is that

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the plan should not be fixed; it should evolve with and reflect the findings of monitoring and evaluation of project implementation results to be carried out on a regular basis.

Chapter 8 describes the necessary elements of an Environmental and Social Management Plan as well as frameworks of other auxiliary plans that are likely to be required for project implementation: Resettlement Plan Framework (RPF); Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework (IPPF); and Integrated Pest Management Framework (IPMF). The suggested methodology and structure for environmental and social management plans are as below (the details are given in Annex H).

Table 8.1: Suggested Methodology and Structure for Environmental and Social Management Plan

Methodology 1. Scoping 2. Site survey and data collection 3. Screening 4. Impact Assessment 5. Environmental and Social Management Plan Formulation Structure 1. Executive Summary 2. Background 3. Subproject Overview 4. Objectives 5. Scope of Work 6. Screening of Environmental and Social Impacts 7. Baseline information 8. Environmental and Social Impacts 9. Stakeholder Consultations and Information Disclosure 10. Mitigation and Monitoring Plan 11. Capacity Assessment and Training 12. Cost Estimates and Sources of Funds

8.2. Subproject Screening

Screening for environmental and social impacts using the Rapid Assessment Checklist (Annex G) is required for all subprojects before implementation. The screening process will include: assessing impacts; examining alternatives to minimize the negative impacts; enhancing positive impacts; and compensating for adverse impacts. The results of screening determine the safeguard instruments required by the legislation of Government of Pakistan, the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa or the World Bank safeguard policies.

The areas and activities of subprojects are often determined before screening for potential impacts is carried out, but it is strongly recommended to use the Rapid Assessment Checklist as the stakeholders convene to discuss the details. Such approach ensures an assessment that is more comprehensive than that conducted shortly before implementation as well as wider possibilities of effective measures not only for elimination of negative impacts but also for enhancement of positive impacts. Better implementation is possible when the Involuntary Resettlement Screening Checklist (See Resettlement Plan Framework, an accompanying

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document to this framework), Indigenous People Impact Checklist (See Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework, another accompanying document to this framework) and the Gender and Social Protection Checklist (Annex J) are also used with rigor to supplement the Rapid Assessment Checklist in detecting negative effects.

If the Rapid Assessment Checklist indicates that the possible negative impacts from implementation of the subproject would be minimal and that the positive impacts would certainly outweigh them, no further action with respect to environmental and social safeguards will be required upon approval of the Checklist results by the World Bank.

If the negative impacts are more than minimal or irreversible according to the Checklist, an Environmental Impact Assessment must be conducted and an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), whose suggested methodology and structure is shown in Annex H, established to mitigate the negative impacts. The Checklist results and the Plan must be approved by the World Bank.

For all other cases, an ESMP is not required, but for sustainability and the best outcome for the project, it is best to establish a Plan and implement it along with the project activities.

8.3. Institutional Arrangements

A Project Implementation Unit (PIU) will be established and Project Director selected from the implementing agency, the Directorate of On-Farm Water Management, as described under 3.5 Implementation Arrangements. The Project Director will be responsible for the environment and social performance of their respective project components. S/he will oversee compliance with the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), Resettlement Plan Framework (RPF), Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework (IPPF) throughout the project period.

Environment and social management will be undertaken by the PIU, which will responsible for: subproject screening; development of subproject specific Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), and any of the necessary documents among Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan (LARP) or Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), Gender Action Plan and Community Participation Plan; effective implementation of the Plans; and internal monitoring and progress reporting. The frequency and the content of monitoring and reporting should satisfy the ESMF and ESMP. The PIU will be supported by an environment specialist, a social specialist, a social inclusion (gender, indigenous people, youth, etc.) specialist and a resettlement specialist.

For the best compliance with all of the environmental and social safeguard instruments mentioned above, the PIU will support community participation and consultations at all stages, from sub-project identification to completion. With respect to resettlement, itwill be responsible for: preparation; implementation; financing and supervision of all relocation and resettlement; social development planning and implementation; and cross-agency coordination. The consultants hired for monitoring and evaluation (see 3.5 Implementation Arrangements).will conduct monitoring on an annual basis as third-party validation.

8.4. Contingent Emergency Response

According to the World Bank Operational Policy 4.01 on Environmental Assessment, the interventions envisagedclassify the project as Category B; the potential negative impacts on the

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environment or the people are considered moderate at most and site specific, none or only few of them are irreversible, and mitigation measures can be relatively easily implemented. In case of disaster, emergency or catastrophe, however, the World Bank Operational Policy 8.00 on Rapid Response to Crisis and Emergencies is triggered, and it may be required to apply environmental and social safeguard instruments consistent with Category B projects, but beyond those foreseen under normal circumstances.

To accommodate such events, the project includes arrangements for preparedness and rapid response to disaster, emergency, or catastrophic events, as needs arise: Component E. The provisional zero-cost for this component is meant to allow for rapid reallocation of credit proceeds from other components with the help of streamlined procurement and disbursement procedures. This Environmental and Social Management Framework also ensures that the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) is equipped with sufficient capacity to identify situations that call for quick response as well as expertise to implement appropriate safeguards. Rapid Assessment Checklist (Annex G) included in the document will expedite the identification of additional instruments needed.

The preparation of additional instruments will be carried out in accordance with the schedule to be agreed between the Government of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the World Bank at the time of rapid response. The PIU will carry out activities in accordance with the World Bank Operational Policy 8.00 and other relevant World Bank policies, in particular on safeguards and public disclosure, but with flexibility to be agreed with the World Bank together with the above schedule.

8.5. Resettlement Plan Framework

Land Acquisition Act: The Land Acquisition Act 1894 regulates the land acquisition process and enables the federal and provincial governments to acquire private land for public purposes and for companies through the exercise of the right of eminent domain. Land acquisition is a provincial responsibility and each province has its own interpretation of the Act is the de-facto legal instrument governing resettlement and compensation.

World Bank Operational Policy: World Bank Operational Policy on Involuntary Resettlement 4.12 is broader and aims at preventing and mitigating undue harm to the environment and people from involuntary resettlement. One of the overall objectives of the Involuntary Resettlement Policy is to avoid involuntary resettlement where feasible, or to minimize, exploring all viable alternative project designs. Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, related activities should be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced to benefit from the project. Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs. Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.

Resettlement and Project Implementation Unit: Reparation of watercourses could entail land acquisition and possibly resettlement. When the scope of a subproject is identified based on its technical designs, the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) becomes responsible for social assessment of the target area. Voluntary Land Donation will be the preferred option in case of any land requirements by the project. If the designs are changed, social assessment must be

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undertaken anew. If impactsare found to be significant, a resettlement action plan will be prepared for each subproject. The PIU will be responsible for:resettlement plan preparation; plan implementation; financing and supervision of all relocation and resettlement; social development; and interagency coordination.

Tools under Resettlement Plan Framework: The Resettlement Plan Framework, which is an independent document, spells out the principles that a resettlement plan under this project must follow. It als contains: Involuntary Resettlement Screening Checklist; Process and Application for Voluntary Land Donation; Format for Voluntary Donation of Land; Outline of Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan; Outline of Resettlement Action Plan; Surveys Required for Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan and Resettlement Action Plan;Entitlement Matrix; and Gender and Social Protection Checklist. Consultations on Resettlement: The consultations with the stakeholders revealed that none of them thought resettlement would be necessary; in case it is deemed inevitable for project implementation, utmost care must be taken to explain why and obtain support. Participatory approach to subproject formulation is the most effective means for fostering ownership, support and approval of the project among the local stakeholders, including resettlement.

Compensation and Grievance Redress: In the province, riwaj or traditionis strong and binding. The compensation conditions should be tailored to the traditions, while satisfying the World Bank requirements. Resolution of local issues are handled by jirga, or tribal assembly, in accordance withthe tradition. The Resettlement Plan Framework stipulates that jirga forms the foundation of the grievance redress mechanism.

8.6. Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework

International Obligations: Pakistan has signed or ratified several international human rights treaties and declarations, including ILO Convention 107 on Indigenous and Tribal Populations, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, International Convention on Civil and Political Rights, Convention on the Rights of the Child and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Pakistan voted in favor of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in 2007. Pakistan has so far not signed the ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal peoples, an update to ILO Convention 107.The word “indigenous” is not found in the Constitution of Pakistan 1973; there is no particular law to safeguard Indigenous Peoples rights and privileges.

World Bank Operational Policy: The World Bank recognizes that the identities and cultures of indigenous peoples are inextricably linked to the lands on which they live and the natural resources on which they depend. These distinct circumstances expose indigenous peoples to different types of risks and levels of impacts from development projects, including loss of identity, culture, and customary livelihoods, as well as exposure to disease. In addition, gender and intergenerational issues among indigenous people are complex. The World Bank Operational Policy 4.10 on Indigenous Peoples aims at ensuring poverty reduction and sustainable development by respecting the dignity, human rights, economies, and cultures of indigenous peoples. For all projects that are proposed for Bank financing and affect indigenous peoples, the Bank requires the borrower to engage in a process of free, prior, and informed consultation, resulting in broad community support to the project by the affected indigenous peoples.

Necessity of Indigenous Peoples Plan: An Indigenous Peoples Plan must be established if the subprojects to be funded under the project are considered to incur more than negligible

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negative impacts on the indigenous peoples in terms of: customary rights of use and access to land and natural resource; socioeconomic status; (cultural and communal integrity; health, education, livelihood, and social security status; recognition of indigenous knowledge; and the level of vulnerability of the affected indigenous community. Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework is elaborated to provide guidance and stipulate requirements for establishing an Indigenous Peoples Plan for subprojects under the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigation Agriculture Improvement Project, which must be based on the subproject details to render it operational and effective on the ground.The Framework, an independent document, for Indigenous Peoples Plan addresses these concerns and contains Indigenous Peoples Impact Screening Checklist, Gender and Social Protection Checklist, and Indicative Annotated Outline of Indigenous Peoples Plan.

Specific Needs of the Indigenous People in the Province: The project can bring about major positive impacts, as the overall objective is to increase agriculture production through improved irrigation system and to enhance climate resiliency of the most vulnerable farmers. Given the possible magnitude of adverse impacts from land acquisition on livelihood and culture, no subproject requiring land acquisition will be approved in the areas inhabited by indigenous peoples. The indigenous customs and traditions are being threatened by increasing influx of tourists, and the situation will be exacerbated if laborers are hired for the project from outside the communities. In order to avoid intrusion of outsiders and erosion of the culture, the project activities for the Kalash people will build on the indigenous knowledge of water, agriculture and livestock management while integrating practices that make them more sustainable and resilient to climate change. Special attention will be paid to hydrology, as a number of waterbodies are considered sacred. Traditional livestock activities are considered more important than traditional agriculture, as the culture depends on festivals and rituals that evolve around the livestock. Water is deemed important for livestock activities, since fodder and rangeland grasses are dependent on water.

8.7. Integrated Pest Management Framework

Integrated Pest Management: Synthetic fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides are directly or indirectly harmful to the environment and to its inhabitants;numerous laws have been enacted and conventions ratified, from those on the environment, natural resources, climate change and hazardous chemicals to others on human rights, that oblige the project to adopt an integrated pest management (IPM).Integrated pest management is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests and keeping their damage within an acceptable range through cultural, chemical, biological, mechanical, manual and quarantine methods, including design of cultivation areas and choice of crops.The main activities that comprise IPM are: prevention; setting thresholds for action; monitoring; and control.

Monitoring: Monitoring informs us of the situation at hand, especially with respect to thresholds which are triggers for control actions. Action thresholds are required, as a single pest does not necessarily need to be controlled. The pests must be actively kept in check only if their negative effects are larger than the positive effects of other useful insects for farming, including the ones that control the pests, and hence threaten the economic viability of the operation. Monitoring thus allows an appropriate control method to be taken at an appropriate time to eliminate or minimize exposure to and diffusion of toxic substances in the environment.

Appropriate and Effective Measure: The appropriateness or effectiveness of a measure can be determined through its evaluation of potential positive impacts against risk. Highly targeted

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chemicals, such as pheromones to reduce pest reproduction, or mechanical control, such as trapping and weeding, are preferred over others. If monitoring indicates that the pests are above the thresholds even after such control have been applied, additional control measures may be employed, but the broadcast spraying of non-specific, broad spectrum pesticide should be avoided at all costs.

Climate Change and Integrated Pest Management: Agriculture that is resilient to climate change necessitates strengthening of ecosystems, and hence is perfectly in line with integrated pest management, a concept based on elimination or minimization of negative impacts and utilization of workings of ecosystems to our advantage. Since the project details are unknown, a framework for formulating an integrated pest management plan accompanies this document.

Specific Needs of the Province: Awareness and capacity with respect to integrated pest management is low, and needs considerable strengthening for effective implementation of a plan. 8.8. Mitigation and Monitoring Plan

Mitigation Plan: The generic mitigation measures based on the impacts discussed above in Chapter7 serves as guidelines for formulating a mitigation plan specific to each subproject, which is more detailed and operational so as to avoid negative impacts and enhance positive ones. In case it is not possible to suppress negative impacts, the plan will propose measures to minimize them.

Purpose of Monitoring: The purpose of the environmental and social monitoring is to ensure effective implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) itself as well as an Envionrmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) to be elaborated according to the ESMF. At the Project Implementation Unit level, the environmental, social, social inclusion and resettlement specialists mentioned above will conduct regular field visits to ensure proper implementation of mitigation plans, based on an adaptive management approach.

Monitoring Methodology: At the field level, monitoring will be carried out in a participatory manner, including the beneficiaries, relevant staff, and the team of specialists. Wherever possible, the beneficiaries should be the responsible party in the field for measuring and recording as well as reporting to the relevant staff.Monitoring scheme that is within the technical and financial means of the beneficiaries has the largest chance of attaining sustainability, successfully mitigating negative impacts and enhancing positive impacts.

Indicators as well as methods of measurement and recording should be chosen by the beneficiaries with the guidance of relevant staff and the team of specialists, so as to improve their understanding of environmental and social impacts, in addition to that of necessary and possible mitigation measures, and to increase their sense of ownership. Monitoring checklists, including indicators and frequency, will be prepared with the subproject-specific mitigation plans by the beneficiaries, relevant field staff and the specialists. The field staff will assist where scientifically desirable frequencies of measuring are not socially feasible for the beneficiaries.

The consultants hired for monitoring and evaluation (see 3.5 Implementation Arrangements).will conduct monitoring on an annual basis as third-party validation.

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Implementation of Land Acqusition and Resettlement Plan (or Resettlement Action Plan), Indigenous Peoples Plan Integrated Pest Management Plan and other Plans deemed necessary for safeguarding the environmental and social well-being of the persons who may be affected by subprojectswill be monitored also by the PIU.

8.9. Capacity Building

8.9.1. Capacity of Implementing Agency

The Directorate of On-Farm Water Management consists of17 professional and an unidentified number of support staff members at its headquarters in Peshawar (Table 8.2) and of 416members in the 25 field offices, including the support staff who make up about half of the workforce in the fields (Table 8.3). The assigned roles in planning, monitoring and evaluation and capacity development for the personnel in Peshawar are indicated in the same table. At the district level, the District Director is responsible for monitoring and facilitation of the work in the office and in the field, the Deputy Director for spot checking of physical work at site, preparing progress reports, the District Officer for the same.

While the duties of the technical personnel include monitoring and evaluation, the level of skills and knowledge on the subject is insufficient for implementing the project, according to their self-evaluation.126The staff members are aware of the benefits and necessity of stakeholder engagement as well as participatory approach and practice them in their work. However, they do not have experience in adaptive management. The fact that it is their first World Bank project accentuates the necessity.

8.9.2 Plan for Capacity Building

The objective of capacity building is to provide basic knowledge and information on the key environmental and social issues associated with the proposed interventions to the key project personnel and project beneficiaries. The environmental, social, and social inclusion specialists will be responsible for implementing the plan for capacity building (see Table 8.4). Strengthening the capacity of project personnel, on and off the field, will be of the direct responsibility of the specialists. At the subproject sites, the trained field staff will be responsible for training other workers and beneficiaries. Additional capacity building requirements may be included in the ESMP of each subprojects.

The three specialists (environmental, social and social inclusion), field staff and contractors will be responsible for preparing a report for each training conducted by them. If resettlement becomes necessary, the team specialists will include a resettlement specialist. The training report must include the objectives and detailed content of the training, copy of the training materials and presentations, list of resource persons and list of participants.

126Jan (2019).

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Table 8.2: Personnel of Directorate of On-Farm Water Managementin Peshawar

Number of Role in Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation and Capacity Development Post Persons • Plan and design of projects Director General 1 • Monitor and evaluate developmental schemes Director Headquarters 1 n.a. Director Field Operation 1 • Monitoring of field/office activities against the set project procedures • Plan and design of projects Director Planning 1 • Preparation of action plans and annual workshops Director Human Resources Development 1 n.a. Deputy Director Human Resources 1 n.a. Development Deputy Director Planning 1 • Assist Director Planning in planning • Assist Director Human Resources Development in monitoring of field/office Deputy Director Field Operation 1 activities against the set project procedures • Prepare reviews • Assist Director Planning in planning and designing of projects Assistant Director Planning 1 • Prepare annual work plans • Assist Director General and Director Field Operation in designs and estimates of Assistant Director Field Operation 1 projects • Prepare progress reports Assistant Director Administration 1 n.a. Accounts Officer 2 n.a. GIS Specialist 1 n.a. Office Superintendent 2 n.a. GIS Analyst 1 n.a. Office Management Staff n.a. n.a. Source: Jan (2019)

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Table 8.3: Personnel of Directorate of On-Farm Water Managementin the Field

Post District Deputy Water Office District Director Water District Officer Director Water Management Sub Engineer Management Support Staff Total Management Management Officer Staff Abbottabad - 1 - 1 2 3 6 13 Bannu - 1 - 1 2 4 7 15 Batagram - 1 - 1 2 4 6 14 Buner - 1 - 1 2 4 7 15 Charsadda 1 - 1 2 4 4 9 21 Chitral - 1 - 2 2 4 6 15 Dir, Lower - 1 - 1 2 4 6 14 Dir, Upper - 1 - 1 2 3 6 13 Dera Ismail Khan 1 - 1 2 4 6 19 33 Haripur 1 - 1 2 3 4 7 18 Hangu - 1 - 1 2 3 5 12 Karak - 1 - 1 2 3 6 13 Kohat - 1 - 2 2 4 7 16 Kohistan - 1 - 1 2 3 6 13 Lakki Marwat 1 - 1 2 4 4 9 21 Malakand - 1 2 4 7 15 Mansehra 1 - 1 2 3 4 8 19 Mardan 1 - 1 2 4 4 11 23 Nowshera - 1 - 2 4 4 9 20 Peshawar 1 - 1 2 4 6 11 25 Swabi - 1 - 2 2 4 7 16 Shangla - 1 - 1 2 3 6 13 Swat 1 - 1 2 3 4 8 19 Tank - 1 - 1 2 3 5 12 Tor Ghar - 1 - 1 1 2 3 8 Total 8 17 8 37 64 94 187 416 Source: Jan (2019)

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Table 8.4: Capacity Building Plan

Description Topics Participants Responsibility Timing Environmental • Environmental and social awareness; • Project Directors; Environmental, social, and • As early as possible after and social • Key environmental and social issues • Project Implementation social Inclusion specialists subproject concept note training associated with subproject; Unit staff drafting begins • Screening and its findings; • Afterward as soon as major • Environmental Impact Assessment changes to subproject are findings; discussed, and at least once a • Environmental and Social Management quarter. Plan (ESMP) and its components. • ESMP implementation; • Field staff not included Field staff trained by specialists • Monitoring and reporting; above; • Grievance redress mechanism; • Contractors; • Community consultations and • Community members of participation. subproject sites. • ESMP implementation; • Contractor and contracted Contractors • After the subproject • Occupational health and safety. workers components are determined, but before the implementation. • Afterward as soon as major changes to subproject are discussed, and at least once a month. Awareness raising • Integrated natural resources • Non-indigenous female Field staff trained by specialists • As early as possible after management; farmers; subproject concept note • Nature-based solutions; • Non-indigenous male drafting begins. • Integrated pest management; Farmers; • Afterward as soon as major • Handling of hazardous material; • Indigenous female changes to subproject are • Waste management; farmers; discussed, and at least once a • Climate change and its implications; • Indigenous male farmers. quarter. • Community organization. (To be convened separately)

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8.10. Grievance Redress Mechanism 8.10.1. Objectives

A grievance redress mechanism (GRM) will be put in place in order to allow people who may be affected raise a grievance about any issues regarding subproject designing and implementation. The most local level of GRM for the project will be based on customary practices of the people who may be affected by the subproject. The GRM will consider all grievances related to the subproject.

A grievance redress mechanism must provide a predictable, transparent and creditable process to all parties, resulting in outcomes that are seen as fair, effective and lasting. It ensures provision of a cost-effective method to the locals to report their grievances and complaints, establishes a forum and a structure to report their grievances with dignity and access to a fair hearing and remedy, provides means to negotiate and influence decisions and policies of the project that might adversely affect them, and facilitates access to information on the subproject. The GRM will address affected people’s concerns and complaints regarding subproject design and implementation proactively and promptly, using and understandable and transparent process that takes vulnerable groups’ conditions into account, culturally appropriate and readily accessible to all segments of the affected people at no cost and without retribution.

Operationally, a good GRM resolves grievances and disputes at the lowest level and relatively quickly before they escalate to an unmanageable level, facilitates effective communication between the project and affected women and men, helps win the trust and confidence of the locals, creates productive relationships between the parties; ensures equitable and fair distribution of benefits, costs and risks, mitigates or prevents adverse impacts of the subproject on communications and produces appropriate corrective or preventive actions; helps to avoid project delays and cost increase, and improve quality of work.

The mechanism should be established as soon as possible so that the subproject design phase will not be without one. The communities to be affected will be informed about the mechanism immediately after its establishment.

8.10.2. Structure

A grievance redress mechanism must have a clear structure and well-defined functions, including its boundaries, role and responsibilities assigned to different personnel for handling the grievance resolution process, such as receiving, recording and sorting complaints, conducting assessments and resolution processes, coordination and monitoring.

In each subproject area, a grievance redress committee (GRC) of local communities will be formally established and will function as open forums for hearing complaints and exploring quick resolution to resolve conflicts. A local chapter of the GRC, Local Grievance Redress Committee (LGRC), will also be established to provide easy access to the mechanism. The LGRC serves as the lowest level grievance mechanism and will deal with a wide variety of complaints. For a GRC based on the existing mechanism in the communities, a LGRC must comprise the local members who are usually engaged in conflict resolution, such as jirga members, the social specialist under the PIU, and one representative from the contractor. The PIU will help in formulation of LGRCs and project directors will formally be notified of LGRCs for all subprojects.

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At the PIU level, GRCs will be headed by Project Director and will be comprised of PIU staff, two members from local communities and one member from the executing agency. The role of the GRCs at PIU is to address the project related grievance of the affected parties that could not be resolved satisfactorily at LGRCs. If needed, the World Bank Islamabad Office can also be contacted by communities.The detailed working of the mechanism and related contact information will be disseminated through public consultations to the people who may be affected by the subproject at an earliest opportunity.

The PIU will encourage the persons affected by the project to organize a Project Affected Persons Committee. It is not a parallel grievance redress mechanism, but grassroots mobilization that would help in making effective use of the mechanism. The details are given in Section 8.5 Project Affected Persons’ Committee.

8.10.3. Resolution Process

The complaints received will be properly recorded and documented by a designated staff in the Complaint Register. The information recorded in the Register will include: date of the complaint; particulars of the complainant; description of the grievance; actions and steps taken (or to be taken) to resolve the complaint at site level; the person responsible to take the action; follow up requirements; and the target date for the implementation of the mitigation measure. The Register will also record the actual measures taken to mitigate these concerns. The aggrieved persons affected by the project will be kept informed about the actions on her/his complaint. S/he will be facilitated by the project to participate in the proceedings at different levels of grievance resolution process. For complaints related to the environment, the PIU will refer these to the Environmental Safeguard Specialist for the project. The process of grievance resolution will be as follows:

Awareness Raising: The grievance redress mechanism will be widely publicized among the stakeholders groups such as affected communities, government agencies and civil society organizations.

Receiving and Registering Complaints: Complaints will be logged in writing, through emails or phone and fax by any person of community through LGRC. The complaint will be entertained by LGRCs and registered in a grievance/complaint register. Name of complainant, computerized national identity card number, date and time will be entered into the register. If the compliant is not in written form or the women or men are illiterate, then any LGRC member will write down the complaint on behalf of the complainant.

Screening and Referring the Complaints: The committee will deal with every grievance in a fair, objective and just manner and will reply for every grievance which is being rejected. Each complain related to sub-project area will be discussed as per the scope of GRM. For establishing the eligibility of the complaints received, the following criteria will be used:

• Complainant is identified and has provided a name and contact details; • Complainant is affected by the project; • Complaint has a direct relationship to the project; • Issues raised in the complaint fall within the scope of the project; and • Issues raised in the complaint fall within the scope of the GRM.

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Formulating a Response: After completing the complaint assessment, a response will be formulated on how to proceed with the complaint by LGRC. This response will be communicated to the complainant and the response may include:

• Acceptance or rejection of the complaint; • Reasons for acceptance or rejection; • Next steps, if the complaint will be entertained in LGRC level or will be referred to higher level; • A time frame for settlement; and • If the complaint is accepted, further documents or evidence required for investigation, e.g., cost implications field investigation etc.

Settling Mechanism: The Grievance Redress Committee proposes a verity of strategies to settle grievances, including:

• Requesting the relevant person/contractor/authority to take appropriate measures to remove the cause of grievance, e.g., PIU. consultant, contractor etc.; • Determining reasonable compensation for property damage, loss livelihood etc.; • Signing agreements (if needed) between affected person and the relevant authority for solutions mutually agreed upon; and • If the complaint is within the given framework of any Plan for the subproject, then the LGRC will give appropriate decision and implement. In case, the complaint is not within the suggested framework or requires extra amount and resources, then it will be forwarded to the GRC at PIU level with recommendations, while properly notifying the complainant.

Tracking and Documenting the Process and Results: The Grievance Redress Committee has the responsibility for tracking and monitoring the process of grievance redress and the implementation of the decision made and of seeing that redress is granted to affected women and men in a timely and efficient manner. It will also give regular feedback to the complainants about the progress of the grievance redress process.

8.10.4. Legal Process

If a complaint cannot be resolved through the Local Grievance Redress Committee or Grievance Redress Committee, the issue will be adjudicated through local legal processes. The implementing Project Implementation Unit and local support organizations will assist them by familiarizing them with the local judicial and administrative set up.

8.11. Reporting and Documentation

Complete documentation will be maintained for the Environmental and Social Management Framework implementation process.

Environmental and Social Checklists: All checklists completed to comply with the Environmental and Social Management Framework will be kept.

Reports on Environmental and Social Safeguards: All trips and workshops related to environmental and social safeguards, management and plan that are organized for the project will be documented including photographs.

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Consultation Minutes: The process of consultations, including that leading to free, prior and informed consent, will be recorded: date; place; name of participants, their title and gender; agenda of the consultation; discussions and conclusions.

Records of Grievance Redress: The complaints received will be properly recorded and documented by a designated staff in the Complaint Register. The information recorded in the Register will include: date of the complaint; particulars of the complainant; description of the grievance; actions/steps taken/to be taken to resolve the complaint at site level; the person responsible to take the action; follow up requirements; and the target date for the implementation of the mitigation measure. The Register will also record the actual measures taken to mitigate these concerns.

Annual Third-Party Monitoring and Evaluation Reports: Effective and efficient monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is crucial for the project’s successful implementation. The M&E consultants will report to the Project Director and support: a) monitoring, according to the project results framework which includes key performance indicators (KPIs); b) completing a baseline survey for each component; c) carrying out impact evaluation studies; and d) establishing a Project Management Information System (MIS).

Consolidated Quarterly Report: The Project Director will be held accountable for providing a consolidated quarterly report in a specified format to the Government of KP and the World Bank no later than 45 days after each quarter. The consolidated report should cover the overall project implementation status, project outcomes and impact, and detailed progress of all components activities, such as progress on physical constructions, progress on capacity building and training, progress and results of special studies, and other fiduciary issues.

Annual Project Implementation Plan: The Project Director will also prepare annual Project Implementation Plan, based on inputs from the PIU. The Plan must be prepared by March 31 of each year of project implementation. Each PIP will cover the planned fiscal year (July 1 to June 30) and will include: a) work plans for each component, with funds required for implementation of each activity b) an updated disbursement profile; and c) project targets for the planned year.

Mid-Term Review and Implementation Completion Report: A Mid Term Review will be undertaken half way through the project implementation, and an Implementation Completion Report will be submitted to the World Bank no later than six months after the closing date of the project.

8.12. Disclosure Requirements for Environmental and Social Management Framework

Once finalized, documents related to the Environmental and Social Safeguards prepared by the team as well their Urdu translations will be disclosed on the official websites of Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Agriculture Department, Directorate of On-Farm Water Management. These documents will also be kept by the PIU. In addition, the ESMF will be disclosed on the World Bank InfoShop.

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8.13. Implementation Budget for Environmental and Social Management Framework

An indicative budget for implementing the Environmental and Social Management Framework is as shown in the table below. Additional costs will be included in the subproject specific Environmental and Social Management Plan.

Table 8.5: Indicative Budget for Safeguards Implementation

Description Cost Notes (million PKR) Environment 20.71 Full time; PKR 64,722 per week for total 320 weeks. Specialist Social Specialist 20.71 Full time; PKR 64,722 per week for total 320 weeks.

Social Inclusion 20.71 Full time; PKR 64,722 per week for total 320 weeks. (gender, indigenous people, youth, etc.) Specialist

Resettlement 4.66 Two weeks per month for the first year, and one week Specialist Consultant per month for the remaining project duration: PKR 64,722 per week for 72 weeks. External (Third- 14.52 PKR 2.42 million per year for 6 years. Party) Monitoring

Capacity Building 23.31 Two weeks per month for the first year, and one week per month for the remaining project duration: PKR 323,750 per week for total 72 trainings.

ESMP Preparation 8.09 Ten plans at PKR 809,500 each.

Development of 8.05 Five crops at PKR 1.61 million each. Health, Safety and Environment Protocols and Trainings Miscellaneous 11.64 PKR 1.94 million per year for 6 years. Expenses

Total (for 6 years) 132.40 USD 942,000 (in March 2019)

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1 Introduction 1.1 Background

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2. Legislative, Regulatory, and Policy Framework 2.1 Legislative, Regulatory, and Policy Framework

Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa(undated). Agriculture Policy, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, A Ten Year Perspective (2015-2015).Retrieved 8December 2018. http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/pak173417.pdf

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2.2 Obligations under International Treaties and Annex A International Treaties Most Relevant to the Project

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Cultural Survival. (2017). Observations on The State of Indigenous Human Rights in Pakistan. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.culturalsurvival.org/sites/default/files/PakistanUPR2017.pdf

ECOLEX (undated). Amendment to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. (undated). Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.ecolex.org/details/treaty/amendment-to-the-basel-convention-on-the- control-of-transboundary-movements-of-hazardous-wastes-and-their-disposal-tre- 001340/?

ECOLEX (undated). Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.ecolex.org/details/treaty/basel-convention-on-the-control-of- transboundary-movements-of-hazardous-wastes-and-their-disposal-tre-001003/

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ECOLEX (undated). Convention on Biological Diversity. (undated). Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.ecolex.org/details/treaty/convention-on-biological-diversity-tre- 001148/?q=nagoya+biodiversity+convention&xdate_min=&xdate_max=

ECOLEX (undated). Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.ecolex.org/details/treaty/convention-on- international-trade-in-endangered-species-of-wild-fauna-and-flora-tre- 000483/?q=trade+endangered+species

ECOLEX (undated). Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.ecolex.org/details/treaty/convention-on-the-law-of-the-non-navigational- uses-of-international-watercourses-tre-001249/?q=international+watercourses

ECOLEX (undated). Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.ecolex.org/details/treaty/convention- on-wetlands-of-international-importance-especially-as-waterfowl-habitat-tre- 000531/?q=ramsar

ECOLEX (undated). International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships.. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.ecolex.org/details/treaty/international- convention-for-the-prevention-of-pollution-from-ships-tre-000113/?q=marpol

ECOLEX (undated). International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS). (undated). Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.ecolex.org/details/treaty/international- convention-for-the-safety-of-life-at-sea-solas-tre-000115/?q=solas

ECOLEX (undated). Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (undated). Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.ecolex.org/details/treaty/kyoto-protocol-to-the-united-nations-framework- convention-on-climate-change-tre- 001269/?q=United+Nations+Framework+Convention+on+Climate+Change%2C+Kyoto+Pr otocol&xdate_min=&xdate_max=

ECOLEX (undated). Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.ecolex.org/details/treaty/montreal-protocol-on- substances-that-deplete-the-ozone-layer-tre-000953/?q=montreal+ozone

ECOLEX (undated). Nagoya Biodiversity Convention. (undated). Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.ecolex.org/details/treaty/nagoya-protocol-on-access-to-genetic-resources- and-their-fair-and-equitable-sharing-of-benefits-arising-from-their-utilization-to-the- convention-on-biological-diversity-tre-155959/?q=nagoya+biodiversity+convention&xda

ECOLEX (undated). Paris Agreement. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.ecolex.org/details/treaty/paris-agreement-tre- 160054/?q=paris+agreement&xdate_min=&xdate_max=

ECOLEX (undated). Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.ecolex.org/details/treaty/rotterdam-convention-on-the-prior-informed-

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consent-procedure-for-certain-hazardous-chemicals-and-pesticides-in-international- trade-tre-001280/?q=rotterdam&xdate_min=&xdate_max=

ECOLEX (undated). Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.ecolex.org/details/treaty/stockholm-convention-on- persistent-organic-pollutants-tre-001338/?q=stockholm

European Commission. (undated). International action on climate change. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/negotiations/paris_en

Extension Toxicology Network. (undated). Pesticide Information Profile. Retrieved 20 February 2019. http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/haloxyfop-methylparathion/methyl- bromide-ext.html

Forestry, Environment & Wildlife Department, Environmental Protection Agency, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2016). Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Policy. Retrieved 8 December 2018. http://kp.gov.pk/uploads/2016/11/Final_Climate_Change_Policy_for_KP_Province_25_O ctober,_2016_WebSec_Comments.pdf

Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. (2015). Khyber Pakhtun. Retrieved 9 December 2018. http://phedkp.gov.pk/home/download_file/drinking_water_policy.pdf

Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa(2018a). Races and Tribes. Retrieved 8 December 2018. Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: http://kp.gov.pk/page/races_and_tribes

IISD. (undated). Introduction to the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. Retrieved 8 December 2018. http://enb.iisd.org/process/climate_atm-fcccintro.html

Ilyas, F. (2018). Illegal trade in wildlife rife across Pakistan. DAWN, 12 March 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.dawn.com/news/1394654

International Maritime Organization. (undated). An Introduction to the IMDG Code. Retrieved 8 December 2018. http://www.imdgsupport.com/free%20imdg%20code%20introduction%2037-14.pdf

International Maritime Organization. (undated). Adopting a convention, Entry into force, Accession, Amendment, Enforcement, Tacit acceptance procedure . Retrieved 8 December 2018. http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/Pages/Home.aspx

International Maritime Organization. (undated). International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). Retrieved 8 December 2018. http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International- Convention-for-the-Prevention-of-Pollution-from-Ships-(MARPOL).aspx

International Maritime Organization. (undated). International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. Retrieved 8 December 2018. http://www.imo.org/en/about/conventions/listofconventions/pages/international- convention-for-the-safety-of-life-at-sea-(solas),-1974.aspx

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International Maritime Organization (undated). Introduction to IMO. Retrieved 8 December 2018. http://www.imo.org/en/About/Pages/Default.aspx

International Maritime Organization (undated). Member States. Retrieved 8 December 2018. http://www.imo.org/en/About/Membership/Pages/MemberStates.aspx

International Labour Organization (undated). Safety and Health in Agriculture Convention. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_COD E:C184

IUCN. (undated). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.iucn.org/theme/global-policy/our-work/united-nations- framework-convention-climate-change-unfcccInternational Labour Organization (undated). List of Conventions, Recommendations and Protocols pending submission for Pakistan. (undated). Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13310:0::NO:13310:P13310_COUNTRY_I D:103166:NO

Kallada, S. (2018). Ozone Depleting Gas seized by Pakistan Customs. IMDG Code Compliance Centre. 17 November 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018. http://www.shashikallada.com/ozone-depleting-gas-seized-by-pakistan-customs/

Khan, A. A. and Arshad, S. (2014). Wetlands of Pakistan: Distribution, Degradation. Pakistan Geographical Review, 28-45.

Khan, I. U., & Nadeem, M. (undated). FOREST LAWS OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA AND THE ENVIRONMENT. KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, Pakistan. Retrieved December 10, 2018

Khan, M.I., M.A. Shoukat, S.A. Cheema, H.N. Arif, N.K. Niazi, M. Azam, S. Bashir, I. Ashraf and R. Qadri. 2018. “Use, Contamination and Exposure of Pesticides in Pakistan: A Review.” Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences. Vol. 55(X).

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. (undated). Retrieved December 8th, 2018, from Wikipedia : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa

LEAD Pakistan. (2015). Pakistan submits INDC to UNFCCC. LEAD Pakistan. 11 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2018. http://www.lead.org.pk/lead/postDetail.aspx?postid=269

Liu, F. (2016). Updates of Activities by BCRC China. Ministry of Environment. 6 September 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.env.go.jp/en/recycle/asian_net/Annual_Workshops/2016_PDF/day1_S1_16 _BCRC-China.pdf

Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Developement (undated). National Resettlement Policy. Government of Pakistan. Retrieved 10 December 2018. http://environment.gov.pk/images/policies/NRP02.PDF

Ministry of Environment Islamabad, Government of Pakistan (undated). National Implementation Plan (nip) for Phasing Out and Elimination of Pops from Pakistan under

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Stockholm Convention Article 7 (a). Retrieved 8 December 2018. http://chm.pops.int/Portals/0/download.aspx?d=UNEP-POPS-NIP-Pakistan-1.English.pdf

The News International. (undated). Big Metropolises Predominate Illegal Trade of Wildlife Species: report. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/203903- Big-metropolises-predominate-illegal-trade-of-wildlife-species-report

Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2017). Violations of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in Pakistan.Retrived 10 December 2018. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CESCR/Shared Documents/PAK/INT_CESCR_CSS_PAK_27368_E.docx

Ogunseitan, O. (201). Russian Roulette with Rotterdam Convention. Retrieved 8 December 2018.https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11837-015-1651-x.pdf

Pakistan Defence (undated). Pakistan's Provinces Share in GDP. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://defence.pk/pdf/threads/pakistans-provinces-share-in-gdp.505730/

Pakistan Poverty Allivation Fund. (undated). Indiginous People Planning Frame Work. Retrieved 8 December 2018. http://www.ppaf.org.pk/doc/regional/3- Indigenous%20People%20Policy%20Framework%20(IPPF).pdf

Ramsar (undated). Annotated List of Wetlands of International Importance. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://rsis.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/rsiswp_search/exports/Ramsar-Sites- annotated-summary-Pakistan.pdf?1543769211

Ramsar(undated). Pakistan. Retrieved 8 Decemnber 2018. https://www.ramsar.org/search?search_api_views_fulltext=pakistan

Ramsar (undated). THE RAMSAR CONVENTION AND ITS MISSION. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.ramsar.org/about/the-ramsar-convention-and-its-mission

Rotterdam Convention (undated). Rotterdam Convention Overview. Retrieved 8 December 2018. http://www.pic.int/TheConvention/Overview/tabid/1044/language/en- US/Default.aspx

Saeed, A. (2018). Slingshot Toting Teenagers Turn Conservationists in Pakistan. Down to Earth. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife- biodiversity/slingshot-toting-teenagers-turn-conservationists-in-pakistan-61087

Stockholm Convention (undated).Climate Change Increases Planet’s Vulnerability to Persistent Organic Pollutants. Retrieved 8 December 2018. http://chm.pops.int/Implementation/PublicAwareness/PressReleases/UNFCCCCOP16Clim ateChangeCancun7Dec2010/tabid/1269/Default.aspx

Stockholm Convention (undated). Stockholm Convention Overview. Retrieved 8 December 2018. http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/Overview/tabid/3351/Default.aspx

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Synergies Among the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions (undated).About Synergies. Retrieved 8 December 2018. http://www.brsmeas.org/Decisionmaking/Overview/AboutSynergies/tabid/2614/languag e/fr-CH/Default.aspx

UNCCD. (undated). About The Convention. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.unccd.int/convention/about-convention

UNCCD (undated). National Action Plan to Combat Desertification in Pakistan. (undated). Retrieved 8 December 8 2018. https://knowledge.unccd.int/sites/default/files/naps/pakistan-eng2002.pdf

UNCCD. (2015). Status of ratification of the United Nations Convention. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/sessions/documents/ICCD_COP12_INF.3/inf3en g.pdf

UNCCD. (undated). UNCCD in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/relevant-links/2017- 01/UNCCD_Convention_ENG_0.pdf

UNDP. (undated). Gender Inequality Index. Retrieved 8 December 2018. http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/GII

UNDP. (undated). Human Development Index. Retrieved 8 December 2018. http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506

UNFCCC (undated). PAKISTAN’S INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED. (undated). Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Pakistan%20First/Pak- INDC.pdf

United Nations. (undated). United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/declaration-on-the-rights-of- indigenous-peoples.html

United Nations. (undated). United Nations Declaration on The Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wp- content/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf

United Nations Climate Change. (undated). What is the Kyoto Protocol. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-kyoto-protocol/what-is-the-kyoto- protocol/what-is-the-kyoto-protoco

United Nations Environment Programme. (2018). Country Data. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://ozone.unep.org/countries/data

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United Nations Human Rights Commission. (undated). Declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples. Retrieved 8 Decemb December 2018. https://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/ipeoples/pages/declaration.aspx

United Nations Treaty Collection (undated). Amendment to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-3- a&chapter=27&lang=en

United Nation Treaty Collection (undated) Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses. (undated). Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XXVII- 12&chapter=27&lang=en

United Nations Treaty Collection (undated). Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Retrieved 8 December 2018. https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV- 8&chapter=4&lang=en

United Nations Women. (undated). Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) For Youth. Retrieved 8 December 2018. http://www.unwomen.org/- /media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2016/cedaw-for-youth- brief.pdf?la=en&vs=1243

The World Bank (undated). Projects & Operations . Retrieved 8 December 2018. http://projects.worldbank.org/P163474/?lang=en&tab=financial

WWF. (undated). Illegal Wildlife Trade. Retrieved 8 December 2018. http://www.wwfpak.org/iwt/

2.5 Environmental and Social Guidelines

Dani, A. A., ed. (2003) Social Analysis Sourcebook. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. Retrieved 18 March 2019. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTSR/Resources/SocialAnalysisSourcebookFINAL20 03Dec.pdf

Environment Department, World Bank (1991). Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume I: Policies, Procedures, and Cross-Sectoral Issues. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Retrieved 18 March 2019. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/223391468174870007/pdf/multi-page.pdf

Environment Department, World Bank (1991). Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume II: Policies, Procedures, and Cross-Sectoral Guidelines Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Retrieved 18 March 2019. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/415971468137388990/pdf/multi-page.pdf

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2011) Environmental Impact Assessment: Guidelines for FAO Field Projects. Rome: FAO. Retrieved 7 February 2019. http://www.fao.org/climatechange/29103-02e9a33753ffc325da1e25250c06c927b.pdf

International Finance Corporation (2007). Environment, Health, and Safety General Guidelines. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. Retrieved 18 March 2019. https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/554e8d80488658e4b76af76a6515bb18/Final+- +General+EHS+Guidelines.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

World Bank (1999). Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook: Towards Cleaner Production. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.Retrieved 18 March 2019. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/758631468314701365/pdf/multi0page.pdf

4. Environmental Baseline Conditions 4.1 Location

Kruseman, G.P. and Naqavi, S.A.H. (1988). Hydrogeology and groundwater resources of the North-West Frontier Province Pakistan.

4.3 Geological Setting

Building Code of Pakistan (2007). Seismic provisions. Ministry of Housing and Public Works.

Kruseman, G.P., and Naqavi, S.A.H. (1988). Hydrogeology and groundwater resources of the North-West Frontier Province Pakistan.

4.4 Soils

Albert, D., and Maliha, H. H. (1994). Environmental Profile of North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Pakistan. Amersfoort, P.O, Box 1399, the Netherlands.

Brown, R. B. (2007). "Soil Texture,"Agronomy Fact Sheet Series: Fact Sheet SL-29. Cornell University, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences.

Editors (2014). "What is Permafrost?". International Permafrost Association.

Fischer, G.,Nachtergaele, F., Prieler, S., van Velthuizen, H.T., Verelst, L., and Wiberg, D. (2008).Global Agro-ecological Zones Assessment for Agriculture (GAEZ 2008). IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria and FAO, Rome, Italy.

Harvey, F. (2013). "1.5C rise in temperature enough to start permafrost melt, scientists warn."The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 February 2013.

Kaufmann, R. K., and Cutler J. C. (2008). Environmental Science. McGraw-Hill. pp. 318–319. ISBN 978-0-07-298429-3.

Khan, M., Khan, M. Q., Rahman, S., Naimatullah, M., Sadiq, M., and Mian I. A. (2011). Characterization of Rod Kohi Soils of D.I. Khan, Pakistan. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture. Vol.27, No.4.

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Lerner, B. R. (2000). "What is Loam?", Purdue University Consumer Horticulture, 6 January 2000. Margaret, K. H. (2016). "Melting Permafrost Could Affect Weather Worldwide; It's not just releasing greenhouse gases—it may also alter the ocean's chemistry and circulation patterns". Scientific American.

Nafees, M., Jan, M. R., Khan, H., and Ali, A. (2008). Status of Soil Texture And Required Associated Soil Conservation Measure Of River Swat Catchments Area, NWFP, Pakistan. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture. Vol.24, No.2.

Osterkamp, T. E. (2001). "Sub-Sea Permafrost", Academic Press. 2902–12

Shiklomanov, I. (1993). "World fresh water resources", in Gleick, Peter H., Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources, New York: Oxford University Press.

Siddiqui, S., and Khattak, R. A. (2012). Heavy metals distribution in the soils of Peshawar valley, Northern-Pakistan. Scientific Research and Essays. Vol. 7, No. 5, 544-552. DOI: 10.5897/SRE10.792.

4.5 Land Use

Mehmood, T. (2018) Important District-wise Socio-economic Indicator of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa. Bureau of Statistics. Planning & Development Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Pakistan Agriculture Information System (2018). Retrieved on 9 December 2018. http://dwms.fao.org/~test/dat_lc_kp_en.asp

4.6 Waterlogging and Salinity

Shah, A.H., Gill, K.H., and Syed, N.I. (2011). Sustainable salinity management for combating desertification in Pakistan. International Journal of Water Resources and Arid Environments.Vol. 1, No. 5,312-317.

The World Bank (2003). Reforming Governance Systems for Drainage in Pakistan, Toward an Interdisciplinary and Integrated Approach to Agricultural Drainage. Washington, D.C.; World Bank.

Water and Power Development Authority (2006). Salinity and Reclamation Department. SCARP Monitoring Organization, Lahore, Pakistan.

4.7 Hydrology and Water Resources

Asghar, M. (2012). No plan to stop water level from going down. Dawn, 19 February 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2019. https://www.dawn.com/news/696675

Bacha, A.A., Durrani, M.I. and Paracha, P.I. (2010) “Physical and bacteriological characteristic of drinking water of Peshawar.”Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. Vol. 9. 1028–1033

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Khan, M.I., Shoukat, M.A., Cheema, S.A., Arif, H.N., Niazi, N.K., Azam, M., Bashir, S. , Ashraf, I., and Qadri, R. (2018). “Use, Contamination and Exposure of Pesticides in Pakistan: A Review.” Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences. Vol. 55(X).

Rahman, A. and Khan, A. N. (2013). “Analysis of 2010-flood causes, nature and magnitude in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.”Natural Hazards.Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 887-904. DOI: 10.1007/s11069-012-0528-3

Soomro, Z.A. , Khokhar, M.I.A., Hussain, W., Hussain, M. (2011). Drinking water quality challenges in Pakistan. Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, Lahore, pp 17–28

4.8 Air and Noise

Environment Protection Agency, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. (2018). Retreived 22 November 2018. http://epa.kp.gov.pk/page/noise_pollution

Ismail, M. (2014). Determination of chlorinated pesticides and degradation of chlorpyrifos in water by advanced oxidation process (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Peshawar).

Jain, N., Bhatia, A., and Pathak, H. (2014). “Emission of Air Pollutants from Crop Residue Burning in India.” Aerosol and Air Quality Research. No. 14.

Sanchez-Triana, E., Enriquez, S., Afzal, J., Nakagawa, A., and Khan, A.S. (2014). Cleaning Pakistan's Air: Policy Options to Address the Cost of Outdoor Air Pollution. The World Bank.

4.9 Climate

Kruseman, G.P., and Naqavi, S.A.H. (1988). Hydrogeology and groundwater resources of the North-West Frontier Province Pakistan.

Sarfaraz, S., Arsalan, M.H., and Fatima, H. (2014). “Regionalizing the Climate of Pakistan Using Köppen Classification System.” Pakistan Geographical Review.Vol. 69, No.2, December 2014.

4.10 Climate Change

Ali, S., Li, D., Congbin, F. and Khan, F. (2015). “21st Century climatic and hydrological changes over Upper Indus Basin of Himalayan region of Pakistan.”Environmental Research Letters.Vol. 10, No. 1. 014007. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/10/1/014007.

Chaudhry, Q. Z. (2009). “Climate Change Indicators of Pakistan.”Technical Report. No. 22. Islamabad: Pakistan Meteorological Department.

Data Distribution Centre (2018). Scenario Process for AR5, Purpose and Audience. Retrieved 7 September 2018. http://sedac.ipcc-data.org/ddc/ar5_scenario_process/index.html

International Monetary Fund (2015). IMF Staff Discussion Note: Is the Glass Half Empty or Half Full? Issues in Managing Water Challenges and Policy Instruments. Retrieved 5 December 2018. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2015/sdn1511.pdf

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Khan, F., Pilz, J., and Ali S. (2017). “Improved hydrological projections and reservoir management in the Upper Indus Basin under the changing climate.”Water and Environment Journal. Vol. 31, No. 2, 235-244. DOI: 10.1111/wej.12237. Khan, F., Pilz, J., Amjad. M., Wiberg, W., 2015. “Climate variability and its impacts on water resources under IPCC climate change scenarios in the Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan.” International Journal of Global Warming. Vol. 8, No. 1, 46-69. DOI: 10.1504/ijgw.2015.071583.

Snover, A.K., Mauger, G.S., Whitely Binder, L., Krosby, M.B., and Tohver, I. (2013). “Making Sense of the New Climate Change Scenarios.” In Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation in Washington State: Technical Summaries for Decision Makers. Seattle: Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington.

United Nations Development Programme. 2015. Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Review (CPEIR) Study, Pakistan. Islamabad. Retrieved 3 February 2019. https://www.undp.org/content/dam/pakistan/docs/Environment%20&%20Climate%20C hange/UNDP%20Climate%20Report%20V10.pdf

4.11 Ecosystems, Biodiversity and Protected Areas

Forestry, Environment & Wildlife Department, Environmental Protection Agency, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2016). Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Policy. Retrieved 8 December2018. http://kp.gov.pk/uploads/2016/11/Final_Climate_Change_Policy_for_KP_Province_25_O ctober,_2016_WebSec_Comments.pdf

Government of Pakistan (2015). Pakistan National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. Retreived 7 March 2019.https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/import/downloads/nbsap_1st_draft_23_3_15. pdf

Saqib, Z., and Sultan, A. (2005).Ethnobotany of Palas Valley, Pakistan. Retrieved 7 March 2019. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/38285172_Ethnobotany_of_Palas_Valley_Paki stan

Sarfraz, H., Khan, A. A., Javed, N., Ahmad, S., ur-Rahim, I., and Rafiq, M. (undated).Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2016.

Wikipedia (2018). List of endangered species in Pakistan. Retrieved 9 March 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endangered_species_in_Pakistan

Wildlife Department, Khyber Pakhtukhwa (2018). Retrieved 12 December 2018.http://kpwildlife.com.pk/news.html

4.12 Solid Waste Management

Korai, M.S., Mahar, R.B., and Uqaili, M.A. (2017). The feasibility of municipal solid waste for energy generation and its existing management practices in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, pp.338-353.

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4.13 Vehicle Traffic

Bureau of Statistics, Planning and Development Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2010).Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Figures 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2019. http://kpbos.gov.pk/allpublication/3

Bureau of Statistics, Planning and Development Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2013).Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Figures 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2019.http://kpbos.gov.pk/allpublication/3

Bureau of Statistics, Planning and Development Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2018).Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Figures 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2019.http://kpbos.gov.pk/allpublication/3

5 Socioeconomic Baseline Conditions 5.1 Demographics

Bureau of Statistics, Planning and Development Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2018).Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Figures 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2019.http://kpbos.gov.pk/allpublication/3

Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan (2017). Provisional Province Wise Population by Sex and Rural/Urban, Census 2017 – Pakistan. Retrieved 25 March 2019. http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_20 17.pdf

Social Policy and Development Centre (2018). The2017Census of Pakistan: Analyses of Results- Volume1. Retrieved 25 March 2019. http://www.spdc.org.pk/Data/Publication/PDF/SPDC%20CENSUS%20REPORT-Final- %2027th%20Aug%202018.pdf

5.2 Literacy and Education

Academy of Educational Planning and Management, Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training, Government of Pakistan (2017). Pakistan Education Statistics 2016- 17.Retrieved 25 March 2019. http://library.aepam.edu.pk/Books/Pakistan%20Education%20Statistics%202016-17.pdf

Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan (2018).Labor Force Survey 2017-18. Retrieved 25 March 2019. http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//Labour%20Force/publications/lfs2017_18/An nual%20Report%20of%20LFS%202017-18.pdf

5.3 Land Tenancy

Khan, M., Lurhathaiopath, P., and Matsushita, S. (2016). Study on the feature of land and labor contracts between landlords and tenants in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development .Vol. 5, No. 3, 045-057, September2016. Retrieved 25 March 2019.

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http://www.academeresearchjournals.org/download.php?id=239312377163693285.pdf& type=application/pdf&op=1

5.4 Poverty

Planning Commission of Pakistan, Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform, UNDP and Oxford & Poverty Development Initiative (undated). Multidimensional Poverty in Pakistan. Retrieved 25 March 2019. https://www.ophi.org.uk/wp- content/uploads/Multidimensional-Poverty-in-Pakistan.pdf

UNDP Pakistan (2016). Press Release: Pakistan’s new poverty index reveals that 4 out of 10 Pakistanis live in multidimensional poverty. Retrieved 25 March 2019. http://www.pk.undp.org/content/pakistan/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2016/06 /20/pakistan-s-new-poverty-index-reveals-that-4-out-of-10-pakistanis-live-in- multidimensional-poverty.html

5.5 Labor Force

Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan (2018a).Labor Force Survey 2017- 18.Retrieved 25 March 2019. http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//Labour%20Force/publications/lfs2017_18/An nual%20Report%20of%20LFS%202017-18.pdf

5.6 Urbanization

Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (2017).District and Tehsil Level Population Summary with Region Breakup for Charsadda, Swabi and Peshawar. Retrieved 25 March 2019. http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/bwpsr/kp/CHARSADA_SUMMARY.pdf http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/bwpsr/kp/SWABI_SUMMARY.pdf http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/bwpsr/kp/PESHAWAR_SUMMARY.pdf

Pakinformation (2015). Area of Districts of Pakistan. Retrieved 25 March 2019.http://www.pakinformation.com/districts-area.html

5.7 Social Protection

GIZ (undated). Social Protection. Retrieved 25 March 2019. https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/52804.html

Sustainable Development Policy Institute (2013). Social Protection in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Retrieved 25 March 2019. https://www.sdpi.org/publications/files/Social%20Protection%20in%20Khyber%20Pakhtu nkhwa.pdf

Yu, S., Zia-ud-din, M., and Ranjha, K.M. (2017). Social Protection Schemes in Pakistan: assessment of existing programs. Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences,Vol. 3, No. 2, July 2017, Retrieved 14 March 2019. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322021389_Social_Protection_Schemes_in_P akistan_assessment_of_existing_programs

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5.8 Culture and Language

Community Motivation and Development Organization (undated). Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-An Overview. Retrieved 16 March 2019.https://cmdo.org.pk/literature-on-kp/

Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa(2018a). Races and Tribes. Retrieved 8 December 2018.http://kp.gov.pk/page/races_and_tribes

Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa(2018b). People and Tribes. Retrieved 8 December 2018. http://kp.gov.pk/page/people_and_tribes/default/files/tables/POPULATION%20BY%20M OTHER%20TONGUE.pdf

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Federally Administrated Tribal Areas Multi Donor Trust Fund (undated). Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Retrieved 16 March 2019.https://www.pakistanmdtf.org/khyber- pakhtunkhwa.html

Statistics Division, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan (undated) Population by Mother Tongue.Retrieved 16 March 2019.http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites

5.9 Religion and Belief System

CIA (2019). Word Factbook - South Asia: Pakistan. People and Society. Retreived 16 March 2019. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html

Community Motivation and Development Organization (undated).Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-An Overview. Retrieved 16 March 2019.https://cmdo.org.pk/literature-on-kp/

Statistics Division, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan (undated). Population by Religion.Retrieved 16 March 2019. http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//tables/POPULATION%20BY%20RELIGION.pdf

5.10 Indigenous Peoples

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Bureau of Statistics (undated). Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Retrieved 10 December 2018. http://www.pbs.gov.pk/pco-kpk-tables

Malik, J.A., and Waheed, A. (2005).Kalash: the Challenge of Development with Identity – Meanings and Issues. Institute of Social Policy: Islamabad. Retrieved 24 February 2019. http://ispislamabad.org/attachments/article/30/KALASH%20POSITION%20PAPER-.pdf

PPAF – Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework (undated).Retrieved 11 December 2018.http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/729741527603972618/pdf/126664- IPP-P129520-PUBLIC-Disclosed-5-28-2018.pdf

5.11 Gender

Bloom, D., Sathar, Z. A., and Sadiq, M. (2015). “Prospects for Economic Growth in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa under Alternative Demographic Scenarios: The Case for a Rapid Fertility Decline,” Policy Brief. Islamabad, Pakistan: Population Council, Evidence Project. Retrieved 20 March 2019.

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http://evidenceproject.popcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Prospects-for- Economic-Growth-in-KP_Policy-Brief.pdf

National institute of Population Studies and ICF International (2019). Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017-18. Retrieved 20 March 2019. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR354/FR354.pdf

Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan (2018). Labor Force Survey 2017- 18.Retrieved 20 March 2019.http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//Labour%20Force/publications/lfs2017_1 8/Annual%20Report%20of%20LFS%202017-18.pdf

5.12 Health

Bureau of Statistics, Planning and Development Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2018). Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Figures 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2019.http://kpbos.gov.pk/allpublication/3

Department of Health, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (undated). Sehat Sahulat Programme.Retrieved 18 February 2019. http://sehatsahulat.com.pk/kpdoh.php.

National institute of Population Studies and ICF International (2013). Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012-13.Retrieved 18 February 2019. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/fr290/fr290.pdf

National institute of Population Studies and ICF International (2019). Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017-18. Retrieved 18 February 2019. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR354/FR354.pdf

The World Bank Group. (2019). Data, Life expectancy at birth, male (years) and Life expectancy at birth, female (years). Retrieved 16 March 2019. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.MA.IN?locations=CN-IN-PK https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.FE.IN?locations=CN-IN-PK

Thaver, I., and Khalid, M. (2016). Secondary Level Minimum Health Services Delivery Package for Secondary Care Hospitals (MHSDP). Retrieved 16 March 2019. http://www.healthkp.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Final-Report-MHSDP-SC-KPK- 2-11-16-accepted-changes-formatted.pdf

5.13 Water Supply and Sanitation

Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2015). Drinking Water Policy, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.Retrieved 16 March 2019. phedkp.gov.pk/home/download_file/drinking_water_policy.pdf

Local Government and Rural Development Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (undated). Highlights of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Status of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Retrieved 16 March 2019. http://lgkp.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/WASH- Status-For-LG-Website.pdf

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Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan (2016). P S L M –2014- 15 Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (2014-15) Retrieved 16 March 2019. http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/pslm/publications/PSLM_2014-15_National- Provincial-District_report.pdf

5.15 Energy

Syed, A. (2014) Ethno ecological study of fuel and timber wood species of the most important market of Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa, Pakistan. Retrieved 7 March 2019. https://tradingeconomics.com/pakistan/imports/malaysia/fuel-wood-logs-wood- chips

5.16 Crop Agriculture as Livelihood

Economic Wing, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Government of Pakistan (undated).Fruit, Vegetables and Condiments Statistics Of Pakistan 2015-16. Retrieved 16 March 2019. http://www.amis.pk/files/F&V%20Statistics%202015-16.pdf

Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa(undated). Agriculture Policy, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, A Ten Year Perspective (2015-2015). Retrieved 16 March 2019. http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/pak173417.pdf

Haidar, A., Shafi, M. M., Idress, M., Laila, S. and Iqbal, M. (2016). “Impact of Climate Change on Seasonal Crop Productivity in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan.” Arts and Social Sciences Journal. Retrieved 16 March 2019. https://www.omicsonline.org/peer-reviewed/impact-of-climate-change-on-seasonal- crop-productivity-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwapakistan-82241.html

Khan, H. and Shah, M. (2012). “Irrigation, Farm Productivity and Poverty Reduction in KPK: Understanding Direct and Indirect Impacts and Linkages.” Procedia Economics and Finance, No. 2.

Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform (undated). 11th Five Year Plan 2013-2018 Chapter 21Food Security and Agricultural Development.Retrieved 16 March 2019. https://www.pc.gov.pk/uploads/plans/Ch21-Agricultural-development1.pdf

5.17 Livestock Management as Livelihood

Bureau of Statistics, Planning and Development Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2017). Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Figures 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2019. http://kpbos.gov.pk/allpublication/3

Bureau of Statistics, Planning and Development Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2018). Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Figures 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2019. http://kpbos.gov.pk/allpublication/3

Economic Advisor’s Wing, Finance Division, Government of Pakistan. (2018). Pakistan Economic Survey 2017-18.Retrieved 16 March 2019. http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_18/Economic_Survey_2017_18.pdf

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Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (undated). Agriculture Policy, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, A Ten Year Perspective (2015-2015). Retrieved 16 March 2019. http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/pak173417.pdf

Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2014). Integrated Development Strategy 2014-2018. Retrieved 16 March 2019. http://lgkp.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Integrated- Development-Strategy.pdf

5.18 Forestry as Livelihood

Ministry of Climate Change, Government of Pakistan (2015). National Forest Policy 2015.Retrieved 11 February 2019. http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/pak149130.pdf

Pakistan Paedia (2008). Forests and Jungles of Pakistan. Retrieved 11 February 2019. http://pakistanpaedia.com/land/GEO_7.html

5.19 Other Livelihoods

Amjad, R.,and Arif, G. M. (2014). Analysing the Impact of Overseas Migration and Workers’ Remittances in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Suggested Measures for Maximizing Development Benefits. Working Paper, International Growth Centre Retrieved 16 March 2019. https://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Amjad-Arif-2014-Working- Paper.pdf

Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment (2018). Analysis of Manpower Export 2018.Retrieved 16 March 2019. https://beoe.gov.pk/files/statistics/yearly- reports/2018/2018-full.pdf

Statista (2019). Gross domestic product (GDP) in Pakistan 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2019. https://www.statista.com/statistics/383739/gross-domestic-product-gdp-in-pakistan/

5.20 Climate Change Vulnerability

Ijaz, A. (2016). Climate Change and Pakistan. Islamabad Policy Research Institute. Retrieved 20 February 2019. http://www.ipripak.org/climate-change-and-pakistan/

Salam, A. (2018). “Pakistan is ground zero for global warming consequences.” USA Today, 24 July 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2019. https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/07/24/pakistan-one-worlds-leading- victims-global-warming/809509002/

UN Habitat, ADPC and Community Resilience Initiative (2015).Final MHVRA Report (Volume I)Supporting Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in developing more synergized, cohesive and inclusive DRM Policies through conducting Multi Hazard Vulnerability & Risk Assessment (MHVRA)Chitral and Dera Ismail Khan Districts, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. Retrieved 20 February 2019. https://www.pdma.gov.pk/sites/default/files/MHVRA%20Vol- I%20Report%20March%202016.pdf

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7. Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures 7.18 Crop Agriculture as Livelihood

Dybas, C.L. (2014). Forests, Pine Nuts and Tigers: Inside the effort to save Russia's great cat.World Wildlife Magazine,.Retrieved 25 March 2019. https://www.worldwildlife.org/magazine/issues/fall-2014/articles/forests-pine-nuts-and- tigers

8 Environmental and Social Management Framework 8.9 Capacity Building

Jan, B. (2019). Personal Communication.

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ANNEXES

Involuntary Resettlement Screening and Indigenous Peoples Impact Checklists are contained in the Indigenous Peoples Plan Framework for this project.

Annex A: International Treaties Most Relevant to the Project

Nagoya Convention on Biological Diversity Often shortened to Nagoya Convention on Biological Diversity, Convention on Biodiversity or CBD, the full title in English is Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and their Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Nagoya Protocol, which entered into force in 2014, is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.

The Convention has three objectives: conserve biological diversity; promote the sustainable use of its components; and encourage equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. The Protocol strengthens legal certainty and transparency for providers as well as users of genetic resources. It does so by: making conditions for access to genetic resources more predictable; and, supporting sharing of benefits that arise from genetic resources. In case indigenous and local communities have established rights to grant access to genetic resources, contracting parties must obtain their prior informed consent and ensure fair and equitable benefit-sharing, by taking into account existing community and customary laws, procedures, use and exchange. The original Convention was ratified by and entered into force in Pakistan in 1994. The Protocol entered into force in the country in February 2016.

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is said to account for over 40% of Pakistan’s forests; the majority of terrestrial biodiversity is most likely found in the province. As a project in a signatory country of the Convention, it needs to pay attention to the provision and use of genetic resources.

Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat Frequently referred to as Ramsar Convention, it seeks to halt the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands, which are among the most diverse and productive ecosystems and indispensable for sustainable management of freshwater and biodiversity. According to the Convention, wetlands encompass: lakes and rivers; underground aquifers; swamps and marshes; wet grasslands; peatlands; oases; estuaries; deltas and tidal flats; mangroves and other coastal areas; coral reefs; and all human-made sites such as fish ponds, irrigated lands, rice paddies, reservoirs and salt pans.

The parties to the Convention commit to: promote wise use of wetlands; designate qualified wetlands to the list of Wetlands of International Importance for its effective management; and, cooperate internationally to manage transboundary wetlands, shared wetland syste sms and species. Pakistan ratified the Convention in August 1976, and it entered into force four months later.

Four major wetland complexes exist in Pakistan: North Western Alpine, Salt Range, Central Indus Plain and Makran Coast, and 19 sites designated as Ramsar sites, of which two are in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Tanda Dam, Thanedar Wala. Both are used for wintering by migratory birds. The project should not degrade the ecological conditions along the migratory routes.

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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, abbreviated as CITES, aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Currently it covers more than 35,000 species of plants and animals. The trade is estimated to amount to billions of dollars each year, including hundreds of millions of plants and animal specimens in the form of food project, leather and fur goods, musical instrument, timber, tourist knickknack or medicine. The scale of illegal trade is represented by 7,000 species, over 164,000 seizures and 120 countries since 1999.

The concerned species are listed in three appendices to the Convention, each corresponding to one of the three levels of protection provided. The species listed under the first appendix are subject to the strictest regulation as they are threatened with extinction, and those under the third appendix the least. Appendix III lists species that are protected in at least one country, which has asked other CITES parties for assistance in controlling the trade. This list may be changed unilaterally by a CITES party.

The Convention was ratified by Pakistan in April 1976 and entered into force in the country in July 1976. In Annex I, there are 59 species that concerns Pakistan. In Annexes II and III, 202 and 36 species, respectively. The animals exported from Pakistan include: freshwater turtles; tortoises; marine turtles; raptors; Indian pangolin; snakes; other reptiles; fur animals, such as fox, jackal wolf, freshwater otter; sharks; and, invertebrates, such as scorpions. A recent study revealed that trade of animals was thriving in all corners of the country, especially in Karachi and Peshawar. Dried Indian cobra and sand lizard are reported to be consumed widely in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab. Among the 55 wildlife species found on sale, 7 are listed under Appendix I of CITES, 15 and 6 in Appendices Ii and III, respectively. The project must be aware of the listed wildlife and prevent its trade, which may be encouraged by influx of outsiders and economic activities that it generates.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, abbreviated as UNFCCC, sets its objective to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. It has been ratified by 192 parties, which include all United Nations member states, and entered into force in 1992. The Kyoto Protocol to UNFCCC was agreed in 1997, although the discussions on the details contributed until 2004. According to the Protocol, industrialized countries and countries of the former Soviet bloc must cut their emissions of greenhouse gases by an average of about 5% for the period 2008-2012 compared with 1990 levels. Kyoto Protocol was ratified by and entered into force in Pakistan in January and April, respectively, in 2005.

At the Paris climate conference of UNFCCC in 2015, 195 countries adopted a universal, legally binding global climate agreement, the first of its kind: Paris Agreement. The governments agreed to the goal of limiting to 1.5oC the increase in global average temperature above pre- industrial levels. Paris Agreement was ratified by and entered into force in Pakistan in November and December, respectively, in 2016. In Pakistan, the Climate Change Act 2016 was passed in March 2017, establishing a policy-making Climate Change Council and a Climate Change Authority to prepare and supervise the implementation of climate change adaptation and mitigation projects. The main concern in the country has been the scant amount of action on the ground because of lack of capacity at the provincial level. Pakistan submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) prior to the Paris Agreement; the country “intends

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to reduce up to 20% of its 2030 projected” greenhouse gas “emissions subject to availability of international grants to meet the total abatement cost ... amounting to about US$ 40 billion at current prices.” The project should aim for being carbon neutral, and if possible, negative.

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries experiencing Series Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa The objective of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) is to “combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought in countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification, ... with a view to contributing to the achievement of sustainable development in affected areas[,]” and with special attention to arid, semi-arid and dry sub- humid areas. It recognizes that, in order to achieve this goal, we need “long-term integrated strategies that focus simultaneously, in affected areas, on improved productivity of land, and the rehabilitation, conservation and sustainable management of land and water resources, leading to improved living conditions, in particular at the community level.” The Convention is the sole legally binding international agreement linking environment and development to sustainable land management.

Pakistan ratified the Convention in 1997, and it entered into force in the country in the same year. A National Action Programme to Combat Desertification in Pakistan was elaborated in 2002 in the framework for the Convention. It identified main causes of desertification as: water erosion; wind erosion; soil fertility depletion; deforestation; overgrazing; biodiversity loss; waterlogging and salinity; drought; flooding; and, socioeconomic factors. The areas estimated to be affected by water erosion and wind erosion were approximately 11 million and 3-5 million hectares, respectively. Wind erosion was considered responsible for close to one-third of total soil loss. Remedial measures proposed included: afforestation and agroforestry; crop production management, including horticultural crops; livestock and rangeland management; soil and water resources management, especially related to water use efficiency and soil fertility rehabilitation; and, biodiversity conservation. As the project is about water use efficiency, it may positively or negatively contribute to desertification; it should consider its environmental impacts from this angle as well.

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal The Convention is motivated by the fact that the stricter regulations on waste in developed countries had resulted in cross-border transport of hazardous wastes as a means to cut costs in the 1980s. It aims to protect human health and the environment from negative impacts of hazardous wastes by managing transboundary movements of hazardous wastes. In other words, its goals are to: minimize the amount and toxicity of hazardous waste at a point closest to the source; assist developing countries in environmentally sound management of wastes; and, apply a regulatory system where transboundary movements are permissible.

Shipments of hazardous waste made without consent of the importing party is illegal under this Convention. So are shipments to and from non-parties if no special agreement exists. All parties must establish appropriate legislation that prevents and punishes illegal movements of wastes. In Pakistan the Convention was ratified in July 1994 and entered into force in October of the same year.

An Amendment to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal was proposed in 1995 in order to strengthen the Convention by recognizing the weak capacity of the developing countries to treat hazardous

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wastes in an environmentally sound manner. The amendment is not in force as an intergovernmental treaty, and Pakistan is yet to sign. In 2012, it was revealed that the country regularly imported unsterilized medical waste as “plastic scrap” in violation of the Convention and that the business involved up to 25 godowns and warehouses. The fate of such waste is not known. As for electronic and electric wastes, whatever is collected is dismantled and sorted manually to parts. However, the country lacks centers for collection, exchange and recycling as well as regulations concerning such waste. The project must pay attention to importation of cheap agrochemicals, which are in fact hazardous waste in countries with stricter enforcement of environmental laws.

Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides, or the Rotterdam Convention for short, covers pesticides and industrial chemicals that have been banned or severely restricted for health or environmental reasons by the Parties to the Convention and which have been notified by Parties for inclusion in the Prior Informed (PIC) procedure. The Convention legally obligates implementation of the PIC procedure for international trade of these chemical products. By doing so, it promotes shared responsibility and cooperative efforts among Parties in the international trade of certain hazardous chemicals for the ultimate purpose of protecting human health and the environment from potential harm. The Convention also contributes to the environmentally sound use of those hazardous chemicals, by facilitating information exchange about their characteristics, by providing for a national decision-making process on their import and export and by disseminating these decisions to Parties.

Pakistan signed the Convention in 2005 and it entered into force in the country in the same year. If the project involves use of pesticides, however small the amount may be, the Convention may become relevant.

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants was established to protect human health and the environment from chemicals that do not degrade easily. As they persist in the environment, they become spatially spread and accumulate in the fatty tissues of fauna, including humans. Such organic pollutants are harmful to the environment and human health: cancer; birth defects; damage to immune, reproductive and nervous systems. The Convention obligates its parties to eliminate or reduce the release of persistent organic pollutants into the environment. Climate Change is expected to elevate the planet’s vulnerability to persistent organic pollutants, by way of higher atmospheric temperature and extreme weather events.

Pakistan affixed a simple signature to the Convention in 2001, which was subsequently ratified and entered into force in the country in 2008. It was followed by a “National Implementation Plan for Phasing Out and Elimination of POPs from Pakistan Under Stockholm Convention Article 7(a)”in 2004.

A recent study on the subject concluded that the country is highly contaminated with organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). The efforts to eliminate the chemicals from the environment and to prevent exposure to them are hampered by lack of environmental quality standards, food safety standards, and appropriate inventory of

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persistent organic pollutants as waste. The project must ensure that OCPs and other similarly harmful chemicals are not inadvertently promoted through its activities.

During the meetings of the Conference of Parties to the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions in 2015, seven countries, led by Russian Federation and including Cuba, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, and Zimbabwe voiced informal opposition to the adoption of a formal recommendation that chrysotile, the serpentine form of asbestos should subject to the PIC procedure. The opposing parties constituted most of the consumer countries of the substance. Although Pakistan did not oppose against the recommendation in the end, it was not adopted as the Convention requires unanimous consent.

Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer The Protocol’s goal is to protect the ozone layer by controlling global emissions of substances that deplete it and by precautionary measures to do so. Ozone depleting substances are: chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), which include halons; carbon tetrachloride; methyl chloroform; hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC); hydrobromofluorocarbon (HBFC);and, methyl bromide.

Pakistan ratified the Protocol in 1992, and it entered into force in 1993. The consumption of ozone depleting substances peaked in the late 1980s at over 1.6 million tons in Pakistan, but it was quickly reduced to nearly half that amount in early 1990s. However the remaining use of 200 tons is not declining at a similarly rapid rate. The use of methyl bromide is exempted under the Protocol for quarantine and pre-shipment applications to control pests and pathogens in certain imported and exported commodities, and such consumption in Pakistan has shown rapid increase from nearly none in 2011, approaching 100 tons in 2017. It is mainly used for cotton exports to control Boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis). Methyl bromide is an extremely toxic and cumulative vapor that damages the nervous system. If cotton becomes one of the cash crops to be promoted by the project, application of methyl bromide must not be prohibited.

International Labour Organization Convention No. 184 concerning Safety and Health in Agriculture The International Labour Organization Convention No. 184 concerning Safety and Health in Agriculture deals with agricultural and forestry activities carried out in the context of agriculture. Hence, it covers crop production, forestry product collection and harvesting, animal husbandry and insect raising, the primary processing of agricultural and animal products by or on behalf of the operator of the undertaking as well as the use and maintenance of machinery, equipment, appliances, tools, and agricultural installations, including any process, storage, operation or transportation which are directly related to agricultural production. It aims at preventing accidents and injury to health from engaging in such work, by eliminating, minimizing or controlling hazards in the agricultural working environment. Pakistan has not ratified the Convention. However, the project must abide by the guidelines commonly adopted by international financial institutions, which respect international conventions such as this on safety and health of agricultural workers.

International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, and International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) is considered the most important international treaty on safety of merchant ships. Its main objective is to specify minimum safety standards for construction, equipment and operation of ships. Flag States must ensure that ships under their flag comply with its requirements. Contracting Governments may inspect ships of other Contracting States if there are clear grounds for believing that the ship

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and its equipment do not comply with the requirements of the Convention. Pakistan ratified the Convention in 1985 and it entered into force in the country in the same year.

The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) is an international convention to prevent pollution of the marine environment caused by operation or accidents of ships. It aims to control through six technical Annexes: I. Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil; II. Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk; III. Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form; IV. Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships; V. Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships; and, VI. Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships. Pakistan has not signed the Convention.

The International Maritime Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations whose responsibilities are the safety and security of shipping and the prevention of marine and atmospheric pollution by ships. They include updating of the conventions on shipping and development of new ones when the need arises. Pakistan became a member to the Organization in 1958.

Its International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code must be abided by countries that are parties to either of the two Conventions above. The Code requires that dangerous goods are in a correct and safe manner: classified and identified; packed; marked, labelled and placarded; documented; stowed on board the vessel; and, segregated from other goods with which they may react dangerously. Other requirements include: making emergency response information available; and, training all personnel involved in shipping of dangerous goods. Any import of agrochemicals could be subject to this obligation. As the project may involve use of pesticides, the Code is relevant. In the fall of 2018, ozone depleting gas, misdeclaration and mislabeling in violation of the Code, arrived in Pakistan by sea; it was detected by the customs officers trained on the subject, and subsequently the cargo was seized.

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights guarantees human rights related to economics, society and culture. The overall framework is given by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Covenant gives legal force to the Declaration, as is the case for the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The rights covered by the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights include: rights to work in just and favourable conditions and to strike; rights to social security, to adequate standard of living, to health and rights of families, mothers and children needing special protection and assistance; rights to education and to participation in cultural life. Pakistan ratified the Covenant in 2008.

In 2016, a National Action Plan on Human Rights was launched, which covered: policy and legal reforms; access to justice; implementation of key human rights priorities; implementation of international treaties to which Pakistan was a party; establishment and strengthening of national human rights institutions; and an implementation and monitoring mechanism for the Plan. A budget of 750 million rupees had been allocated for establishing institutional mechanisms to implement the Plan. Implementation was overseen by a national task force. The country reported to the United Nations that challenges in implementing the Covenant included: limited resources; inadequate accountability mechanisms; and a need for improved training and awareness-raising for law enforcement agencies on human rights. The project must fully respect the economic, social and cultural rights of the people, as defined by the Covenant, in the areas affected by intervention, directly and indirectly.

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International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Pakistan ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 2010 with reservations on its Article 3 (equality of men and women) and Article 25 (election to the public posts), since they contradict the Constitution of Pakistan. The rights that the Covenant are concerned with include: rights to self-determination, physical integrity, rights to liberty and security of the person; rights to procedural fairness in law; rights to individual liberty; rights to prohibition of any propaganda for war as well as any advocacy of national or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence by law; rights to political participation; and rights to non-discrimination. Pakistan ratified the Covenant in 2010. As with the Covenant above, civil and political rights of the people, as defined by the Covenant, must be respected in the areas affected by intervention, directly and indirectly.

Convention on the Rights of the Child The Convention on the Rights of the Child, ratified by Pakistan in 1990, stipulates the civil, political, economic, social, health and cultural rights that should be enjoyed by any human being under the age of eighteen, unless the age of majority is attained earlier under national legislation. It focuses on the needs specific to children, including: right from birth to a name; right to acquire a nationality; right to know and be cared for by her or his parents; right to preservation of her or his identity; right to maintain personal relations and direct contact with both parents on a regular basis, except if it is contrary to the child's best interests; right to express her or his own views freely in all matters; right to freedom of expression; right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; and right to freedom of association and to freedom of peaceful assembly. According to one NGO, Pakistan's progress in safeguarding child rights remains slow, although children make up nearly half of Pakistan's population, making it one of the largest populations of children in the world. The project should avoid, in particular, child labor that is mentally, physically, socially or morally harmful.

International Labour Organization Convention No. 107 concerning the Protection and Integration of Indigenous and Other Tribal and Semi-Tribal Populations in Independent Countries, and Convention No. 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries In 1957 the International Labour Organization (ILO) adopted the Convention No. 107 concerning the Protection and Integration of Indigenous and Other Tribal and Semi-Tribal Populations in Independent Countries. The Convention was the first international treaty to address their human rights and entered into force in 1959. Later, it was recognized that the underlying assumption of Convention No. 107 was that indigenous people should be integrated into the dominant socioeconomic and cultural system. Convention 107 was revised in 1989 to become Convention No. 169 to acknowledge that indigenous peoples are distinctive, integrationalist approach was obsolete and its application was detrimental.

Pakistan ratified the Convention No. 107 in 1960 and is in force. The country has not ratified the later Convention. It is one of the 62 Conventions and Protocols of ILO not ratified by the country. As the project envisions intervention in areas inhabited by indigenous people, the Convention No. 107 is relevant to its implementation.

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People was adopted by a majority of member states in 2017. Pakistan was among these 143 states. The Declaration recognizes “the need to respect and promote the inherent rights of indigenous peoples which derive from their political, economic and social structures and from their cultures, spiritual traditions, histories and philosophies, especially their rights to their lands, territories and resources” and that

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“respect for indigenous knowledge, cultures and traditional practices contributes to sustainable and equitable development and proper management of the environment.”

Also recognized is “the right of indigenous families and communities to retain shared responsibility for the upbringing, training, education and well-being of their children, consistent with the rights of the child.” It reaffirms individual and collective human rights for the indigenous peoples and that the historical, cultural and socioeconomic particularities of each people should be taken into account.

The indigenous peoples in Pakistan include: Kochis, Rabari, Baluch, Bakarwal, Kehal, Jogi, Kabootra, Sanyasi and Kalash. The Kalash is one of the smallest with 5,000 people. The government of Pakistan recognizes the Kalash as a religious minority, but not as an indigenous group. The project is to be implemented in indigenous areas, and the rights as in the Declaration must be upheld.

Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, often described as the international bill of rights for women, obliges signatory countries to eliminate discrimination against women in political and public life and to promote equal rights for women and men. It also requires countries to take measures to: change harmful stereotypes based on gender; end exploitation of prostitution and trafficking in women; ensure equal rights in education for women; guarantee equal access to health care; eliminate discrimination in economic and social life against women, including employment, payment, law application, marriage and family life; give attention to the role and problems of rural women. Pakistan’s accession to the Convention took place in 1996.

In terms of indices established by United Nations Development Programme – Human Development Index and Gender Inequality Index– Pakistan ranked 150th and 133rd, respectively, among 168 countries in 2017. Pakistan belonged to the group of least developed countries with respect to Gender Development Index among five groups. The project must make efforts to close the gender gap and not widen it through its intervention.

Convention for Safeguarding the Intangible Cultural Heritage The Convention for Safeguarding the Intangible Cultural Heritage is a treaty of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) that aims to: safeguard the intangible cultural heritage; ensure respect for the intangible cultural heritage of the communities, groups and individuals concerned; raise awareness at the local, national and international levels of the importance of the intangible cultural heritage, and of ensuring mutual appreciation thereof; and provide for international cooperation and assistance. While the Convention was ratified by Pakistan in 2006, UNESCO Islamabad judges that “effective implementation of the Convention has yet to be seen, the reason being inadequate understanding and lack of competence among concerned agencies regarding the mechanisms of the Convention.” The project is tasked as a signatory country of this Convention to protect intangible cultural heritage, including that of indigenous peoples.

Codex Alimentarius Codex Alimentarius is a collection of internationally adopted food standards and related texts. Their aim is to protect consumers’ health and ensure fair practices in the food trade. The Codex Alimentarius includes standards for all major foods–whether processed, semi-processed or raw– for distribution to the consumer. Materials for further processing into foods should be included to the extent necessary. The Codex includes provisions on: food hygiene; food additives;

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residues of pesticides and veterinary drugs; contaminants; labelling and presentation; methods of analysis and sampling; and import and export inspection and certification. Pakistan is a member since 1970. The agricultural practices recommended by the project should lead to products that respect these standards.

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Annex B: National Environmental Quality Standards

The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), promulgated under the Pakistan Enevironment Protection Act 1997, specify the following standards:

• Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in gaseous emissions from industrial sources,

• Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in municipal and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment and sea (three separate set of numbers).

• Maximum allowable emissions from motor vehicles.

• Ambient air quality standards.

• Drinking water standards

• Noise standards.

Selected standards are presented in the tables below.The entire set of standards is available at the Pakistan EPA website (http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).

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Table B.1: Selected National Environmental Quality Standards for Waste Effluents

Parameter Unit Standards (maximum allowable limit) Temperature increase C < 3 pH value (acidity/basicity) pH 6-9 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) mg/l 80 at 20 C Chemical oxygen demand (COD) mg/l 150 Total suspended solids mg/l 200 Total dissolved solids mg/l 3,500 Grease and oil mg/l 10 Phenolic compounds (as phenol) mg/l 0.1 Chloride (as Cl) mg/l 1,000 Fluoride (as F) mg/l 10

Sulfate (SO4) mg/l 600 Sulfide (S) mg/l 1.0

Ammonia (NH3) mg/l 40 Cadmium mg/l 0.1 Chromium (trivalent and hexavalent) mg/l 1.0 Copper mg/l 1.0 Lead mg/l 0.5 Mercury mg/l 0.01 Selenium mg/l 0.5 Nickel mg/l 1.0 Silver mg/l 1.0 Total toxic metals mg/l 2.0 Zinc mg/l 5 Arsenic mg/l 1.0 Barium mg/l 1.5 Iron mg/l 8.0 Manganese mg/l 1.5 Boron mg/l 6.0 Chlorine mg/l 1.0 Notes: 1. The standard assumes that dilution of 1:10 on discharge is available. That is, for each cubic meter of treated effluent, the recipient water body should have 10 m3 of water for dilution of this effluent. 2. Toxic metals include cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, nickel and silver. The effluent should meet the individual standards for these metals as well as the standard for total toxic metal concentration. Source: Government of Pakistan (2000) (SRO 549 (I)/2000).

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Table B.2: National Environmental Quality Standards for Industrial Gaseous Emissions mg/Nm3 unless otherwise stated Standards Parameter Source of Emission (maximum allowable limit) Smoke Smoke opacity not to exceed 40% or 2 Ringlemann Scale or equivalent smoke number Particulate matter 1 (a) Boilers and furnaces: i. Oil fired 300 ii. Coal fired 500 iii. Cement Kilns 300 (b) Grinding, crushing, clinker coolers 500 and related processes, metallurgical processes, converters, blast furnaces and cupolas Hydrogen Chloride Any 400

Chlorine Any 150 Hydrogen fluoride Any 150

Hydrogen sulphide Any 10

Sulphur Oxides 2, 3 Sulfuric acid/Sulphonic acid plants 5,000

Other Plants except power Plants 1,700 operating on oil and coal

Carbon Monoxide Any 800

Lead Any 50 Mercury Any 10 Cadmium Any 20 Arsenic Any 20 Copper Any 50 Antimony Any 20 Zinc Any 200 Oxides of Nitrogen 3 Nitric acid manufacturing unit 3,000

Other plants except power plants operating on oil or coal: i. Gas fired 400 ii. Oil fired 600 iii. Coal fired 1,200 Explanations: 1. Based on the assumption that the size of the particulate is 10 micron or more. 2. Based on 1% sulphur content in fuel oil. Higher content of sulphur will cause standards to be pro-rated. 3. In respect of emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the power plants operating on oil and coal as fuel shall in addition to NEQS specified above, comply with the standards provided separately. Source: Government of Pakistan (2000) (SRO 549 (I)/2000).

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Table B.3: National Environmental Quality Standards for Ambient Air

Time- Concentration in Ambient Air Pollutants weighted Effective from Effective from Method of Measurement Average 1st July 2010 1st January 2013 Sulfur Dioxide Annual 80 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 Ultraviolet Fluorescence

(SO2) Average* 24 hours** 120 µg/m3 120 µg/m3

Oxides of Annual 40 µg/m3 40 µg/m3 Gas Phase Chemiluminescence Nitrogen as Average* (NO) 24 hours** 40 µg/m3 40 µg/m3

Oxides of Annual 40 µg/m3 40 µg/m3 Gas Phase Chemiluminescence Nitrogen as Average*

(NO2) 24 hours** 80 µg/m3 80 µg/m3

3 3 Ozone (O3) 1 hour 180 µg/m 130 µg/m Non dispersive UV absorption Suspended Annual 400 µg/m3 360 µg/m3 High Volume Sampling, (Average Particulate Average* flow rate not less than1.1 m3/minute). Matter (SPM) 24 hours** 550 µg/m3 500 µg/m3 Respirable Annual 200 µg/m3 120 µg/m3 β Ray absorption Particulate Average*

Matter. PM10 24 hours** 250 µg/m3 150 µg/m3

Respirable Annual 25 µg/m3 15 µg/m3 β Ray absorption Particulate Average*

Matter. PM2.5 24 hours** 40 µg/m3 35 µg/m3

1 hour 25 µg/m3 15 µg/m3 Lead (Pb) Annual 1.5 µg/m3 1.0 µg/m3 ASS Method after sampling using Average* EPM 2000 or equivalent Filter 24 hours** 2.0 µg/m3 1.5 µg/m3 paper Carbon 8 hours** 5 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 Non Dispersive Infra Red (NDIR) Monoxide (CO) 1 hour 10 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 *Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval. ** 24 hourly /8 hourly values should be met 98% of the in a year. 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days. Source: Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1062 (I)/2010).

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Table B.4: Selected National Environmental Quality Standardsfor Motor Vehicles Exhaust and Noise

(i) For In-use Vehicles Standard (Maximum Parameter Measuring Method Applicability Permissible Limit) 1 Smoke 40% or 2 on the To be compared with Immediate effect Ringlemann Scale Ringlemann Chart at a during engine distance 6 or more. r acceleration mode.

2 Carbon 6% Under idling conditions: Monoxide Non-dispersive infrared detection through gas analyzer. 3 Noise 85 db (A). Sound meter at 7.5 meters from the source.

(ii) For new Vehicles Emission Standards for Diesel Vehicles (a) For Passenger Cars and Light Commercial Vehicles (g/Km) Type of HC+ Measuring Category/Class Tiers CO PM Applicability Vehicle NOx Method Passenger M 1: with Pak-II IDI 1.00 0.70 0.08 NEDC (ECE i. All imported Cars reference mass 15+ EUDCL) and local (RW) upto 2500 manufactured kg. Cars with RW diesel over 2500 kg to Pak-II DI 1.00 0.90 0.10 vehicles with meet NI category effect from standards. 01-07-2012 Light NI-I (RW<1250 kg) Pak-II IDI 1.00 0.70 0.08 Commercial Pak-II DI 1.00 0.90 0.10 Vehicles NI-II (1250 kg< RW Pak-II IDI 1.25 1.00 0.12 <1700 kg0 Pak-II DI 1.25 1.30 0.14 NI-III (RW>1700 Pak-II IDI 1.50 1.20 0.17 kg) Pak-II DI 1.50 1.60 0.20 Parameter Standard (maximum permissible limit) Measuring Method

Noise 85 db (A) Sound meter at 7.5 meters from the source.

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(b) For Heavy Duty Diesel Engines and Large Goods Vehicles (g/Kwh)

Type of Category / Measuring Tiers CO HC NOx PM Applicability Vehicle Class Method Heavy Duty Trucks and Pak-II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15 ECE-R-49 All Imported Diesel Engines Buses and local manufactured diesel vehicles with the effect 1-7-2012 Large goods N2 (2000 and Pak-II 4.0 7.0 1.10 0.15 EDC Vehicles up Parameter Standard (maximum permissible limit) Measuring Method Noise 85 db (A) Sound meter at 7.5 meters from the source.

Emission Standards for Petrol Vehicles (g/km) Type of HC+ Measuring Category / Class Tiers CO Applicability Vehicle NOx Method Passenger M 1: With reference Pak-II 2.20 0.50 NEDC (ECE 15 All imported and mass (RW) upto 2500 + EUDCL) new models* locally kg. Cars with RW over manufactured petrol 2500 kg. to meet N1 vehicles with effect category standards from 1st July, 2009** Light N1-I (RW<1250 kg) Pak-II 2.20 0.50 Commercial Vehicles N1-II (1250 kg>RW Pak-II 4.00 0.65 <1700 kg) N1-III (RW>1700 kg) Pak-II 5.00 0.80

Motor 2.4 strokes <150 cc Pak-II 5.50 1.50 ECER 40 Rickshaws & motor Cycles 2.4 strokes>150 cc Pak-II 5.50 1.30

Parameters Standard (maximum permissible limit) Measuring Method Noise 85 db (A) Sound meter at 7.5 meters from the source Explanations: DI: Direct Injection IDI: Indirect Injection EUDCL: Extra Urban Driving Cycle NEDC: New Urban Driving Cycle Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers and comprising no more than M: eight seats in addition to the driver's seat N: Motorvehicles with at least four wheels designed and constructed for the carriage of goods. * New model means both model and engine type change The existing models of petrol driven vehicles locally manufacturedwill immediately switch ever to Pak-II ** emission standards but not later than 30th June, 2012 Source: Government of Pakistan (2009) (SRO 72 (KE)/2009).

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Table B.5: National Environmental Quality Standards for Drinking Water Quality

Properties/Parameters Standard Values for Pakistan Bacterial All water intended for drinking (e.Coli or Must not be detectable in any 100 ml samples Thermotolerant Coliform bacteria) Treated water entering the distribution system (E.Coli Must not be detectable in any 100 ml samples orthermotolerant coliform and total coliform bacteria) Treated water in the distribution system (E.Coli Must not be detectable in any 100 ml samples orthermo tolerant coliform and total coliform bacteria) In case of large supplies, where sufficient samples are examined, must not be present in 95% of the samples taken throughout any 12- month period. Physical Color ≤15 TCU Taste Non objectionable/Accept able Odor Non objectionable/Accept able Turbidity < 5 NTU

Total hardness as CaCO3 < 500 mg/l TDS < 1000 pH 6.5 – 8.5 Chemical Essential Inorganic mg/Litre Aluminum (Al) ≤0.2 Antimony (Sb) ≤0.005 (P) Arsenic (As) ≤ 0.05 (P) Barium (Ba) 0.7 Boron (B) 0.3 Cadmium (Cd) 0.01 Chloride (Cl) <250 Chromium (Cr) ≤0.05 Copper (Cu) 2 Toxic Inorganic mg/Litre Cyanide (Cn) ≤0.05 Fluoride (F)* ≤1.5 Lead (Pb) ≤0.05 Manganese (Mn) ≤ 0.5 Mercury (Hg) ≤0.001 Nickel (Ni) ≤0.02

Nitrate (NO3)* ≤50

Nitrite (NO2)* ≤3 (P)

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Properties/Parameters Standard Values for Pakistan

Selenium (Se) 0.01 (P) Residual chlorine 0.2-0.5 at consumer end; 0.5-1.5 at source Zinc (Zn) 5.0 Organic Pesticides mg/l PSQCA No. 4639-2004, Page No. 4 Table No. 3 Serial No. 20- 58 may be consulted.** Phenolic compound (as phenols) mg/l WHO standards: ≤ 0.002 Polynuclear Aromatic hydrocarbon (as PAH) g/L WHO standards: ≤ 0.01v(by GC/MS method) Radioactive Alpha Emitters bq/L or pCi 0.1 Beta Emitters 1 * indicates priority health related inorganic constituents which need regular monitoring. ** PSQCA: Pakistan Standards Quality Control Authority.

Source: Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1063(I)/2010).

Table B.6: National Environmental Quality Standards for Noise Limit in dB(A) Leq * Category of Effective from 1st July 2010 Effective from 1st July 2012 Area/Zone Day time Night time Day time Night time

Residential area 65 50 55 45

Commercial area 70 60 65 55

Industrial area 80 75 75 65

Silence zone 55 45 50 45

Notes: 1. Day time hours: 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. 2. Night time hours: 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. 3. Silence zone::Zones that are declared as such by the competent authority. An area comprising not less than 100 m around the hospitals, educational institutions, and courts. 4. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above-listed categories by the competent authority. * dB(A) Leq: Time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on Scale A which is relatable to human hearing. Source: Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1064(I)/2010)

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Annex C: List of Institutional Stakeholders Consulted

Institution Contact Info Date District Department Person Consulted Phone Email Mr. Khurshid Afridi, Director General On-Farm Water 03329980281 [email protected] 9-11- Management 2018 On Farm Water Mr Behram Jan, Director On-Farm Water Management 03159463391 [email protected] and Peshawar Management Mr.Asif Dy, Director Planning N/A [email protected] 14-11- Mr. Mohammad Asif, Deputy Director On-Farm Water 2018 03339127525 N/A Management Mr. Hamidullah Khan, Deputy Director Water ddwmswat2017 03005748421 Management @gmail.com engriqbal121 Mr. Iqbal Muhammad, Sub Engineer 03005745907 @gmail.com On Farm Water Management Mr. Shujaat Ali Khan, Sub Engineer 03329527273 shujatswat @gmail.om 12-11- habibkanyu2 Swat Mr. Habib ullah, Sub-Engineer 03428554656 2018 @gmail.com Mr. Jan Muhammad, District Director Agriculture 03475102657 N/A Mr Karim Khan, Subject Matter Specialist N/A N/A Agriculture Extension Dr. Adalat Khan, Plant Protection N/A N/A nazirdose Mr. Muhammad Nazir, District Officer Soil Conservation 03339474130 @gmail.com Livestock Extension Dr Sarbiland Khan, District Director Livestock 03459371001 N/A shahid.mahmoodwm Mr. Shahid Mahmood, Deputy Director OFWM 03005728871 15-11- Haripur On Farm Water @gmail.com 2018 Management Mr. Muhammad Afzal, District Director N/A N/A Mr. Faisal Younas, Water Management Officer N/A N/A

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Livestock Extension Dr. Akhtar Pervez, District Director Livestock Extension 03325042875 N/A Mr. Qazi Nisar Ahmed, District Director Agriculture ddahrp 0300380325 Extension @gmail.com Mr. Mumtaz Ahmed Khan, Deputy Director Farms N/A N/A Agriculture Extension Mr. Tariq Mehmood, Subject Matter Specialist and Plant N/A N/A Protection Mr. Nasir Khan, Subject Matter Specialist N/A N/A Horticulture Mr. Muhammad Nadeem, WMO and District engrnadeem1975 03457772267 On Farm Water Director Lakki Marwat and D.I Khan @gmail.com Management Mr. Abdul Qadir, Deputy Team Leader (NESPAK) 03005361111 N/A Mr. Hizbullah Khan, Deputy Director Agriculture N/A N/A Dera Mr. Amanullah Khan, Subject Mater Specialist Plant Agriculture 03139776330 [email protected] 19-11- Ismail Protection Extension 2018 Khan Dr. Salahuddin, Subject Matter Specialist Agro N/A N/A Mr. Abdul Haleem, Deputy Director Farm N/A N/A Dr. Nasimullah Khan, District Director Livestock 03018070788 N/A Livestock Extension Dr. Umer Ayaz Khan, Divisional Deputy Director Livestock Production Extension and Cooperation N/A N/A

Mr. Moen ud Din, Water Management Officer 03469394847 N/A On Farm Water Management Mr. Muhammad Idrees, Water Management Officer 03028060067 N/A Mr. Tahir Khan, Water, Management Officer N/A N/A 23-11- Chitral Mr. Sherbaz Mazari, Accountant N/A N/A 2018 Livestock Extension Mr Niaz udin, Vet Specialist 03028060067 N/A Agriculture Mr Muhammad Naeem, Deputy Director 03005683637 N/A Extension Agriculture Extension

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Annex D: Questionnaire for Institutional Stakeholders Consultation Questions for Irrigation Officers • Why do you think rehabilitation of canals is necessary? • What will be the challenges of rehabilitation work? • How will the rehabilitation affect the livelihoods of the farmers? Construction of new canals? • Do you interact with male farmers often? How and on what subject? Female famers? • Will the farmers need to move out of where they currently live when the canals are rehabilitated? If canals are newly constructed? • If yes, what would be the best way to organize resettlement? • What do you plan to do with the excavated material? • What would be the effects of their disposal, in your opinion? • How would climate change affect your work on irrigation? • What were the other possibilities for this project? • Does the project design fit the needs of your Department? [Additional questions in Indigenous People’s area] • What are the indigenous ways of irrigation? • Do you think the indigenous irrigation should be integrated with the other conventional canals? • What may be the strengths of indigenous irrigation? • Could you share with us the information on past irrigation interventions by the government, NGO, etc. for the Kalash people? • What were the effects on irrigation systems of the flooding in 2015?

Consultation Questions for On-Farm Water Management Officers • Why do you think rehabilitation of watercourses is necessary? • What kind of design and material would improve the ecosystem? • What will be the challenges of rehabilitation work? • How will the rehabilitation affect the livelihoods of the farmers? • Do you interact with male farmers often? How and on what subject? Female famers? • How are the Water User Associations organized? • How are Water User rights defined in the area? Do women have the rights? • How can the associations be strengthened, organizationally and financially? Women’s participation? • What would be your role in the strengthening efforts? • What are other means, in your opinion, that would help increase soil moisture and maintain it longer? • How would water storage tanks affect water-borne diseases? • How do you mitigate waterlogging and salinization? • How would climate change affect your work on on-farm water management? • What were the other possibilities for this project? Why did you choose watercourse rehabilitation and water storage tank installation? • Does the project design fit the needs of your Department? [Additional questions in Indigenous People’s area] • What are the indigenous ways of on-farm water management? • What may be the strengths of indigenous on-farm water management? • Could you share with us the information on past OFWM interventions by the government, NGO, etc. for the Kalash people? • What were the effects on OFWM of the flooding in 2015?

Consultation Questions for Agriculture Extension Officers • Why do you think Integrated Pest Management is necessary? • What are the main elements of IPM, in your opinion? • Do women handle agrochemicals, including storage and cleaning of clothes used when spraying? • Do male farmers know the hazards of agrochemicals? Female farmers?

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• How will IPM affect the livelihoods of the farmers? • How do you think horticulture will benefit the farmers? • What kind of organization is necessary to accommodate new horticulture crops? • How do you decide on which new crops to introduce? • Do you interact with male farmers often? How and on what subject? Female famers? • How many male extension officers work in the District? Female officers? • How would climate change affect your work on agriculture extension? • What were the other possibilities for this project? Why did you to focus on horticulture? • Does the project design fit the needs of your Department? [Additional questions in Indigenous People’s area] • What are the indigenous ways of agriculture? • What may be the strengths of indigenous agriculture? • Could you share with us the information on past agriculture interventions by the government, NGO, etc. for the Kalash people? • What were the effects on agriculture of the flooding in 2015? • Please share with us the statistics for the three valleys on: o Land availability o Total acreage of tillage o Total acreage by crops grown o Average agricultural land holding per household o Average household income from agriculture

Consultation Questions for Livestock Extension Officers • Do you think crossbreeding with exotic races is necessary? Why? • Are there distinct local breeds in the District? What are they? • What are the main livestock products? • Do you recommend use of antibiotics? What are the advantages and disadvantages? • Do you have access to vaccines? • Do you think animal health and human health are linked? Have you ever heard of One Health concept? For the team: http://www.oie.int/en/for-the-media/onehealth/ • Do you have plans for medical and non-biodegradable waste generated from artificial insemination? • Do you interact with male farmers often? How and on what subject? Female famers? • How many male extension officers work in the District? Female officers? • How would climate change affect your work on livestock extension? • What were the other possibilities for this project? Why did you choose crossbreeding, artificial insemination, liquid nitrogen plants, vaccine manufacturing, etc.? • Does the project design fit the needs of your Department? [Additional questions in Indigenous People’s area] • What are the indigenous ways of livestock management? • What may be the strengths of indigenous livestock management? • Could you share with us the information on past livestock interventions by the government, NGO, etc. for the Kalash people? • What were the effects on livestock of the flooding in 2015? • Please share with us the statistics for the three valleys on: o Livestock ownership and type by household o Average household income from livestock

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Annex E: List of Community Stakeholders Consulted

Union Participants Date District Village Consultation Type Council Female Male 12-11- Koz Consultation with Male Swat Kabal 19 32 2018 Abakhail and Female Farmers Representation from 15-11- Villages Consultation with Male Haripur Khanpur 0 15 2018 Tarnawa, Jholiana, Do- Farmers only Banoli and Bhera Representation from Villages Dera 20-11- Pharpur, Kot Jai, Consultation with Male Ismail 11 59 2018 Awanabad, Qayyum and Female Farmers Khan Nager, Fateh, Paroa and Zandani Representation from Villages 24-11- Consultation with Male Chitral Ayun Ramboor, Danin, 14 46 2018 and Female Farmers Ayun,Attani, Darosh, Aneesh and Bomborate TOTAL 44 152

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Annex F: Questions Asked to Community Stakeholders Core Consultation Questions for non- indigenous Male Farmers involved in Irrigation(gathered by the Department of Irrigation) • How are you involved in obtaining and sharing irrigation water? • Why do you think rehabilitation of canals is necessary? • What are the problems when there is not enough irrigation water? • How do you think you can use the water more efficiently? • Would rehabilitation of canals affect structures or sites important to local beliefs? If new canals are constructed? • If you need to move out of where you currently live for canal rehabilitation, will you oblige? • If yes, do you expect compensation? Will you be willing to resettle in another village? City? • Who should decide whom to compensate and how? • Do you think everyone asked to move will be able to report to the relevant office for compensation/resettlement? What may be the problems? • How does the availability of irrigation water affect drinking water and sanitation in the village? • How would the installation of water storage tanks benefit agriculture? Livestock? • • Are you aware that there may be excavated material? • How do you think it will affect farm work if they are deposited on your farm? Forest nearby? Grassland nearby? • How is climate change affecting the water situation?

Core Consultation Questions for non-indigenous Male Farmers (gathered by the Department of Agriculture) • Why do you think the rehabilitation of canals and watercourses is necessary? • Would rehabilitation of watercourses affect structures or sites important to local beliefs? • How are the Water User Associations organized? • How are Water User rights defined in the area? Do women have the rights? • How can the associations be strengthened, organizationally and financially? Women’s participation? • Do you think the use pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, etc. help increase your income? What kind of other effects do they have? • It is possible to reduce the use of such chemicals if you grow different crops and fruit trees in the same plot. Are you interested in such agriculture? • Are you willing to grow new horticulture crops if the agriculture extension officers recommend them? • What kind of crops do you think will increase your income? • Would you like to start LASER equipment rental service? Why, or why not? • What may be the obstacles in increasing your income? • What kind of animals do you keep? • Do you think crossbreeding with exotic animals is good? Why? • Have you seen any link between the health of animals and the health of people? • Are they affected by availability of irrigation water? Why? • What is your main source of fuel? • If there is a forest nearby, how is it used and maintained? • How is climate change affecting the water situation? Planting and harvesting practices? Pests and weeds?

Core Consultation Questions for Female Farmers • What are the main crops grown and women’s involvement in different stages of crop production? • What type of animals do you keep? • Who owns which animals? • How has the farming situation changed in the past few years? • Which everyday tasks are performed by men? By women? • Do children attend school? How far is the nearest school? • How far is the drinking-water source? Whose responsibility is it to fetch water? How many times a

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day? • How is the condition of drinking water? Has it affected health? • Do you treat water before drinking? • How far is the nearest health care facility? • What is the situation of sanitation in the village? • Who sells agricultural and livestock products? Are there other things that can be grown/made and sold? • Who keeps the cash income? • Who makes the decisions on spending? • Are you engaged in vegetable cultivation? • Do you have a mobile phone? • What is your main source of fuel? • If there is a forest nearby, how is it used and maintained?

Core Consultation Questions for indigenous Male Farmers

Preamble • Explain who we represent, our mandate and the nature of the project • Explain that this is the first of a series of discussions on the proposed project

Agriculture • What are the major crops and steps involved in their cultivation? • Which crop is grown in which season? • What are the water sources for each of them: rainfall, groundwater, canal water, springs, streams, etc.? • Are any of the crops sold outside the village for cash? • What kind of crops do you think will increase your income? • What may be the obstacles in increasing your income? • Do different households work together in the fields, or does each household have a separate cultivation area that is exclusively their responsibility? • Do you think the use pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, etc. help increase your income? What kind of other effects do they have? • Do you make use of synthetic fertilisers? Do you think that their use would increase your income? • It is possible to reduce the use of such chemicals if you grow different crops and fruit trees in the same plot. Has traditional culture incorporated chemicals? • If traditional agriculture becomes impossible, how would that affect your life? • What are the festivals and rituals related to agriculture?

Water • Is any of the water sources sacred? • What are the rules for sharing water? • What are the problems when there is not enough water for agriculture? • How do you think you can use the water more efficiently? • How does the availability of water affect drinking water and sanitation in the village? • How is climate change affecting the water situation? Planting and harvesting practices? Pests and weeds?

Livestock • What kind of animals do you keep and what are the various tasks involved in keeping them? • Which animal products do you consume (milk, meat, intestines, blood, horn, skin, bones, etc.)? • Are any of the animals (whole live or parts) sold outside the village for cash? • What kind of animals and their products do you think will increase your income? • What may be the obstacles in increasing your income?

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• Do different households work together for animal keeping, or does each household have animals that are exclusively their responsibility? • What are the main sources of animal feed? • Who has access to which pastures for grazing? How is it determined? • If traditional livestock raising becomes impossible, how would that effect your life? • What are the festivals and rituals related to animals? • Have you seen any link between the health of animals and the health of people? • Are they affected by availability of water? Why?

Forestry • Do you go to the forest to collect fruits, nuts, honey, mushrooms and medicinal plants? • If yes, are they only for use at home, shared among the villagers, or sold for cash income? • What is your main source of fuel? • How are forests maintained? Are there any rules for what not to do, etc.?

Labor division • How is work outside the house (field work; taking animals out in the field, collecting fodder, fuel, fruits, nuts. mushrooms, etc.) divided between women and men? • How are the youth involved in work outside the house? • How is work in and near the house (food preparation, child and elderly care, laundry, cleaning, fodder preparation, bathing children/elderly and animals, etc.) divided between women and men? • How are the youth involved in work in and near the house? • How are the elderly involved in work in and near the house?

Spirituality and Land ownership • Which animals, plants, forests, trees, rivers, lakes, mountains, archaeological sites,etc. are considered sacred? Why? • Which animals, plants, forests, trees, rivers, lakes, mountains etc. appear in myths? • Which ones are sources of food/drink important to the community? Why? • What are the rules on how and when to use/kill them? • Do lands belong to the entire community? Are any lands owned by individuals? • Have you experienced intrusion of people/activities in your community without any notification? If yes, what are they? How did you solve the issue?

Free Prior and Informed Consent • Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) is a specific right pertaining to Indigenous Peoples, including the Kalash. FPIC ensures that the communities are duly consulted and that consent is obtained from them through a decision-making process prior to the implementation of any project activity (road construction, timber harvesting, canal/dam construction, etc.) that affects their lives. • What kind of consultation do you think is necessary so as not to negatively disrupt the lives of the community? - Who should meet the project promotors, how often, where and what should they discuss? • What kind of negotiation do you think is necessary so as not to negatively disrupt the lives of the community? - Who should negotiate with the project promotors in what way? - What should be subject to negotiation? • If a community representative is necessary for consultation or negotiation, how should that person be selected? - Should it be a group of several people, instead of one person? - How can we ensure that the representative/s think of the welfare of the entire community and not personal gains (i.e., how do we ensure that representative/s of the community are accountable and legitimate to those they represent)? • Do you think involvement of is necessary?

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- If yes, how can we ensure broader community participation that include women, elderly, youth, disabled and any marginalized groups (for example, separate talks with each group)? - If yes, how can we make sure that their concerns are addressed in the consultations and negotiations? - If no, why should they be excluded? What can be lost/gained from involving them?

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Annex G: Rapid Assessment Checklist “Additional Information” field must be completed when negative impact is identified or expected. For the purpose of allowing examination from various angles, some impacts are addressed more than once through different questions.

Section A: Project Siting

Screening Questions Answer to Questions Additional Information Yes No Not • Project/subproject stage for Applicable addressing the impact • Responsibility for addressing the impact • Budget implications • Other Of the project/subproject The approximate size? area covered by rapid The GPS co-ordinates? assessment, what is/are: The main physical delimitation (e.g., river, lake, altitude, slope, rainfall)? The estimated number of population (male, female, aged over 70, aged under 15)? The dominant environmental feature (e.g., rainforest, dry forest, savannah, barren land, agricultural land, pasture, other)? The likelihood of recurrent natural disasters (e.g., drought, flood, wild fire, strong wind)? The governance structure for communities? The governance structure for access to natural resources? The prevalence of self-sufficiency in resources? The level of saleable skills among the participants? The level of cultural homogeneity? The level of social solidarity? The level of capacity to absorb waste? The level of economic resilience? Is the project/subproject Densely populated area in or close to: areas? Cultural heritage sites? Protected areas? Wetlands? Mangroves? Estuarine? Buffer zones of protected area? Special areas for protecting biodiversity?

In the project/subproject Cooking? area, what kind of fuel is Heating? used for: Tea/coffee making? Income generation? Industry? Other

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In the project/subproject Household structures? area, what kind of Other shelters? material is used for: Roofing materials? Compound fences? Other Will the project/subproject require support facilities? When is the rapid assessment conducted?

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Natural Resources and Presence and Condition Primary Users Information Strength Current Cultural Economic Habitats - Location - Groups Source of Threat Importance Value - Quality - Gender Local Level (High, (High, - Quantity - Number of Rules on (High, Medium, Medium, - Condition members Resource Medium, Low) Low) Use Low) (High, Medium, Low) Dominant Tree Species

Shrub Species

Grass Species

Mammal Species

Birds Species

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Fish Species

Reptile Species

Amphibian Species

Arthropod Species

Surface Water Resources

Groundwater Resources

Other Water Resources

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Soil

Legally/Gazetted Protected Areas

Ecologically Sensitive Areas

Culturally Important Sites

Other

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Section B: Environmental Impacts

Screening Questions Answer to Questions Additional Information Yes No Not • Project/subproject stage for Applicable addressing the impact • Responsibility for addressing the impact • Budget implications • Other Will the project/ Ecological disturbances or loss of subproject ecological functions due to cause: infrastructure construction? Impairment of ecological functions? Environmental degradation from intensification of agricultural land use? Environmental degradation from transformation to monoculture practices? Environmental degradation from application of agrochemicals? Environmental degradation from transport, storage, use or disposal of material for facilities construction? Environmental degradation from transport, storage, use or disposal of hazardous chemicals? Environmental degradation from construction activities and equipment? Accidental release of hazardous chemicals? Increase in generation of solid waste? Occupational health hazards due to exposure to dust, hazardous material, noise, vibration, and other substance and disturbances from engagement in process operations? Disruption in transit patterns (people and animals), aggravation of noise, or increase in pedestrian hazards? Disease transmission from inadequate waste disposal or treatment? Public health risks from solid, liquid, gaseous waste discharges? Public health risks from noise? Public health risks from agrochemicals? Changes in water flows?

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Eventual degradation of surface water bodies? Eventual degradation of groundwater bodies? Soil contamination? Soil erosion? Siltation? Decrease in soil fertility? Air pollution? Foul smell? Vibration? Decrease in biodiversity? Disruption to wildlife?

Section C: Social Impacts

Screening Questions Answer to Questions Additional Information Yes No Not • Project stage for addressing Applicable the impact • Responsibility for addressing the impact • Budget implications • Other Does the Operate where property rights on project/ resources (e.g., land tenure) are subproject: legally recognized? Cause changes to land tenure, land use, access to or use of resources? Require land acquisition? - How will the cost be shared between the project and the landowner? - Will complete - - - documentation for land procurement or donation be maintained? Obtain private land with community funding and through willing-buyer-willing-seller arrangement? - Will complete - - - documentation for land procurement be maintained? Obtain land through private voluntary donations? - Will the donation - - - decrease the means of livelihood of the donor by more than 10 percent? - Will complete - - - documentation for land donation be maintained? Involve dislocation or involuntary

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resettlement of inhabitants? Cause modification in technology and land uses, which affect current socioeconomic activities? Increase unemployment? Cause influx of laborers from other areas? Create a possibility of uncontrolled in-migration of people and overloading of infrastructure from improved transportation system?

Contain measure to avoid forced or child labor? Contain measure to ensure safe and healthy working environment for workers unemployed for the project? Compromise recreational opportunities? Have disproportionate impacts on the vulnerable groups (e.g., the poor, women, children, indigenous peoples, disabled)? Have mechanisms to integrate action plans developed or to be developed for special groups and issues that require attention? Include measures to integrate stakeholders’ information, suggestions and needs? Include measures to prevent and avoid corruption? Impair indigenous peoples’ livelihoods or belief systems? Involve or be complicit in alteration, damage or removal of cultural heritage? Respect internationally proclaimed human rights, including dignity, cultural determination and property? Affect the state of project country’s institutional context?

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Section D: Other Considerations

Screening Questions Answer to Questions Additional Information Yes No Not • Project stage for addressing Applicable the impact • Responsibility for addressing the impact • Budget implications • Other Does the national regulation in country/countries affected by the project/subproject require EIA or ESIA for the activities under the project? Does local capacity exist for fulfilment of EIA and ESIA requirements in country/countries affected by the project? Does the project address issues that have also been addressed by other projects or approaches? Does the project/subproject generate cumulative or long-term impacts? Is it possible to isolate the impacts from the project/subproject for monitoring?

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Annex H: Suggested Methodology and Structure of Environmental and Social Management Plans An Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) specific to each subproject will be prepared using the standard methodology, as briefly described below, together with Rapid Environmental Assessment (Annex G)and FAO Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines for FAO Field Projects, in accordance with Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations 2000 and World Bank Operational Policies..

Suggested Methodology Scoping - Study the subproject details and prepare a comprehensive list of potential issues and concerns.

Site survey and data collection - Record the key environmental and social aspects of the intervention area. - Identify any environmental or social hotspots or key concerns - Conduct consultations with the stakeholders: community members, relevant local and provincial officials, and NGOs with experience in the area.

Screening - Create with the stakeholders--- community members, relevant local and provincial officials, and NGOs with experience in the area---a list of key concerns and potential impacts of the subproject on environment and the people.

Impact Assessment - Assess the significance of each potential impact, using checklists and other tools identified in Section 8 of this document. - Identify appropriate mitigation measures. - Assess cumulative impacts of a cluster of subprojects.

Environmental and Social Management Plan Formulation - Document the process and outcome of the above steps. - Obtain the required approval of the Plan by the World Bank.

Suggested Structure A suggested structure of ESMP is as follows: Executive Summary

A summary of the contents and key findings written in a way that is easily understood by the general public. It should be concise, about 3 to 5 pages.

Background

Subproject specific background information will be included in this section.

Subproject Overview

This section will provide an overview of the subproject and its relation to the project to which the subproject belongs.

Objectives

The section will list the objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Plan specific to the subproject, based on its detailed information provided by the appropriate Project Managementpopulation Unit. The project and subproject details should include their precise nature and scope, site location, activities to be undertaken, and timing and scheduling.

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Scope of Work

This section should list and describe all national, provincial legislations and regulations as well as World Bank policies that give rise to the Environmental and Social Management Plan. The scope should take into account the nature and the magnitude of the potential impacts in addition to the project location and size.

Screening of Environmental and Social Impacts

This section will contain the assessment results of anticipated impacts of the project activities on the environment and the people, including the list of key concerns and potential impacts of the subproject on the environment and the people. The assessment will be the base for deciding whether any auxiliary plan would be required: Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan (LARP); Resettlement Action Plan (RAP); Indigenous Peoples Plan; or Integrated Pest Management Plan.

Baseline information

This section will describe proposed sites and their immediatesurroundings with texts, maps, photographs as well as key environmental andsocial aspects of the sites and surroundings, such as demography, ethnicity, socio economic activities, occupation and livelihoods, land form and land use, landownership, water resources, settlements, critical habitat or protected areas, formal and informal groups, methods of communication and transport, cultural heritage sites or graveyards, sensitive receptor such as schools,hospitals and access routes. The section will also include baseline data necessary to monitor all key environmental and social impacts identified through screening.

Environmental and Social Impacts

This section will outline both positive and negative impacts, including cumulative ones, of the subproject by each type of intervention, assess the severity of these impacts and the range of measures required to avoid (mitigate, in case avoiding is not possible) the negative impacts and enhance positive ones.

Stakeholder Consultations and Information Disclosure

This section will describe the objective, process, and outcome of the stakeholder consultations---with community members, relevant local and provincial officials, and NGOs with experience in the area---that are carried out during the ESMP preparation. The emphasis will be on the concerns and suggestions regarding the subproject and its potential impacts. This section will also list all project and subproject information shared with the stakeholders during the preparation of the plan and arrangements for disclosing subproject information in order to comply with the World Bank’s Policy on information disclosure.

Mitigation and Monitoring Plan

The section will describe all impacts (including cumulative ones), mitigation measures for each impact, indicators for each impact, the parties responsible for implementing each mitigation measure, and the parties responsible for monitoring each indicator. A single indicator may be monitored in different ways by multiple stakeholders to allow maximum participation of various stakeholders, and subsequently enhanced ownership and implementation of the project. It should also indicate the methodology for monitoring, including reporting tools and requirements, as well as a feedback mechanism, such as impact thresholds that trigger stronger measures for mitigation or reformulation of the subproject, and addition of indicators. The monitoring and reporting procedures will be such that they ensure early detection of conditions that necessitate particular mitigation measures. An implementation schedule must be included, which specifies the timing, frequency, duration and location of mitigation, monitoring and reporting, and is linked to the overall subproject schedule.

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Capacity Assessment and Training

This section will detail capacity assessment among the relevant officials and other stakeholders on implementing environmental and social management plan. It will also include a plan to enhance the capacity of the stakeholders while implementing the subproject and the ESMP.

Cost Estimates and Sources of Funds

The section will indicate cost estimates and sources of funds for institution development activities, training programs for implementation teams and local institutions, technical assistance to authorities, costs for preparation of ESMP and other safeguard documents, and their implementation.

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Annex I: Scheme Siting Checklist

No. Issues Yes No Uncertain Mitigation Measures Remarks 1 Does the subproject require land acquisition? 2 Will the subproject negatively impact livelihoods? Describe the negative impacts in the Remarks column. 3 Is the subproject located on land with contested ownership? 4 Is the subproject located in an area with security problems? 5 Is the subproject located on land reclaimed from floods (the ownership may be contested)? 6 Is the subproject located in an area with designated natural reserves? 7 Is the subproject located in an area with unique natural features? 8 Is the subproject located in an area with endangered or conservation-worthy ecosystems, fauna or flora? 9 Is the subproject located in an area falling within 500 meters of national forests, protected areas, wilderness areas, wetlands, biodiversity, critical habitats, or sites of historical or cultural importance? 10 Is the subproject located in an area which would create a barrier for the movement of conservation-worthy wildlife or livestock? 11 Is the subproject located close to groundwater sources, surface waterbodies, watercourses or wetlands? 12 Is the subproject located in an area with designated cultural properties such as

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archaeological, historical and/or religious sites? 13 Is the subproject in an area with religious monuments, structures or cemeteries? 14 Is the project located in an area from where people have been displaced? 15 Is the project located in an area where internally displaced persons are temporarily settled? 16 Is the project in a politically sensitive area? 17 Is the subproject in a polluted or contaminated area? 18 Is the subproject located in an area of high visual and landscape quality? 19 Is the subproject located in an area susceptible to landslides or erosion? 20 Is the subproject located in an area of seismic faults? 21 Is the subproject located in a densely populated area? 22 Is the subproject located on prime agricultural land? 23 Is the subproject located in an area of tourist importance? 24 Is the subproject located near a waste dump? 25 Does the subproject have access to potable water? 26 Is the subproject located far (1 -2 km) from accessible roads? 27 Is the subproject located in an area with a wastewater network? 28 Is the subproject located in an area covered by urban planning of the city? 29 Is the subproject located outside the land use plan?

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Completed by: Name: ______

Title: ______

Signature: ______

Date: ______

Reviewed by: Name: ______

Title: ______

Signature: ______

Date: ______

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Annex J: Gender and Social Protection Checklist Section A: Project/Subproject Profile

Project/Subproject Title:

Implementing Agency: Processing Stage:

Valley/Village ______UC______Tehsil______

District______Province______Pakistan

Categorization New Revision of Other Status: project/subproject project/subproject

Section B: Identification of Impacts in Project/Subproject Area

Not Yes No Remarks or identified Key Concerns Known problems, if any Gender Does the project/subproject take gender issues If negative, exclude from

explicitly into account? financing. Does the background/context analysis of the If negative, exclude from project/subproject examine: financing. • The difference in the situations of

women and men; and, • The impacts of the project/subproject on different social groups. Are women/gender-focused groups, associations

or organizations consulted for the project/subproject? Does the project/subproject ensure that both

women and men can participate in project

activities – from planning, implementation to monitoring and evaluation? Are outcomes, outputs and activities designed to If negative, exclude from meet the different needs and priorities of financing. women and men? Does the results framework include gender If negative, exclude from

responsive indicators, targets and baselines? financing. Will the project/subproject collect and use age

and sex disaggregated data and qualitative

information to analyze and monitor gender issues? Does the project/subproject include gender

sensitization activities for male and female stakeholders? Does the project/subproject management has an

adaptive mechanism to address gender issues as they emerge? Have adequate financial resources been

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allocated to the proposed gender activities? Has a gender expert been recruited for the

project/subproject? Will all project management members and

technicians be sensitized on gender? Is the project/subproject personnel balanced in terms of gender? Will the monitoring and evaluation of the project/subproject cover gender issues and

monitor behavioral changes towards gender equality? Will any project/subproject activity demand women’s time without reducing the time required for their household responsibilities? Will there be any impact on women that may If negative, exclude from

hinder their mobility and safekeeping? financing. Will there be impacts on women’s opportunities If negative, exclude from

to earn cash income? financing. Does the project/subproject lessen constraints If negative, exclude from

on women’s access to various resources? financing. Does the project/subproject provide opportunities for women to build their capacities to access information and to make decisions? Social Protection How many workers (male/female) will be

employed under the project/subproject? Will the enterprise chosen by the project/subproject hire workers (male/female) from the local community? If workers from outside are indispensable, how

many will move to live in the community? If workers from outside are indispensable, will If negative, exclude from the community members be involved in deciding: financing. • where they would live; • where they would be allowed to set their feet; • where they would obtain the resources

needed for their everyday life (water, fuel, food); • how they would dispose of their waste; and, • how they communicate with the community members. Will the enterprise chosen by the project/subproject ensure that its contractor

agree, monitor, and comply with the national and provincial labor policy and laws? Will the enterprise chosen by the If negative, exclude from project/subproject and its contractor establish a financing.

reliable two-way communication channel with the community members? Does the enterprise chosen by the project/subproject and its contractor have a policy on women’s rights and gender equality?

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Section D: Anticipated Project Impacts on Women and Social Protection

Project Activity and Output Anticipated Anticipated Positive Impact Negative Impact

If negative, exclude 1 from financing.

If negative, exclude 2. from financing.

If negative, exclude 3. from financing.

If negative, exclude 4. from financing.

If negative, exclude 5. from financing.

If negative, exclude 6. from financing.

Section D: Decision on Categorization and Required Actions(Please Tick)

After reviewing the answer above, the Project Implementation Unit agrees that the project:

Should be categorized as a project/subproject with high negative impacts; it should not be financed as is.

Should be categorized as a project/subproject with moderate negative impacts; a gender analysis, a gender action plan and a community participation plan are required.

Should be categorized as a project/subproject with little or no negative impact; specific actions that empower women and other vulnerable groups and a community participation plan, are required.

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Project Team Comments:

Proposed by Project Implementation Unit of the Reviewed by Project Consultant relevant Component:

Project Director for the Component Social Safeguard Specialist, World Bank

Date: Date:

Reviewed by Project Implementation Unit of another Component:

Project Director for the Component

Date:

Reviewed by Project Implementation Unit of the other Component:

Project Director for the Component

Date:

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Annex K: Safeguards Procedures for Inclusion in the Technical Specifications of Contracts A. General 1. The Contractor and his staff/employees shall adhere to the mitigation measures set down and take all other measures required by the Engineer to prevent harm, and to minimize the impact of his operations on the environment.

2. The Contractor shall not be permitted to unnecessarily strip clear the right of way. The Contractor shall only clear the minimum width for construction and diversion roads should not be constructed alongside the existing road.

3. Remedial measures which cannot be effectively carried out during construction should be carried out on completion of each section of the road (earthworks, pavement and drainage) and before issuance of the Handling Over Certificate:

(a) these sections should be landscaped and any necessary remedial works should be undertaken without delay, including grassing and reforestation; (b) canal sections, water courses and fields should be cleared of excavated material and debris, and drains and culverts checked for clear flow paths; and (c) borrow pits should be dressed as fish ponds, or drained and made safe, as agreed with the land owner.

4. The Contractor shall limit construction works to between 6 am and 7 pm if it is to be carried out in or near residential areas.

5. The Contractor shall avoid the use of heavy or noisy equipment in specified areas at night, or in sensitive areas such as near a hospital.

6. To prevent dust pollution during dry periods, the Contractor shall carry out regular water sprinkling of earth and gravel haul roads and shall cover material haulage trucks with tarpaulins to prevent spillage.

7. The Contractor may arrange adequate sources of water, particularly in reaches of canal rehabilitation during canal closure.

8. The Contractor should not block any route, particularly farm-to-market routes when farmers use them for their livelihoods.

9. The Contractor should prepare a work plan to avoid disturbance to migratory birds and other wildlife.

B. Transport 1. The Contractor shall use selected routes to the project site, as agreed with the Engineer, and appropriately sized vehicles suitable to the class of road, and shall restrict loads to prevent damage to roads and bridges used for transportation purposes. The Contractor shall be held responsible for any damage caused to the roads and bridges due to the transportation of excessive loads, and shall be required to repair such damage to the approval of the Engineer.

2. The Contractor shall not use any vehicles, either on or off road with grossly excessive, exhaust or noise emissions. In any built up areas, noise mufflers shall be installed and maintained in good condition on all motorized equipment under the control of the Contractor.

3. Adequate traffic control measures shall be maintained by the Contractor throughout the duration of the Contract and such measures shall be subject to prior approval of the Engineer.

4. The Contractor shall use adequate traffic and work in progress signs to avoid any accident and mishap.

Environment and Social Management Framework 203 | P a g e ` Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP)

5. The Contractor shall ensure use of adequate and recommended fuel, as per National Environmental Quality Standards. C. Workforce 1. The Contractor shall recruit optimal local workforce, particularly unskilled labors, and shall provide appropriate trainings.

2. The Contractor shall install and maintain a temporary septic tank system for any residential labor camp and without causing pollution of nearby canal system, watercourses and agricultural land.

3. The Contractor shall establish a method and system for storing and disposing of all solid and liquid wastes generated by the labor camp or base camp. The Contractor shall also provide separate containers for segregated waste collection and subsequent disposal.

4. The Contractor shall not allow the use of fuel wood for cooking or heating in any labor camp or base camp and provide alternate facilities which use other fuels.

5. The Contractor shall ensure that site offices, depots, concrete batching plants and workshops are located in appropriate areas as approved by the Engineer and not within 500 meters of existing residential settlements and not within 1,000 meters for concrete batching plants.

6. The Contractor shall ensure that site offices, depots and particularly storage areas for diesel fuel and concrete batching plants are not located within 500 meters of canal systems and watercourses, and are operated in a way that no pollutants enter canals or watercourses, either overland or through groundwater seepage, especially during periods of rain. This will require lubricants to be recycled and a ditch to be constructed around the area with an approved settling pond or oil trap at the outlet.

7. The contractor shall not use fuel wood as a means of heating during the processing or preparation of any materials forming part of the works.

D. Quarries and Borrow Pits 1. Operations in a new borrow area, on land, in a river, or in an existing area, shall be subject to prior approval of the Engineer, and the operation shall cease if so instructed by the Engineer. Borrow pits shall be prohibited where they might interfere with the natural or designed drainage patterns. River locations shall be prohibited if they might undermine or damage the river banks, or carry too much fine material downstream.

2. The Contractor shall ensure that all borrow pits used are left in a trim and tidy condition with stable side slopes, and are drained ensuring that no stagnant water bodies are created which could breed mosquitoes.

3. Rock or gravel taken from a river shall be far enough removed to limit the depth of material removed to one-tenth of the width of the river at any one location, and not to disrupt the river flow, or damage or undermine the river banks.

4. The location of crushing plants shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer, and not be close to environmentally sensitive areas or to existing residential settlements, and shall be operated with approved fitted dust and noise control devices.

E. Earthworks 1. Earthworks shall be properly controlled, especially during the rainy season.

2. The Contractor shall maintain stable cut and fill slopes at all times and cause the least possible disturbance to areas outside the prescribed limits of the work.

Environment and Social Management Framework 204 | P a g e ` Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (KPIAIP)

3. The Contractor shall complete cut and fill operations to final cross-sections at any one location as soon as possible and preferably in one continuous operation to avoid partially completed earthworks, particularly during the rainy season.

4. In order to protect any cut or fill slopes from erosion, cut-off drains and toe drains shall be provided at the top and bottom of slopes and be planted with grass or other plant cover. Cut-off drains should be provided above high cuts to minimize water runoff and slope erosion.

5. Any excavated cut or unsuitable material shall be disposed of in designated disposal areas as agreed by the Engineer. If the material is deemed rich in nutrients, farmers may apply it on the fields with proper instructions.

6. Tips should not be located where they can cause future slides, interfere with agricultural land or any other properties, or cause soil from the dump to be washed into any canal and watercourse. Drains may need to be dug within and around the tips, as directed by the Engineer.

F. Disposal of Construction and Vehicle Waste 1. Debris generated due to the dismantling of the existing structures shall be suitably reused, to the extent feasible, in the proposed construction (e.g., as fill material for embankments). The disposal of remaining debris shall be carried out only at sites identified and approved by the Engineer. The contractor should ensure that these sites (a) are not located within designated forest areas; (b) do not impact natural drainage courses; and (c) do not impact endangered/rare flora or fauna. Under no circumstances shall the contractor dispose of any material in environmentally sensitive areas.

2. In the event any debris or silt from the sites is deposited on adjacent land, the Contractor shall immediately remove such, debris or silt and restore the affected area to its original state to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

3. Bentonite slurry or similar debris generated from pile driving or other construction activities shall be properly disposed of to avoid overflow into the surface water bodies or form mud puddles in the area.

4. All arrangements for transportation during construction, including provision, maintenance, dismantling and clearing debris, will be considered incidental to the work and should be planned and implemented by the contractor as approved and directed by the Engineer.

5. Operations, maintenance and refueling of vehicle, machinery and equipment shall be carried out to avoid spillage of fuels and lubricants. An “oil interceptor" will be provided for wash down and refueling areas. Fuel storage shall be located in adequate and approved areas.

6. All spills and collected petroleum products shall be disposed of in accordance with standard environmental procedures/guidelines. Fuel storage and refilling areas shall be located at least 300 m from all cross drainage structures and important water bodies or as directed by the Engineer.

G.HIV/AIDS and Education 1. The Contractor shall ensure that detection screening of sexually transmitted diseases, especially with regard to HIV/AIDS, amongst laborers is actually carried out and will submit a certificate of compliance.

2. The Contractor shall arrange awareness campaigns against HIV/AID and other contagious diseases.

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