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A Description of the Seasonal Variations of Water Exchange Between the Baltic Proper and the Gulf of Bothnia

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A Description of the Seasonal Variations of Water Exchange Between the Baltic Proper and the Gulf of Bothnia MERENTUTKIMUSLAITOKSEN JULKAISU N:o 215 HAVSFORSKNINGSINSTITUTETS SKRIFT A DESCRIPTION OF THE SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF WATER EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE BALTIC PROPER AND THE GULF OF BOTHNIA ERKKI PALOSUO HELSINKI 1964 Helsinki 1964. Val tioneuvos toil kirjapaino Introduction Numerous studies have been published on possible to study the seasonal variations in the transport and exchange of water in the the deeper parts of the sea, especially as seas around Finland. The first extensive winter observations were almost entirely study was made by Witting (1908). His data, lacking. collected at fixed stations, were mainly As the advective transport of heat proved measurements of currents taken at an- to be of great importance in the calculations chored lightships and tide-gauge readings. of the cooling and freezing of the sea areas, The temperature and salinity values of the the freezing calculations being of the utmost open sea were obtained during four cruises importance to winter navigation, arrange- made in 1904 and 1905—the spring cruises inents were made in 1959 to use Finnish in May and the fall cruises in August — icebreakers for oceanographic studies in September. connection with their regular work. In 1961, Notable among the later studies were the coast-guard cutters also made observations joint Swedish-Finnish cruises to the Åland at oceanographic stations. The latter opera- Sea and the Archipelago Sea in the summers ted mainly in the Åland Sea and in the of 1922 and 1923. One of the main points of southern part of the Bothnian Sea, but also the program was the measurement of cur- in the Bothnian Bay. In 1962, it was rent systems. Palm i (1930) computed the possible to use the research vessel Aranda mean current vectors for the surface water for one early and one late cruise in the and published these as a current chart. The Gulf of Bothnia. This was repeated in 1963. observational data were mainly current Since the data collected are by no means speeds measured on lightships. The Åland simultaneous, only a quantitative survey Sea was again studied by Hela (1958), who is attempted. made a computation of the distribution of In this connection the author wishes to currents on the basis of temperatures and thank the masters and crews of the ice- salinities measured during a special cruise breakers and coast-guard cutters who have in 1956. The Quark was studied by Li-sitzia assisted in the sampling program for their (1946), who compared the currents in the cooperation. The samples were analyzed at Quark with variations in water level and the laboratory of the Institute, under the other factors. direction of Dr. Folke Iforolejf. Therefore As mentioned above, Witting was able to my thanks are directed to him and other perform two cruises in each of the years 1904 colleagues. I wish to thank especially the and 1905, a spring cruise and a fall cruise. Director of the Institute, Prof. Ilmo Hela, During the following years no vessel was for his invaluable advice on the treatment available for marine research, except for too of the data. Mr. Ilklea Noponen and Osnio short a period in summer. This meant that Ranta-alto have helped with the drawing the oceanographic sections could only be of the figures and Mr. Svante Nordström and traversed once a year as a rule, and al- Mrs. J. ll1. Perttunen helped with the trans- most always in summer. Thus it was im- lation and checking of the manuscript. ~ n :~~_ I'!1I: =__ i _ i is I S hrr - --ii ____ Iii i!- 1_ i.,__r4•,I _ Fig. 1. Contents Page Introduction................................................................ 3 I. The flow of water over the southern sills of the Åland Sea .............. 7 II. The deep current from the Åland Sea to the Bothnian Sea .............. 11 III. The flow of water through the Archipelago Sea .......................... 15 IV. The water flow in the upper layers of the Bothnian Sea ................ 17 V. The flow over the Quark to the Bothnian Bay .......................... 24 19° 20° qC knan„;• • alskär Vi ~ Yxsjkärs SiiI k;i • ~ •• • Sommard • . :'% • Undri tit n I' Finb;f ••/' ;~rf •.Enklinge ~.11: ~krl 1. .• .1 . 'ffi `~ W ~C ¢f0 • , ~ I •, ~ i ~ ,i' ~' ~ ~ Maiieha ~• n 1I•~ ~•~ i€,"- Na 'lat "llorl 1ll11lf mDmla 60° 6Ö .I uil Ftoi jt • ii} ~.~I,y 'F und. • ~ fil dö r • :s ~ 1.I,.i Isj!irn. •i.I ~ Pi _ y • r Isn;; i..~~Ö Susoskn Hiigllrnnl i s e. ian 19° 20° Fig. 2. The depth contour-s o/ the Ålland ,Sea. Td'hite: 0— 20 to Light grayish: 20— 60 ett Gray: 60-100 Sta Dark gray. 100-200 ni Vety dark gray: more titan 200 ni Black: land I. The flow of water over the southern sills of the Åland Sea The exchange of water between the Bal- the Bogskär Deep. It has been impossible to tic proper and the Gulf of Bothnia proceeds make frequent visits to this out-of-the-way on the one hand through the rather large place for oceanographic measurements. Fur- and deep Åland Sea, and on the other hand thermore, old serial observations covering through the numerous but shallow sounds the whole year exist for the Bogskär Deep. and channels of the Archipelago Sea. The Bogskär lighthouse was manned from From the geological point of view, the 1898 until the destruction of the tower in Åland Sea is a tectonic depression of appre- 1914, and the lighthouse crew made depth ciable depth (Fig. 2). It consists of two observations every ten days (Witting, 1908). basins more than 200 in deep, both with The year 1907-08, shown here as an exam- shallower margins and separated by a sill. ple (Figs. 3-4), indicates that the winter The southern basin, called Lagskär deep, is turnover reaches a depth of 80 m, this col- separated from the Northern Baltic by a umn of cold water being of rather low sal- ridge, over which the water depth is 40 m. inity, 6.35-6.50 0/00. In summer the sal- This ridge is partly cut by a deep but inity increases at greater depths, being narrow canyon, the depth of which ranges 7.00-7.25 °/oo at the end of July even at from 150 to 225 m; however, at its southern 50 in and higher than 8.00 °/oo below 70 m, entrance the depth of this canyon is only as was also shown by Simojoki (1946) in 70 m. The only attempt known to the his study of Bogskär data. author at measuring currents in the canyon The saline water mass close to the bottom indicated a rather strong northward current at Bogskär has been sampled during the close to the bottom. recent cruises, and the oxygen concentra- The sill between the two basins of the tion of this water has always proved to be Åland Sea consists of the island of Lågskär low. Thus in 1961 the oxygen concentration and the shallow water to the southwest and at 85 in was 1.73 ml/1, corresponding to 21 east of this island. The deepest place on the per cent of saturation. sill, to the southwest of Flötjan, is about The oceanographic station F 69 of the 80 m.. East of Lågskär the sill is cut by a Lågskär Deep has been visited occasionally very narrow canyon, but most of the water not only by R/VT Aranda, but also by the exchange must occur west of Lågskär be- coast-guard cutters (Fig. 34). The varia- cause of the wider opening. tions are similar to those at Bogskär. The The northern basin of the Åland Sea, the largest fluctuations of salinity take place in Aland Sea proper, is over 200 m deep. At the layer between the surface and the depth Understen the trench grows narrower and of 80-90 m. Below 100 m the salinity in- continues into the Bothnian Sea as a chan- creases abruptly and reaches values higher nel with a sill depth of some 80 m. than 8 0/oo. This water seems to be more or At the southern boundary of the area stu- less stagnant. died lies a lone rock with a lighthouse, Bog- In the Åland Sea the coast-guard cutters skär. Just off this rock is a deep depression, carried out numerous observations at dif- 8 491 F ____ 150 ui t !,Ii'ili! WI! , , ' vI iIIiipIi III Fig. 3-4. Temperature and salinity at Bogskcir, in the Northern Baltic in 1906 to 1908. ferent stations in 1962 and 1963 (11Ierenttutk. It is interesting to make a comparison be- J2tlk. No. 208). Since all stations show sim- tween winters of different types. During the ilar features, the annual cycle of the selected extremely mild winter of 1960/61 (Meren- station, FÅ 4, will be analyzed (Fig. 5-6). teLtic. Julle. No. 200) hardly any cold water At this station, too, the annual cycle is remi- appeared in the Aland Sea. The winter of niscent of that at Bogskär. In summer the 1961/62 was colder, and the Åland Sea and surface layer of warm water of low salinity, the Bothnian Sea had an ice cover for a extending to a depth of about 20 m, appar- short period (11Ie•entattk. Julle. No. 206.); ently flows southward most of the time cold deep water was observed for rather (shitting and Pettersson 1925, Hela 1958). a short time only. The winter of 1962/63 The water close to the bottom, presumably (1lierentutk. Julle. No. 213) was very cold; flowing more or less steadily northwards, is even the Northern Baltic had an extensive of rather high salinity.
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