UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Oceanographie
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UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL OCEANOGRAPHie CHANGES OFF CANADIAN COASTS IN THE 20TH AND 21sT CENTURIES: GEOCHEMICAL PERSPECTIVES FROM DEEP-WATER CORALS THE SIS PRESENTED AS PARTIAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN EARTH AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES PAR SAMUEL DAVIN JUIN 2019 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL ÉTUDE DES CHANGEMENTS OCÉANOGRAPHIQUE CÔTIERS AU LARGE DU CANADA DURANT LES 20ÈME ET 21 ÈME SIÈCLES : APPROCHE GÉOCHIMIQUE PAR LES CORAUX D'EAUX PROFONDES THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DU DOCTORAT EN SCIENCES DE LA TERRE ET DE L'ATMOSPHÈRE PAR SAMUEL DAVIN JUIN 2019 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de cette thèse se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522- Rév.0?-2011). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commerciali~er ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I wish to thank my supervisors, Claude Hillaire-Marcel and Evan Edinger, for their support and guidance during this project. From project conception to project completion they have always been available, in one form or another, to provide guidance on the subjects of life, chemistry, and the sea. I extend my gratitude to Yves Gelinas and Owen Sherwood for taking on roles as mentors, and for assisting with sorne of the more challenging aspects of my doctoral research. I would also like to thank my co-authors, Enno Schefu13 and Carly Buchwald, for their assistance and patience as I found my feet in complex terrain. Laboratory support at Geotop was provided Jean-François Hélie, Agnieszka Adamowicz, Bassam Ghaleb, and André Poirier. I extend my thanks to Michael Kucera for hosting me at MARUM (Universitat Bremen) during my research stay in Germany, and to Moritz Lehmann for hosting me at the Universitat Basel (Departement Umweltwissenschaften) during my research stay in Switzerland. I am especially grateful to Thomas Kuhn the many hours he spent working with me in the laboratory. I would be remiss to exclude Nicole Turcot, executive secretary of Geotop, from this list. Nicole, I would not have made it this far without your frequent assistance. Numerous members of ArcticNet and VITALS, the captains and crews of the C.C.G.S. Amundsen and RIV Polarstem, and affiliated researchers and technicians have played critical roles in the acquisition of samples presented in this work. Similarly, I would also like to thank Jean-Éric Tremblay (Université Laval) for making available nutrient datasets collected during the C.C.G.S. Amundsen 2016 field season, which have provided context to my own work. lll Beyond the scope of my academie work, there are a number of individuals who have made daily life in Montreal a pleasure. I am especially thankful for time spent outdoors with Charlie Beard, Chelsie Kadgien, Cornelia Roffeis, Julien Tremblay-Grave!, and toothy-snouted Balto. Where will I find such camaraderie again? Too late we met, too soon we part. To my understanding and equally delightful co-locators, Sophie Fiola and Mathieu Tremblay-Grave!, please know you are deeply appreciated. Renée Carter, Rebecca Paisley, and Coralie Zorzi: thank you for your friendship, advice, and wit. To my family, to whom this work is dedicated, what can I say? Y ou taught me that true wealth is found at the edges of fields and under pines. Thank you for your love and sacrifices. This work was funded by scholarships to S.D. from ArcTrain, Geotop, VITALS, and by grants to C.H-M. and E.E. from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. IV TABLE OF CONENTS LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. VIII LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... IX RÉSUMÉ ..................................................................................................................... X ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. XIII INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 0.1 General problem .................................................................................................. 1 0.2 Research th erne .................................................................................................... 2 0.3 Oceanographie context ........................................................................................ 3 0.3.1 North Atlantic ............................................................................................. 3 0.3 .2 Strait of Georgia ......................................................................................... 4 0.4 Coral .................................................................................................................... 5 0.4.1 Proxy records from corals .......................................................................... 7 0.4.2 Primnoa .................................................................................................... 10 0.4.3 Keratoisis ................................................................................................. 11 0.5 Marine nitrogen cycling ..................................................................................... 12 0.6 A note on authorship .......................................................................................... 13 0.7 References .................................................... ...................................................... 14 CHAPTERI STABLE HYDROGEN ISOTOPE V ARIABILITY IN THE COLD-W ATER CORAL GENUS PRIMNOA: IMPLICATIONS FOR PALEOCEANOGRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTIONS .............................................................................................. 24 Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 25 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................. ...................... 25 1.1.1 Oceanographie context: North Atlantic .................................................... 27 1.1.2 Oceanographie context: Strait of Georgia ................................................ 28 1.2 Methodology ...................................................................................................... 28 v 1.2.1 Sample Recovery ...................................................................................... 29 1.2.2 Sample preparation ................................................................................... 29 1.2.3 Vapor equilibration .................................................................................. 30 1.2.4 Analysis .................................................................................................... 32 1.3 Results ............................................................................................................... 33 1.3 .1 Coral deuterium content ........................................................................... 3 3 1.3.2 Seawater deuterium content ..................................................................... 34 1.3 .3 Carbon and nitrogen isotopes ................................................................... 3 5 1.4 Discussion .......................................................................................................... 35 1.4 .1 Interpretation of 8Dgorg ............................................................................. 3 5 1.4.2 Strait of Georgia site ................................................................................ 36 1.4.3 Labrador Sea and North Atlantic sites ..................................................... 38 1.5 Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 40 1.6 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ 41 1. 7 References .......................................................................................................... 41 1.8 Tables ................................................................................................................. 49 1.9 Figures ............................................................................................................... 50 1.10 Equations ........................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTERII LABRADOR CURRENT CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO THE RECENT NAO MODAL SHIFT AS RECORDED BY DEEP-W ATER CORALS OFF NEWFOUNDLAND