Number 309 • spring 2019

SS Savannah: The Bicentennial of Her Historic Voyage 16

plus Sava nna h: Illustrious Failure 24

also in this issue To Shanghai American Wind-Class on the Innovation in Icebreakers: Empress of the Shipping Part Two 40 Japan 8 Industry 28 Thanks to All Who Continue to Support SSHSA March 26, 2019 Fleet Admiral ($50,000+) Admiral ($20,000+) The Dibner Charitable Trust of The Family of Helen & Massachusetts Henry Posner Jr. Heritage Harbor Foundation Maritime Heritage Grant Program

Benefactor ($10,000+) The Champlin Foundation Mr. Thomas C. Ragan Mr. Douglas Tilden

Leader ($1,000+) Mr. Barry Eager Dr. Frederick Murray Mr. John Spofford Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Ferguson CAPT and Mrs. Roland Parent The Estate of Donald Stoltenberg Amica Companies Foundation Mr. Henry Fuller Jr. Ms. Mary Payne CAPT Eric Takakjian Mr. Charles Andrews Mr. and Mrs. Glenn Hayes CAPT Dave Pickering CAPT and Mrs. Terry Tilton Mr. Jason Arabian Mr. Stephen Lash Mr. Richard Rabbett Mr. Peregrine White Mr. Douglas Bryan Mr. Don Leavitt Mr. Stephen Roberts Mr. James Zatwarnicki Jr. CDR Andrew Coggins Jr. Mr. William McLin and Mr. Kenneth Schaller Mr. William Donnell Mr. Samuel McKeon Mr. and Mrs. James Shuttleworth Mr. Thomas Donoghue Merriconeag Charitable Fund Mr. Howard Smart

Mr. Andrew W. Edmonds CAPT and Mrs. James McNamara Mr. and Mrs. Fred Schulte Sponsor ($250+) Mr. Raymond Fredette Mr. Alexander Melchert Mr. Theodore Scull Mr. Walter Giger Jr. Mr. Charles Miller III Mr. Tom Sepe Mr. Ronald Amos Mr. Roger Gill Mr. W. John Miottel Jr. Dr. Robert Shea Mr. Jim Antonisse Mrs. Alissa Halacy Mr. William Muller Mr. George Shuster Mr. and Mrs. Kevin Beaulieu Mr. Buell Hollister Dr. and Mrs. William Murphy CAPT Cesare Sorio Mr. Daniel Blanchard Mr. and Mrs. Robert Hughes Mr. Robert Newell Mr. Donn Spear Mr. J. O. Busto Mr. and Mrs. Joseph and Anne Ilacqua Mr. Carl R. Nold Mr. Edward Spinney Mr. David Butler Mr. Neil Jones Mr. Paul O'Pecko Mr. Alan Stover Mr. Peter Cawthorn CAPT Philip Kantz Mr. Ronald Oswald Ms. Alison Svenningsen Mr. Patrick Dacey Mr. Murray Kilgour Ms. Kathy Pollard Mr. Sandy Thomson Mr. Robert Ian Danic Mr. Nicholas Langhart Mr. Henry Posner III & Anne Molloy Mr. & Mrs. John and Liz Tylawsky Mr. Christopher DeCamps Mr. and Mrs. Ross and Ellen Langill Mr. David Powers Jr. Mr. Andy Tyska Mr. Donald Deckebach Mr. Norman Laskay Mr. William Reid Mr. Balbino Vazquez Mr. Thomas Diedrich Dr. Peter Leahy Mr. Patrick Rich Mr. Joseph White Mr. Stephen Donovan Mr. Keith Lewis Mr. Nathaniel Ruda Mr. James Wilkes Mr. Patrick Donovan Mr. Bruce Lockhart Dr. Timothy Runyan Mr. Theodore Xakellis Mr. Steven Draper Mr. Jeff Macklin Mr. Richard Scarano Mr. Alan Yorker Mr. Michael Dugan Mr. Daniel McCoy Schneider Electric North American Mr. Donald Eberle Mr. Ralph McCrea Foundation

Charter Oak Credit Union Mr. Gregory Gettle Ms. Susan Linda Mr. Eric Pearson Contributor ($100+) Mr. David Clarendon Mr. James Giammatteo Ms. Marcia Liss Mr. Richard Pelley Mr. David Clark Mr. Jeffrey Goldstein Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey Lockhart Mr. Miles Peterle Mr. Gregory Abbott Mr. William Comings Jr. Mr. A. Green Mr. Holger Lukas Mr. Erik Porter Mr. George Adams Nicholas Cooper Mr. Doug Hart Mr. Gary Maehl Ms. Kinda Priestley American Merchant Marine Mr. William Cosgrove Mr. Albert Hinckley Jr. Mr. Frank Mallalieu Mr. Arnold Rathmann Veterans CAPT John Cox Mr. David Hume McAllister Towing of Narragansett Mr. William Raver Mr. John Baesch Mr. Douglas Dease Mr. Arthur Johnson Bay, Inc. CAPT Harold Rudd Mr. David Bailey Jr. Mr. Antone DeGerlia Mr. Tom Jordens Mr. Christopher McCarty Mr. Edward Ryan Mr. Tim Baszak Mr. Mark Devine Rev. Edward Kelley Mr. Walter McLaughlin Mr. Todd Schaumloffel Mr. Bob Beggio Mr. Steve Donohue Mr. Dennis Kelley Mr. Marvin Merritt Dr. and Mrs. Arthur Schoenwald Mr. William Bolin Mr. Christopher Dougherty Mr. Derek Kendall Dr. Laurence Miller Mr. and Mrs. Matthew Schulte Mr. A. Pierce Bounds Mr. Francis Duffy Dr. Mary Lynne Kennedy Mr. Wayne Miller Mr. Bruce Seibel Mr. John Brandner Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William Edwards Mr. Jeffrey Kennel Mr. Jeffrey Miller Mr. Mark Southern Mr. Odd Brevik Mr. Arild Ellingsen Mr. Kevin P. Kernan Mr. John Morgan Mr. Roy Spring Mr. Preston Bryant CAPT J.A. Ellis Mr. Robert Kimtis Rev. Bart Muller Mr. Jerry Stewart Mr. Todd Buckley Mr. Henry Erwin Jr. Mr. Richard Kless CAPT Andrew Murray Mr. Tom Stone Mr. Chris Buecheler Ms. Kathy Farnsworth Mr. George Koch Ms. Nori Muster Mr. Steve Swanson Mr. Andrew Burger Mr. David Fein Ms. Lisa Kolibabek Mr. William Myles Mr. G. Thomas Tranter Mr. Frank Burton Mr. John Ferguson Mr. Chris Koutros Mr. Mark Nemergut Ms. Sandra Ulbrich CAPT Phillip B. Bush II USN (Ret.) Ms. Laurie Fine Mr. Earl Krantz Mr. Brian Norden Mr. Peter Young Mr. and Mrs. Donald Caldera CAPT George Fisher Mr. Thomas Lavin Mr. Samuel Ohmacht Mr. Gabriel Caprio Mr. Edward Gabrielson Mr. Clayton Leroue Mr. Hollis Paige Mr. Thomas Chadwick Mr. Christopher Gasiorek Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Leuenberger Mr. Peter Pare

(Up to $100) Mr. Dewitt Chapple Mr. David Graham Mr. Kevin McGeough Mr. Robert Sokol Friend Mr. Mr. and Mrs. Louis Costanza Mr. Norman Grant CAPT Ronald Meiczinger Mr. Gregory Stavros David Abercrombie Mr. Alan Cullen Mr. William Grant Ms. Diana Moraco Mr. Michael Stevens Mr. Scott Avedisian Mr. Terry Curtis Ms. Susan Greer Mr. Richard Mushet Mrs. Lorna Straus Mr. Laurence Baldwin Mr. Douglas Davis Mr. Walter Henry Mr. Raisuke Numata Mr. and Mrs. William Tatewosian Mr. and Mrs. Vincent Bellafiore CAPT Robertson Dinsmore Mr. Don Holmgren Mr. Richard Nutting Mr. Craig Thompson Dr. Mark Benbow Mr. Leo Dorrington IBM Corporation Matching Gifts Mr. John Paul Mr. Frank Trumbour Mr. D. Jordan Berson Ms. Marjorie Dovman Program Rev. Donald Potter Mr. Dan Walters Mr. Francis Birchard Mr. George Economou Mr. and Mrs. Les Isaacowitz Mr. William Redpath Mr. Clyde Walton Mr. Douglas Blount Mr. Andrew Edmonds Ms. Kyle Ingrid Johnson Mr. Edward Reiley Jr. CAPT Mark Williams Mr. Charles Boie Mr. James Flynn Mr. Leonard Kaisalahti Mr. Robert Reu Mr. Parker Williamson Mr. Hallam Boyd Jr. Mr. Scott Forbes Mr. Michael Kania Mr. Colin Revill Mr. William Wooding Dr. Lawson W. Brigham Mr. Brian Fournier Mr. Jack Lapidos CAPT Charles Romano Jr. Mr. Ford Brockman Mr. Thomas Fowler Mr. Justin Locke Mr. Robert Savarese Mr. Vincent Budesa Ms. Lulu Gmoser Mr. Bryan Lucier Mr. Herbert Schneider Mr. Thomas Cannuli Mr. Hugh Goldie CAPT Earl Maxfield Jr. Mr. Donald Smith n (At top) Engine room and engineering officers aboard Fall River Line steamer Plymouth. – Edward O. Clark Collection, SSHSA Archives. Powerthe magazine of theShips Steamship Historical Society of America manifest • N u m ber 309 • spr i ng 2019 This quarterly magazine SS has been continuously published by The Steamship Historical Savannah: Society of America since first The Bicentennial of appearing as The Steamboat Her Historic Voyage Bill of Facts in 1940. by Brian Rogers...... 16 The Steamship Historical Society of America, Inc., (SSHSA) was organized in 1935 as a means of bringing together those amateur and professional historians interested in the history and development of steam navigation, past and present, and incorporated in the Commonwealth of Virginia in 1950 as a tax-exempt education corporation.

In addition to PowerShips, The Pilot House . .4 the SSHSA produces other books and Savannah: Q&A with publications of marine interest, a Illustrious Failure Steamboat Bill . . 5 list of which is available online and by Frank O. Braynard . . . .24 Full Steam Ahead .7 from the Warwick headquarters. egionals R SSHSA meetings are normally High Seas ...... 53 held annually. Several local Mid-Atlantic . . . . .57 chapters also meet regularly. Off to Shanghai Aboard New York ...... 59 Membership in SSHSA includes the Empress of Japan Overseas ...... 61 subscriptions to PowerShips, the by William H. Miller . . . . 8 New England & Eastern Canada . . . .62 Telegraph, and Ahoy! Dues West Coast . . . . .64 are in various classes, beginning at $50.00 for Annual Members. American Innovation in Great Lakes / Seaway .68 Southeast & Gulf Ports . 71 For further details, write: the Shipping Industry Southwest Pacific . . 74 Steamship Historical by Jim Shaw ...... 28 Western Rivers . . . 77 Society of America, Tugboats . . . . .80 2500 Post Road, Warwick, RI 02886 Wind-Class Icebreakers, Reviews . . . . . 83 Red, White & Gray, Heard on Visit our websites Part Two the Fantail . . . .85 From the by Terry Tilton ...... 40 www.sshsa.org Collection . . . .86 www.shiphistory.org On the cover: Savannah: First Transatlantic Steamship Leaving Port in May 1819 by John Stobart. – Image ©1974 courtesy of The Stobart Foundation,18 Washington Square West, Salem, MA 01970, 978-540-0047, stobartfoundation.org.

PowerShips (formerly titled Steamboat Bill) (ISSN 0039-0844)—founded in 1940 by Jay Allen—is published quarterly as a cooperative effort by the Steamship Historical Society of America, Inc., 2500 Post Road, Warwick, RI 02886, a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the activities of marine historians in the field of self-propelled vessels. Material for possible publication is always welcome and should be sent to the editor; Jim Pennypacker, 4 Snead Ct., Palmyra, VA 22963. No remuneration can be made for such materials, and no responsibility for it is accepted, although every effort will be made for its safe handling. All contributions are subject to editing. Opinions expressed by contributors are not necessarily those of the Society; the burden for accuracy rests with the contributors. Contributors represent that they are the sole author of their Work, that the Work is an original work of authorship which does not infringe on the copyright rights of others, and that the author has the unencumbered right to publish the material. Subscription to PowerShips is by membership of $50.00 (US$) per year in the Steamship Historical Society of America, Inc. $30 of each member’s dues goes toward receiving PowerShips. Single copies of available issues may be purchased. Periodical postage paid at Warwick, RI, and additional offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to SSHSA, 2500 Post Road, Warwick, RI 02886 USA. Phone +1 401 463 3570, fax +1 401 463 3572. No part of PowerShips may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the publisher. PowerShips Spring 2019 • 3 PowerShips editor-in-chief Jim Pennypacker 4 Snead Ct., Palmyra, VA 22963 Email: [email protected] The Pilot House Phone: +1 610-883-7988 associate editors Peter T. Eisele 74 Chatham Street, Chatham, NJ 07928 Email: [email protected] SS Savannah, American Innovation, Dr. Laurence Miller 11321 SW 134th Avenue, Miami, FL 33186 Empress of Japan, and more … Email: [email protected] contributors William G.T. Barber ted Blank ollowing up on our previous issue of Powerships, which was dedicated Charles H. Bogart David M. Boone to the NS Savannah, we feature two articles on the ship it was named for, the Peter T. Eisele William A. Fox John A. Fostik roddy Sergiades SS Savannah. The SS Savannah was the first steamship to cross the Atlantic – Donald Leavitt James L. Shaw 200 hundred years ago. In celebrating her pioneering transatlantic voyage Mark Shumaker rich Turnwald Julia Winters g. Justin Zizes inF 1819, Brian Rogers, New London Maritime Society Librarian, presents a succinct, editorial planning committee compelling story of the ship and its captain, Moses Rogers, and shows their importance Jim Pennypacker Dr. Laurence Miller in maritime history. Our second article is an excerpt from the 1956 book, Famous Roland Parent Jim Shuttleworth Marifrances Trivelli mary L. Payne American Ships, by Frank Braynard, a long-time, active member of SSHSA. He considers Matthew Schulte Capt Terry Tilton the ship as a speculative venture, one deserving of its nickname, the steam coffin. art director John Goschke, Cornerstone Media, Inc. Email: [email protected] Also in this Issue advertising sales Richard L. Barwis, IV, Cornerstone Media, Inc. • In the millennia of our use of the sea for commerce, war, transportation and leisure, 674 Fairhaven Street, Palm Bay, FL 32907 the icebreaker is relatively new. The Wind-class Email: [email protected] Phone: +1-321-220-0346 icebreakers, the last of which was delivered 70 Articles Wanted executive director & publisher years ago, set a standard of uncompromising Matthew S. Schulte, M.S. We’re continually looking for design, most aspects of which are seen on the Email: [email protected] articles for the upcoming issues of printing largest icebreakers in service today. In Part One PowerShips. If you would like Perfection Press of “Wind-class Icebreakers” (Fall 2018), Terry 1200 Industrial Drive, Logan, IA 51546 to write an article, send me a note Tilton covered the design elements of these ships sshsa headquarters ([email protected]) describing your 2500 Post Road, Warwick, RI 02886 and their use in World War II. In Part Two he Email: [email protected] Phone: +1-401-463-3570 article idea and we’ll talk. In addition covers the period after the war. Web: www.sshsa.org, www.shiphistory.org to articles on engine-powered ships of sshsa officers • The American-flagged merchant marine and all kinds, we’re interested in articles Don Leavitt, President, South Ryegate, VT Nicholas Langhart, Vice President, Jefferson, MA American shipyards play only a small part in on Ocean Liners, Ship Builders, Barry W. Eager, Vice President, Berlin, MA the global shipping industry today. In his article, Mechanical Aspects, Ship Models, Robert E. Hughes, Treasurer, New Rochelle, NY Capt Terry Tilton, Secretary, San Diego, CA “American Innovation in the Shipping Industry,” Merchant Marine, Ship Preservation, sshsa board of directors Jim Shaw recounts how the situation was much Ship Interiors and Memorabilia. Of Odd Brevik, Ormond Beach, FL different during World War II and through the next Douglas Bryan, Cohasset, MA course, we welcome articles on all Capt James McNamara, Chatham, NJ two decades, when American innovation moved to topics of interest to SSHSA members. Dr. Laurence Miller, Miami, FL the forefront of commercial maritime development. Paul O'Pecko, Westerly, RI CAPT David Pickering, Warwick, RI • The high spirits and increasing passenger loads of the second half of the 1920s David L. Powers, Jr., Burien, WA Thomas Ragan, Miami Beach, FL prompted a decision to build the biggest, best and fastest Canadian Pacific liner Buzz Smart, Wakefield, RI for Vancouver-Far East service. In Lives of the Liners, William Miller presents a CAPT Eric Takakjian, Fairhaven, MA Capt Eric Wiberg, New York, New York fascinating history of the Empress of Japan, from her auspicious beginnings to her immediate past president untimely end. Mary L. Payne, Wallingford, PA copy editors & staff • Blue Pencil: In PowerShips issue 308 we misspellled George Sharp designer Jack Bryan Lucier, Membership Coordinator Heaney’s name. Thank you Brent Dibner for making us aware of this error. Astrid Drew, Research & New Media Aimee Bachari, Education & Outreach Coordinator From the Pilot House Alissa Halacy, Project Coordinator Jim Pennypacker, Editor-in-Chief

4 • Spring 2019 PowerShips editor-in-chief Jim Pennypacker Questions & Answers with 4 Snead Ct., Palmyra, VA 22963 Email: [email protected] Phone: +1 610-883-7988 Steamboat Bill associate editors Peter T. Eisele shift of name and ownership happened 74 Chatham Street, Chatham, NJ 07928 n Pemaquid stuck in around 1902, as that’s the year the record Email: [email protected] Dr. Laurence Miller the ice, date unknown. – changes. She operated for the Maine 11321 SW 134th Avenue, Miami, FL 33186 SSHSA Archives. Central Railroad, which operated a few Email: [email protected] passenger vessels for a summer in Maine. contributors William G.T. Barber ted Blank Charles H. Bogart David M. Boone Mobile to Boston Peter T. Eisele William A. Fox John A. Fostik roddy Sergiades How long would it have taken Donald Leavitt James L. Shaw someone to travel from Mobile, Mark Shumaker rich Turnwald Q Julia Winters g. Justin Zizes Alabama to Boston, Massachusetts editorial planning committee by ship between 1910 and 1920? Jim Pennypacker Dr. Laurence Miller Roland Parent Jim Shuttleworth The Southern Railway Historical Marifrances Trivelli mary L. Payne Association estimated it would be Matthew Schulte Capt Terry Tilton 55 hours by train. Would it be faster art director John Goschke, Cornerstone Media, Inc. by boat? Email: [email protected] Whereas trains could of course advertising sales travel overland, ships from Mobile Richard L. Barwis, IV, Cornerstone Media, Inc. A 674 Fairhaven Street, Palm Bay, FL 32907 would have to sail around Florida and Email: [email protected] then up the east coast. They would Phone: +1-321-220-0346 executive director & publisher sometimes stop in between, such as in Matthew S. Schulte, M.S. Key West, Jacksonville, or Charleston. If Email: [email protected] On the Pemaquid as Long Island, 409.13 gross tons (225 there wasn’t direct service to Boston, printing Perfection Press I purchased a photo at a flea net), built in Philadelphia with a home one would probably take a local line for 1200 Industrial Drive, Logan, IA 51546 Q market in Maine that shows port in Greenport, New York. In 1905 the last leg. Travel time could change if sshsa headquarters a steamship I later found out to registers there’s similar information, one chose a particularly speedy line or 2500 Post Road, Warwick, RI 02886 Email: [email protected] Phone: +1-401-463-3570 be the Pemaquid. Can you tell me except her home port was Portland, ship, or a line with express services. Fall Web: www.sshsa.org, www.shiphistory.org more about the ship’s history? Maine, and she had a crew of 15 for River Line, for instance, had trains that sshsa officers Don Leavitt, President, South Ryegate, VT The Pemaquid was built in 1893 as inland passenger service. Her dimensions connected with their steamships to make Nicholas Langhart, Vice President, Jefferson, MA Athe Long Island, with official number were 132.5 feet long, 28 feet in breadth, travel faster, and expand their reach. Barry W. Eager, Vice President, Berlin, MA Robert E. Hughes, Treasurer, New Rochelle, NY 141270. In registers for 1895 she’s listed and 9.8 feet depth. Seems like the Items from SSHSA ephemera col- Capt Terry Tilton, Secretary, San Diego, CA lections can provide some insight into sshsa board of directors this question. In a brochure from 1912 Odd Brevik, Ormond Beach, FL Douglas Bryan, Cohasset, MA from the Mallory Line, which advertised Capt James McNamara, Chatham, NJ Help Identify the Mystery Burgee routes from Mobile to New York City, Dr. Laurence Miller, Miami, FL Paul O'Pecko, Westerly, RI I found this pin at a yard sale with an regular passenger service typically took 9 CAPT David Pickering, Warwick, RI Qinteresting burgee logo on it. Can you days. Express service to New York from David L. Powers, Jr., Burien, WA Thomas Ragan, Miami Beach, FL help identify it? Galveston took 6 days. The Clyde Line in Buzz Smart, Wakefield,RI I’m afraid I haven’t been able to find record a 1919 and 1927 brochure had schedules CAPT Eric Takakjian, Fairhaven, MA Capt Eric Wiberg, New York, New York A of this burgee in multiple sources, including from Jacksonville to NY that took 4 days. immediate past president volumes in our library, yacht club registers, Mary L. Payne, Wallingford, PA and archives. It may be a yacht club insignia or copy editors & staff Do you have a question Bryan Lucier, Membership Coordinator personal flag. Astrid Drew, Research & New Media Recognize this burgee? Have tips for reference for Steamboat Bill? Aimee Bachari, Education & Outreach Coordinator Alissa Halacy, Project Coordinator books or sources that you think may be useful? E- Just email him at... mail our archivist at [email protected]. [email protected]

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 5 Book the Date

Ocean Liner Dinner IV May 4, 2019

Celebrating italian Line Benefiting Ship History www.sshsa.org

6 • Spring 2019 PowerShips Just as I had nearly given up on seeing the Delphine, my A Visit to SS Delphine, cell phone rang. It was Lionel, and he was willing to take us the American-built, to visit the ship. I became a giddy child as we sped thru the tunnels of Monaco toward the harbor where Delphine was Largest Steam-driven at anchor. Moments later the private tender arrived and we Yacht Still in Existence were whisked off to board the Dodge dream ship. Gangway! SSHSAers will note that Delphine has countless upgrades, yet she’s still powered by her pair of original quadruple expansion-reciprocating steam engines, designed by Horace Dodge himself. Unfortunately, he died before the ship was complete, but his attention to detail and knack for technology are apparent. The engine room is a powerhouse, a work of art that would be considered “A Masterpiece of The Louvre” if it resided there. The rest of the ship is even more opulent. Four decks of over-the- top grandeur, with all the amenities of a five-star luxury t was a splendid afternoon to go yachting, resort. Crisply painted following morning showers. Such was the case in the hull sides; exotic French Riviera on the day our small group visited varnished woodwork; Monaco last summer. Through a series of remarkable polished brass; smooth events,I my family was invited to join our friends and SSHSA teak decks; marble supporters Lynne and Jason Arabian and their daughters everything; the best Rebecca and Rachel on a once-in-a-lifetime trip to France. My china; highest-thread- role during this adventure was to secure contact with “Lionel,” count linens; impressive managing director of the ship, to hopefully get a sneak peek on imported carpets and board Horace and Anna Dodge’s spectacular 258-ft yacht. exquisite artwork n Matt and Lionel Lebugle, Managing SS Delphine has had a storied life, and now, at age 98, everywhere. Director – Cobrera Y.C.M. I had heard she never looked better. She was born in Not a bad way to Detroit; christened and launched downriver at Great Lakes travel for me and say 25 of my best SSHSA friends. What Engineering Works; in her youth she sank in New York; was do you say? Delphine charters for around $700,000 per week, rebuilt; was stripped and drafted for war; served as HQ for the so if we kick in about $27K per person, we might be able Navy as USS Dauntless; was refit again by the Dodge Family; to secure passage for a week or so. I’ve got first dibs on the spent a few decades on the East Coast as a training school Dodge suite, but I’d yield to my friends the Arabians should ship and then slowly deteriorated. After several ill-advised they request those accommodations, since I’ll be forever attempts by enterprising individuals, she eventually steamed in their debt for the kind invitation to accompany their under her own power to Europe, where she languished again family on this expedition. It’s relationships like this, and the for many years. By the early 2000s she was rescued, restored generosity of people like Lionel and the Delphine crew, that and available for charter. But by 2009, in the midst of the keep us going Full Steam Ahead! Great Recession, Delphine was again threatened and listed for sale. Fast-forward to 2017, when a new ownership and Kind regards, management team was in place. Delphine lives on. Matthew S. Schulte, M.S.

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 7 LIVES OF THE LINERS

off to shanghai aboard the Empress of Japan by William H. Miller

8 • Spring 2019 PowerShips n The Empress of Japan, speed queen of the Pacific in the 1930s. – Author’s Collection. (Right) 1930s Canadian Pacific travel poster for Empress of Japan. – Chase Poster Collection, SSHSA Archives.

hey had the finest fleet on the Pacific Company Ltd. of Glasgow. She was completed in the spring back in the 1920s – with their fine Empress of 1930. Designed to be the fastest and most luxurious liner liners: Empress of Australia, Empress of Asia, yet on the Vancouver-Far East service, she was bestowed with “ Empress of Russia and Empress of Canada,” a regal-sounding name, honoring Imperial Japan. Emerging recalled the late Everett Viez, an ardent ship as a handsome ship, the new Empress was, in fact, a refined, enthusiast,T traveler and onetime New York City-based travel slightly smaller version of the giant Empress of Britain, which was agent. “They offered a superb, exacting, multi-class service then still building, and quite nearby, at the John Brown yard between Vancouver and Victoria and the Orient – to Honolulu, at Clydebank. The Pacific liner had a slightly more “relaxed” Yokohama, Kobe, Nagasaki, Shanghai, Hong Kong and profile with three evenly slanted funnels (the third being a Manila. The high spirits and increasing passenger loads of dummy). The big Empress of Britain was more imposing, mighty, the second half of the 1920s prompted a decision to build the even more majestic. biggest, best and fastest Canadian Pacific liner for Vancouver The Empress of Japan was richly appointed. Her decor service. She went on to become one of the finest passenger ships strongly reflected the recent moderne, a style later dubbed Art of the 20th century.” Deco. It wasn’t extreme, however, and didn’t preclude warmth and a sense of comfort. The public areas were made more inviting and pleasing to the eye by added touches: scattered In the Beginning soft chairs and long sofas, silk pillows, area carpets on highly The 666-ft Empress of Japan was built by one of the great polished floors, potted palms, stylized columns. The berthing shipbuilders of the day: Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering was arranged in Pacific style: 399 in first class, 164 in second

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 9 class, 100 in third class and 510 in so-called Asiatic steerage (primarily for Asian migrants going eastward to Canada). After completing an introductory Atlantic crossing to the The War Years St. Lawrence, she then set sail for Hong Kong via the Suez Following the outbreak of war in September 1939, Canal in the summer of 1930. Arriving in Vancouver for the Canadian Pacific’s transpacific service was suspended, and its first time that August, she averaged a very respectable 21 knots liners were called to duty and scattered. (This Pacific service would on her first Pacific passage. In the following spring, on a run not be resumed after World War II, however, as Canadian Pacific between Yokohama and Victoria, she averaged 22.27 knots. concentrated on its North Atlantic operations.) The Empress of No ship on the Pacific could outpace her. Her record stood for Japan, painted over in grays, was designated as a troopship and 30 years until it was surpassed by an American freighter, the sent to the South Pacific to take part in at least two noted convoys. Washington Mail, in the 1960s. The first, in January 1940, included three columns of converted Aboard the Empress of Japan, it was five days from troopers: HMS Kent led the Empress of Japan, Empress of Canada, Vancouver to Honolulu, 14 days to Yokohama, 15 to Kobe, 17 Orcades and Rangitata; the battleship HMS Ramillies led the Orion, to Shanghai, 20 to Hong Kong and 22 to Manila. First-class Orcades and Dunera; and then the French warship Suffren led the fares began at $125 between Vancouver and Honolulu, $85 in Strathaird, Strathnaver, Otranto and Sobieski. In the following May, second class, $65 in third class and $50 in steerage. European the Empress of Japan was part of one of the biggest convoys of the servants could accompany first-class passengers for $110, war, one that included the Queen Mary, Aquitania, Empress of Britain, Asian servants for $50. First-class fares all the way to Manila Mauretania, Andes and Empress of Canada. The combined tonnages of started at $343. these seven liners was over 277,000.

10 • Spring 2019 PowerShips In October 1942, prompted by Japan’s entry into the war, Scotland were from $246 in first class and $156 in tourist class. the Empress of Japan was given special government permission Her most distinguished passengers came aboard in to be renamed, becoming the Empress of Scotland; normally ships November 1951. She carried Her Royal Highness Princess could not be renamed during the war primarily for security Elizabeth and Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, and reasons. Later used on the North Atlantic troop shuttle, she was their party home from a highly successful North American not decommissioned and returned to Canadian Pacific until the tour. (This was similar to the one in May and June 1939, by fall of 1948. She had steamed over 500,000 miles during eight the princess’s parents, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, years of military service, made three around-the-world trips who crossed both ways by sea – the Empress of Australia over, the and carried over 200,000 personnel. Refitted at her builders Empress of Britain on the return.) Princess Mary, the Princess at Glasgow, she was styled for transatlantic service between Royal, and Princess Alice, the Countess of Athlone, were Liverpool and Quebec City. among other royals who used Canadian Pacific liners during their travels. Princess Elizabeth and Prince Philip boarded at a specially arranged stop at Portugal Cove in Newfoundland New Beginnings and then disembarked six days later at Liverpool. The voyage The refitted Empress now wore red and white checks on was said to have some “very rough patches”; the princess, it was her three funnels and had greatly reduced berthing figures – 458 later reported, didn’t miss a meal, while the Duke, himself a in first class and 205 in tourist class. She joined two other pre-war naval officer, took to his bedroom at times. The royal train was liners, the Empress of Canada and Empress of France, in providing waiting at Liverpool and delivered the royal couple to London. weekly service in each direction. Fares aboard the Empress of Sadly, within two months King George VI would be dead and

n Refitted after strenuous service in World War II, but as the Empress of Scotland. – Author’s Collection.

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 11 the young princess would become Queen Elizabeth II. was sold for 1 million pounds to the West Germans and the In winter, the Empress of Scotland crossed to New York newly formed Hamburg Atlantic Line. Provisionally renamed each December and then began three or four months of Scotland, she was sent off to Hamburg. cruising to the sunny Caribbean. She then became an all-first- Gutted and largely rebuilt and modernized, the former class ship and had a portable pool fitted to her aft deck. Empress was all but unrecognizable when she appeared on the With the addition of the brand-new Empress of Britain and Atlantic liner scene as the streamlined, twin-funnel Hanseatic Empress of England in 1956–57, the Empress of Scotland was made the following July. The passenger accommodation had been redundant to Canadian Pacific’s requirements by the fall of greatly enlarged – to 85 in club-like, upper-deck first class 1957. She and the Queen Mary were by then the Atlantic’s last and 1,167 in very comfortable tourist class. Better standards three-stackers. (A third liner with three funnels, the Queen prevailed – 90 percent of all tourist cabins had a private toilet of Bermuda, was on the New York-Bermuda run.) Laid up at and shower. Used in trans-ocean service between Cuxhaven Liverpool, the Empress of Scotland was 28 years old and might (Hamburg), Southampton, Cherbourg and New York, she well have gone to the breakers, but good fortune prevailed. She attracted considerable attention as West Germany’s largest

n The impressive Empress of Scotland at Liverpool in the 1950s. – Mick Lindsay Collection.

12 • Spring 2019 PowerShips n Rebuilt and modernized in 1958, the Hanseatic arrives in Baltimore. – Author’s Collection. (Above) First- class elegance on the Empress of Scotland. – Author’s Collection.

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 13 n The streamlined Hanseatic was virtually unrecognizable as the former Empress of Japan. – Braun Bros. Collection, SSHSA Archive.

n Hanseatic afire at Pier 84, New York, in September 1966. – Author’s Collection.

14 • Spring 2019 PowerShips liner to date. (The 32,200-grt Bremen, also rebuilt after having Hanseatic was towed to the Todd shipyard in Brooklyn’s Eire Basin been the French Pasteur in her first life, surpassed her a year for inspection and possible preliminary repairs. But the stench of later, in July 1959.) The Hanseatic’s actual tonnage increased smoke had permeated throughout much of the 36-year-old ship, from 26,313 to 30,029 and, with the addition of a new bow, her so any thoughts of repairs were abandoned. Within weeks, on length increased from 666 to 672 feet. October 10, she was towed to Hamburg and delivered to local During the winter months and increasingly throughout the scrappers. Some fittings were removed first, such as deck chairs, year, especially after the first jet flights began in October 1958 which were sent to the Homeric of the affiliated Home Lines. and Atlantic liner services began their long and steady decline, Hamburg Atlantic itself was revived, but as the German the Hanseatic turned to cruising. Her itineraries were diverse: New Atlantic Line, using the former Israeli Shalom. In 1968, the York to Bermuda, Nassau and the Caribbean; Port Everglades Shalom became the “new” Hanseatic.  (Fort Lauderdale) to the Caribbean; Cuxhaven on summer trips to the North Cape and Baltic, and in winter to Madeira and the About the Author Canaries; and on steadily popular fly-sail cruises from Genoa, Bill Miller, long-time SSHSA member, is an around the Mediterranean and out to West Africa. international authority on ocean liners and cruise ships. He has written more than 100 books on the subject: from early steamers, immigrant ships and The End is Nigh liners at war to their fabulous interiors and about Her end was untimely, however. While loading passengers the artifacts from them. He has written histories at New York’s Pier 84, on September 7, 1966, she caught fire. of such celebrated passenger ships as the United Smoke poured out over the river from windows, portholes States, Queen Mary, Rotterdam, France, Queen Elizabeth 2 and ventilators. Firefighters poured water carefully onto the and Crystal Serenity. A native of Hoboken, New Jersey, Miller was burning ship; they didn’t want to repeat what happened with named Outstanding American Maritime Scholar in 1994 and received the Normandie fire, where the ship was overloaded with water the U.S. Maritime Preservation Award and the Ocean Liner Council’s and capsized. Silver Riband Award in 2004. He was the 2017 recipient of SSHSA’s With her sailing to Europe canceled, and her passengers Samuel Ward Stanton Award for Lifetime Achievement. sent over to the likes of the nearby Queen Mary, the scorched

The

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PowerShips Spring 2019 • 15 SS Savannah: The Bicentennial of Her Historic Voyage by Brian Rogers

n unlikely alliance port 200 years ago, on May 22, 1819, ship history publications since then. Only between a New England reaching Liverpool’s Mersey estuary two books are devoted entirely to the steamboat captain 29 days later. The success of the voyage subject, however: Frank O. Braynard’s and wealthy Southern was due to the skill and experience of S.S. Savannah – The Elegant Steam Ship investors led directly to a the Savannah’s captain, Moses Rogers of (1963, 1988); and the definitive account milestone in the history New London, Connecticut, and her first by John Laurence Busch, Steam Coffin of ocean transportation: mate, Moses’s distant cousin Stevens – Captain Moses Rogers and the Steamship the first transatlantic Rogers, also a New Londoner. Savannah Break the Barrier (2010). crossing by a steam- Parts of the Savannah story have been The Rogers cousins could not have powered ship. The told from the beginning in contemporary, undertaken their history-making voyage ship was the Savannah, often inaccurate, newspaper reports, and without the financial and moral support which left her namesake brief accounts have appeared in many of the investors in the Savannah Steam

16 A • Spring 2019 PowerShips SS Savannah: The Bicentennial of Her Historic Voyage

n Savannah: First Transatlantic Steamship Leaving Port in May 1819 by John Stobart. – Image ©1974 courtesy of The Stobart Foundation,18 Washington Square West, Salem, MA 01970, 978-540-0047, stobartfoundation.org.

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 17 Ship Company, set up for the purpose sloops on Long Island Sound between of sending a ship equipped with a steam New London and New York. No doubt engine to Europe. The coal- and wood- he was inspired by Robert Fulton’s 1807 fired engine would be used with or without mechanical and commercial success with the sails as conditions warranted. The the North River Steamboat. He well knew investors expected that the venture would the limitations of sailing vessels and was usher in a new era for shippers, whose intrigued by the potential for maritime vessels would no longer be as vulnerable to steam propulsion. In a partnership with tides, winds and storms; ships would now Colonel John Stevens, a New Jersey routinely depart and arrive on schedules entrepreneur, he commanded steamboats set well in advance, steaming reliably to between 1809 and 1817, gradually and from their ports of call. accumulating the wealth of experience that made him one of America’s experts in the design and operation of steamboats Moses Rogers, Steamboat Captain during the dawn of a technology that, in The optimism of the Savannah’s time, would completely revolutionize the n Captain Moses Rogers. – Courtesy of backers, led by wealthy merchant shipping industry. John Laurence Busch. William Scarbrough, was due largely America’s remarkable fighting prowess to their confidence in Rogers, the against the Royal Navy in the War of bays, what would it take to push a steam- amiable Connecticut Yankee who had 1812 had led to something of a draw by powered ship through the heaving Atlantic burnished his credentials as captain of 1815, when the peace treaty was signed, to the Mother Country and the Continent? the Charleston, a steamboat built under his and commercial interests on both sides Moses had already been exposed supervision for a new service linking its began to re-engage in trade after years to the challenges of ocean navigation namesake city with Savannah, 100 miles of disruption. These shifting geopolitical with the steamboat Phoenix, which he to the south. sands may have led Moses to imagine took from New Jersey to Philadelphia, Moses Rogers certainly had the steamboat services stretching far beyond traveling the length of the Jersey coast required expertise. He’d been a seafarer the eastern seaboard. If steamboats and up into Delaware Bay. While never from his youth, navigating trading could operate successfully on rivers and out of sight of land, he had observed the acute difference between navigating placid inland waterways and the ocean, the difference between a steamship and a steamboat. An ocean-going vessel using steam-powered paddlewheels would need to be far more robust than the relatively fragile steamboats of the time. Building the Savannah Once the financial agreement was signed by the shareholders, Moses returned to the familiar waters of New York’s East River where, at Corlears Hook, he found what he was looking for: a three-masted, 320-ton, 109-foot packet ship under construction by the firm of Fickett & Crockett. He soon saw that, with modifications, a steam engine could be installed amidships, with his ingenious collapsible paddlewheels attached on both sides. Moses quickly bought the ship in its n Diagram of SS Savannah according to G. B. Douglas (1919), showing lines unfinished state. and sail plan. – From The Rudder, May 1919. At that time, constructing a marine

18 • Spring 2019 PowerShips steam engine involved a good deal of trial and error, there being little experience, and Moses had to assemble the Savannah’s power plant using the capabilities of three different iron and metal workers. Two were in nearby New Jersey: Stephen Vail, of Speedwell Iron Works in Morristown, described by Frank Braynard as a “born mechanic;” and Daniel Dod, of Elizabethtown, credited with fabricating the two copper boilers to Moses’s exacting requirements. At his East River foundry, James P. Allaire was charged with producing the cylinder, with a properly machined bore, and the piston. After many difficulties and delays the Savannah sailed to Elizabethtown in October of 1818 to receive her engine, smokestack and paddlewheels to become the world’s first steamship. William Scarbrough and several other n Model of SS Savannah in the Hungarian Communication Museum. – Péter Kaboldy photo. shareholders came up from Savannah early in 1819 to observe Savannah’s fitting avoid confrontation with enforcers of the out. Everyone admired her well-crafted monopoly granted by New York State to staterooms and small, handsomely From New York to Savannah Fulton and his heirs for the exclusive right paneled and mirrored public rooms, The savannah’s trials in February to operate steamboats in New York waters. designed to make passengers comfortable and March attracted much attention. The At Sandy Hook, the Savannah sailed into while distracting them from worries about excitement generated by the impending open ocean for the first time. the newfangled propulsion system that had departure was captured in an excerpt from Now also began the Log of the Savannah, earned Savannah the ominous nickname the Mercantile Advertiser, published on the kept by the first mate. In a quaint canvas- “steam coffin.” Hopes for passengers or eve of the ship’s departure for Savannah: covered book of his own making, the any sort of cargo for the trip to Savannah entries continued day by day, month by faded when neither materialized as the “Who would have had the courage, twenty month, until December 17, 1819, after the March sailing date drew near. years ago, to hazard a prediction, that in the ship had returned from Europe and was Equally worrisome was Moses’s inability year 1819, a ship of 300 tons burden, would taken to Washington, where her future to recruit experienced seamen. Hiring a be built in the port of New-York, to navigate was to be determined. The log, a priceless crew was not usually a challenge for sailing the Atlantic, propelled by steam? … Such, artifact of our maritime past, is preserved captains, but the Savannah’s circumstances however, is the fact. With admiring in the Smithsonian’s National Museum of were radically different from the norm. Even hundreds we have repeatedly viewed this American History. though she would carry a full set of sails, and prodigy; and can also bear witness to the her captain intended to use them as much wonderful celerity with which she is moved “A Signal Trophy of American as possible to conserve fuel, prospective through the water …” [March 27, 1819, hands were frightened off by the fear of a quoted by both Braynard and Busch] Enterprise” mechanical disaster in mid-ocean, far from The Savannah left her homeport on land, far from help. When a full crew could The next day, Captain Rogers, his May 22, 1819, and arrived in Liverpool’s not be recruited in New York, First Mate first mate and the rest of the crew took River Mersey on June 20, after what turned Rogers went home to New London, where “the elegant steam ship,” as she was out to be an uneventful crossing. Near the he was able to find the more adventurous often called in the newspapers, down the end, a British revenue cruiser rushed out souls they needed. One potential recruit East River toward the Atlantic on her from an Irish port to assist a vessel reported was Moses’s youngest brother, 18-year-old maiden voyage. She didn’t depart under to be “on fire!” The welcome at Liverpool Ebenezer, but Sarah, his anxious mother, steam, however, probably because, as a few days later was boisterous. Word had would not allow it. Busch suggests, her captain wanted to spread of the Savannah’s impending arrival,

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 19 and Liverpudlians crowded the wharves wanted to buy the Savannah, but he and to watch the “signal trophy of American Rogers could not agree on a price. enterprise” paddle her way to a dock after Triumph & Uncertainty While in Stockholm, the Savannah caught the tide had come in. Although the savannah’s Atlantic the attention of Sir Thomas Graham, Lord Their jubilation gave voice to the crossing was widely seen as an engineering Lynedoch, a well-known retired general remarkable fact that for the very first triumph, her future was becoming cloudy. who had served with the Duke of Wellington time a ship had crossed the Atlantic That Moses Rogers and the financial in the wars against Napoleonic France. His using steam propulsion. moses Rogers backers found themselves in debt was due keen interest in the Savannah prompted and the Savannah had overcome the in very large part to the economic recession Captain Rogers to invite him and his assumption that humankind would be then taking hold in the United States. cousin, Robert Graham, to join them on the forever subservient to the powers of Moreover, the Savannah had attracted no voyage to St. Petersburg. Savannah left under tides, winds and storms, as Busch argues paying passengers or cargo. Despite the steam on September 5; Stevens Rogers’s log in Steam Coffin. The psychological barrier fame she was earning as the first ocean notes their progress across the Baltic and against steam-propelled ocean transport steamship, she had not yet been able to into the Gulf of Finland for the next three was broken at last. show that she could be commercially days, sometimes using steam, sometimes The Savannah remained at Liverpool viable. The only way her backers could under sail, until they reached Kronstadt for just over a month while her captain recoup their investment was by selling her, on September 8, the island fortress-city made contact with individuals who and finding a buyer was Moses’s primary guarding St. Petersburg. would play a part in the unfolding saga focus as she sailed into the Baltic. Captain Rogers’s overture to American of his ship, among them American Savannah’s reception at Stockholm Ambassador George Campbell, together Ambassador Richard Rush. Rush’s was more subdued than at Liverpool. with interest in the ship shown by Russian letters express his admiration for The American ambassador, Christopher officials and the general public, as well Rogers while keeping Secretary of State Hughes, was impressed by Captain Rogers’s as the informal involvement of Lord John Quincy Adams informed about achievement and wrote to Secretary of State Lynedoch, led to a rather “social” excursion the Savannah’s reception in England. He Adams to say so. The ambassador was on in the Bay of St. Petersburg for members of also provided the captain with letters of good terms with the King of Sweden, Karl the diplomatic corps. Although Emperor introduction to influential people at his XIV Johan, and an audience was arranged Alexander himself was probably not subsequent ports of call, Stockholm and for the captain, as well as a visit to the ship aboard, his personal interest in the Savannah, St. Petersburg. by the crown prince. Indeed, the king expressed to Lord Lynedoch, was likely one of the reasons another excursion was arranged to demonstrate the ship’s unique engineering features, this time for the Lord High Admiral of the Russian navy and other naval and maritime officials. In fact, maritime steam propulsion was not unknown in St. Petersburg. None other than Robert Fulton had been granted a charter in 1813 to operate steamboats in Russia, but an 1815 deadline could not be met due to Fulton’s death and other factors, and the charter was awarded to a Scottish expatriate, Charles Baird, whose boats were operating between Kronstadt and the capital when the Savannah was in port. The Savannah’s month in Russia is recorded with a wealth of detail by Busch. as the weeks of inquiries, discussions and visits to the ship went on, it seemed as if the government was getting n Old Smithsonian Institute model of the Savannah, built under the supervision of Captain ready to buy the ship. When it became Collins. This model has been removed from exhibition in the museum because of inaccuracies. – clear at last that this was not going to From the United States National Museum Bulletin 228, 1961–1962. happen, Moses had no choice but to take

20 • Spring 2019 PowerShips n The Smithsonian Institute’s model of the SS Savannah. This model was built by Arthur Henning, Inc., of New York City, from the ship’s plans as reconstructed by staff members of the museum’s division of transportation. – From the United States National Museum Bulletin 228, 1961–1962. Celebrating Our 60th Year How big is that boat? When was it built? Where is it from? 2019 ‘Know Your Ships’ has the answers 200 Pages – Our Biggest Edition Ever Laker & Saltie Listings • Stacks & Flags Locks & Canals • Maps & Charts Stories About Ships, Sailors and More $18.95 standard bound $20.95 spiral bound Please add $4 s-h • Michigan orders, add 6% tax Marine Publishing Co. 317 S. Division St. # 8, Ann Arbor, MI 48104 • 734-668-4734 Easy ordering at knowyourships.com

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 21 her home, where he could explore other Banks off Newfoundland, then bearing now Fire Island National Seashore. The ways to solve the financial problems and, southward along the American coast to engine that might have saved her was no not least, find another job. her namesake homeport. Savannah tied up longer in place. The passengers reached on December 1, 194 days after she had set dry land, and some of the cargo was out to make history. salvaged along with the ship’s removable Back to America As it happened, the Savannah’s career parts. Then, and for years after, her After delays due to a violent storm, was regrettably brief. A figurative storm remains steadily succumbed to the waves, during which the Savannah lost her of financial, political and social problems tides and shifting sands of the ocean she anchor and emergency measures had had kept her from commercial viability, had conquered only two years before. to be taken to avoid grounding, they and after being taken to Washington, For several months in 1957, and left Kronstadt on October 10, bound where perhaps a glimmer of hope perhaps later, Frank Braynard mounted for Copenhagen. Once again, the ship remained that the government might buy a concerted but ultimately unsuccessful generated great public excitement, but no her, she was sold to Nathan H. Holdridge, effort, including aerial observation, to indications of commercial interest were a New York mariner originally from locate the remains of the Savannah. Much forthcoming from the Danes as they dealt Mystic, Connecticut; ironically very more recently, after Superstorm Sandy with the financial crisis affecting much of near Moses and Stevens’s home waters. altered that shoreline in 2012, Thomas Europe. After paying the fees at Helsingor Holdridge oversaw removal of the engine Schultz, an amateur archaeologist, made (Elsinore) that were required of all ships and paddlewheels, converting the ship an attempt in 2016, as reported in the entering or leaving the Baltic, another into the sailing packet she was originally Long Island Advance, again without success. storm forced Moses to ride it out in Arendal, designed to be, and embarked on a Norway. Leaving Norway on October 23, series of profitable round trips between the Savannah’s westbound crossing was as New York and Savannah. As she was Epilogue uneventful as her eastbound had been, nearing the end of a northbound trip on After the Savannah’s achievement, passing the Shetlands and Orkneys at November 5, 1821, she went aground in a successive generations of inventors and the top of Britain, heading for the Grand gale on Long Island’s south coast at what’s visionaries would go on to advance maritime steam technology toward its zenith a century later, when ocean greyhounds such as the RMS Mauretania and Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse competed for the speed record for an Atlantic crossing, a colorful chapter in

n Marestier’s drawings of the Savannah’s engine. The graphic dimensions do not precisely n Stevens Rogers gravestone. correspond to the scale of dimensions in Marestier’s text, nor with other recorded measurements. – Author’s collection. – From the United States National Museum Bulletin 219, 1960.

22 • Spring 2019 PowerShips n Reconstruction of the hull lines and general arrangement of the Savannah. – From the United States National Museum Bulletin 228, 1961–1962. ship history that ended with the SS United Maritime Day, first proclaimed in 1933 salute to the pioneering achievement of States, the fastest liner ever built. by President Franklin Roosevelt. The Moses Rogers and his ship.  Moses Rogers went on to operate a first New London observances took place successful steamboat service on South at the gravestone of Stevens Rogers. To Carolina’s Great Pee Dee River, where remember Moses Rogers, a granite marker About the Author he contracted typhoid fever and died on now on the New London waterfront was SSHSA Member Brian Rogers is November 15, 1821, at the age of 42, only created by the city in 1944, on the 125th in charge of the Frank 10 days after the Savannah came to grief on anniversary of the voyage, also bearing a L. McGuire Maritime Long Island. Stevens Rogers went home to carving of the Savannah. In 1954, the first Library at New London’s New London, where he resumed his life as nuclear-powered vessel, the USS Nautilus Custom House Maritime a sailing mariner before going into business submarine, was launched into the waters Museum. The library on land, later serving as tax collector of New London harbor so familiar to has published an online and customs official and passing away in Moses. In 1959 the nuclear-powered cargo exhibit about Moses 1868. His distinctive tall gravestone in ship NS Savannah, named for her similarly Rogers and the Savannah, the U.S. New London’s Cedar Grove Cemetery is innovative ancestor, was launched at Maritime Service Officers School at capped with a bas-relief of the Savannah. Camden, New Jersey, on the Delaware, Fort Trumbull (1939–1946), and other Because the Savannah proved it was into waters that Moses Rogers knew from topics. Readers are invited to view them possible to propel a ship across the his early steamboating days. At the urging at http://mcguirelibrary1998.omeka.net. Atlantic with the help of steam-powered of Frank Braynard, the new Savannah’s The author welcomes comments emailed to paddlewheels, her May 22 departure date keel had been laid two years before on [email protected]. was chosen by Congress for National National Maritime Day, yet another

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 23 The Savannah: Illustrious Failure by Frank O. Braynard • Edited by Don Leavitt

n A postcard image of the steamship Savannah, one of many of dubious accuracy published over the years since her first voyage. – SSHSA Archives.

24 • Spring 2019 PowerShips he Savannah, of 1819, was a failure by almost took the place of the even then conventional paddle box. every standard. Begun as a sailing ship, she There can be no doubt of the speculative nature of the was completed as a steamer. Sent to Europe Savannah enterprise. It is seen in the novel ideas which went into in the hope she could be sold for a fancy price, her construction. It is evident in the way Captain Rogers grasped she found no buyer. Restored to a sailing craft at every opportunity that came along to publicize his vessel. rig, she blew ashore off Long Island when only For example, when she reached Savannah on her first voyage three years old and was lost. Yet today, over 130 it was discovered that President James Monroe was up the coast years later, the Savannah is reckoned one of the at Charleston, making a tour of the South. Up anchor and away world’s most illustrious ships. She made the first went the Savannah to Charleston. Captain Rogers hurried ashore crossing of the Atlantic under steam. at the South Carolina port, met the President, and urged him to It is true that she was being built in 1818 continue his southward journey as far as Savannah on the new as a sailing craft. But she was handpicked for ship. The President declined. It is reported that he feared his conversion from countless others of her type also on the ways popularity in South Carolina would suffer if he left the state in a along the coast. She was selected by Capt. Moses Rogers, a man vessel whose home port was in Georgia. whoT would have been famous in his own right had he never But Captain Rogers was not to be done out of his publicity stunt. commanded the Savannah. Moses Rogers had been master of the When President Monroe’s party reached the Georgian seaport, steamer Phoenix on her historic voyage from New York to the there was the Savannah ready and waiting. We can imagine she Delaware in 1809. This was the first ocean trip by steamship. had all her flags flyingM ay 11 when she took the President and his He later commanded Robert Fulton’s Fulton on the Hudson. suite for an all-day excursion to Tybee Light and return. He was the guiding spirit behind a group of Savannah shipping men who formed the Savannah Steamship Company. He commanded that company’s one ship – the Savannah. Moses Rogers bought the Savannah’s engine from Stephen Vail, later associated with Morse in the invention of the telegraph. The engine was an inclined direct-acting proposition, with one cylinder having a forty-inch bore and a sixty-inch stroke. It was designed to be of ten pounds steam pressure, developing ninety horsepower, which would drive the ship at six knots, without sails. The Savannah was launched August 22, 1818, at the Crockett and Fickett’s shipyard at Corlear’s Hook, New York. Local citizens of the day referred to the Savannah as a “steam coffin.” It was necessary to recruit a crew from New n Marestier’s sketch of the Savannah. Heights of lower masts are excessive by all known American London, home town of Moses Rogers and masting rules and, according to Marestier’s drawing of the engine, the deckhouse is too short. – From his brother-in-law, Steven Rogers, who the United States National Museum Bulletin 228, 1961–1962. was sailing master on the vessel. The completed Savannah made her trials in New York Bay in The Savannah’s logbook, bound in heavy canvas probably March 1819. Only one contemporary picture of the vessel has from the ship’s own sail locker, is in the Smithsonian Institution, come down to us. It was by a Frenchman named Marestier, sent Washington. It shows that the 320-ton craft left her pier under to America to study American steamboats. This drawing shows steam at 9 a.m. on May 22, now celebrated throughout America several of the experiments in design credited to Captain Rogers. as Maritime Day. She anchored at noon at Tybee Light, One is the swivel smokestack, designed to direct sparks away remaining there until 6 a.m. on the 24th. Two hours later she from the sails. Another is the collapsible paddle wheels. The dropped her pilot, and her cross-Atlantic voyage was really sketch does not show the iron frame and canvas cover, which under way. For fuel she had seventy-five tons of coal and twenty-

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 25 n The Savannah, as drawn by the French naval constructor Marestier in 1820 and published in 1824 in his report on American steamers. – From the United States National Museum Bulletin 219, 1960. five cords of wood. It permitted only between eighty and ninety and Stripes while lying off the bar at Liverpool. The captain hours of steaming time on the whole voyage. of a British sloop took this as a personal insult and a boat was The vessel’s approach to the Old World was marked by two sent out to order the American colors down. Threatened with episodes worthy of note. In one she was chased by a British force, sailing master Steven Rogers, who was on deck at the revenue cutter whose master thought she was on fire.I n the other time, turned to his engineer and said, “Get the hot-water engine she neatly confounded efforts of a British sloop of war to force ready.” Although there was no such engine, the idea of a bath of her to lower the United States flag. scalding water was enough to cool off the Britisher, who dropped The revenue cutter Kite had been sent to the relief of the the whole matter. Savannah by the admiral of a fleet lying in the cove of Cork. The The Savannah did not have many pleasant experiences in station at Cape Clear had sighted her with smoke belching from England, although her trip up the Mersey was watched by her bent stack and concluded she was on fire. The surprise of thousands. She was generally viewed with suspicion. Newspapers of the Britishers can be imagined when the Savannah, without a the day surmised that “this steam operation may, in some manner, sail set, out-distanced them completely. It was not until after the be connected with the ambitious views of the United States.” exasperated cutter’s crew had fired shots at the American vessel Ten days of her thirty-three-day run to St. Petersburg, Russia, that she stopped and gratified their curiosity. were under steam, with the engines running for spells of fifty-two Proud of his new ship and with memories of the War of 1812 hours on two occasions. still in his mind, Captain Moses Rogers refused to follow the Eighteen hours was the Savannah’s longest period under steam custom at British ports of flying the Union Jack above the Stars while on her Atlantic crossing. She did not use steam on her return

26 • Spring 2019 PowerShips Frank Braynard & the Naming of the NSSavannah o say that Frank Braynard departure of the SS Savannah, and to honor. But at the launch in July 1959 it was dismayed when he heard have Mamie Eisenhower, wife of the was Mamie who officially christened the that the world’s first nuclear- President of the United States, take part ship NS Savannah. Tpowered merchant ship might in the ceremonies. As Frank’s daughter Noelle says, be called Mamie Eisenhower, would be Frank began by writing hundreds “Once he had an idea, he didn’t let it go an understatement. A maritime buff of letters to newspapers, congressmen, until it worked or proved itself utterly since childhood and an early member of and maritime officials. As his campaign impossible.”  SSHSA, Braynard felt passionately that gained headway, Frank decided he the ship should be named Savannah in needed more firepower. Using patriotism honor of the first steam-power vessel to as his lever, he convinced both the cross the Atlantic, since both ships were American Legion and the Propeller Club pioneering new types of power. of America to endorse his effort at their In 1957 he used his connections as national conventions. His efforts paid off. director of the Bureau of Information Frank’s proposal went right to the top of at the American Merchant Marine the U.S. Government. President Dwight Institute and as a former maritime D. Eisenhower was said to be “delighted” reporter for the New York Herald Tribune to to sign a proclamation naming the new advocate for the name change. His wish vessel the NS Savannah. list went further though; he also wanted It ended up that at the National the keel laying of the nuclear ship to be Maritime Day keel-laying ceremony on n Frank Braynard with the captain of on National Maritime Day, 1958, the May 22, 1958, it was the vice president’s the NS Savannah, Gaston DeGroote. – 139th anniversary of the transatlantic wife, Pat Nixon, who was the person of Noelle Braynard collection. voyage to Savannah because of rough October and November seas. To deny that a ship which uses steam for ten out of thirty-three days is a steamship is like arguing how many angels can stand on the point of a needle. But such denials are common. For the last word, however, we could not do better than to depend upon a first- hand, on-the-spot account published in The Times of London. It is in connection with the Kite episode. The Times reported: The QE2 Story website and discussion forum, launched “The Savannah, a steam vessel, recently arrived at Liverpool from America, the first vessel of the kind which ever crossed the on 25 January 2009, celebrates its 10th Anniversary this year. From small beginnings, Atlantic.”  the membership of the forum has grown to over 1,000 and with almost 5,000 topics. It About the Author is the go to information resource on Queen Elizabeth 2 from concept, design and build Frank Braynard (1916–2007) was an avid maritime through to her retirement in 2008. historian and collector. His many books included S.S. Savannah: The Elegant The forum's motto, "Keeping the Legend Steam Ship and Famous American Alive", relates to trying to keep QE2's Ships, from which this article has been memory alive through stories, memories, excerpted with the permission of his and photographs. We invite you to visit the daughter Noelle Braynard. A long-time forum as a guest or to register and post member of SSHSA, Frank was president information, memories, and photos of the of the board and editor of Steamboat iconic QE2. Bill. He worked as a maritime reporter for the New York Herald- Tribune, was editor of Moran Towing’s house journal Tow Line, Membership is free. Please join us. and organized OpSail 1976, which brought nearly 300 tall ships to www.theqe2story.com New York in honor of the Bicentennial.

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 27 H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

American Innovation in the Shipping Industry by Jim Shaw

28 • Spring 2019 PowerShips H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

he American-flagged merchant marine and American shipyards play only a small part in the global shipping industry today, but the situation was once much different. During World War II, and through the next two decades, American innovation moved to the forefront of commercial maritime development.T Using war-developed technologies in both ship design and construction, U.S. yards turned out large numbers of technically advanced general cargo ships and petroleum tankers, plus a number of hybrid vessels combining war- built hulls with new bows and/or sterns. By the late 1940s, American yards were building the world’s largest tankers, American Innovation in the Shipping Industry most making use of welded construction, and, by the 1950s, some of the fastest and most sophisticated general cargo ships. by Jim Shaw Post-War Development In 1949, Daniel Lugwig, owner of National Bulk Carriers, produced the 30,000-dwt tanker Bulkpetrol at his Norfolk, Virginia, yard. It was the largest tanker built in the United States, and in the world, to that date. He later moved his production to Japan, but other U.S. yards continued to turn out exceptional ships. At the same time, they incorporated new ideas into older hulls, including development n Representative of the final breakbulk of the first ocean-going cargo ships turned out by U.S. yards liquid natural gas and was the C5 freighter Wilson, completed liquid petroleum gas by Newport News S.B. & D.D. Co. carriers, along with the in 1969 for American Mail Lines. first container ships and It survived until broken up at Alang, parcel chemical tankers. India, in 2008. Although American These vessels were built, the 15,836-gt ship incorporated followed by the world’s a German-developed Stülcken derrick first ocean-going ro-ro for heavylift cargos and MacGregor- (roll-on/roll-off) ships and Comarain developed bipod masts for the barge-carrying LASH general cargo work. – T. Jones photo. and SEABEE vessels. Today, U.S. commercial shipbuilding capacity has been reduced to only three major yards, with a merchant fleet numbering fewer than 175 vessels over 1,000 gt.

Self-Trimming Ships For many years, dry bulk cargoes, such as coal and grain, were carried in conventional vessels, particularly aging Liberty and Victory ships. Such commodities were prone to cargo shifting, resulting in numerous casualties. In the mid-1950s, Ole Skaarup, a New York-based shipbroker, came up with the

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idea of incorporating sloping upper wing tanks in cargo holds. This feature made the ships “self-trimming,” since the angle of slope matched the angle-of-repose of most granular cargoes.

n Built in the 1950s, and perhaps a testament to American shipbuilding quality, the 40,006-dwt Fredericksburg was launched as Eagle The first purpose- n The cargo hold of a modern bulk Courier by the Ingalls yard at Pascagoula, Mississippi, in 1958 and built, ocean-going carrier discloses the sloped wing tanks traded for 46 years until broken up at Chittagong, Bangladesh, in 2004. – ship to incorporate to allow self-trimming as well as the Keystone Shipping Company photo. these holds was the spiral access ladder fit into the corrugated 19,000-dwt Cassiopeia. transverse bulkhead and the large amount The ship was financed of reinforcement employed along the side by Swedish banker shell. – Int. Bulk Handling photo. Marcus Wallenberg and completed in 1955 by Sweden’s Kockums yard for compatriot shipowners Nordstrom & Thulin. Externally, the 536-ft by 71-ft vessel appeared very similar to another innovative ship of the time, the combination ore-oil carrier Pajala, in that the machinery and accommodations were located aft, with a thin navigation house mounted forward. Internally, however, the self-trimming cargo holds made all the difference. The old wooden frames, beams and boards that had to be built into conventional vessels to stop bulk cargoes from shifting, and thus upsetting stability, were no longer required. Shippers were able to enjoy considerable cost savings while vessel safety was substantially improved.

Self-Unloading Ships Skaarup, continuing to look at bulk-cargo handling, went on to develop a self-unloader for open-ocean trading. The concept of a self-unloading ship for bulk cargoes had been born on the Great Lakes with the retrofit of the 1888-built steamer Hennepin in 1902, followed by launch of the first purpose-built self-unloader, Wyandotte, in 1908. But Skaarup moved that concept into deep water. Within a year of the Cassiopeia’s completion, the 525-ft by n American shipbuilders turned out a good number of the world’s tankers 75-ft Melvin H. Baker was built in Germany, with cargo holds in the 1950s and 1960s, including the 32,791-dwt Santa Paula, a that resembled twin, deeply sloping hoppers closed at the 1958 product of the Bethlehem yard in San Francisco and not scrapped bottom by gates. Once the gates were opened, the hoppers fed until 1996. – Jim Shaw Collection. twin conveyor belts, mounted on the tank tops, that ran to the rear of the vessel and up through the accommodation block

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n An air view of the 2009-built to discharge over Gypsum Integrity, since renamed the stern. Although Algoma Integrity, shows the the cost of building 47,556-dwt vessel’s hatch layout and this ship, with its self-discharging conveyor boom that specialized gear, was receives dry bulk material from hopper- roughly 25 percent shaped holds below via lifting machinery higher than that of a fitted forward of the house. – Gypsum conventional vessel of Transportation photo. the same size, it could unload its cargo at a rate of 2,000 tons per hour using only three workers. This alone made it highly n Completed in 1998 as one of the world’s first diesel-electric propelled economical in coastal and short-sea trading situations. chemical tankers, the Danish-built 37,042-dwt Stolt Capability is Self-unloaders have now taken over most dry-bulk cargo powered by four Wartsila medium-speed diesels (three 9-cylinder and one handling in the Great Lakes and have expanded worldwide, 6-cylinder) driving alternators to produce a service speed of 16.5 knots particularly for such cargoes as stone, sand, salt and gypsum. while 42 cargo tanks are located within the hull and another 4 on deck, all The largest self-unloaders in the world, a series of 1,013.5-ft with stainless steel interiors and each equipped with its own cargo pump by 105-ft American-built vessels, are held captive in the Lakes and independent pipe system. – Stolt Tankers photo. where they were built – their measurements are beyond the 766-ft by 80-ft capacity of the St. Lawrence Seaway locks.

Parcel Tankers While Ole Skaarup was putting the finishing touches to his new designs to both transport and discharge dry bulk commodities, another transplanted Scandinavian, Jacob Stolt-Nielsen, a Norwegian living in New York, came up with the idea of a tanker that could carry small parcels of different chemicals. Although ships fitted with multiple tanks to move refined petroleum had been around for some time, Stolt- n The deck of a modern parcel tanker can look a bit complicated, with an Nielsen wanted a ship that could carry parcel lots of chemicals extensive system of piping laid over external deck reinforcement members and that were then being transported only in drums. capped by a center catwalk and hose-handling crane. – Stolt-Nielsen photo.

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n An early pioneer in deep-sea roll-on/roll-off cargo movement was New n Matson Navigation, long an American innovator, pioneered the first container Jersey-based Seatrain Lines which began using specially designed ships to move carriers and container cranes in the Pacific and later developed its “garage ships” railway cars between the United States and Cuba in the late 1920s. After such as the 22,501-dwt Matsonia, which was built as a trailer ship in 1973 the Cuban Revolution in the 1950s, Seatrain had its remaining rail ferries and extensively modified in 1987 to carry 1,727 TEUs forward and 450 autos converted over to carrying containers but the company was sold to Transeastern aft. – Port of Los Angeles photo. Associates in 1965 and was bankrupt by 1981. – Jim Shaw Collection.

In 1955, the 13,000-dwt conventional tanker Freddy, being emerging parcel tanker industry, and the Stolt-Nielsen ships operated under sub-charter from Norway’s Erling Naess, served as models for the International Maritime Organization’s was refitted with independent tanks, deep-well pumps and Rules for Chemical Tankers. pipelines to make it the world’s first parcel tanker (although Dow Chemical had started using the 16,600-dwt tanker Marine Dow-Chem to transport caustic soda in nickel-clad tanks the The Box Ships year before). As the first self-trimming bulk carriers and parcel tankers Stolt-Nielsen went on to form Parcel Tankers Inc. around were being introduced to service, the design of the conventional another converted ship, Stolt Avance, ex-Rimfonn, which was general cargo ship was being changed to allow the carriage of also modified to carry parcel cargoes. By the late 1960s the breakbulk freight in standardized metal containers. Although a New York-based entrepreneur was financially able to order the predecessor company of now defunct Sea-Land Service, headed world’s first purpose-built parcel tankers, led by class leader Stolt by Malcom McLean, is traditionally given credit for handling Norness, delivered by Belgium’s Boelwerf yard in 1970. the first boxes in the mid-1950s, the U.S. military and several private operators had previously handled metal containers of different sizes. San Francisco’s Matson Navigation introduced Innovative Design containerization to the Pacific in the late 1950s, and also In design, Stolt-Nielsen’s new tankers, comprising four inaugurated operation of the world’s first container crane at 18,000-dwt Norness-class and three 24,000-dwt Boel-class Alameda, California, in 1959. ships, represented a vast departure from tankers built to that There were skeptics of this new way of doing things, but the date. Besides being designed to carry a great many different method quickly proved itself. In 1956, when McLean began liquids simultaneously, including vegetable oils and animal loading containers onto the converted tanker Ideal X, the cost of fats, they incorporated features to speed loading and discharge, loading loose freight onto a medium-sized breakbulk freighter as well as tank cleaning and overall shipboard maintenance. in the United States was $5.83 per ton. McLean’s accountants Structural supports, formerly mounted within cargo tanks, calculated that the cost of loading Ideal X was 15.7 cents per ton. were placed on deck, and tank bulkheads were corrugated, In the Pacific, it was taking stevedoring gangs one hour to load without framing, which resulted in a clean inner tank surface. nine tons of cargo aboard Matson’s C-3 ships using conventional This made tank cleaning, or “stripping,” much easier, with little gear. In comparison, the company’s Alameda-based container chance of contaminants remaining in tight corners or pockets. crane, operating on a three-minute cycle with an average In addition, each tank had its own deep-well pump, and the container weight of 20 tons, resulted in a productivity of 400 tons ships all had double bottoms as well as double sides. These per hour and reduced the amount of time a ship spent in port features, plus other innovations, set the standard for the from three weeks to as little as 18 hours.

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Visit USCGC INGHAM (WHEC-35) 1936-1988 National Historic Landmark & National Memorial to Coast Guardsmen who lost their lives in combat from WWII through Viet Nam. • Awarded two Naval Presidential Unit Citations for her service during Vietnam. • Credited with sinking U-Boat 626 during convoy duty in the North Atlantic n Although the development of roll-on/roll-off cargo handling can be • Served in Atlantic, Mediterranean and Philippine Theaters and traced back to Europe and early rail ferries, the U.S. Navy had the USNS Command Ship for the amphibious landings for General Comet built by Sun Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company in 1957 as MacArthur’s return to Corregidor. the world’s first purpose-built ro-ro intended for worldwide deployment, the Don’t miss the opportunity to tour this ship and learn ship having conventional cargo handling gear as well as a stern ramp and about its remarkable history. side ports. – T. Jones photo. INGHAM is located in Key West on the Truman Waterfront Park. You Can Visit …You Can Help The foundation seeks donations to continue restoration of this important vessel. Please send your tax-deductible contributions to: USCGC INGHAM Memorial Museum

Open-Hatch P.0. Box 186, Key West, Florida 33041 • Phone: (305)-395-9554 Andy Newman www.uscgcingham.org Bulk Carriers Photo: Another innovative vessel, which surfaced when the first container ships started crossing the oceans, was the open-hatch bulk carrier. A leader of this ship type, Beseggen, had already been placed in service along the Pacific Coast by 1962. Its dominance in the world’s forest product trades grew out of an agreement signed in 1966 between American forest product manufacturer Crown Zellerbach and Norwegian shipping interests that covered the movement of unitized wood pulp from the Pacific Northwest to Europe. The contract led to the conversion of four 22,000-dwt bulk carriers into open-hatch ships for Norway’s K/S Billabong. Billabong was part of the fledgling Star Shipping group, and Star was soon to order a large number of open-hatch bulkers from both Swedish and Norwegian builders. These vessels, which had straight-sided, box-shaped cargo holds with no deck overhang, could quickly load and discharge because no horizontal movement of cargo was required in the hold. Traveling gantry cranes were specified over pedestal type because they were stronger and capable of being covered with corrugated plastic roofs to protect pulp and paper cargoes during handling operations. From the 9,200-dwt Beseggen, which survived until 1987, the world’s open-hatch fleet has steadily grown in size and now sees ships of over 72,000 dwt employed. These vessels have a total cargo capacity of more than 86,600 cubic meters in eight box- shaped holds and can also carry containers while operating as “conbulkers.”

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n The 1974-built El Taino was one of a series of ten American style ro-ro carriers created out of a military design by Sun Shipbuilding between 1967 and 1977 and was a sister to the 31,515-gt El Faro which went down with all of her crew during hurricane Joaquin in 2015. Known as “trailer ships” they do not carry their own loading ramps but make use of fixed ramps at their ports of call where tractors are used to move trailers on and off through side ports in the hull. – T. Jones photo.

n Seen at San Francisco, the 1962-built Besseggen was the world’s first open-hatch or box-hold bulk carrier and was employed under long-term contract to carry forest products from the West Coast to Europe for Crown Zellerbach, a task it managed with the aid of two rail-mounted gantry cranes equipped with corrugated plastic covers for rain protection. – Jim Shaw Collection.

34 • Spring 2019 PowerShips H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Lighter-Aboard-Ship Under almost simultaneous development with the open- hatch bulk carrier was the lighter-aboard-ship or LASH vessel, developed by Jerome Goldman at New Orleans in the early The Lighthouse News 1960s. Barges, such as those employed along the Mississippi & History Magazine River, could be pre-loaded with cargo and then lifted aboard Features: a LASH ship using a heavy crane mounted at the stern. Deep • Colorful and Vintage harbors would not be needed because the shallow-draft barges Lighthouse Photos. could be towed out to the ship; in many ports, especially those • Stories of along the Gulf of Mexico and in northern Europe, rivers could Lighthouse Keepers, Past & Present. be used for inland transportation. • Restoration Projects Nautical Antiques, Keeper’s Korner, Events Calendar. Subscribe at $5 off our Railway & Locomotive Historical Society regular rates. 1/4 Page Square CMYK SSHSA PowerShips Spring 2019 Just $29.95!

Request a Free Sample Copy! PO Box 250, East Machias, ME 04630 • (207)259-2121 www.LighthouseDigest.com/sshs Goldman had n Lighter-Aboard-Ship or LASH the design of a ship carriers, such as the 49,858-dwt capable of loading and Acadia Forest, were built to take discharging barges ready advantage of river barge networks Bridging the continent by 1962, but it wasn’t already established in the United States until the mid-1960s and Europe and later along the north from Atlantic to Pacific

that shipowners gave coast of Russia. – Jim Pottinger photo. UP AT 150 • “PACIFIC” RAILROADS • TRAVELING COAST TO COAST IN 1870 • INSIDE EMD, PART 3 In the Spring-Summer 2019 Y&L A OC W O IL M A O

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S N T I • O Y R T RAILROAD I RAILROAD E C I the first was Norwegian HISTORY A L S OC Maury Klein, the dean of Union R Pacific historians, reflects on A owner Mosvold Shipping. After studying the idea, Mosvold ordered I the enduring significance of L R two LASH carriers from Japan’s Sumitomo Shipbuilding. The O 150 years of transcontinental A D railroading. Also, the final world’s first LASH ship, the 49,000-dwt Acadia Forest, was ready by H I installment of “Inside EMD,” S T late 1969, followed by sister Atlantic Forest in early 1970, both built O a step-by-step look at the R Y under license. Each vessel measured 857 ft by 106.5Teaser ft TBA :and See page 00. could locomotive-building process. carry 73 standardized LASH barges that measured 61.5 ft by 31 ft Join R&LHS today at rlhs.org and were capable of holding 370 tons of cargo. Each LASH carrier or send $35 for 2019 U.S. membership (includes two

was given a single 450-ton-capacity gantry crane that could travel 2 Y&L A OC issues of Railroad History and W O IL M 2 A O

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Founded in 1921, R&LHS is the oldest railroad his- AY&LO LASH Linage W C L O torical society in North America. Our award-winning I M The first LASH service, as with the open-hatch ships, was A O R T 128-page journal Railroad History blends scholarly I

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n One of three sisters built for Waterman Steamship in the mid-1970s, the others being Stonewall Jackson and Sam Houston, the 41,578-dwt Robert E. Lee was sent to the Far East for breaking in 2002. – Jim Shaw Collection.

n High ship crewing costs saw U.S. designers and builders develop the Integrated Tug/Barge (ITB) and Articulated Tug/Barge (ATB) concepts following World War II, leading to such combinations as Crowley Maritime’s 16,320-hp tug Legend pushing tank barge 750-2, the latter having a capacity of 330,000 barrels, which is equal to most modern coastal tankers. – Crowley Corporation photo.

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three American SEABEEs were built: Doctor Lykes, Almeira Lykes and Tillie Lykes. All three 875-ft by 106-ft vessels were turned over to the U.S. government for Military Sealift Command employment by the mid-1980s; they were given the new names Cape Mendocino, Cape May and Cape Mohican. Two were activated during operation Desert Storm in 1991, but all have since been n Close to retirement, the former LASH Other American laid up as part of the National Defense Reserve Fleet. vessel Horizon Reliance, built in operators followed Today, U.S. shipyards rely on overseas designs, as well as 1980 as Edward Rutledge, was Central Gulf’s lead and a considerable amount of overseas equipment when building converted to a full container carriage in ordered a number of U.S.-flagged ships. A case in point is the two Matson ConRo later years to accommodate more than American-built LASH vessels being built by the NASSCO yard at San Diego. The 2,650 TEUs. – Susan Yamamoto photo. vessels to take advantage twin ships will cost a total of $511 million, but $120 million of of U.S. government this will go to South Korea for both design and material.  subsidies. Eleven of the ships were ordered from the Avondale yard at New Orleans by Prudential Lines (five ships) and Pacific Far East Lines (six ships). These vessels, designated C8-S-81bs by About the Author the U.S. Maritime Administration, differed from the Japanese- SSHSA member Jim Shaw, PowerShips’ built vessels in that they were steam-turbine powered (32,000shp West Coast Regional Editor, obtained his De Lavals) and equipped with a 30-ton-capacity traveling gantry U.S. Merchant Mariner’s Document in mounted forward of the barge gantry for container handling. 1966 and has been writing about ships internationally since 1976. A graduate of As other American operators stepped in to take advantage of the LASH concept, a series of longer, second-generation ships the University of Hawaii, he has worked was built that could accommodate additional barges. Europe’s as a mechanical maintenance engineer in a Holland America Line and Hapag Lloyd also decided to acquire number of overseas locations and currently resides with his wife, LASH tonnage, with HAL taking delivery of the diesel-powered Sheilagene, in Clackamas, Oregon. Bilderdyke from Belgium’s Boelwerf yard in 1972, while Hapag Lloyd took Munchen from that country’s Cockerill facility, both placed into joint Combi Line service. Tragically, Munchen was lost with her entire crew in 1978 while on a transatlantic trip between Bremerhaven and Savannah, possibly because of a rogue wave hitting the ship, while Bilderdyke ended the LASH era in 2007 when she was broken up in Bangladesh as Rhine Forest.

SEABEEs An offshoot of the LASH design, but built to carry heavier barges, was the SEABEE class, developed by New Orleans-based Lykes Lines in the mid-1960s in cooperation with New York’s J. Maritime Art by Roger Gill J. Henry Company. The large ships were considered the most Please visit www.Artbyrogergill.com complex cargo vessels ever built in the United States when they to view paintings, prices. were turned out by General Dynamics between 1971 and 1973. Contact Roger at [email protected]. In design, the ships differed from the LASH carriers in that they were given three decks for barge stowage, with a submersible 2,400-tonne-capacity elevator mounted at the stern. This mechanism could lift and set down standardized barges measuring 97.5 ft by 35 ft and weighing 850 tonnes. Self-propelled “transporters” then moved the barges within the ship, giving a loading/discharge rate of two barges every 40 minutes. Fully loaded, the steam turbine (36,000shp) SEABEE ships could carry 38 barges at a speed of around 20 knots. The SEABEEs proved not as popular as the LASH vessels, quite possibly because of their expensive price tag, and only

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More American Ocean-Going Lng Tanker Innovation by Jim Shaw Containerization n Reporters were on hand n Methane Pioneer loading LNG from Constock’s production facility on to capture the first loading of the Calcasieu River in Louisiana prior to departing for the United Kingdom in wheelless trailer vans aboard 1959. – CIM photo. the converted tanker Ideal-X in lthough LNG was first produced in 1912, and an 1956, and signal flags flew to LNG-carrying barge was patented as early as 1914, it commemorate the event. Sold to wasn’t until 1959 that the world’s first seagoing LNG European interests in 1959 for carrier, Methane Pioneer, was converted out of a dry cargo further trading, the pioneering ship, the 1945-built Marline Hitch, and used to carry liquid vessel was sold for scrap in gas from Louisiana to the United Kingdom. Built by Walter Japan in 1964 after being BAutler Shipbuilders at Duluth, Minnesota, as a C1-M-AV1 cargo damaged in heavy weather. – ship for the United States Maritime Commission, the 4,907-dwt Sea-Land Service photo. vessel traded under the names Don Aurelio and Normarti before being ontainerization was an evolutionary process, with converted by the Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company many ideas tried out before the concept started to take hold at Mobile, Alabama, to carry up to 32,000 barrels of LNG for joint in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Malcom McLean’s venture company Constock International Methane. The historic successful and well-publicized carriage of wheelless trailer ship was later renamed Aristotle and was operated by the United vans aboard a converted T2 tanker in 1956 solidified Kingdom’s Stephenson Clarke Shipping until scrapped in 1972. the trend, but such shipments had already been made on Cthe Pacific Coast – Ocean Van Line used two crane-equipped vessels, Alaska Cedar and Alaska Spruce, to transport up to 66 vans Ocean-Going Lpg Carrier each between Puget Sound and southern Alaska. This service, inaugurated in 1952, wasn’t successful, largely because shippers weren’t used to the idea. The containers were then passed on to Alaska Freight Lines for use on barges, the redundant ships then being converted for lumber handling. Alaska Steamship Lines also experimented with handling full trailers aboard its cargo carriers at this time. They had several carriers fitted with heavylift gear so that loaded 40-ft vans, with wheels attached, could be hoisted aboard and discharged. A year later, in 1954, the White Pass & Yukon Railway drew up plans for n In 1953 the C-1 cargo ship Cape Diamond, built in 1944, was converted an integrated intermodal system that would move custom-built 8-ft by the Bethlehem Steelyard at Beaumont, Texas, into the world’s first ocean- by 8-ft metal containers rather than trailers between Vancouver, going LPG carrier, Natalie O. Warren, for Warren Petroleum Corporation British Columbia, and Skagway, Alaska, for distribution by both of Tulsa, Oklahoma. The converted vessel left Houston, Texas, in November road and rail. Its first ship departed Vancouver in late 1955. of that year for Newark, New Jersey, with 38,053 barrels of gas condensed However, by this time both Malcom McLean and Matson into 68 vertical pressure tanks that had been installed in the ship’s five cargo Navigation had studied the concept intensely and went on to holds. After fourteen years of service the ship was sold to Danish interests and develop their own systems, McLean choosing 33-ft-long boxes renamed Mundogaz West prior to being broken up for scrap in 1967. – Tulsa while Matson chose 24-footers. The size had to be standardized Historical Museum photo. internationally before containerization would sweep the globe.

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Orange Juice Tanker Self-Unloading Vessel here are a number of specialized “tankers” carrying orange juice in service today, but the pioneer of the concept was the American freighter Tropicana, which was modified for the trade in the late 1950s by Fruit Industries of Bradenton, Florida. Built in 1945 as Cape Avinoff for the Maritime Commission, the 413-ft-long ship Twas acquired by Munargo Line, a subsidiary of United Fruit, in 1947 and later sold to Fruit Industries. The latter company had a series of stainless steel tanks installed in the tween deck and lower hold areas, which were n Built by the Wolf and Davidson shipyard on the Great Lakes in 1888, insulated to maintain orange juice temperature at about 29°F the steamer Hennepin was refitted as the world’s first self-unloading without the use of onboard refrigeration machinery. The tanks vessel following a fire in 1901. It was rebuilt using inclined walls within had a total capacity of 650,000 gallons, and during the 56-hour the cargo hold and a bottom-mounted conveyor to feed an inclined conveyor voyage between Florida and New York the temperature of the that could be swung out to deposit bulk aggregates ashore. – Bowling juice, which was fresh rather than concentrated, never rose Green State University photo. more than 1.5 degrees. In the late 1950s, Fruit Industries, which changed its name to Tropicana Products in 1958, began building a fleet of Welded Ship specialized railway cars to move orange juice, and the company n In the history of ship construction retired the 17-year-old Tropicana in 1961. It was sold to Greek there are a number of contestants for the owners in the following year and renamed Kyros Stelios, but the world’s first welded ship. These include ship was scrapped in 1966 following damage suffered during a the 620-gt coaster Fullagar, completed collision off Germany. by Cammell Laird at Birkenhead in the United Kingdom in 1920; the American coastal tanker Carolinian, built by Pneumatic Cement Carriers Charleston Dry Dock & Machine mong many American innovators in the maritime in South Carolina in 1930; and the field was Henry J. Kaiser. He was perhaps better cargo ship Exchequer, finished by known for shipyards and health care systems, and even the Ingalls Shipyard in Mississippi in automobiles, but he was also an innovator in cargo- 1940. Although completed 20 years after Fullagar, the welding technology used handling solutions. In 1939, just before America’s in the construction of Exchequer would be the same as applied to the massive entry into World War II, he developed a new way of U.S. shipbuilding effort in World War II, which produced a record number of transportingA dry bulk cement from his Permanente Cement vessels, including the Liberty ships, most of which contained over 600,000 feet works in California to Hawaii for use by the Navy. To do of welded joints. – Ingalls photo. the job he purchased the surplus cargo ship Ancon from the Panama Canal Company and had it converted into the bulk cement carrier Permanente, which happened to be delivering LASH Lift cement to Navy silos at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. n Key to development of the LASH The ship wasn’t damaged during the attack, and it survived barge carriers was the massive gantry to transport cement through the war years. It was replaced by crane carried at the stern and the arms the converted Victory ship Permanente Silverbow, ex-Silverbow over which it rode to load and discharge Victory, in 1947. When superseded by a stationary cement plant barges. The cranes, which in their final in Hawaii during the 1950s, the modified vessel continued to development could lift 500 tons, had trade for Mexican interests as Florida Silverbow until scrapped at hydraulically operated guide beams to Brownsville, Texas, in 1985. keep the barges stable during crane travel and functioned within a computer- controlled loading system to direct barge stowage. – Port of New Orleans photo.

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 39 I cebreakers Win d-Class Red, White & Gray Part two by Captain Terry Tilton, USN, Ret.

In the millennia of our use of the sea for commerce, war, transportation and leisure, the icebreaker is relatively new. The Wind-class icebreakers, the last of which was delivered 70 years ago, set a standard of uncompromising design, most aspects of which are seen on the largest icebreakers in service today. Part I (Fall 2018) covered the design elements of these icebreakers and their use in World War II. Part Two covers the period after the war.

40 • Spring 2019 PowerShips Operation Highjump peration Highjump is the term given to the largest U.S. Navy peacetime mission in the 20th century. Antarctica is a continent of 6 million square miles, nearly twice the size of Australia and just smaller than South America, and it makes up nearly ten percent of the world’s land mass. Even after World War II, the Ocoastline of the continent was still largely conjecture. In 1946 n The U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker USCGC Northwind (WAG- the Navy sent two task groups to Antarctica to encircle the 282) makes her way through the ice in the Antarctic during “Operation continent, headed in opposite directions. Highjump.” – U.S Navy photo. From 1941 to 1945 the Navy had fought the axis powers. This time, the enemies were frostbite, hunger, loneliness, Thanks to the entire fleet, there were plenty of distance, storms, ice, snow and extreme cold. The icebreakers accomplishments. A new bay of 20,000 square miles was Northwind and the new Burton Island became the weapons discovered, the size of Lake Erie. Ten new mountain ranges supporting this massive expedition. These two ships were up were found. Seventy-five thousand square miles of ocean saw against solid pack ice, sometimes over eight feet thick. The exploration for the first time. An additional 1,500 miles of icebreakers demonstrated an ability to push through three coastline were mapped and 340,000 square miles were seen feet of ice at 10 knots. The importance and size of Operation for the first time. The world’s largest glacier was identified and Highjump cannot be overstated. Two-thirds of the October ice in the middle of the continent was estimated to be one mile 1947 issue of National Geographic was devoted to it in the article thick. At Admiral Byrd’s memorial dedication, the president “Our Navy Explores Antarctica” by Admiral Richard Byrd. of the National Geographic Society described Operation Admiral Byrd reported the worst ice conditions in 100 Highjump as the largest exploring expedition ever. It could not years. Antarctica has the world’s coldest air mass. Ships in have happened without icebreaker support. convoy behind the icebreakers were often not able to follow Northwind established Little America IV. She became the through the thick ice. Chunks of broken ice littered the first Coast Guard icebreaker to cross the Antarctic Circle and channel astern of Burton Island and Northwind. The World War the first to rescue a submarine, the Sennet, locked in ice. On the II submarine Sennet, despite a hull built to handle pressure at same cruise, Northwind’s crew conducted the first baseball game depth, had to turn back to open sea. Burton Island had to free and the first golf tournament in Antarctica. the submarine at least twice during the operation. The movie industry took note of the historic events and Admiral Byrd reported in National Geographic that the generated a full-length feature film, The Secret Land. Combining Northwind battered down a 30-ft wall of ice in one hour. He saw some reenactments with mostly actual footage, the movie gave temperatures drop to -70 degrees F, more than 100 degrees below viewers an overview of Antarctic operations. The footage freezing and 20 degrees below the low temperature envisioned by of Northwind smashing through ice and freeing the locked the design team at Gibbs & Cox. Without the support of the two merchant ships is awe inspiring. Without her service, the Wind-class icebreakers, the aircraft carrier Philippine Sea would operation had no chance of success. have been unable to make the trip adjacent to the continent. This ship carried the largest planes ever launched from an Essex-class flight deck: the Douglas DC3, modified as RD4. Canadian Wind-Class Icebreaker Six planes were modified to take off from a flight deck 860 by The last Wind-class ship for the Navy was commissioned 110 feet and land on snow. They were so large and wide they in 1947. Canada had been seeking a heavy icebreaker to explore couldn’t be launched aft of the carrier’s island. the Arctic for natural resources and provide some national In the Bay of Whales, the icebreakers routinely encountered defense capability against any threat coming from the Arctic. ice five to eight feet thick, sometimes even 15 or 20 feet thick. No better design existed, and in 1948 plans were delivered to The task force encountered ice cakes so large they could Marine Industries of Sorel in Montreal for a Wind-class-type support a good-sized town. The two icebreakers broke 15 icebreaker. The HMCS Labrador was begun on November 18, million tons of ice in just three days. 1949, launched in December 1951 and delivered in 1954.

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 41 The threat of military conflict in the Arctic regions had dissipated, and virtually all military features were deleted on Labrador. Instead, the Canadian icebreaker would focus on hospital and medical activities, rescue of ships, training of cadets and scientific research. Spaces onboard previously dedicated to defense features were converted to laboratories and scientific instrumentation. Canada claimed that the new icebreaker was the most capable in the world. She became the first ship to completely circumnavigate North America, east to west. She was also the first ship to conduct a Northwest Passage deep-water transit, charting a route through Bellot Strait for ships delivering construction materials for the DEW Line. Just 10 years later, Labrador reached 81 degrees, 45 minutes north. She would continue to serve Canada until 1988, a 34-year career. n A U.S. Navy New York Naval Air Reserve Sikorsky HSS- 1 Seabat landing on the deck of the U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker USCGC Westwind (WAGB-281) operating in the Atlantic off the east Operation Blue Jay coast of the United States, in 1961. – U.S Navy photo. Venimus Coglaciati Vicimus. “We came, we froze, we conquered.” This was the motto for the 821st Air Base Group at Thule, Greenland, at 76 degrees north, 600 miles north of the DEW Line Arctic Circle. The magnetic north pole is actually southwest of With the verification of the USSR’s 400-kt hydrogen bomb Thule, and one has to look south to see the aurora borealis. test on August 12, 1953, it was apparent that the United States Greenland is the world’s largest island, but with negligible would require an elaborate defensive system. The bomb was 25 population. In 1935, population estimates hovered around times the power of the Hiroshima bomb, and it was predicted that 25,000, mostly native Inuits. Denmark fell to the Germans in Russia would soon have a bomb of at least one megaton. May 1940, and since Greenland was a territory of Denmark, Within five years, a Distant Early Warning system of more Germany claimed it. The “agreement relating to the defense than 50 stations, spread over a 500-mile arc north of the Arctic of Greenland” was established between Denmark and the Circle, at about 66 degrees, became operational. This line gave the United States. After the war, Greenland assumed even more United States over an hour warning against a bomber traveling importance – it lies halfway between Washington and Moscow. at the speed of sound approaching the anticipated targets of President Truman decided to construct an Air Force base northern major U.S. cities. This would be ample time to intercept at Thule in 1949. Without the participation of Wind-class the bombers with fighter aircraft. Completed in just 32 months, on icebreakers, this base would not have become a reality. Edisto July 31, 1957, the prime contractor, Western Electric, delivered the and Eastwind were the primary icebreakers for a massive DEW Line to the Air Force. armada of ships heading north in 1951 with material and Soon the DEW Line extended across Greenland. The construction teams to build the top-secret base. A two-mile- enormous undertaking needed 46,000 tons of steel, equivalent long airstrip in the frozen landscape provided the airport for to the weight of an aircraft carrier. Delivery of this material, B-36, B-47, B-52 and B-58 bombers, operating at the top of the plus all the supporting fuel, equipment, other building world. Even today, the 1952 base is considered one of the most materials, etc., had to be done by ship. daunting construction projects undertaken by the U.S. military. With no icebreakers, there would be no DEW Line. About Most of the sailors on the Navy ships were unaware of 120 ships, making up two convoys, were eventually involved in their mission as they steamed north. The entire effort again the logistics effort. One followed an eastern route from Halifax proved the value of the Wind class. Operation Blue Jay was to Baffin Island and around to Shepherd Bay. The western route hindered by -50 degree F temperatures and 125 mph winds. initiated in Puget Sound, traveled up through the Aleutian Islands, Nearly 80 ships supported the construction through 1952. the Bering Strait, around Point Barrow and into the Simpson Strait. Although the public became vaguely aware of the base in 1952, In the east, Edisto and Labrador found it tough going. During one the full details weren’t declassified until 20 years later. By then day in August 1957, these two Wind-class ships made just 8.1 miles the icebreakers were being decommissioned. The history of from 7 a.m. through 10 p.m., about half a mile per hour. Staten these ships mentions little of the role they played in this most Island and Westwind worked the western sector, where only four of 57 important base. A year after the base opened, Northwind began ships escaped serious damage. After the DEW Line was completed, an annual resupply mission. only the icebreakers could deliver supplies in the northern reaches.

42 • Spring 2019 PowerShips cooling temperatures. Star Trek’s Leonard Nimoy narrated a TV special on the coming ice age. Twenty years later, another Operation Deep Freeze Operation Deep Freeze confirmed that the earlier prediction of a coming ice age was inaccurate.

International Geophysical Year The International Geophysical Year, July 1957 to September 1958, remains the most ambitious study of the environment. Forty-seven countries and over 5,000 scientists supported the operation. The bulk of the scientific effort happened in the polar regions, specifically Antarctica. Eleven nations set up sites on the continent for research work. Both Navy and Coast Guard icebreakers supported the IGY. While working in the continent down under, the Wind class met and worked with ice-breaking ships from other nations n The U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker USCGC Eastwind (WAGB-279) was including Soya (Japan) and Leda (Russia). one of three icebreakers used by Operation Deep Freeze in the Ross Sea area in The IGY became an international science project that 1955-1956. Stratocumulus clouds show effects of open water and modified lasted 18 months. In 1958, the United States even issued a continental Antarctic air mass. This formation is usually accompanied by light 3-cent stamp commemorating the event. Stalin had died in north to neartheasterly surface winds. – U.S Navy photo.. 1953 and the Russians were willing to support the multi- national missions. Research included nine categories: gravity, Operation Deep Freeze is the term attributed to the first ionospheric physics, aurora, seismology, solar activity, Antarctica scientific missions during the winter of 1955 to 1956, oceanography, cosmic rays, geomagnetism and latitude/ ostensibly to resupply bases. These visits grew into scientific longitude mapping. The Antarctic Treaty, signed December and research studies. This first Deep Freeze anticipated the 1, 1959, came as a direct result of the IGY nations agreeing International Geophysical Year, a global environmental study, that the continent must be set aside as a scientific preserve which commenced in 1957. Edisto, Eastwind and the new with freedom of scientific investigation and a ban on military Glacier made the operation possible. Eighteen hundred people activity. Without the icebreakers, there would be no treaty. supported this effort in the Bay of Whales and McMurdo Sound. They built Little America V, which would be the scientific station for the IGY. The first Little America had been Cold War Icebreakers established by Admiral Byrd in 1919. Despite the extreme winters and cold climates in North Even before the first Operation Deep Freeze, the United Korea, the Wind class did not see action during the Korean States had a long interest in the Antarctic. The first expedition War, 1950–1954. By then, the ships had migrated into was headed by Navy Captain Charles Wilkes in 1839. But peacetime operations: hydrography, oceanography, research, it would be 90 years before Admiral Byrd pressed into the exploration and resupply. The areas of assignments were above continent. He wintered over in 1935/36, and in 1940 charted 60 degrees north and below 60 degrees south. Pre-satellite the Ross Sea. In September 1956, 70 million Americans communication difficulties in those regions had an unusual watched the ABC Disney program featuring the icebreakers solution: a 1,200-foot antenna supported aloft by two balloons. in Operation Deep Freeze, making the icebreakers some of the This gave an unprecedented range in excess of 1,500 miles. most famous ships in the United States. During the Cold War, the Wind-class icebreakers provided The icebreakers embarked Deep Freeze scientists who, service in a never-ending list of assignments. among other responsibilities, conducted global warming testing Operation Nanook established a radio and weather station 60 years ago. Temperature recording and analysis conducted at Thule on Greenland in 1946. As the icebreakers were during Deep Freeze operations have played an important completing support for the construction of the DEW Line, the role in public perceptions. Twenty years after the 1956 global threat of an attack by intercontinental ballistic missiles meant warming tests in Antarctica, the Deep Freeze scientists that the DEW Line couldn’t give enough warning. confirmed a cooling trend from about 1940 through the mid- Just months after the DEW Line became operational, 1970s. Time (June 24, 1974, “Another Ice Age”) Newsweek (April General Operational Requirements were issued in November 28, 1975), Science Digest, Popular Science, Fortune and National 1957 for the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS). Geographic (November 1976) all published articles confirming This system, operating in conjunction with the DEW Line,

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 43 provided extra capability to warn against the supersonic ballistic missiles. The first interim facility’s radar unit went Unusual Exploits & Missions into use in 1959 at Thule. Two years later, a second site at 64 The seven Wind-class ships, with their multipurpose designs, degrees north opened in central Alaska at Clear Air Force Base. had capabilities so encompassing that they accomplished a A third site operated in England. variety of missions beyond breaking ice. While supporting construction at Thule, the Wind class resupplied the DEW Line sites. Over the years, every ship of Eastwind the class spent time on the DEW Line and later the BMEWS. Eastwind became the first ship to launch rockoons (rocket The U.S. Air Force staffed the BMEWS sites. The radar balloons), in 1952, which carried instruments for cosmic ray equipment exceeded the size of a football field, measuring 140 studies. feet high and 400 feet across. The annual resupply of the Thule In September 1952, Eastwind hurried out of Boston toward Base usually corresponded with the icebreaker visit on July 4. the tanker Fort Mercer. A severe Portland gale with 70-knot Despite 24-hour daylight, the route is hazardous because of thick winds and 50-ft seas split the Fort Mercer and Pendleton in two. fog banks. The icebreakers escorted Military Ship Transport Eastwind saved the crew from the former. Service vessels into the base. The Ingalls-built tanker USNS Yukon Less than a year later, the ship was the first naval ship to frequently visited. Since Greenland is Denmark territory, the Helga cut through Davis Straight from Thule to Ellesmere Island at Dan and other Danish ships could be seen in the convoy. the Alert station in Nunavut, Canada, located 82.5 degrees Weather stations in the north had icebreaker support north. during the 1950s in accord with Public Law 296, by which the She became the first Coast Guard cutter to circumnavigate 79th Congress authorized the U.S. Weather Bureau to take the globe in a single transit, leaving October 1960, returning such actions as may be necessary in the development of an May 1961. international basic meteorological reporting network in the Eastwind freed two Danish ships, Thala Dan and Halla Dan, Arctic region of the western hemisphere. from the ice off the Budd Coast in February 1967. It’s difficult to detail all the missions involving the Navy and Coast Guard icebreakers, some classified Top Secret. One Westwind mission was Operation Crested Ice. In January 1968, off Thule In 1962 Westwind became the test ship for a structural hull Air Force Base, a B-52 bomber crashed, losing two hydrogen analysis to estimate requirements for future icebreakers. bombs in the ocean. At that time of year, the recovery and She rescued an expedition of seven members of the removal of the radioactive material could not have been University of London adjacent to Hermila, Greenland, on accomplished without icebreaker assistance. August 26, 1969. A private aircraft went down off Kulusuk, Greenland, in August 1979 and Westwind rescued the trio onboard. Later that month, the ship penetrated the ice to about 375 miles from the North Pole at 83 degrees, 45 minutes north. In October 1983, Westwind engineers repaired engines on the fishing vessel Ocean Hope in the Caribbean Sea. Northwind Northwind served as a floating court with a sitting U.S. federal judge off the Bering Sea patrol in 1952. She served as the flagship of all USN activities during Operation Nanook. Later in 1952, she provided health and dental service to Aleutian villagers. Doctors surveyed the food eaten by the villagers and made recommendations for increased nutritional supplements. Researchers onboard conducted ethnological studies with the Aleuts. The ship started fishery monitoring, a service the Coast Guard still provides. She freed LST 1048 and Burton Island from the Beaufort Sea. During Operation Highjump, the cutter towed the ice- n USS Edisto and USCGC Northwind pave a highway throught damaged store ship USS Merick 1,000 miles to New Zealand Antarctic ice for British research vessel John Biscoe. – U.S Navy photo. through hurricane-force winds.

44 • Spring 2019 PowerShips n Greeting card sent from aboard USS Atka features a photo insert of the ship She circled Banks Island in 1953. in the front cover. – Author’s collection. Along with Burton Island she transited an unknown Northwest passage; the Chicago Daily Tribune announced the Edisto details on August 28, 1954. Edisto rescued the USS Whitewood, grounded in Tunulliarfik During a 1964 trip to the Bering Sea, at Fairway Rock, Fjord at Narsaq, Greenland, in 1948 with ice damage. the Northwind installed an unmanned instrument to measure En route home from the IGY in Antarctica, Edisto rerouted to currents in that sea. She became the first cutter to operate in Montevideo, Uruguay, for relief efforts needed because of excessive Kara, the Soviet sea adjacent to Siberia. flooding. The crew saved 227 lives and, upon departure, received a Northwind found a 33-ft sailboat 200 miles off Bermuda and personal thank you from the president of Uruguay. helped evacuate a woman for medical attention. In 1984, during Operation Wagonwheel Forces, she seized Atka Alexi I, establishing a Coast Guard record of 20 tons of illegal Atka, while reconnoitering a new weather station off drug contraband recovered. Bridgeport on Melville Island, discovered marks of humans preserved in the frost. She found undisturbed wheel tracks from Staten Island the early 1800s. Staten Island resupplied all the ships on the DEW Line the winter of 1955/56. She and the other icebreakers kept the northernmost lightships and lighthouses in mail, vegetables and The Northwest Passage fuel. Explorers have long sought a shortcut to the Indies She rescued the crew of the fishing vessel Martindale in over the top of the planet. Less than a decade after Columbus, March 1969. John Cabot may have been the first to believe in a Northwest The next year, Staten Island investigated spread rates and Passage. The next 400 years saw many attempts to find it, but thickness of oil off Prudhoe Bay. all ended in failure. The small Gjoa, under the command of In August 1970, 30 miles southwest of Point Barrow, her Roald Amundsen, achieved an east-west passage in 1903 on divers freed the fouled propeller on the tug Active. the most southerly route possible. It wasn’t until 1956 that the Canadian Wind-type icebreaker Labrador (with Coast Guard Southwind cutter Storis) crossed the Canadian archipelago on a deep-water The Southwind provided invaluable assistance in finding route suitable for larger-draft merchant traffic. and repairing a northerly undersea communications cable in Only with the March 1968 discovery of the massive oil 1956. field in Prudhoe Bay, on Alaska’s North Slope, did the passage In September 1970, Southwind became the first United States of large ships to send oil to the east coast seem economically ship to enter Murmansk since World War II. viable. In a $49 million gamble, Humble Oil announced a plan She returned an Apollo test capsule, BP-1227 (now in Grand to add an icebreaker bow to the huge tanker Manhattan and Rapids, Michigan), lost in 1969 adjacent to the Azores. make the passage to prove the concept. In contrast, a proposed Later that same year, the ship penetrated ice through 83 pipeline across Alaska would cost $10 billion, requiring digging degrees north, the northernmost penetration by the Wind class through frozen tundra to an open water port, at which point at that time. the oil would have to be tankered out.

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 45 twin engines delivered 40,000 hp with 10 percent maximum continuous overrating. With a new “icebreaking bow” and her hull strengthened, Manhattan set out for Prudhoe Bay in September 1969, headed for Baffin Island on an east-to-west passage. Not even this huge “icebreaker” would chance the trip without the assistance of a real icebreaker riding shotgun. The Canadian icebreaker John A. MacDonald and the Northwind provided escort. The Northwind left Seattle and crossed the passage to meet the eastbound convoy at Resolute, on Cornwallis Island, across the strait from Somerset Island. This is roughly the point where Manhattan encountered ice cover of up to 80 percent. Northwind suffered engine problems and was unable to generate the power necessary to assist Manhattan through the thick pack ice at McClure Straight. Needing repairs, the Northwind limped back to Seattle. This somewhat embarrassing situation for the Coast Guard n Humble Oil press release photo of USCGC Westwind accommpanied had two positives: the Northwind became the first ship ever to a June 1969 announncement that the ship would accompany tanker make a round trip through the Northwest Passage (in a single SS Manhattan and Canadian icebreaker John A. McDonald off season). Staten Island demonstrated a superb ability to get Greenland for ice research operations. – Author’s collection. underway, head north and then east at a sufficient rate, adding support for the Manhattan transit to the Alaskan oil fields. The Manhattan was built in 1962 at Bethlehem Steel Icebreaker power allowed the Manhattan to return west to east in Quincy, Massachusetts, and touted as the largest ship in triumph with a symbolic single barrel of oil. constructed in the United States. When ordered, she had been It was deemed a successful trip, despite the inability of the the largest in the world at 940 feet long and 106,560 dwt. Her large tanker to cross through McClure Straight, requiring

n USCGC Northwind in red displays the notably taller stack added during her 1975 modernization. – Author’s collection.

46 • Spring 2019 PowerShips her to take an easier route by hugging the east coast of Banks had no incentive for new construction. The Commandant of Island. Even after their arrival in Prudhoe Bay, the shallow the Coast Guard ordered some rehabilitation to extend the life water required the huge ships to anchor 20 miles from the of the 20-year-old ships Westwind, Edisto and Southwind. Eastwind shore, complicating any loading procedures. A pipeline to the was decommissioned. The three others, Burton Island, Staten tanker would be mandatory. Island and Northwind, had overhauls later. An in-depth assessment reveals that the trip’s success was After years of white paint, the Coast Guard decided to change exaggerated. Shipbuilders cannot turn a huge tanker into an the hulls to “icebreaker red” about 1972. Not surprisingly, aircraft icebreaker. Despite the heavy blisters and special bow added had found the white ships difficult to locate in ice and snow. at Sun Shipbuilding, Manhattan became frozen in her path halfway through the McClure Straight. Without icebreaker help she wouldn’t have been able to reverse course or turn Mishaps around. The horsepower-to-tonnage ratio for the Wind class Over the course of the 210-year history of the Wind equaled two horsepower per ton. On the large tanker, it was class and their extensive record of achievements, some incidents one horsepower for three tons, one-sixth the power. The huge and tragedies found their way into ship histories. ship even shut down auxiliary steam to onboard heating and Eastwind collided with the tanker Gulfstream on January 19, auxiliary systems in an attempt to increase the steam turbine 1949. The T2 tanker hit the ship on the starboard side, just backing power. A typical steam turbine-powered tanker aft of the bridge, in the Chief Petty Officer berthing quarters. generated about 1/3 horsepower astern compared to ahead, This was one of the Coast Guard’s worst incidents: 11 were whereas the Wind class could develop the same horsepower in killed immediately and two more died later. Twenty-one crew the astern direction. members had burns, and repairs cost a million dollars. Near Lancaster Sound, ice caved in the side of the Manhattan, spilling 15,000 gallons of what was then just ballast water. Also, this crossing had not been accomplished in winter. Through the eyes of Oil would have to be moved year-round. A later second attempt to cross in winter proved a complete failure. Merchant Marine Veterans At least one heavy icebreaker would have to accompany every tanker across the Northwest Passage, even in summer. The building of huge tankers with sufficient hull thickness would be cost prohibitive. The expense and difficulty for shipbuilders to modify or construct icebreaking tankers of any size proved a daunting task. The whole operation proved little except that an Alaska pipeline to Valdez would be far more effective and potentially less environmentally hazardous.

Navy Icebreakers to Coast Guard In May 1965, the secretary of defense approved moving all Navy icebreakers to the Coast Guard, actions completed by Join us now! November 1966. If you are a Merchant Mariner Some thought the move was connected to appropriations or have served in the military funding. In the Navy, the icebreakers had to compete with the Keep up to date with our quarterly AMMV NEWS Magazine new building of aircraft carriers, destroyers, submarines and with information on Legislative actions, current maritime nuclear ships, all of them expensive. In the Coast Guard, the issues and historical features. icebreakers became some of the larger and more important cutters in their inventory (with peacetime prominence). The Navy icebreaker Edisto AGB 2 became WAGB 284 (October 1965), Atka AGB 3 became Southwind WAGB 280 (October 1966), Burton Island AGB 5 became WAGB 283 (November 1966) and Glacier AGB 4 became WAGB 4 (June 1966). The American Merchant Marine Veterans gray Navy hulls were painted Coast Guard white. Join online – www.ammv.us or contact The Coast Guard shifted from the Treasury Department to National Headquarters • P.O. Box 2024 •Darien, CT 06820-2024 (475) 4670-9200 or email: [email protected] the new Department of Transportation in April 1967. DOT

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 47 n An early 1960s image of Eastwind. – Author’s collection.

n Following her 1966 transfer to the Coast Guard the former Atka became Southwind. Shown circa 1970. – Author’s collection.

48 • Spring 2019 PowerShips The Eastwind’s helicopter, while on an ice reconnaissance Coast Guard. Eastwind was first, in December 1968, and mission on October 15, 1963, crashed, killing the ship’s captain, scrapped just four years later. Three more Wind-class ships were CDR John Metschi, as well as the helicopter pilot. Staten Island decommissioned in 1974 as the Polar-class ships approached came to the rescue, freeing the Eastwind from ice in November; their launch: Southwind in May and Edisto and Staten Island on the rescue occurred at 79 degrees north and 168 degrees west. November 15. With the 399-ft, powerful Polar Sea and Polar Star Eastwind ran aground in 1967 off Prudhoe Bay. Later that commissioned in 1976, the Burton Island left service in May 1978 year, Northwind lost a propeller and became trapped in ice; and was scrapped in 1982. Staten Island freed the ship locked in at 79 degrees north. During With five icebreakers gone, the Westwind WAGB 281 and the March 1969 rescue of the crew on a fishing vessel, a ship’s Northwind WAGB 282 underwent major refits in 1974-75. The motor surfboat capsized, killing BMC E. W. Welch. obvious external changes were the taller stack and better Staten Island punctured her thick hull in 1971 enroute to hangar accommodations for helicopters. The armament Antarctica for the Australian Mawson Station. The uncharted had long ago been removed. Internally, the major upgrade rock flooded four compartments, but the strength of the replaced the Fairbanks Morse engines with new Enterprise original design and work of the crew kept her from succumbing. engines that produced the same horsepower. Propellers were Staten Island went back to Tasmania for temporary repairs again upgraded and the propeller shafts were increased from before proceeding to Seattle. 19 to 21 inches. The overhauls exceeded the original cost, but In 1972, the ship hit a rogue wave that rolled her to within provided an additional 10 years of operational service. Westwind two degrees of capsizing. remained in service through February 1988, and the final ship Westwind became locked in ice during the fall of 1954, and of the original seven, Northwind, saw the end of service at a the crew faced the possibility of wintering over on the ship. decommissioning ceremony in January 1989 after an incredible In 1984, Westwind return to the United States after sustaining 44-year career. The abuse of the hull and machinery, and the major hull damage off Weddell Sea in Antarctica, 65 degrees remoteness of duty, make this service even more remarkable. south, tearing a 6-ft by 140-ft gash in the hull. Glacier had gone to the reserve fleet in 1988, and only the Southwind hit a granite rock while nearing Arthur two Polar-class ships would continue icebreaking duties. The Harbor, Antarctica, breeching her hull in March 1968. She was Mackinaw remained in service on the Great Lakes through 2006. safely towed away for repairs. Edisto broke a propeller shaft in 1948; a Boston yard made the repair. She collided with her tow Mizar off Greenland A Nuclear Icebreaker Replacement? in October 1972. Southwind took her in tow to Iceland. With the commissioning of Glacier in 1955 the United Northwind lost a propeller in October 1967 and, unable States had eight heavy icebreakers, including the most powerful to proceed, became locked in ice. She was freed by Staten Island one in the world. On the other side of the world, after Glacier, and Glacier. Northwind found herself locked in ice again off Pt. the USSR put several icebreakers to sea, including the 1959 Barrow, 450 miles from the North Pole. Lenin. The new Soviet icebreakers far eclipsed Glacier in size and power. The Lenin was completed before Savannah, the first nuclear surface ship in the United States. The drumbeat Disposition of Icebreakers sounded louder for a nuclear icebreaker built in the United The Wind-class icebreakers began to disappear from the States. Down in Pascagoula, Ingalls executives expected that active duty roll soon after all had been transferred to the the $70 million ship would be built in Mississippi. After all,

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 49 no one else even put in a bid to build Glacier. The Wind class, already 15 years old, showed some signs of aging. Ingalls had obtained a license to build nuclear- propelled ships in 1957. The proposed 1959 Congressional budget included a nuclear icebreaker, at least the equivalent of Lenin. The USSR had Sputnik 1 in orbit on October 4, 1957, before the United States launched its own Explorer 1 on January 31, 1958. Surely the United States would want to keep up with any Russian nuclear icebreaker. In July 1957, Ingalls began constructing the hull for American Explorer, launching the tanker with no superstructure, expecting to receive a nuclear power plant similar to, but less expensive than, Power Ships Savannah’s. The American Explorer was n The new cutter Mackinaw (WLBB-30) was commisioned on June 10, 2006, replacing the old (2.25 x 4.75 inches) 1/6completed page with a boiler plant, and the USCGC Mackinaw (WAGB-83). – U.S. Coast Guard photo. $70 million nuclear icebreaker became a victim of the budget process, vetoed conventional ships and investment in will provide maybe another decade of in August 1958. Savannah would cost nuclear cruisers and aircraft carriers with service. Polar Sea has been relegated to a well over $40 million, and Congress war capabilities. Besides, the U.S. Wind parts bin to keep her sister ship available felt the money could be better spent on icebreakers had been hugely successful, for duty. The only other icebreakers concentrating on peacetime and cold war in the Coast Guard inventory are the roles since the end of World War II, with 1999 polar icebreaker Healy WAGB-20 THE GLENCANNON no retirement in sight. and the 2006 Great Lakes icebreaker PRESS Mackinaw WLBB-30. At 20 years old, Healy is considerably larger (420 feet long, Maritime Books G The Future 16,000 tons) than the Winds, but is only P Icebreakers are getting larger and rated as a medium-capability icebreaker. NEW! extremely powerful. Currently Russia The new Mackinaw is 240 feet long with a has two large icebreakers in its fleet, 3500-ton displacement; she’s technically including a 560-ft, 35,000-ton icebreaker advanced and automated, but smaller, less The hisTory of The with 80,000 hp, and four more in retrofit, powerful and less capable in ice than her ssociATion of ArylAnd A M and they plan to build significantly larger predecessor, Mackinaw WAGB-83. She PiloTs icebreakers. The United States currently does have additional duties such as aids to by Capt. Brian Hope has only one large icebreaker and had to navigation maintenance. A veteran pilot of more than 40 lease an icebreaker to perform Antarctic In 2018, the Coast Guard (teaming with years experience guiding ships missions. Photos of a Russian icebreaker the U.S. Navy) changed the name of its through Chesapeake Bay, leading U.S.-flagged merchant ships heavy icebreaker program to highlight its Capt. Hope chronicles the fas- through ice-infested water into McMurdo importance to national security. The Coast cinating history of this organi- Station caused some alarm in Washington. Guard Polar Security Cutter program zation from before the Revolu- But the situation may be changing. plans to acquire three new heavy polar tionary War to the present. In 2012 the U.S. Coast Guard established icebreakers, to be followed years from the heavy polar icebreaker acquisition now by the acquisition of up to three new program. The Polar Star was reactivated medium polar icebreakers. The program FREE Catalog 1-510-455-9027 in 2012 for nearly $70 million (original aims to advance national security as well Online at price $52 million). This, the only heavy as keep pace with growing research and www.glencannon.com icebreaker in the United States, is already commercial activities in the polar regions. over 40 years old. Her rehabilitation The three heavy polar icebreakers are

50 • Spring 2019 PowerShips Putin has predicted that the Northern Sea in the Mackinaw Strait. She spent her route will become more important than the entire career operating in fresh water, Suez Canal because of the shorter route without the extreme distances and salt from Europe to Asia. water abuse, which may have added years to her remarkable career. The future for icebreakers in the The Wind-Class Legacy United States is unknown. The world The Wind-class icebreakers certainly has icebreakers under construction that won the cold part of the Cold War. Today, will still be operational 120 years after an unbelievable 75 years have passed since Gibbs and Cox completed plans for the first Wind icebreaker appeared on a America’s first real icebreakers. They launching platform. Many larger, faster, were expensive at the time, built with more powerful icebreakers have been no shortcuts, and they proved viable 40 built, often nuclear powered. Every one years after construction. Any new polar of these ships can claim gestation from ships will claim strong lineage to the the World War II icebreakers. The basic icebreakers of the Wind class.  design elements may have been improved, n An early 1960s ad for Revell’s “Picture Fleet” but they’re still there. For more, visit shiphistory.org/ release of their 1/285th scale USS Burton Revell model company took advantage icebreakers. Island, a kit originally released in 1957 as the of the icebreaker reputation and popularity. Eastwind. . – Author’s collection. Ship-model builders had a wide choice of models: Savannah, United States, cruiser About the Author expected to cost about $2.1 billion, or an Helena, Fletcher-class destroyers, Midway- Captain Terry Tilton, USN, Ret., average of about $700 million per ship. class aircraft carriers and the battleship SSHSA board The first ship will cost more than the other New Jersey. Despite these options, many member, a ship two because it will incorporate design hobbyists purchased models of the plucky enthusiast for 50 costs for the class and be at the start of the icebreakers. Revell model kits of Burton years, has deck production learning curve for the class. Island and Eastwind sold in the thousands and engineering Construction of the first new heavy and were re-released. The original models experience on polar icebreaker is expected to begin in can still be found on eBay, but not at the steam, diesel, 2019, entering service in 2023. The PSC original $1.25 price. nuclear and gas program received about $359.6 million in The Great Lakes Wind-type Mackinaw turbine ships. A procurement funding in 2018, including WAGB 83 still serves as an attraction, graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy, he has $300 million provided through the Navy’s reflecting the Coast Guard heritage of been underway on 200 ships and commanded shipbuilding account and $59.6 million maintaining sea lanes. Decommissioned the USS Peoria during Operation Desert provided through the Coast Guard’s and nonoperational, but still in bright Storm. He and his wife, Mary Pat, reside in procurement account. The Department of icebreaker red, she looks ready to depart San Diego, California. Homeland Security budgeted an additional Cheboygan, Michigan, and break ice $675 million for the PSC program in 2019 through the Coast Guard’s procurement account, including $20 million for the procurement of long-lead-time materials for the second ship in the program. In 1957, the United States boasted eight heavy icebreakers, the most competent fleet in the world. The current situation should be embarrassing; Russia claims 40 icebreakers of all types and sizes in service or under construction. Another dozen countries have at least one icebreaker in operation. Russia is an increasing presence in the polar regions, especially the Arctic. And Russian President

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 51 he US Sanitary and Packet ship Alice I, Clarence Merk, De Facto, Curator of the 1863 Dean; launched from Cincinnati in Steamboat Alice Dean, provided irrefutable research March of 1863, was captured by General evidence to the Navy Heritage and History Command John Hunt Morgan and forced to transport Center. Based upon that research, the Navy reversed its his confederate troops across the Ohio 153-year-old decision and now claims the intact 182’ x 42’ River near Mauckport, Indiana, to begin x 7’ hull of the Alice Dean based upon my irrefutable his “Longest Raid” through Indiana and sonar research. The General Services Administration Ohio. The U.S. Navy and Local Militia created a title to the Alice Dean, and Transfer Order failed to prevent Morgan from crossing by sinking the #122 was created to transfer custody of the Alice Dean TAlice Dean or delaying his crossing until reinforce- to the Department of the Navy in 2015. ments would arrive. I am offering a once in a lifetime opportunity to On July 9, 1863, Morgan torched the Alice Dean to enact the true story of Morgan’s Raid aboard the prevent General Hobson from following him, and the Alice Dean 3 crossing the Ohio River and travel to Alice Dean burned to the water line before sinking the final resting place of this huge intact submerged intact. The owners, Thompson Dean and Captain National Civil War Artifact. The proceeds from these James H. Pepper, were paid no reparations and they did limited engagement tours goes to fund the Phase One not protest. The Alice Dean was disavowed by the Archaeological Research so the Alice Dean will be Navy and abandoned to obscurity. The Alice Dean completely mapped for the all. This is REAL-C. You was DEAD – Disavowed; Expurgated; Abandoned; are making history by contributing to this Research and Disgraced. Education Archaeological Learning Center.

lease go to Steamboatalicedean.com and book your personal Steamboat Alice Dean boat tour. Or go to my go fund me page, steamboat alice dean. This is a once in a lifetime, never be- Pfore seen, can’t be duplicated, historically correct, geographically correct, archaeologically intact Steamboat Alice Dean Boat Tour. Take the limited engagement tour, no one else can show you the huge submerged civil war steamboat the Alice Dean made of 500 year old timbers.

a d v e rt i s e m e n t Regionals Shipping News from Points Around the Compass

delivery at the end of 2023. The new the latest order is similar to Silver Muse, vessel will be a sister to the three ships on it will measure in at 40,791 grt with order with Fincantieri. Construction is dimensions of 698 feet by 88.5 feet and a under way at the Sestri Ponente shipyard. speed of 19.8 knots. The first of the three ships, Scarlet Lady, Silversea also signed an agreement will enter service in 2020, followed by with Dutch shipbuilder Shipyard De two unnamed ships in 2021 and 2022. Hoop for the construction of a new The four vessels will be approximately expedition vessel to be named Silver Origin. 110,000 grt and 912 feet by 124 feet, and This 100-passenger ship will serve the will feature over 1,400 cabins designed Galapagos Islands on an itinerary currently Newbuilds Ordered to accommodate more than 2,770 operated by Silver Galapagos a) Renaissance hipping news got off to a slow passengers served by a crew of 1,100. Three b) Galapagos Explorer. The Origin is Sstart in the final quarter of 2018, Royal Caribbean’s recently acquired scheduled for delivery in March 2020. but quickly picked up steam in October. Silversea Cruises announced agreements In late October, Hurtigruten exercised Among the reports was a spurt in orders to build three new ships for its Silversea its option for a third 530-passenger hybrid for newbuilds. Cruises brand, including two luxury vessel. The first two ships of this class, MSC Cruises and Fincantieri signed vessels and an expedition ship. The two Roald Amundsen and Fridtjof Nansen, are a memorandum of agreement to build luxury vessels will be built at Meyer currently under construction. four 500-cabin, ultra-luxury ships for a Weft and will be members of the new These ships will be capable of running total value in excess of $2.6 billion. These Evolution class. The first vessel is to be short distances solely on battery power, orders represent MSC Cruises’ entry into delivered in 2022. but they’ll use diesel engines most of the the medium-sized luxury cruise market. RCCL didn’t release the size or time and siphon off excess power while The first ship, which will be delivered other details of the new Evolution class. the engines are running to charge the in spring 2023, will measure 64,000 grt Silversea’s most recent newbuild is the electric system. The expedition ships will and accommodate 1,000 passengers. The 596-passenger Silver Muse, and it expects have racks of batteries large enough to fill remaining three ships will come into a sister ship, the Silver Moon, in 2020. If two 600-square-foot rooms. service one per year over the following three years. This order places MSC in a category currently occupied by Saga, Viking and Oceania. There eventually will be a total of 24 ships in the High Density Ultra- Luxury market sector. They’ll compete against Low Density Ultra-Luxury vessels operated by Hapag-Lloyd, Seabourn, Silversea and Regent. HDUL ships tend to fall between 65 and 85 tons per passenger in terms of the passenger/ space ratio, while LDUL ships fall between 58 and 65 tons per passenger. Mass market ships fall on either side of 40 tons per passenger. Fincantieri and Virgin Voyages have signed a contract valued at n Silversea Silver Muse on its shakeout cruise from Genoa in April 2017. (See “Newbuilds approximately $790 million for the Ordered”) – Gary Bembridge photo. construction of a fourth cruise ship for

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 53 Delivery of the delayed 21,000-grt Roald Amundsen has been rescheduled for May 2019. Tall ship operator Sea Cloud Cruises’ third ship will make its debut in 2020. The 136-passenger Sea Cloud Spirit will be built on the hull of Sea Cloud Hussar, a ship that was under construction when its Spanish builder declared bankruptcy in 2010. Sea Cloud Spirit will be constructed at Metal Ships and Docks in Vigo, Spain. Shipbuilding News he keel for the first 5,000- Tpassenger Global-class cruise ship was laid at Germany’s MV Werften on September 11. The cruise ship will sail under Genting Hong Kong’s Dream Cruises banner. Measuring 204,000 grt, she’ll become the largest cruise ship to n World Dream after undocking. (See “Shipbuilding News”) – Arno Redenius photo. date to be built in Germany. Parts for the ship will be built in Cruises fleet, the 1,122-foot Global-class summer and then to offer itineraries in parallel at MV Werften’s Rostock and ships will now become part of its Dream Australia, New Zealand, the ASEAN Wismar yards before the vessel is fully Cruises brand to help the company region and the west coast of the United assembled at the latter and delivered expand into new markets and sail to States in winter. to GHK at the end of 2020. Around more destinations. GHK will soon start work on 600 companies will be involved in the Building on the successful debuts of designing a new class of ships for Star construction process. Construction Genting Dream in 2016 and World Dream Cruises, which will be launched in the on the second Global-class ship was in 2017, the addition of two Global-class coming years. scheduled to begin in early 2019 for ships will allow Dream Cruises to offer Windstar Cruises has announced delivery at the end of 2021. worldwide itineraries. The plan is to have a $250 million initiative that will see Originally planned for GHK’s Star Shanghai and Tianjin as homeports in its three Star-class ships stretched and re-engined. Between October 2019 and November 2020, each ship in turn, starting with Star Breeze a) Seabourn Spirit, will be cut in two and receive a new 84-foot midsection. The addition will increase each vessel’s length to 522 feet and add 50 cabins, bringing the passenger count from 212 to 312. The rebuild will keep each ship small enough to access the out-of-the-way and smaller ports Windstar frequents. The work will be done at the Fincantieri Shipyard in Palermo, Italy. Construction officially has begun on Carnival Cruise Line’s newest ship, which will be the largest in the fleet when it launches in 2020. To celebrate the first steel-cutting, the line held a ceremony at the Meyer n 3D rendering of Titanic II. (See “Shipbuilding News”) – Roderick Elme. Turku shipyard in Turku, Finland, where it also revealed a new red, white and

54 • Spring 2019 PowerShips blue hull design that will run the entire Ocean Shipping Group (COSCO) and length of the 1,130-foot-long, roughly Carnival Completing China Travel Services, and is to enter 5,200-passenger (at double occupancy) Upgrades service for Twinkle Travel Cruise. The ship. The hull design, developed by New he final phase of Carnival Cruise 1995-built vessel with 1,818 lower berths York-based Bluarch Architecture, will TLine’s $2 billion fleet upgrade will depart from P&O Cruises next be a classic navy blue with red and white program, which began in 2011, will take August. The Oriana is currently sailing accent stripes, a look the line says will place in Cadiz, Spain, between March 18 on bareboat charter back to the seller in reflect its legacy as America’s cruise line. and April 26, 2020, when the 101,509- Europe. The vessel will start operating Celebrity Cruises took possession grt, 2000-built Carnival Victory enters the ex-China cruises around the middle of of the $900 million Celebrity Edge from Navantia shipyard for a 38-day refit, September 2019. Chantiers de L’Atlantique at St. Nazaire, which will transform the vessel into V.Ships Leisure has been awarded France, in early November. For further Carnival Radiance. the contract to handle both technical details see “SE & Gulf Ports” elsewhere MSC Seashore is the name chosen for and hotel operation management. To in this issue. the first 169,380-gt Seaside EVO-class support this project in its entry and Work on the second of four ships in ship of MSC Cruises. The name was expansion into the Chinese cruise the class, Celebrity Apex, began in early announced November 26 at the occasion industry, V.Group will set up a new fleet November with the lifting of a 762-ton of the first steel cutting at Fincantieri’s cell in China, making it the first ship block into place over a commemorative Monfalcone shipyard. manager to set up in China for large- coin. The Apex is scheduled for delivery Mystic Cruises’ first ocean-going ship, scale cruise operations. in 2020. World Explorer, was launched in Portugal Work has resumed on the construction on October 28. The premium expedition More Chinese Cruise of Blue Star Cruises’ Titanic II following ship will enter service for Nicko Cruises Activity the settlement of a dispute with Citic in early 2019 and is expected to sail arnival Corporation revealed Limited over royalty payments. Blue Star on a charter to Quark Expeditions in Cthat its new Chinese cruise still plans to operate transatlantic sailings Antarctica for the 2019-20 season. brand, CSSC Carnival Cruise between London and New York. No Mystic Cruises has ordered two more Shipping Limited, developed through start-up date was provided. expedition ships similar to World Explorer. its partnership with China State Meyer Werft informed Aida Cruises Shipbuilding Corporation, has that the completion of the AIDAnova Oriana Sold to Joint Venture launched, with a goal of operating was delayed until November 30 in order &O Cruises’ Oriana has been sold cruises by late 2019 to serve the to finish all remaining works and tests Pto a joint venture between China booming Asian cruise market. successfully. Strikes at Croatia’s Uljanik shipyard cost the builder a number of orders and have delayed construction of Scenic Eclipse I and Scenic Eclipse II. Scenic Cruises officials met with the bosses of the striking labor union, warning them that if they didn’t call off the strike and stop preventing subcontractors from working on their ships, the company would walk away from the orders. It’s doubtful that Uljanik could survive without Scenic’s order. The officials hinted that if work resumed, they might order three more ships. The Eclipse was originally slated to launch in November 2018, but this was initially pushed back to January 2019, forcing the cancellation of 12 sailings. n The Carnival Victory in St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. (See “Carnival Completing The delivery has been further postponed Upgrades”) – CJ Lynce photo to April 13, 2019.

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 55 To build the CSSC Carnival Cruise Shipping Limited fleet, Carnival will transfer two vessels from its Costa Cruises brand. The 2,210-passenger Costa Atlantica will be transferred to the new line in late 2019, while its 2,114-passenger sister ship Costa Mediterranea will follow at a date to be determined. CSSC Carnival Cruise Shipping Limited also formally signed a contract to order two new cruise vessels that will be built at the Shanghai Waigaoqiao shipyard. The agreement includes the option for four additional ships. The first of the new ships is expected to be delivered in 2023 with all ships based in China. As previously revealed, Costa will n Ji Mei, seen here as Prinssese Ragnhild, in 2011. (See “Ship Escapes the Breakers”) – Color introduce two new ships specifically Line photo. designed for the Asian cruise market, Costa Venezia in spring 2019 and an in early September and will be used as a unnamed sister ship to launch in 2020. Christening floating casino by JWM Hotel-Casino at V and movie stars Carlos and Sihanoukville, China, until a land-based Victory Charters TAlexa PenaVega, alongside their casino is completed. Ocean Victory 23-month-old son, christened Royal Rex Fortune a) Golden Odyssey b) Astra II unStone Ships signed a long-term Caribbean’s Symphony of the Seas as c) Omar II d) Macau Success is currently Scharter contract with Victory Cruise the industry’s first-ever god-family. anchored off Sihanoukville and may be Lines for its third newbuild, Ocean Victory. The ceremony was held November 16 used in a similar role. The 200-passenger ship will be delivered alongside the ship while it was docked in in March 2021 and will be built to Polar Miami. Looking Toward the Future Class 6 specifications. rystal Cruises’ expedition yacht SunStone originally placed one firm Breaker-Bound CCrystal Endeavor will debut with a contract with nine options for Ulstein- ouis/Celestyal Cruises sold Marella 17-day Russian Far East cruise departing designed expedition vessels in 2017. The LSpirit a) Nieuw Amsterdam b) Patriot c) Tokyo on August 10, 2020. After Russia, ships will be built at China Merchants Thomson Spirit to Indian breakers. The the Endeavor will offer two more Tokyo- Heavy Industry Shipyard and will be ship left Piraeus bound for Alang on or based cruises before heading to New members of Sunstone’s Infinity class, about November 9 as Mare S. The ship Zealand in early 2021, where she’ll make measuring 341 feet by 60 feet. has seen almost no employment since two Antarctic trips. The first of the newbuilds is to debut being returned to Louis at the end of her Carnival’s newest and largest ship, a next summer for Aurora Expeditions. charter to Marella Cruises. 5,286-passenger vessel, will be deployed Greg Mortimer will be delivered in Following a long lay-up, Porto a) Istra from Port Canaveral in 2020. Carnival August 2019, followed by a second ship, b) Astra c) Astra II d) Arion was sold to and the Port Everglades Authority agreed currently unnamed, in 2020. Delivery Turkish breakers. The ship left Lisbon to build a terminal for the 180,000-grt of Ocean Victory has been officially for the final time on October 21 and was ship, which will be 34 percent larger than confirmed for 2021. beached at Aliaga on November 5. Carnival’s most recent vessel, Carnival In mid-November American Queen Horizon. Ship details and itineraries have Steamboat Company announced that Ship Escapes the Breakers yet to be announced. it had acquired Victory Cruise Lines. he Ji Mei a) Prinssese Ragnhild b) Disney will reposition Disney Wonder Victory will be established as a separate TJalina c) Amatista d) Jin Jiang, to New Orleans between February and brand. No word was supplied regarding originally thought to be headed for the March 2020 for six cruises from the port. the charter of the SunStone ship breakers, has received a temporary Voyages will range from four to 14 nights mentioned above. reprieve. She arrived at Xiamen, China, depending on the itinerary.

56 • Spring 2019 PowerShips The Aloha-class ships incorporate Mishaps the latest environmentally friendly arnival Sunshine experienced a technology, including dual fuel engines Ctechnical issue on October 31 that that can be adapted to use liquefied caused the ship to list. There was never natural gas, double-hull fuel tanks, any issue with the safe operation of the fresh-water ballast systems and a more ship, and officers quickly intervened to fuel-efficient hull design. correct the situation. Officials said a fin The Daniel K. Inouye sailed on its stabilizer was to blame for the ship’s tilting 5,298-mile, 13-day maiden voyage to several hours after leaving Port Canaveral. Port of Philadelphia News Oakland, California, via the Panama n August 21, Atlantic RoRo Canal, on November 7. After a port call OCarriers Inc. had its first vessel at Long Beach, California, the ship sailed call at Philadelphia’s Tioga Marine on November 22 for Honolulu. Terminal. The MV Warnow Sun is one of ARRC’s multi-cargo-handling vessels Chesapeake with heavy lift ability, allowing it to carry Shipbuilding News n Norwegian Jade in 2017. – Kees Torn photo breakbulk cargo, project cargo, vehicles n mid-October, American Cruise A mechanical problem November and containers. The ships operate ILines announced that the American 19 abruptly ended a 10-night Norwegian between St. Petersburg, Antwerp, and Harmony, the second in its five-ship mod- Jade Southern Caribbean cruise the United States east and gulf coasts. ern riverboat class, is on its way to final in Puerto Rico. The ship’s 2,700 completion. The American Harmony’s lower passengers were flown back to Miami. Philly Shipyard News bow section was moved from Fabrication The issue impacted the propulsion n October 31, Matson Inc. took Building No. 4 at Chesapeake Shipbuild- and steering of the ship, but all other Odelivery of the first of its two new ing to the shipyard’s Assembly Launch- systems remained operational. The Aloha-class container ships built at ways. Like the first ship in the class, the crew stayed with Norwegian Jade while Philly Shipyard for its Hawaii service. American Song, which made its inaugural it sailed back to Miami, where it spent The vessel is 850 feet in length, with a sailing from New Orleans on October 6, several days dockside for repairs. The capacity of 3,600 TEU. The Daniel K. the American Harmony has a contemporary Jade’s November 26 cruise departed as Inouye is not only the largest container design that includes a five-story glass planned. ship ever constructed in the United atrium. Each ship in American’s modern Le Soleal, an expedition cruise ship States, it’s also the fastest ship in the riverboat class has a ramp that extends operated by Ponant, became stranded Matson fleet, with a top speed of nearly and retracts from the ship’s bow to enable in Chile on November 14 after one of 24 knots. bow landings when needed. The two new the ship’s propellers was damaged while sailing through the Kirke Passage. The incident forced the cancellation of the cruise as well as a subsequent voyage that was scheduled to depart from Ushuaia, Argentina. Le Soleal was under the control of a Chilean pilot to comply with maritime regulations. The ship was taken out of service to assess the damage and conduct necessary repairs, prompting the cancellations. The ship returned to service on November 30 with a departure from Ushuaia. 

n Write Peter T. Eisele at n The containership Gunde Maersk on her maiden arrival at Baltimore, October 28, 2018. 74 Chatham Street, Chatham, NJ 07928 (See “Port of Baltimore News”) – Photo courtesy of Jillian Ball/Port of Baltimore. or [email protected]

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 57 modern riverboats will join the firm’s tra- ditional paddle wheelers that are already Submarine Delaware United States Navy in service on the Mississippi, Columbia Christened Commissions New and Snake rivers. n October 20, the Virginia-class Ship in Annapolis Osubmarine Delaware was christened n November 17, 2018, the United Port of Baltimore News at Newport News Shipbuilding at the OStates Navy commissioned its he Helen Delich Bentley Port shipyard’s Module Outfitting Facility. newest surface combatant, the littoral Tof Baltimore welcomed the largest The breaking of a bottle of champagne combat ship USS Sioux City (LCS-11) at container ship to ever visit Maryland against the hull was performed by the a ceremony held at the historical naval on October 28, 2018, with the arrival of ship’s sponsor, Dr. Jill Biden, former academy in Annapolis. The Freedom Maersk Line’s Gunde Maersk. This super Second Lady of the United States and variant littoral combat ship is the Navy’s container ship, which has a capacity to longtime Delawarean. The ceremony 13th littoral combat ship to enter the handle 11,000 TEUs, docked at the Seagirt was also attended by Delaware Governor fleet and the sixth of the Freedom type. Marine Terminal. The Gunde Maersk was John Carney, Senator Tom Carper and The Sioux City is the first ship named able to call at Baltimore because the port Representative Bobby Scott. Dignitaries after the fourth-largest city in Iowa. has a 50-foot-deep channel and supersized from the Navy were also present along After the christening, the Sioux City was Neo Panamax cranes. with a representative from NNS partner to sail to the Mayport Naval Station in On September 21, 2018, Atlantic Electric Boat. Jacksonville, Florida. Container Line christened its new G4-class The last ship to bear the name of the ship Atlantic Star in the Port of Baltimore. first state was the dreadnought battleship United States Coast Guard Looking ahead to the 2019 cruise USS Delaware (BB 28), which was built Suspends Barge season, there are 90 sailings scheduled by NNS, commissioned by the U.S. ollowing a Coast Guard Sector from Baltimore aboard the Carnival Pride Navy in 1910 and decommissioned in FCharleston (USCG Seventh District) and the Grandeur of the Seas. The cruises 1923. The submarine Delaware will be inspection, it was deemed that a barge range from five to 14 days. In addition, the 18th Virginia-class submarine, and moored at Broad Creek Marina in Hilton American Cruises Line will offer 14 at 93 percent complete she’s slated to be Head was unsafe for operation. The barge regional cruises from the port aboard the delivered to the U.S. Navy in 2019. On was ultimately suspended from service American Constitution, American Star and the same day as Delaware’s christening by the Coast Guard Captain of the Port, Independence. The latter two vessels host another Virginia-class submarine, Vermont Capt. John Reed, sector commander. seven-day cruises while the new American (SSN 792), was also christened in Groton, The barge, Jake Washington, had been Constitution features 11-day cruises. Connecticut. operating a vehicle ferry service from Hilton Head to Daufuskie Island without the proper Certificate of Inspection required by the USCG. The examination conducted by Coast Guard marine inspectors on November 8 uncovered the following: “a lack of watertight integrity, poor condition of the vessel’s structure, excessive water in voids, firefighting deficiencies and electrical hazards” that could potentially be a great “threat to the marine environment and the safety of the waterway.” It’s unclear when the ferry service will recommence. 

n Write John Fostik (PA, NJ, DE, n Seaman Kittisak Thongsan and Chief Petty Officer Bill Worthen oversee the final preparations for MD) at [email protected] the USS Delaware’s launching on October 20th at Newport News Shipbuilding. (See “Submarine or Julia Winters (DC, VA, NC, SC) Delaware Christened”) – Photo courtesy of Rob Ostermaier, Daily Press. at [email protected]

58 • Spring 2019 PowerShips New York Harbor orfolk Towing has the Ncontract to move New York City containerized barges between the new city sanitation facilities and New Jersey. One barge of containers replaces 48 n Cielo Di Gaspese bringing cement into the Bronx. (See “New York Harbor Land News”) – sanitation trucks. G. Justin Zizes, Jr., photo. Weeks Marine tugs Elizabeth and Katherine were the first tugs in USCG Environmental Protection vessels that 2, outbound on October 25 from New Sector New York to receive their will arrive in spring 2019, along with York to the United Kingdom, stopped Certificates of Inspection under a new 75-ft steel crew vessel for the briefly to greet the Queen Elizabeth. Subchapter M. National Park Service for Liberty and Norwegian Breakaway had a passenger SUNY Maritime hosted a seminar on Ellis islands. medical emergency while on her way to Short Sea Shipping in September, which The delivery of two new Ollis-class New York on October 27, causing her to included a wide variety of speakers from Staten Island ferries, MV Michael H. Ollis berth at 7 p.m. at Pier 88. She left the the towing industry. and MV Sandy Ground, which are being next day at 6:30 a.m. The passengers Classic Harbor Lines took delivery built at Eastern Shipbuilding in Panama boarded at 12 midnight and had to of Full Moon in October for excursion City, Florida, has been delayed because muster stations at 2:30 a.m. service leaving from North Cove Marina. of Hurricane Michael. Also that day, a nor’easter occurred NYC Ferry has taken delivery of HMS Queen Elizabeth, the Royal and a crew member of a container ship its third 350-passenger vessel, Golden Navy’s newest and largest ship ever built fell overboard. The U.S. Coast Guard Narrows, from Metal Shark in Louisiana. at 919 feet, was at anchor for one week in and other ships searched for 24 hours, Aluma Marine, of Harvey, Louisiana, Upper New York Bay in October on her but they didn’t find the crew member. is building two 29-ft Department of first visit to the United States. Queen Mary On Friday, October 5, a fire broke out in the engine room of the 479-ft asphalt tanker Feng Huang AO while it was underway in the Atlantic with 21 crewmembers. USCG Sector New York and NYFD Special Operations responded. Fortunately, the fire suppression system worked to extinguish the fire, which disabled the engine and generators. The ship was towed to Staten Island Homeport for complete inspection and evaluation. Many tugboats painted their funnel logos pink in October for Breast Cancer Awareness month. New York Harbor n Tug Pathfinder, of Norfolk Tugs, in the East River bringing containers from the New York Land News sanitation facility to New Jersey. (See “New York Harbor”) – G. Justin Zizes, Jr., photo. he Wheel, which was to be Terected in St. George, Staten PowerShips Spring 2019 • 59 Island, as a tourist attraction similar to the London Eye, has been scrapped as a project. The old torch of the Statue of Liberty, part of the statue until 1984, has now been moved to the new Statue of Liberty Museum. McInnis Cement, from Montreal, Canada, has built a new cement processing plant at Hunts Point in the Bronx along the East River. Cement ships routinely come in from Canada, unload their cargo, and then depart for Providence, Rhode Island. The ships are assisted by McAllister Towing. Yank Marine took delivery of a new 820-tonne Travelift in November. Yank is building three new 109-ft ferries for n Pilot Boat New York on station. – G. Justin Zizes, Jr., photo. NY Waterway. Derecktor Shipyard, in Mamaroneck, Ferry Service and is being refurbished for Engineers after Superstorm Sandy in New York, has launched its third passenger use in the 2019 season. October 2012 were torn down and taken hybrid vessel by Incat Crowther for The Weeks Marine dredge CR away by Fire Island Ferries of Bay Shore. Harbor Harvest Farm from Norwalk, McCaskill finished dredging Moriches The Fire Island Lighthouse celebrated Connecticut. Harbor Harvest will bring Inlet as of November 30, 2018. its 160th birthday in November. fresh produce across Long Island Sound A replacement bridge for Smith Point, Capt. Dave Anderson, of Fire Island to Huntington starting in March 2019. connecting Mastic Beach and the eastern Ferries, has been appointed to the Another vessel, Of the Sound, was built end of Fire Island, has cleared the last National Safety Advisory Board for the for the Norwalk Aquarium, and a third, hurdle for the start of construction in U.S. Department of Homeland Security. CUNY 1, for the City University of New 2019. The new bridge will be built 25 Jack Buno, a 1978 graduate of the York at Brooklyn in Sheepshead Bay. feet west of the existing bridge, which U.S. Merchant Marine Academy at was built in 1964 and needed a bridge Kings Point, has been appointed the new Long Island News operator. The new bridge will be a fixed superintendent of USMMA. he ferryboat Traveler, built bridge with a 50-ft clearance. Fifteen midshipman of USMMA Tby Blount Marine for Fire Island The final 18 homes on Fire Island that heard Capt. John Oldmixon, of the Ferries in 1977, was purchased by Sayville were condemned by the Army Corps of Sandy Hook Pilots Association, give his presentation to the Propeller Club of New York and New Jersey in December. Upstate News SCGC Katherine Walker U(WLM552) has replaced buoys in the Hudson River with the normal seasonal buoys geared for ice. Dr. Olivia Hooker, the first African- American woman to join the U.S. Coast Guard in 1945, died at her home in White Plains, New York, at the age of 103. 

n Write G. Justin Zizes, Jr. at n USCGC Katherine Walker 552 servicing buoys in the Hudson River. (See “Upstate 147 East 37th Street, New York, New York News”) – G. Justin Zizes, Jr., photo. 10016 or g [email protected]

60 • Spring 2019 PowerShips In response to Brexit, P&O Ferries has shifted its Dover-based ferry fleet from Stena Names First E-Pacer the British flag to the Cypriot one, since tena Line has named the first of a Cyprus is a member of the EU. P&O Sseries of at least six ferries under Ferries no longer has any British-flagged construction at the Avic Wehai Shipyard vessels in its fleet. in China as Stena Estrid. She’s due to enter service on the Irish Sea in early Newbuildings Debut 2020. Subsequent vessels will be operated Brexit by Stena or chartered to other operators, Impacts Ferries such as Brittany Ferries. he United Kingdom’s expected Texit from the European Union Former Sealink Vessels (Brexit) is scheduled to take place on In the News March 29, 2019. Ferry operators have been busily preparing for the change, n W. B. Yeats of Irish Ferries at Flensburg including for the possible re-introduction Ship Yard in 2018. – Marseille77 photo. of customs checks in the event that wo long-anticipated newbuildings a Brexit agreement isn’t successfully Tdebuted this quarter. Irish Ferries’ concluded before the 29th. DFDS W.B. Yeats finally entered service between n Wightlink ferry St. Cecilia leaving Fish- Seaways, Brittany Ferries, P&O Ferries Dublin, Ireland, and Holyhead, Wales, in bourne in 2014. – Grassrootsgroundswell photo. and Stena Line have all announced late January 2019. Originally scheduled ne of the last vessels constructed contingency plans, including beefed- to debut in the summer of 2018, she Ofor former British operator Sealink up services, more sailings and staging was plagued by a series of shipyard to remain active in British waters has facilities to handle possible backups. delays at the FSG yard in Germany. been sold for further service in the The British government also got into Brittany Ferries’ Honfleur is also under Mediterranean. Wightlink’s 1987-built the act, signing a contract with newcomer construction at FSG and due to enter St. Cecilia ended 32 years of service to Seaborne Ferries to operate a backup service later in 2019. the Isle of Wight on January 15, 2019, ferry line between Ramsgate, England, Sweden’s Destination Gotland’s following a series of farewell crossings. and Ostend, Belgium – a route that last Chinese newbuilding Visborg finally Her new owner has yet to be identified, saw service in 2013. Investigations by arrived in late January 2019, following but may be Italian operator Delcomar, the British and Belgian press, however, an extended delivery voyage. The name which operates her sister ship Anna Mur a) revealed that Seaborne was little more Visborg is likely a temporary name for St. Helen on local routes serving the island than a shell company with no fleet, and the ship, since she should ultimately be of Sardinia. that no plans for needed dredging work at named Visby, replacing the 2003-built In Greece, the idle 1972-built Penelope Ramsgate were planned. vessel of the same name. A a) Horsa b) Stena Horsa c) Penelope A d) Express Penelope is to be auctioned off at the beginning of February to settle outstanding debts incurred by her former owner, Agoudimos Lines. Under the Sealink banner, Horsa was one of the stalwarts of the longstanding Folkestone, England, to Boulogne, France, ferry service until the service was closed in 1991. Since then, she has served on a variety of domestic Greek ferry routes. The scrapyards of Aliaga, Turkey, are likely to be her final stop. 

n Write Ted Blank at 1576 Grotto n Ferry Penelope A landed in Gaurio on the island Andros. (See “Former Sealink Vessels in Street North, St Paul, MN 55117 the News“) – Zdenek Kratochvil photo. or [email protected]

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 61 Too Hot n what may be more evidence of Iglobal warming, it was reported last summer that commercial airliners in Arizona were unable to take off because the air was too hot to provide sufficient lift. Shipping experienced a n This Damen Stan patrol vessel is very similar to the damaged CCGS Corporal McLaren. similar episode in October, when high (See “Vandalism Strikes Coast Guard Ship”) – U.S. Coast Guard image. offshore Nova Scotia ocean temperatures prevented a Canadian research ship from vessel was righted in less than 12 hours The 253-gt vessel was scheduled using seawater to cool its engines. after thousands of gallons of water for a refit at the Canadian Maritime The Canadian Coast Guard Ship were pumped out. The work required Engineering Shipyard in Sambro, Nova CCGS Hudson was forced to slow down 13 to 20 people per day. Repairing the Scotia, 20 miles south of Halifax. Based to 10 knots from 14 when it encountered severely damaged ship will be a costly on the Damen Stan 4207 design, she is one waters measuring 68 to 75 degrees F, 9 event, according to the Coast Guard’s of nine ships of her class built by Halifax to 11 degrees F above normal. The ship deputy superintendent for environmental Shipyards between 2011 and 2014. ran on two of its four engines until it response, Keith Laidlaw. encountered cooler waters closer to shore. Although none of the ship’s 711 Another Arctic Ship Dave Hebert, a research scientist on gallons of diesel fuel or 109 gallons of he construction of a sixth Arctic board the Hudson who was carrying out hydraulic fluid leaked, a boom was placed Tand Offshore Patrol Ship for the work for the Department of Fisheries around the ship as a precaution. No Royal Canadian Navy was announced in and Oceans Atlantic Zone Monitoring environmental damaged was reported. early November. Defence Minister Harjit Program, said he has never seen such Before a full damage assessment S. Sajjan made the announcement at conditions before on his many Hudson can be made, the ship will be washed the Irving Shipbuilding yard in Halifax, outings. He added that the warm water down with fresh water to displace salt which will build the 335-ft vessel. was a result of a summer heatwave and water that could cause mechanical and Currently three AOPS are under lack of storms. electrical system corrosion. construction, steel cutting for the fourth Vandalism Strikes Coast Guard Ship much more destructive and A unusual action struck another Canadian Coast Guard vessel. The CCGS Corporal McLaren was partially submerged following a possible case of severe vandalism near Halifax, Nova Scotia, in mid-November. The Hero- class patrol ship was released without permission from her cradle to slide down her slip into the ocean on her side. A shipyard employee later reported that two cables, including a safety line, had n An artist’s rendition of the AOPS-type HMCS Harry DeWolf. (See “Another Arctic Ship”) been cut clean through. – Royal Canadian Navy image. Nine days after the incident, the 137-ft

62 • Spring 2019 PowerShips The Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, to Bar Harbor ferry service began in 1955, but ended when Bay Ferries lost provincial government subsidies. Satellite Ship Tracker he world’s first real-time ship- Ttracking satellite system will be created with a grant of $7.2 million from n Bay Ferries’ The Cat will switch to Bar Harbor this year. (See “Ferry Returns to Bar the Canadian federal government. Harbor”) – Jeffrey Ferland photo. Commencing in February this year, Cambridge, Ontario-based exactEarth began this past winter, while the HMCS a five-year lease with Atlantic Fleet will use the money to enhance big Harry DeWolf is scheduled for delivery this Services, the agent for Nova Scotia-based data analytics and upgrade its satellite summer. The new additions will displace Bay Ferries. The Canadian firm hopes to network over three years. Using satellite 7,084 tons and carry a crew of up to 65. resume the service this June. and ship data will allow it to reduce, Twenty-two extra personnel to support Bay Ferries is to spend $3 million in from an hour to a few minutes, the time enhanced naval boarding, army troops, infrastructure improvements and pay Bar needed to process shipping information. special operations forces and other Harbor a $200,000 annual rent. Ships at sea will be able to know what’s government agencies to assist science and The community of 5,200 already feels over the horizon every few minutes, and research can also be accommodated. overwhelmed by the enormous amount long before they encounter any possible of cruise-ship traffic passing through. obstructions – natural or artificial. It’s Ferry Returns to Bar Harbor The consensus seems to be that residents hoped that exactEarth’s collaboration n the civilian front, the high- would rather have a marina and a park with universities and research institutions Ospeed Nova Scotia CAT ferry is rather than a ferry. will reduce the number of collisions leaving Portland, Maine, to return to Councillors said the Bay Ferries between whales and ships. exactEarth state neighbour Bar Harbor, despite deal was the best way to create a marina is expected to repay the grant over 15 objections from town residents. next to the ferry terminal on the town years, beginning in 2023. Locals say the Bar Harbor town property. Without the Bay Ferries deal, council rushed approval in October to councillors said, taxes would have to Seeking Grant for reopen the town-owned ferry terminal be raised to finance the $3.5-million Steam Exhibit abandoned nine years ago by Bay Ferries. terminal purchase, which town residents inishing on a historic note, the Voting 7–0, the town council signed voted to buy last June. FMuskoka Steamships and Discovery Centre, affiliated with RMS Segwun, the oldest operating steam-powered vessel in North America, is seeking a grant of $950,000 from the federal department Heritage Canada to build a Steam Era Exhibit. The Gravenhurst, Ontario, project, if built, would include a boathouse for its 1915-built Wanda III steamer, as well as a permanent exhibition extolling local steamship history. No date was given for a decision. The $2.3 million project has already raised $1 million from other sources.

n Write Roddy Sergiades at n The museum affiliated with the RMS Segwun is seeking a major expansion. (See “Seeking 15 Brown St., Port Hope, Ontario, L1A 3C8 Grant for Steam Exhibit”) – Roddy Sergiades photo. Canada, or [email protected]

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 63 Alaska Old Ships laska has seen some of its older Aships depart over the past year, including the 55-year-old Taku, one of the Alaska Marine Highway System’s oldest ferries, and the 40-year-old former TAPS tanker Sierra. Both were sent to Alang, India, for demolition, the latter as Seakay Sprit, a name derived from the initials of its former owner, Keystone Shipping’s Charles Kurz. More problematic has been several tugboats of even older vintage that n A former TAPS tanker, the 125,133-dwt Sierra, has gone for scrap in India under the name have come and stayed, one being the Seakay Spirit after being sold by Keystone Shipping “as is” at Freeport, Bahamas. The 24,414 light World War II-built Challenger, which ton ship, built by Pennsylvania Shipbuilding at Chester, Pennsylvania, in 1979 and last operated in the sank in Alaska’s Gastineau Channel Alaska trade as Kenai, fetched $382 per light ton. (See “Old Ships”) – Jim Shaw photo. in 2015 and has since been raised and demolished at taxpayer expense. Army as Col. Albert H. Barkley. The tug According to the U.S. government, this was then sold to Foss Launch and Tug British Columbia cost over $2.5 million, and the sum has Company to become Andrew Foss until Recognizing Tugs since been billed to the boat’s owner, 1980. Then it worked for Puget Sound hile residents of southern Alaska artist R.D. Robinson, who had Freight Lines and Seattle’s Western WAlaska are getting tired of derelict purchased the vessel from Tim Miles Towboat Company under the name tugboats washing ashore, neighboring to use as a floating art studio. Miles, Pachena until it retired in 1998. In that British Columbia is celebrating them in turn, had acquired it from Jerry year it was purchased by the Channel with a bronze plaque erected on the Brown, who had run Challenger as a Construction Company and renamed Vancouver waterfront that recognizes “Bunk & Breakfast” for many years Lumberman for conversion into a live- the part they have played in the regional on the Seattle waterfront. (See also, aboard recreational yacht. economy. “Tugboats, Historic Tugs”) Unfortunately, its EMD-16-645-C Designed by the locally based tugboat main engine developed unresolvable design firm of Robert Allan Ltd., and Tatty Tug mechanical problems in 2010, and the erected by Parks Canada and the lthough Challenger is now boat was anchored in the Gastineau Historic Sites and Monuments Board Agone, another, even older, tug, the Channel by its most recent owner, of Canada, the plaque carries a short 1941-built Lumberman, has moved in to Brenden Mattson, to act as a floating summary of the historic significance of take its place by drifting onto a sandbar fishing lodge. Last January, the Coast tugboats and the important role they in Gastineau Channel after breaking Guard moved in to have nearly five tons have played down through the years an anchoring cable. Like Challenger, of oily waste, aerosols, batteries and other along the British Columbia coastline. Lumberman has a lengthy history. hazardous material removed from the Helping in the celebrations has been the After being completed by New derelict boat, but currently there are no 1922-built steam-powered Canadian York’s Jakobson Shipyard Company as funds available from state resources to tug Master, now cared for and operated Dauntless No.15 for Dauntless Towing 78 pay for its removal and disposal. (See by the SS Master Society, and soon to years ago, it was drafted into the U.S. also, “Tugboats, Historic Tugs”) celebrate her 100th birthday.

64 • Spring 2019 PowerShips Coastal Protectors

n Atlantic Eagle. – Canadian Coast Guard photo.

pair of much more modern vessels Ahas been leased by the Canadian Coast Guard from Atlantic Towing Limited of Saint John, New Brunswick, to help prevent marine pollution incidents along the BC coastline. The 75-meter by 18-meter n The 1922-built steam-powered tug Master, now cared for and operated by the SS Master Atlantic Eagle and Atlantic Raven will operate Society, sounds its steam whistle in celebration of tugs at Vancouver, British Columbia. (See under a three-year, $67 million Canadian “Recognizing Tugs,” page 64) – SS Master Society photo. contract announced in August to support environmental response and conduct registered ship is rated Ice Class 1A for search-and-rescue missions. As part of the Ducktail operation in Arctic and Antarctic regions. contract, which contains a series of renewal easpan’s Vancouver shipyard options, Atlantic Towing will provide Scompleted a drydocking of the training in offshore emergency work to 144-passenger ice-class cruise ship Silver Washington Coast Guard personnel. One of the ships Explorer in October, during which a Future Ferries will patrol a northern area in Canadian stern “ducktail” was added to the 354-ft ashington State Ferries’ 2011- waters stretching between Alaska and the vessel to enhance stability and increase Wbuilt Salish was sent to the Dakota northern tip of Vancouver Island, while the propulsion efficiency. In addition, tank top Creek Industries yard at Anacortes, second will cover a southern area to include and propeller repairs were accomplished Washington, for repairs in early the west side of Vancouver Island and the on the 1989-built vessel. Operated by September following grounding damage Strait of Juan de Fuca. Silversea Cruises Ltd, the Bahamian- sustained at its Coupeville terminal in Keystone Harbor. With no relief vessel available, the agency’s Port Townsend- Coupeville route was reduced to one-boat service earlier than the normal one-boat shoulder season start date of October 9. The service reduction came as the ferry system presented its Draft Long Range Plan, which recommends construction of 16 new ferries over the next 20 years, 13 to replace the oldest vessels in the fleet. Several have already surpassed the half-century mark, and additional relief vessels are needed to enhance service reliability. If funding can be found, a number of the newbuilds would be supplied by extending the agency’s n Coast Guard crews were able to remove fuel and other contaminants from the tug Lumberman existing contract with shipbuilder Vigor last May, but the vessel has since drifted onto a sandbar in Alaska’s Gastineau Channel with no funds to construct five more Olympic-class available for its removal or demolition. (See “Tatty Tug,” page 64) – U.S. Coast Guard photo. vessels, two as relief boats and three to replace ferries due for retirement.

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 65 that will allow it to deliver the $75 million you know a young person between the ages New Tugs fishing trawler America’s Finest, which has of 18 and 24 who would like to enter the oss Maritime of Seattle, which been stranded at the yard because too maritime industry, this might be the place. Fhad earlier decided not to build a series much foreign-made steel was used in its of Dutch-designed tugboats at its now- construction. The 264-ft vessel is now closed yard on the Columbia River (see expected to be delivered to its owner, California PowerShips No. 308), has ordered a series of Washington-based Fishermen’s Finest, for Hybrid Enhydra four 90-ton bollard pull tractor tugs from deployment in the Northern Pacific. Nichols Brothers Boat Builders of Freeland, Washington, with an option for six more. Oregon The 100-ft by 40-ft drive tugs will Training Sailors be built to a design drawn up by Jensen ear the mouth of the Columbia Maritime Consultants of Seattle and will NRiver, and not too far from the be completed to USCG Subchapter M historic settlement of Astoria, Oregon, is regulatory standards with ABS loadline the Tongue Point Job Corps Center, which certification. Power will be provided by maintains three vessels for the training twin MTU series 4000 main engines of future merchant mariners. The fleet is meeting Tier 4 emission standards and composed of the 1973-built former Navy driving Rolls-Royce US255 azimuth tug Iuka, the ex-Columbia River pilot boat thrusters. Deck equipment will include Columbia and the former U.S. Coast Guard Markey winches. The tugs are to be cutter Ironwood, the last a World War II n Enhydra. – All American Marine photo. delivered beginning in the winter of 2020 veteran. an Francisco’s Red and White for operation along the West Coast. The center is the only U.S. Coast SFleet has begun operating the The order comes as the Nichols facility Guard-approved maritime training 600-passenger hybrid harbor tour boat prepares to deliver a 100-foot Z-Drive facility in the country that’s administered Enhydra (sea otter) in San Francisco hybrid tugboat to San Francisco’s by Job Corps and provides a two-year Bay following the vessel’s completion Baydelta Maritime and follows delivery program leading to credentialed positions by Bellingham, Washington-based All of the 100-passenger cruise vessel National at sea. It currently graduates about 70 to American Marine. The 128-ft by 30-ft Geographic Venture to Lindblad Expeditions 80 credentialed merchant mariners each aluminum monohull makes use of BAE of New York, the latter a sister to the year with a 93 percent placement rate, so if Systems’ HybriGen and HybriDrive earlier delivered National Geographic Quest, completed by Nichols in mid-2017. Naval Tugs nother Washington State builder, AAnacortes-based Dakota Creek Industries, has started construction on the first of four ASD yard tugs it’s building for the U.S. Navy. Being completed to a Robert Allan Z-Tech design, the tugs are to be powered by twin Caterpillar 3512E engines driving Schottel azimuthing stern drive units. This is expected to provide a bollard pull of 43 tonnes and a free- running speed of 12 knots. The Navy’s contract with the shipyard includes options for two further tugs, with the completed vessels to be employed n Trainees at the Tongue Point Job Corps Center near Astoria, Oregon, tie up their training at bases along the West Coast as well as ship, the 1943-built former U.S. Coast Guard cutter Ironwood, after a training cruise on the overseas. Dakota Creek has also been Columbia River. (See “Training Sailors”) – TPJCC photo. granted a Jones Act waiver by Congress

66 • Spring 2019 PowerShips systems in combination with battery power from two 80-kWh lithium-ion battery packs supplied by Canada’s Corvus Energy. The BAE HybridDrive can automatically use full electric battery operation at slower speeds and when maneuvering in and out of port while, at higher speeds, the generator will automatically engage and augment the additional power demands of the electric drive motor. Currently the largest lithium-ion battery, electric hybrid-powered vessel in North America, it will be joined in the Red and White Fleet later this year by North America’s first zero-emission ferry, the Incat Crowther-designed Water-Go- Round, which is being built by Bay Ship & Yacht at Alameda, California, and n A new patrol craft for the Mexican Navy has been built at the Pacific Coast port of Salina Cruz will make use of hydrogen fuel cells (see using modules produced locally and in the Netherlands, with commissioning expected in 2020. PowerShips No. 308). (See “Dutch Designed”) – Secretaria de Marina de Mexico photo.

New Construction home in Honolulu harbor, announced ocean patrol boats at the Navy’s he General Dynamics NASSCO in November that it had arranged for a construction facility at the Pacific Coast Tyard at San Diego has started Dutch-managed heavylift ship to pick port of Salina Cruz. The new vessels, construction of the first John Lewis-class up the 140-year-old hull and transport it which will have a top speed of better fleet replenishment oiler it will build for back to Scotland in 2019. than 25 knots and a patrol duration the U.S. Navy, with the ship scheduled Built in 1878 in Port Glasgow, the of more than 20 days, are based on a for completion in late 2020. The new iron-hulled, four-masted vessel, one of modified version of Damen’s SIGMA vessels will have a capacity to carry only two left in the world and the only 10514 patrol boat design. 157,000 barrels of oil, along with dry tanker, has been steadily deteriorating Although the first two of the lead stores, at a speed of 20 knots. They’ll at Honolulu, with its caretakers, the vessel’s six modular sections were built in be operated by the Military Sealift non-profit The Friends of Falls of Clyde the Netherlands, the remaining four were Command and will eventually replace group, unable to muster funds for either completed in Mexico, with the completed older T-AO 187-class oilers. its maintenance or restoration. hull floated out last August. The finished Yet to be determined is a delivery A second, less-historical vessel ship is due to begin sea trials later this date for the Navy’s Expeditionary Sea moored nearby, the 70-year-old year, with commissioning expected by Base ship Miguel Keith (ESB-5), which Kulamanu, left the harbor last summer early 2020. suffered water damage from the fourth but had to be returned to port with the deck down when its drydock flooded help of tugs following mechanical failure Trinidad Time last summer (see PowerShips No. 308). (see PowerShips No. 303). The Hawaii NASSCO has estimated that it may Maritime Center, which sits between the have to delay the vessel’s completion by two vessels on Pier 7, was closed in 2009 at least six months to make full repairs. because of economic conditions.

Hawaii Mexico Falls of Clyde Dutch Designed he “Save Falls of Clyde” outh of the border, the Mexican n Mexico’s Baja Ferries has been leasing its Tcampaign, launched in 2016 to SNavy and Holland’s Damen Group Polish-built ferry Cabo Star to the Government save and return the sailing ship Falls have been working together to construct of Trinidad & Tobago for operation in the of Clyde to Scotland from its long-time a new series of 107-meter by 14-meter southern Caribbean. – Baja Ferries photo.

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 67 exico’s Baja Ferries has been Medusa Conquest d) Southdown Conquest and Mleasing one of its ro-ro ferries, will be mated with the tug Bradshaw McKee the 157.6-meter by 25.3-meter Cabo a) Lady Elda b) Kings Challenger c) ITM No. 1 Star, to the Government of Trinidad d) Kings Challenger e) Susan W. Hannah in the & Tobago, but the ferry company dry bulk cement trade. Another possibility anticipates return of the vessel this is for Commander to be paired with one of year as the Caribbean nation begins Port City’s recently acquired tugs, Colleen taking delivery of newer and faster McAllister a) Ellena Hicks or Katie McAllister ferries. The 19,963-grt Cabo Star New Vessels a) Libby Black. was completed by Poland’s Gdansk ecause of strong customer The U.S. Navy’s newest addition, the Shipyard as Finnforest for Finland’s Bdemand and a strong outlook, Freedom-class littoral combat ship USS Finncarriers in 1988 and, prior to Algoma Central Corporation purchased Sioux City (LCS-11), departed Marinette purchase by the Mexican operator, had the 472-ft tanker Ramira a) Gan Gesture b) Marine Corporation’s shipyard on sailed for a number of European lines Gan-Gesture c) Ramirio d) Ramir e) Ramirn 4 October 23 on its delivery voyage. The as Antares. for its Algoma Tankers fleet. The vessel, vessel’s first stop was at the United States A second ferry formerly owned by carrying the name Algonorth, departed Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, Baja Ferries, the 27,362-grt Chihuahua Sweden on November 12 and passed where the vessel was commissioned Star, has been dismantled after Quebec City on its delivery voyage on November 17. Once deployed, the suffering fire damage in 2016 while November 29. The product/chemical vessel will be assigned to the Fifth Fleet operating between the Dominican tanker was built in Istanbul, Turkey, in in the Persian Gulf. Its sister, USS Republic and Puerto Rico under the 2008 and will join six others in Algoma’s Wichita (LCS-13), is being completed at name Caribbean Fantasy. Originally tanker fleet that operates from the Great Marinette, Michigan, and was scheduled built as the Japanese ferry Victory Lakes to the Canadian Maritimes. to be commissioned on January 19, 2019. by Japan’s Mitsubishi in 1989, the After its conversion from an open 187-meter ship had been purchased hopper barge to an enclosed cement- Scrappings by Baja Ferries from Greek owners in carrying barge, Port City Marine he career of the tug Jane Ann IV 2008 but was laid up in the Bahamas Services’ new Commander a) M-211 b) Ta) Ouro Fino b) Bomare c) Tignish Sea after the fire to await the outcome of Virginia c) C-11 d) Kellstone 1 e) Cleveland is unceremoniously coming to an end an insurance claim. Brokers reportedly Rocks was floated out ofB ay Shipbuilding’s on a beach in Calcite, Michigan. The paid $145 per light displacement ton drydock at Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, on retired tug, whose coupling system was for the 28-year-old, 10,471-LDT vessel, October 28. Rumors are that the new removed earlier this year while it was which had been transferred from vessel will replace the 1937-built St. Marys laid up at Toledo, Ohio, was towed to Pacific to Caribbean service in 2011. Conquest a) Red Crown b) Amoco Indiana c) Calcite in mid-August by the tug Manitou Cuauhtémoc Completes Training Cruise he Mexican Navy’s sail training Tship ARM Cuauhtémoc (BE-01) returned to Acapulco from its 2018 training cruise in late October after visiting 21 ports in 11 countries with cadets on board from Mexico, Brazil, Guatemala, Honduras and Italy. The 270-foot barque, built in 1982 as one of four sisters, circumnavigated the continent of South America during her eight-month voyage. 

n Write James L. Shaw at [email protected] or 11466 SE n Bulker Manitoba at Port Huron late in its career. (See “Scrappings”) – Mark Shumaker photo. Hidalgo Ct., Clackamas, OR 97105

68 • Spring 2019 PowerShips a) USCGC Manitou (WYT 60), where The vessel was built in 1967 “Before and After” experience, where the vessel was pulled from the water and at Collingwood Shipbuilding in visitors were able to experience the vessel offered for scrap. Collingwood, Ontario, as Mantadoc for N. in its current “rustic” appearance and The tug was built as Ouro Fino by M. Paterson & Sons’ fleet. After Paterson then again next year after it becomes Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding left the shipping business in 2002, the a refurbished static display. The tug in Tokyo, Japan, in 1978. The vessel vessel was sold to Canada Steamship was retired after Great Lakes Towing found its way to Halifax, Nova Scotia, Lines and renamed Teakglen. The vessel determined that it couldn’t economically as Tignish Sea in 1993, and was later sailed to Goderich, Ontario, and was be brought into compliance with stricter converted to a pusher tug with the used as a floating storage vessel until regulations adopted by the Coast Guard. addition of a coupler system. The tug being purchased by Voyageur Marine was paired with the self-unloading barge Transport in 2005. It operated for Casualties Sarah Spencer a) Adam E. Cornelius b) Capt. Voyageur Marine as Maritime Trader until urvis Marine’s tug and barge Edward V. Smith c) Sea Barge One and 2011, when it was purchased by Lower Pcombo Wilfred M. Cohen a) A. T. was used in the grain and bulk trade. Lakes Towing. Renamed Manitoba, the Lowmaster and PML 9000 a) Palmer got The tug and barge unit operated on the vessel sailed until December 2015. hung up along the St. Marys River Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River on October 12. The grounding was until being laid up in 2009. With the Tug Ohio Becomes attributed to strong winds, which pushed scrapping of the tug, the future of the a Museum the pair aground at Mission Point near the Sarah Spencer is much in doubt. onated by Great Lakes Towing Soo Locks. Another Purvis tug, Anglian As a sidebar to this story, Manitou DCompany, the tug Ohio a) M.F.D. Lady, assisted in freeing the pair shortly towed the idled tug Invincible a) R.W. Sesler No. 15 b) Laurence C. Turner took a big after noon with no apparent damage. to Ashtabula, Ohio, where the coupling step in becoming a permanent display A more serious mishap happened system recently removed from Jane Ann at the National Museum of the Great to the barge PML 9000 a month later, IV is scheduled to be attached. Lakes during this news cycle. The tug this time while being pushed by the tug Its Canadian registry closed was towed to its permanent home in front Anglian Lady a) Hamtun b) Nathalie Letzer. on October 10, the retired Stephen of the Col. James M. Schoonmaker at the While arriving with a cargo of steel coils, B. Roman a) Fort William departed National Museum of the Great Lakes in the pair hit the Nicholson Terminal pier Toronto, Ontario, for the beaches of Toledo, Ohio, on October 18 by the tug on November 23. A nearly 50-ft-long hole Aliaga, Turkey, under its own power George Gradel a) Harbor Queen b) St. John. was punctured in its starboard bow. After on November 14. Before its departure, The tug will be refurbished over the unloading and inspection, the barge the vessel’s registry was changed to winter and is scheduled to be open was taken to Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, St. Vincent and the Grenadines. As for public tours next year. To increase where repairs were made. Thankfully, no reported in an earlier column, the vessel engagement, the museum offered a injuries were reported. was replaced by McKeil Spirit a) Ardita in March of this year. Lower Lakes Towing’s retired bulker Manitoba a) Mantadoc b) Teakglen c) Maritime Trader departed Montreal for the beaches of Aliaga, Turkey, on October 14 behind the big tug Ocean Delta a) Sistella b) Sandy Cape c) Captain Ioannis S. Manitoba. It was retired from service at the conclusion of the 2015 season and eventually made its way to a long- term lay-up dock in Montreal awaiting disposal. The vessel’s registry was closed on July 31 and its name was shortened to NITO for the scrap tow. Group Ocean’s Ocean Delta, which has spent several years laid up in Sorel, Quebec, was recently n Tug Ohio shown at its new home at the National Museum of the Great Lakes in Toledo. (See sold foreign and was fitted out for this “Tug Ohio Becomes a Museum”) – Mark Shumaker photo. assignment.

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 69 Grand River Transportation’s integrated tug/barge unit Defiance a) April T. Beker b) Beverly Anderson and Ashtabula a) Erol T. Beker b) Mary Turner grounded in Round Island Passage in the Straits of Mackinaw on September 21. The mishap was attributed to high winds, which reached nearly 60 miles per hour. The vessel was released after the storm subsided and the pair continued on its trip from Cedarville, Michigan, to Buffington, Indiana, with stone. No injuries or damage were reported. In an item that reminds us of the ever- present dangers associated with operating n Norisle at the Assiginack Museum Complex on Manitoulin Island. The vessel is scheduled to be sunk ships, we must report the death of Alfred and become a dive site. (See “Norisle Scheduled to Become a Dive Site”) – Mark Shumaker photo. Eshun, a crew member aboard Canada Steamship Lines’ bulker Spruceglen a) Selkirk replaced years ago. Included in Canada’s Settler b) Federal St. Louis c) Federal Fraser 2010 National Shipbuilding Strategy was Norisle Scheduled to d) Fraser on October 16, after apparently a project to build its replacement, but no Become a Dive Site falling off the Eisenhower Lock wall after budget was allocated to the project. Until a $10 million lawsuit leveled being landed. Two St. Lawrence Seaway new offshore oceanographic science vessel A against the Township of Assiginack employees entered the water in a frantic is built, the ship will remain in service. by the SS Norisle Steamship Society two attempt to assist Eshun, but were unable CCGS Hudson was built in 1963 and has years ago was settled in late September, to save him. In a tribute to Alfred Eshun, recently undergone extensive upgrades. and the outcome should seal the package Canada Steamship Lines’ vessels flew freighter Norisle’s future. After years of their flags at half-mast for the remainder Future of Norgoma in Doubt disrepair and diminishing appearance, of the week. he August 31 eviction deadline the municipality entered discussions with Tcame and went without Norgoma being the Tobermory Maritime Association Coast Guard Vessels moved from Robert Bondar Marina, to dispose of the vessel as a dive site in in the News located in Sault Ste Marie, Ontario. St. Georgian Bay. SS Norisle Steamship he lakes-built, Keeper-class Mary’s River Marine Heritage Centre, Society, the organization that has been Tbuoy tender USCG Abbie Burgess which owns Norgoma, staged a spirited fight maintaining the vessel, launched a (WLM-553) visited the lakes during this to keep the vessel docked in downtown lawsuit in December 2016 claiming news cycle to assist in the winter removal Sault Ste Marie, which included a petition that the Norisle was theirs by way of of aids to navigation around the Great that received over 1,000 signatures. In late “constructive trust,” and accused the Lakes. The vessel was completed in 1997 in September, Sault Ste Marie City Council township of a list of offenses. Marinette, Wisconsin, and is permanently passed a resolution permitting the retired The lawsuit was settled during this stationed in Rockland, Maine. package freighter to remain at its current news cycle, with the township’s ownership Completing the In-Service Vessel location until April 15, or as soon as ice of the Norisle reaffirmed. In exchange, Sustainment Program, USCGC Katmai conditions permit it to be moved. City the municipality is reimbursing the Bay (WTGB-101) departed Baltimore, Council has asked for a plan to be presented citizens group for $45,000 spent removing Maryland, on September 29 and at the February 1 council meeting that asbestos from the ship. Tobermory returned to its station at Sault Ste. Marie, explains where the vessel will be going. Maritime Association plans on sinking Michigan, the following month. The Unfortunately, the museum’s owners Norisle in Little Cove Harbour, Georgian 140-ft icebreaking tug was the sixth are having difficulty finding a suitable Bay, in 120 feet of water as a recreation Bay-class tug to complete this service life location for the vessel in the Soo region dive site.  extension, which is expected to extend its and are extending their search for a operational life by 15 years. permanent home. Sault Ste Marie City n Write Mark Shumaker at Canada’s 55-year-old CCGS Hudson is Council has committed to helping St. 2767 Lymington Road, Columbus, OH expected to remain in operation until at Mary’s River Marine Heritage Centre 43220 or e-mail [email protected] least 2023, even though it was slated to be find a new location for the vessel.

70 • Spring 2019 PowerShips Disney Plans Year-Round Presence at Miami isney Cruise Line will expand to Da pair of ships at PortMiami and is negotiating for a new cruise terminal at the port. Beginning in January 2023, Disney plans to begin year-round n The Carnival AirShip flies above Carnival Horizon, Carnival Vista and Carnival operations with a ship carrying at least Sensation at PortMiami, September 20, 2018. (See “Carnival Horizon Arrives at PoortMiami”) 3,500 passengers on four- and five-night – Carnival Cruise Line photo. cruises. The cruise line is also in talks with eastern and southern Caribbean. passenger traffic during the 2018 Fiscal Miami-Dade County commissioners to Carnival Horizon replaced Carnival Year, with a total of 5,592,000 passengers build a new terminal complex on the Vista, which repositioned from during the 12-month period ending south side of Dodge Island, just east PortMiami to Galveston, Texas. September 30, 2018. of Terminal J, which serves smaller Officials at the port attributed the ships. Before PortMiami could build Symphony of the Seas growth to expanded cruise business. In such a facility, it would be necessary Arrives at PortMiami 2018, Royal Caribbean added sailings to to widen and deepen both the ship oyal Caribbean International’s Empress of the Seas and also brought in the channel and turning basin on the south Rnew Symphony of the Seas arrived larger, newly renovated Mariner of the Seas. side. Acquisition of the necessary land, at her new homeport of PortMiami on Oceania Cruises and Disney Cruise Line currently leased to Seaboard Marine for November 9, berthing at the new state- extended their winter seasons. cargo operations, is also required. of-the-art cruise terminal built especially PortMiami also welcomed three new for her and her Oasis-class sister ships. cruise lines: Viking Ocean Cruises, Victory Carnival Horizon Arrives Symphony is the fourth ship built in this Cruise Lines and Seabourn. Additionally, at PortMiami class and, being fractionally larger Carnival Cruise Line’s Carnival Magic and arnival Horizon arrived at than her sisters, qualifies as the largest new Carnival Horizon arrived, as well as CPortMiami, her new year-round cruise ship in the world, something that MSC’s new MSC Seaside. homeport, on September 20, 2018. Royal Caribbean is happy to advertise. The event was celebrated with various She measures 228,081 gross tons and is Norwegian Bliss festivities, as well as a flyover by the 1,184 feet long. Her maximum passenger Winters in Miami Carnival AirShip. Carnival’s new tagline capacity is 6,680, in addition to 2,200 orwegian Cruise Line’s 168,000- “Choose Fun” appeared on the stern crew; the new terminal facility can easily Nton Norwegian Bliss arrived at of the ship as a giant “bumper sticker,” handle all 9,000 people. PortMiami on November 17 to begin her which also appears on the company’s Symphony of the Seas is based at winter season of Caribbean cruises from blimp that has been touring the country PortMiami year-round and operates that port. She accommodates over 4,000 to promote the brand. seven-night cruises, alternating between passengers and sails on weekly seven- At 133,597 grt, Horizon is the second the eastern and western Caribbean. night cruises to the eastern Caribbean. ship in the Carnival Vista class. She’s Bliss’s winter/spring season was 1,055 feet long and accommodates 3,960 PortMiami Has Record scheduled to run until April, when she passengers (double occupancy). She Cruise Year repositioned back to the West Coast operates six-night cruises to the Western ortMiami experienced an increase for her summer schedule of cruises to Caribbean and eight-night cruises to the Pof nearly five percent in cruise Mexico and Alaska. PowerShips Spring 2019 • 71 Celebrity Edge Arrives at Port Everglades elebrity Cruises’ new Celebrity CEdge arrived at her winter homeport of Port Everglades on November 19. The 131,000-grt ship docked at T-25, a completely rebuilt cruise terminal designed to accommodate the new ship; it’s the first terminal at the port to be custom-designed by a cruise line itself. Built at the STX Shipyard in France, Celebrity Edge represents an entirely new class of ship for Celebrity. From her parabolic X-type bow to her glass- enclosed stern, she’s a “different” ship. The most noticeable external feature is n Celebrity Edge approaches Port Everglades on her maiden arrival, November 19, 2018. (See the orange framework on her starboard “Celebrity Edge Arrive at Port Everglades”) – Celebrity Cruises photo. side; this supports the Magic Carpet, which is a multi-purpose platform in the décor of the new restaurant. containing a craft-cocktail bar and Celebrity Edge spends the winter Crowley Maritime Christens lounge space for 100 people. This 90- season based at Port Everglades and LNG-Fueled Ship ton platform can be raised or lowered repositions to the Mediterranean for the rowley Maritime Corporation to various deck levels, serving different summer months. Cchristened its 26,000-dwt functions: as a cocktail lounge, as a Commitment-class combination dining venue and, at the waterline level, Shrimp Boat Grounded container/roll-on/roll-off (ConRo) ship as a boarding platform for tender service. Ashore for Two Weeks El Coqui in November. The ship is one of This correspondent sailed in Celebrity he shrimp boat AMG broke her the world’s first ConRo vessels to operate Edge for one of her preview cruises, Tanchor line on October 15 while on liquified natural gas. and the ship certainly lived up to the anchored offshore from Ormond Beach El Coqui measures 720 feet in length marketing hype. Celebrity has always in northeast Florida. Strong winds and is able to transport up to 2,400 been known for its high food quality, and and heavy seas drove the 77-foot vessel TEUs at a cruising speed of 22 knots. the 29 bars and dining venues on board aground at the beach. Coincidentally, the The ship can accommodate containers clearly upheld that reputation. vessel’s reverse gear had broken several in a wide variety of types and sizes; One of the ship’s innovations is the days earlier, and it was impossible for the these are placed on her deck. Within the installation of “infinite balconies” in 70 crew to remove themselves under their ship is an enclosed, weather-tight Ro/ percent of her staterooms. The outer own power. Ro deck that can carry cars and larger space normally given over to an outside The AMG grounded above the remains vehicles. balcony has been enclosed as part of of the Nathan F. Cobb, a wooden schooner This ship, built at VT Halter Marine’s the cabin’s interior living space, with which had run aground there in 1896. shipyard in Pascagoula, Mississippi, is in an outer glass wall. A push of a button Attempts were made to tow the shrimper, service between Jacksonville and Puerto lowers the top half of the glass, thus loaded with 5,000 pounds of shrimp, away Rico. Her sister ship, Taino, was delivered opening the entire room to the outside. from the beach, but the towline snapped a few months later. Of special interest to ship historians and the AMG washed back onto shore These Jones Act ships are U.S.- is the Normandie Restaurant, which about 200 yards farther south. built, -owned and -crewed. They’re features one of Jean Dunand’s lacquered Thousands of spectators came to the part of Crowley’s commitment to, panels from Normandie. This panel had site to view and photograph the stranded and investment in, modernizing its been in place aboard Celebrity Summit of vessel for two weeks. Finally, early on supply chain to Puerto Rico. Other 2000, and was removed from that ship October 31, a tug was able to pull the improvements are three new gantry during a recent refit to be installed in AMG free. She was then towed to the cranes, a new 900-foot pier, and an the new ship. A number of Lalique glass North Florida Shipyard in Jacksonville enhanced terminal operating system at panels from Normandie are also featured for inspection. the Isla Grande Terminal in San Juan.

72 • Spring 2019 PowerShips where the vessel was built. The ship’s sponsor was Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor. USNS Puerto Rico is the first active ship in naval service to be named after the island territory. The EPF is a catamaran based on a commercial design, with an aluminum shallow-draft hull. It’s built for personnel and cargo transport in high- speed sealift operations. These vessels can carry 600 tons of cargo and 312 troops over 1,300 miles at a cruising speed of 37 knots. With a 15-foot draft, the ships are capable of operating in shallow ports and waterways. They have roll-on/roll-off facilities, as well as a helicopter flight deck. n The shrimp boat AMG aground at Ormond Beach for two weeks in October 2018. (See The EPFs carry a civilian crew under “Shrimp Boat Grounded Ashore for Two Weeks,” page 72) – Daytona Beach News photo. Navy command, like other USNS vessels, but they often have military One of the casualties of the storm was personnel attached. Nine ships in this Jaxport Breaks Cruise the 261-foot Alaska factory trawler North Spearhead class are currently operational, Passenger Record Star. The vessel, which had been nearing with several more in various stages of he Jacksonville Port Authority completion at Eastern Shipbuilding, was construction or pending delivery. Tserved a record number of cruise swept from its moorings and capsized in passengers during Fiscal Year 2018, St. Andrews Bay. Norwegian Cruise Line which ended on September 30, 2018. A Other damaged high-profile projects Returns to New Orleans total of 199,899 passengers set sail from underway at Eastern include two double- orwegian Cruise Line returned the port during that period. ended ferries being constructed for New Nto New Orleans on November 11, Jaxport and Carnival Cruise Line York’s Staten Island Ferry system. introducing Norwegian Breakaway to the Big signed a long-term agreement to extend Easy with a season of Caribbean cruises. Carnival’s cruise operations from the port Navy Christens At 1,068 feet in length and 145,655 through 2021, and potentially through USNS Puerto Rico grt, the recently renovated Breakaway is 2027. As part of the new agreement, there he U.S. Navy christened its latest the largest cruise ship to ever homeport are a number of enhancements underway TExpeditionary Fast Transport, the in the city of New Orleans, as well as the at the Jaxport Cruise Terminal, including USNS Puerto Rico (EPF 11), on November youngest ship there this season. a new parking area with easier access to 9. The ceremony took place at the Austal Following her renovation in May the terminal, an upgraded VIP lounge USA shipyard in Mobile, Alabama, of 2018, Norwegian Breakaway debuted and an improved boarding platform allowing passengers to enter the ship on the Promenade level. Carnival Elation currently operates year- round Bahamas cruises from Jacksonville, but in May of 2019, the recently upgraded Carnival Ecstasy will assume that four- and five-night cruise program. Eastern Shipbuilding Hit Hard by Hurricane Michael oth of the Panama City, Florida, Bshipyards owned by Eastern n Norwegian Breakaway at New Orleans, November 11, 2018. (See “Norwegian Cruise Shipbuilding Group were damaged by Lines Returns to New Orleans”) – Cruise Industry News photo. Category 4 Hurricane Michael in October.

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 73 refreshed staterooms and public areas and PowerShips, fall edition, page 74). introduced a new bar and lounge concept For the first time, Majestic Princess to the fleet with Syd’s Pour House; this will be homeported in Australia over the is modeled after influential rock houses southern hemisphere summer. and features diner-style seating, signature With the proposed sale of Pacific Jewell cocktails and a playlist of rock music from to Indian operators in March next year, the the 1960s to the 1980s. In total, there are ship will undertake coastal cruises out of a 25 dining options on board the ship and number of the subcontinent’s ports. India is 22 bars and lounges. the world’s fastest growing economy. Norwegian Breakaway’s New Orleans Passenger Ships in NCL is doubling its presence in season ran from November through Australian Waters, Australia by introducing Norwegian Jade April, offering five-, seven-, 10- and September to December 2018 during the 2019-20 southern hemisphere 11-night western Caribbean cruises. arnival Legend, Carnival Spirit, cruise season. CCelebrity Solstice, Explorer of the Seas, Bollinger Shipyards Golden Princess, Majestic Princess, Noordam, Weather Delivers FRC 31 Ovation of the Seas, Pacific Eden, Pacific Explorer, hipping schedules were affected ollinger Shipyards of Louisiana Radiance of the Seas, Sea Princess, Sun Princess. Son both sides of the Australian Bdelivered the USCGC Terrell Horne continent by heavy seas. As a result, (FRC 31) to the U.S. Coast Guard at Key Passenger/Cruise Ship News container ship traffic missed their arrival West on October 25. This was the 31st ith ever larger cruise ships slots and schedules were thrown into chaos. Fast Response Cutter in the class. Woperating in Australasia, health Terrell Horne will be based in San Pedro, issues are a cause for concern. Outbreaks Ferry News California, in March 2019, the third of onboard cruise ships could not only he veteran Hobart Tasmania four FRCs to be stationed there. The contaminate passengers and crew but Tclassic cruise ferry Cartela, which 154-foot patrol craft has a flank speed of spread to remote southwest Pacific nations. was retired and laid up south of the over 28 knots. This could cause a calamity to regions capital, may be refurbished and rebuilt where only basic health facilities are in her original form as a steam ferry. Galveston Welcomes available. There’s already a class action An unknown benefactor has donated a Carnival Vista suit against Carnival for illnesses caused substantial sum to bring the idle ferry arnival Cruise Line ensured its over a number of cruises on Sun Princess (see back into service. Cplace as the largest cruise operator in Texas with the arrival of Carnival Vista to Galveston on September 23. The 133,500-ton ship is the largest vessel ever homeported there. The Vista had spent the previous two years based at PortMiami. She now operates seven-night cruises from Galveston to the western Caribbean. Vista, Carnival Freedom and Carnival Valor offer more than 200 cruises annually, carrying over 600,000 passengers.

A special shout-out of thanks to Frank Manwell and Scott Van Valen, whose contributions helped to make this column complete! 

n Pacific Jewell is to be retired and sold by P&O Cruises Australia for further service by a new n Write Rich Turnwald at company to undertake coastal cruises out of India. (See “Passenger/Cruise Ship News”) – Bill 7635 SW 99th Court, Miami, FL 33173 Barber photo. or [email protected]

74 • Spring 2019 PowerShips former Webb Dock container and vehicle facilities downstream from the Swanson Dock container berth. The larger ships don’t have sufficient air draft to sail under the Westgate Bridge. There was concern when the large box boat Leda Maersk sailed into Sydney Harbour, but this was for a photo shoot. Tugs Willara and Svitzer Warrawee, the latter sailing up from Port Botany, swung the ship between Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Sydney Opera House. Trade rade issues besetting the United TStates will have little effect in Australia and New Zealand. Australia’s n Ferry Cartela, originally steam and later converted to diesel, is now retired. A possible friendship with the United States has benefactor may refurbish it back to its original condition, even possibly including steam operating never translated into trade opportunities. engines.(See “Ferry News,” page 74) – Bill Barber photo. A U.S. ambassador to Australia has finally been appointed; the original was be in place both onboard ship and on appointed and then relocated to South Tug News arrival at foreign ports. Korea before he actually arrived. owage services are in a state of Major trade to and from Australia is Tflux as more operators attempt to Container Shipping predominately from Japan, China, South close in on ports dominated by Svitzer. ith some European and Asian Korea and the Indian subcontinent. Engage Marine, which has an association Wbox boats being displaced by larger Business may increase with the United with Westug in Western Australia, tonnage, some of these ships are now Kingdom once Brexit has been finalized. seemed poised to commence operations operating at Australian and possible New North American ships, especially U.S.- in Eastern Australia, especially in the Zealand ports. The Port of Melbourne has flagged ships, are no longer seen in provision of services to oil refineries undertaken a major refurbishment of the Australasian waters. in Port Jackson (Sydney) and Geelong Victoria from October 2. The small Port of Eden in southern New South Wales has Svitzer and Pacific Towage providing services. Earlier this year, Svitzer accepted delivery of two large Damen-built tugs for service in Australia. One is based at Fremantle Western Australia and the other at the Port of Newcastle. Two other tugs based at Newcastle have been upgraded now that tankers are frequently calling at that port’s new facilities. Livestock Shipping ome changes have been forthcoming Sto the live animal trade between Australia, Indonesia, Asia and the Middle East Gulf states. Stringent n Svitzer Glenrock is the latest edition to Svitzer’s Newcastle Fleet. (See “Tug News”) – Bill regulations have been introduced to Barber photo. ensure that more humane protocols will

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 75 New Zealand News t’s with a great deal of regret Ithat we have to tell you that the New Zealand Ship and Marine Society will cease operations as of June 30, 2019, because of declining membership. Some regional branches of the society, including Napier on New Zealand’s North Island, have recently closed. Last year, the local World Ship Society branch at Burnie, Tasmania, ceased operating. The Hobart, Tasmania, branch continues to provide maritime news n John Duigan is now serving King Island in the mid Bass Strait between Tasmania and covering the whole state of Tasmania. Mainland Australia. Shown departing Port Phillip Bay for the Bass Strait and King Island. (See The Green Peace Rainbow Warrior “Bass Strait”) – Bill Barber photo. 11 was scheduled to visit New Zealand toward the end of 2018. The Original TasPorts Bass Island Line has introduced Rainbow Warrior was sunk in Auckland, Ice Breaker the small vessel John Duigan primarily to New Zealand, in 1985. That ship later ustralia’s new ice breaker, to be service King Island, located in the Bass became a dive wreck off the northeastern Anamed RSV Nuyina, is now under Strait. The service goes from Geelong on coast of New Zealand’s North Island. construction at Damen Shipyards Galati. the Australian mainland to Grassy on King The government of New Zealand will The water in the dry dock was raised by Island, to Devonport, Tasmania, then in the purchase a secondhand vessel as its new six meters to float the ship to a nearby reverse order back to Geelong. hydrographic naval ship. The Norwegian dock for final assembly and fit out. It will deep-sea tug Edda Fonn will undergo replace the veteran Aurora Australis as a Ports a conversion for its new role prior to multi-purpose Antarctic relief and supply he Tasmanian state government entering service. It will be a multi-service vessel for Australia’s three mainland Tis to provide $100 million Australian vessel that will be used by police and Antarctic basses and Macquarie Island to be used in the major ports of Hobart, other agencies and for rescue operations in the sub-Antarctic region. Bell Bay, Devonport and Burnie over the when required. next five years. Of this, $60 million will Navy Ships to the Rescue be spent upgrading the passenger and Naval News serious earthquake and Ro/Ro load and discharge facilities at n Australian warship undertook A subsequent water damage in Devonport. The upgrade will facilitate Aa fast voyage from Western Australia Indonesia, which claimed hundreds the entry of the much larger ferries of the to assist in the rescue of two boats with of lives, bought Australia’s navy to the Spirits of Tasmania, which will soon be lone sailors. One boat was dismasted and rescue. Major helicopter ships HMAS under construction. its Indian sailor was seriously injured. Canberra, HMAS Adelaide and HMAS For decades, Sydney has been facing a The second sailor went to the aid of the Choels are always available to assist potential passenger ship berth shortage first, and both were rescued by a French during humanitarian disasters. In due to air draft restrictions under the vessel that sailed to the Amsterdam addition to having large cargo-carrying world-famous Sydney Harbour Bridge. Islands in the sub-Antarctic region. The capacity, they can handle ship-to-shore Local councils bordering Port Botany, Australian ship picked up the sailors there transfers and have hospital facilities. site of a proposed cruise ship terminal, and headed at full speed for Fremantle, will almost certainly torpedo such a Bass Strait Western Australia. proposal.  Negotiations are underway for he introduction of the two new Australia to establish a naval base in Toll ships under construction will T n Write William G.T. Barber the southwest Pacific. The Solomon not occur on March 1, 2019. The delay Unit 27 – Ingenia Gardens, Islands or another nation will be utilized. is due to the need for infrastructure 148 Townsend Road, Australia supplies a number of new small improvements, including shore Geelong Victoria 3219 Australiia naval ships to southwest Pacific nations installation and the widening of the ramp Email – [email protected] as part its aid program. facilities.

76 • Spring 2019 PowerShips Western Rivers and the Law he Water Resource Development TAct 2018 has been passed by Congress and signed by the President. WRDA funds the Corps and Coast n The Rabbit Hash, Kentucky-Rising Sun, Indiana ferry Lucky Lady is seen here approaching Guard for work involving navigational the Rabbit Hash Landing. – Charles H. Bogart photo. projects on the Western Rivers. The 2018 WRDA covers the years 2019 and 2020. hp Mr. Lange and the 1,230-hp Carrie Mae underway, every three minutes. This WRDA, as passed, stripped language receiving their COIs on August 14, 2018. information shows up on any nearby that would have allowed lockage fees or towboat’s electronic navigation chart. tolls to be imposed on users of the western Tier 4 From Tier 3 Since one and all are expected to have a waterways. At present, the cost the he towboat industry is looking working AIS onboard their tow, visual federal government incurs in providing Tat installing diesel electric motors in surveillance of surrounding waters from navigational rivers for the towboat an EPA Tier 3 Western River towboat. It the pilothouse is sometimes relaxed, industry is recovered through the taxes would serve as a test bed to see if such an causing accelerated heartbeats when a the towboats pay on their diesel fuel. installation will allow a Tier 3 towboat to towboat without a working AIS comes On August 2, 2018, President Trump meet Tier 4 requirements. Diesel electric into view. signed into law the Transportation motor technology has been used as power Worker Identification Credential (TWIC) plants for offshore vessels for a number Shipping Accountability Act. This law puts on of years, but it hasn’t been used on the ecent Corps reports estimate hold the need for the Western River Western Rivers. Diesel electric boats use Rthat 2017 saw 6,500 towboat barge industry to place biometric card readers generators powered by diesel to provide movements carrying 90 million tons at the entrances of their facilities and electrical power via electric motors to the of goods in the river waters of Western on board their boats. In 2016, the cost boat’s propulsion plant. The diesel electric Kentucky. This portion of Kentucky to the Western Rivers industry to install boats are considered more operationally sees the Ohio, Cumberland, Tennessee, biometric readers was placed at $23.3 efficient and fuel economical than direct Mississippi and Kaskaskia rivers million, with a 10-year cost of $153.7 diesel drive boats. If the installation of interconnecting to form a water highway. million. Western River workers will still be diesel electric motors in a Tier 3 towboat The Port of St. Joseph, Missouri, required to carry a TWIC card. works as promised, it will save Western loaded its first barge since 2014. The C&B Marine’s 1,320-hp Atlantis was River towboat operators considerable shipment of dried distiller grain, destined the first boat in Coast Guard Sector Ohio money because they won’t have to replace for the Port of New Orleans, was moved Valley to gain a Certificate of Inspection in the existing power plant with a Tier 4 downriver by the 1,000-hp Bold Eagle, compliance with Subchapter M. The 1,200- certified power plant. owned by Missouri River Service. hp Capt. Al Devall was the first boat to receive In July 2018, U.S. crude oil production a COI from the USCG Lake Charles unit. AIS and Visual Surveillance reached 11 million barrels a day. This AEP River Transportation’s 5,600-hp Capt. ne of the truisms of the Western is the largest amount of crude oil ever James Anderson was the first towboat in its OWaterways is that if your boat isn’t pumped out of the ground in the United fleet to obtain a COI. Their 5,600-hp Capt. equipped with a working Automatic States. Unfortunately, very little of this Gerald Boogs is to receive its COI by the end Identification System, you don’t exist. oil is moving by barge on the Western of 2018. AEP plans to certify a minimum of AIS broadcasts information to one and Waterways. The hope that oil would two of its boats every year over the next five all concerning who you are and where replace coal as a bulk product moved by years. Lange Towing was the first company you are. When underway, your location barge has proven to be a will-o’-the-wisp. to get its total fleet certified, both the 900- is sent out every 10 seconds, when not Recently two more Ohio River coal-fired

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 77 power plants have announced that they’ll close in 2020. The Corps is projecting that by 2030 there will be no movement of coal on the Western Waterways to a coal-fired power plant. In 2000, the Western Rivers moved 527 billion tons of goods, and only 479 billion tons in 2015; most of the decline was due to the loss of barged coal. Movement of grain on the Western Rivers continues to decline. As of November 1, 2018, some 31,739,000 tons of grain have been moved by barge, compared to 34,197,000 as of November 1, 2017. With the exception of corn, which showed an increase from 19,056,00 n The 1,800-hp Drema G. Woods, owned by Amherst Madison, is seen heading down the tons in 2017 to 19,977,000 tons in 2018, Kanawha River at St. Albans, West Virginia. – Harold Rudd photo. all other grains showed a decline, wheat falling from 12,805,00 tons to 11,465,000 navigation channel in this area. their 50-year life expectancy. When these tons and soybeans from 12,805,000 to On August 6, the Corps dewatered the were built, the average construction time 10,200,000 tons. Jerry F. Costello Lock on the Kaskaskia was three years. Today, the average time River for a two-week period to undertake to build a replacement lock is 15 years. Locks and Dams repairs to the lock’s walls and gates. Construction time is generally six years; he Black Water-Tombigbee Three days earlier, on August 3, the the other nine years revolve around TWaterway was closed for 34 days Corps completed its first lift of a 68-ton mandated studies, litigation and funding during July and August 2018 as the concrete shell at Kentucky L&D on the issues. Corps replaced Holt L&D miter gates. Tennessee River. The 45-ft-wide, 51-ft- A $1.09-million contract has been The lock chamber was also inspected and long, 33-ft-tall concrete shell is part of the issued by the Corps to undertake necessary repairs were made. downstream cofferdam that is an integral temporary repairs to Montgomery The Warrior River in Tuscaloosa part of the new 1,200-ft-long navigation L&D on the Ohio River at Monaca, County, Alabama, drops 140 feet over lock being built at Kentucky Dam to Pennsylvania. The middle wall between a distance of 30 miles. The Corps uses replace the existing 60-ft-long lock. As of the lock’s two chambers is failing and has three locks and dams – John Hollis July 1, 2018, the $1.25 billion project is 36 a 50 percent chance of collapsing by 2028 Bankhead L&D at Mile 365.5, Holt L&D percent completed. if remedial action isn’t taken. at Mile 347, and Oliver L&D at Mile A recent finding concerning the 337.7 – to maintain a nine-foot-deep Western River L&Ds is that half are past Ferry Service Resumes erry service across the Ohio River Fbetween Rabbit Hash, Kentucky, and Rising Sun, Indiana, resumed on October 1, 2018. The 15-car ferry Lucky Lady is proving to be popular with those living in Indiana and working at the industrial complex that has grown up across the river around the Greater Cincinnati Airport, at Hebron, Kentucky. Another ferry operation started and ended in 2018, running between Savanna, Illinois, and Sabula, Iowa, on the Upper n The 1,000-hp Sam S, owned by Ohio River Salvage, is seen here on the Kanawha River below Mississippi River. The 15-car ferry A-Tee St. Albans, West Virginia, heading to pick up a barge of scrap metal. – Harold Rudd photo. provided cross-river service while the bridge was undergoing repair.

78 • Spring 2019 PowerShips Invasive Species PONO in September and made her dam. The lock was closed for 14 hours he Illinois River will, during first Lower Mississippi River cruise while the barges, the 600-hp Jody T2019 and 2020, experience a number in October. She looks nothing like McMinn and the 3,000-hp Deborah Miles, of week-long or longer closures, plus some a Western River boat because she were rounded up. month-long daytime closures as Asian was built as a coastal cruising vessel. n On October 9, the 800-hp Totem carp fish barriers are strengthened, locks American Cruise Line thus can deploy Kole II, owned by KHC Marine LLC, are repaired, and channels are dredged. her to anywhere in the world where took on water and began to sink at The Arkansas River, which has in there’s a demand for a cruise boat. Mile 59.7 UMR. The crew was able to recent years experienced a substantial n In September 2018, the casino run her into the riverbank, where she growth in barge traffic on its waters, has boat Argosy IV, located at Wood River, partially sank under the river’s water. also seen a substantial growth in invasive Illinois, was moved downriver to All crew members made it ashore safely. species, particularly the water hyacinth, PONO. The 245-ft-long by 78-ft-beam n On October 12, the 1,250-hp alligator weed and zebra mussels, which casino boat was moved by two Seven Kristin Alexis, owned by Marquette are impeding barge traffic. Points Marine towboats, the 1,200-hp Transportation, was pushing a barge Bayou Lady and the 1,200-hp Captain with a crane on it when the crane collided Jay. The plan is to convert her into a with the Sunshine Bridge over the LMR Briefs Western River cruise boat. at St. James Parish, Louisiana. Extensive n The excursion boat Valley Gem, n Gulf Island Fabrication will use damage was done to the bridge, forcing operating out of Marietta, Ohio, the hull of the 1995-built casino boat its closure for repair. is now offering what it refers to as Kanesville Queen to build a 245-guest n Campbell Transportation Lockapalooza Cruises. This cruise sees paddlewheeler cruise boat for American Company sold the 3,200-hp Mark S. to the boat locking through Devol’s L&D Queen Steamboat Company. The new MO River Assets, which has renamed on the Muskingum River and Willow boat is to be named American Countess. her Capt. Dave Dewey. Island L&D on the Ohio River. On September 12, the 1,800-hp Jacob n Evansville Marine has purchased n On August 8, at Mile 835 on Kyle Rusthoven, operated by Graestone the 1,320-hp Samantha Ann and Kati the Upper Mississippi River, a rail Logistics, caught fire on the LMR near M from Knight Manufacturing tank car, crossing the river on the West Helena, Arkansas, while pushing Corporation. They have been renamed old Chicago Northwestern Railroad eight barges. None of the crew was Capt. Doug and Brantley B. Bridge, derailed and ruptured its tank, injured, but the boat was a total loss. n Kirby Inland Marine sold the spilling 3,300 gallons of diesel fuel n On October 2, the 7,200-hp John 1,800-hp Antigone and the 1,200-hp Cullen into the river. The UMR was closed D. Geary, operated by Inland Marine to Wepfer Marine. They have been between Mile 835 and Mine 825 for 48 Service, while pushing 15 barges, had renamed Ron Mook and Chris Foster. hours while the spill was contained. an allision with the guide walls of Imperial River Transport bought the n American Cruise Line’s 342-ft, Melvin Price L&D, causing the tow to 1,400-hp Boonesboro from AEP River 190-passenger American Song arrived at break up and become lodged in the Transportation and has renamed her Taylor Nicole. n JANTRAN has received the 3,400- hp John T. Janoush from Nicholas Boat Company of Greenville, Mississippi. NCL Marine has added the 2,600-hp Sophia Grace, built by Westport Orange Ship Yard of Orange, Texas, to its fleet. C&C Marine of Belle Chasse, Louisiana, has delivered the triple- screw, Z-drive, 6,600-hp Jerry Jarett to Marquette Transportation. 

n Write Charles H. Bogart at n The 4,000-hp Linda Reed, owned by Crounse Corporation, is seen heading up the Ohio 201 Pin Oak Pl., Frankfort, KY 40601 or River at Sciotoville, Ohio. – Harold Rudd photo. [email protected]

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 79 Tugboats by David M. Boone

New Tugboat News T Halter Marine Inc. recently Vlaunched the 4,000-hp Evening Breeze at its shipyard in Pascagoula, Mississippi. Built for Bouchard Transportation Company, the 112-ft tug will be mated with the B. No. 252, a 55,000-barrel-capacity petroleum barge being built at Bollinger Shipyards in Lockport, Louisiana. The tug will meet EPA Tier 4 emission compliance standards. VT Halter Marine also signed a letter of intent to build a second LNG bunker fuel delivery AT/B for Quality Liquefied Natural Gas Transport LLC. The vessel is intended to support the cruise line n The new Kirby Offshore tug Cape Henry on the Kill Van Kull, New York Harbor. (See industry LNG marine fueling needs. “New Tugboat News”) – Birk Thomas photo. In September, Kirby Offshore Marine took delivery of its newest AT/B, the The U.S. Coast Guard is working Great Lakes Towing Company donated Cape Lookout, from Master Boat Builders, alongside state and local agencies its tug Ohio to the National Museum of Bayou La Batre, Alabama. The third to determine the future of the tug the Great Lakes to add to its floating tug of this order, Cape Henry, is nearing Lumberman, anchored in the Gastineau collection at its location in East Toledo, completion at the Master’s Coden, Channel in Juneau, Alaska. The 200- Ohio. Retired from service a few years Alabama, shipyard. ton, World War II-era tug broke free ago, the tug was built in 1903 as a fire on May 5 and was anchored on City Historic Tugs and Borough of Juneau jurisdictional he Chesapeake Bay Maritime submerged lands without permission. TMuseum announced that it The tug’s owner, along with local, state has been awarded an $80,000 grant and federal authorities, is pursuing legal from the Maryland Heritage Areas avenues to facilitate the safe removal of Program to support the restoration of the pollution risk this tugboat represents. the river tugboat Delaware. The work (See also, “West Coast, Old Ships”) was set to begin in the last quarter of Another sunken Alaskan tug, owned 2018. Shipwrights and apprentices will by a Juneau artist, was removed from undertake a full stem-to-stern restoration the bottom of the Gastineau Channel in in full public view. 2016. The 96-foot, World War II-era tug Built in 1912 in Bethel, Delaware, Challenger sank on September 12, 2015, by William H. Smith, the Delaware has and after removing all lube oil and other been a floating exhibit at the museum’s leaking materials, the National Oil Spill waterfront campus since 1991. She’s a Liability Trust Fund agreed to pay for product of Bethel’s great age of wooden the raising and destruction of the tug. n The tug Delaware awaiting restoration. ship and boat building and may be the The cost of this operation is estimated (See “Historic Tugs”) – Chesapeake Bay only survivor of this era. The rebuild is to be over $2.5 million. (See also, “West Maritime Museum photo. anticipated to take two years. Coast, Tatty Tug”)

80 • Spring 2019 PowerShips Coming SOON in PowerShips Queen Elizabeth 2: The Early Years The 50th anniversary of the maiden voyage of the QE2 arrives in 2019. In Lives of the Liners, William Miller helps us celebrate by presenting an early history of the Queen, which includes the first planning sessions, disagreements among Cunard management, design changes (and changes, and changes), and meeting the challenges in getting the ship launched on schedule.

n The Vane tugs Hudson, Delaware and Elizabeth Anne rest in Seattle after their long Presidential Yachts: voyage from the East Coast. (See “Other Tug News”) – Vane Brothers photo. 1880–1921 Presidential yachts were used to transport boat for the city of Milwaukee. The are never enough Canadian specialized presidents to important ceremonies, serve as museum will refurbish the tug and hope tankers or barges to meet the seasonal venues for international diplomacy and host to open her to visitors in the spring. demand, so Irving Oil Company both foreign and domestic dignitaries. Gary Great Lakes Towing launched its new tug acquired a coasting license for the U.S. Lombardo, PhD, presents an intriguing story Ohio from its shipyard in Cleveland on carrier to fill the gap. of their service to the United States, introducing November 21. Vane Brothers of Baltimore has us to the first three presidential yachts – the repositioned three 4,200-hp tugs and Despatch, the Dolphin and the Sylph. Other Tug News three barges from East Coast ports to irby Offshore Marine’s AT/B Seattle, Washington. The Elizabeth Plus KCoho and barge Penn No. 92 have Anne-class tugs Elizabeth Anne, Delaware been operating on a coasting license and Hudson, along with the barges DS The Port of Da Nang, Viet- nam: 1966–67 for a U.S.-flagged vessel to move hot 501, 311 and 313, will service a new Little has been written about South Vietnam’s asphalt between Canadian ports. There bunkering operation for a major oil seaports and their role in the Vietnam War. David Hendrickson offers a pictorial history of Da Nang, the primary military port during the war, which had to be significantly and quickly updated to meet the needs of the U.S. Navy. The Demise of the MV Union Reliance The Union Reliance, which started out as a C3-M cargo ship in 1939, sailed under six different names and five different Ports of Registry. Eric Pearson presents the ship’s unique history as an aircraft carrier and migrant ship, as well as its eventual collision and demise. … and More!

 n The Hollywood underway. (See “Other Tug News,” page 82)– TradeWinds Towing photo. Don’t Miss them!

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 81 producer in that area. Also, the new September 24 towing a barge with RTG the tug worked in New York Harbor for AT/B Assateague and her barge DS 801 container cranes for delivery to the the Pennsylvania Railroad until she was transferred to the West Coast to load in Port of New York’s Port Elizabeth, New sold to a buyer in Morehead City in 1971. the San Francisco Bay area for floating Jersey, container terminal. Having outlived her usefulness, she was storage and possible trips to Long Beach. Kirby Offshore Marine has its tugs donated to the reef program. The Alice C. departed Pearl Harbor on Tarpon and Penn No. 4 laid up and offered August 28 towing the former USS St. for sale at its Staten Island, New York, yard. Passing of Tug Company Louis (LKA-116), bound for Guam, where The former McAllister Towing tugs Founder the ship will be used as a target ship. Katie G. McAllister and Colleen McAllister obert “Bob” Shrewsbury, founder Boyer Towing’s Marie H. towed the are still resting in Muskegon, Michigan, Rof Seattle-based Western Tug and barge Dioskorvoi with a full load of scrap awaiting their fates. The plan is for the Barge Services, passed away on August metal from Kwajalein to Tacoma, Colleen to be mated with the barge Colleen, 18 at the age of 93. He started his business Washington. The tug and tow stopped in the former Cleveland Rocks, which is being along the Ballard waterfront in 1948, Honolulu for stores and fuel. converted to a cement carrier. The Katie operating with just one small tugboat. He TradeWinds Towing’s Hollywood G. will be kept as a parts tug. was his company’s business agent, captain towed the former USNS Cape Lobos from and engineer, growing the family-owned Port Arthur to Brownsville, Texas, for business to a fleet of 23 tugboats and seven scrapping. Three Moran Towing tugs barges operating from Puget Sound to the assisted the tow at Brownsville. Aleutian Islands, from arctic Alaska to the In September, Smith Maritime Ocean Hawaiian Islands and the Panama Canal. Towing’s Capt. Latham towed the former The second and third generations now Crowley Maritime’s triple-deck trailer run the company: His son, Bob Jr., and barge Fortaleza from Jacksonville, Florida, grandchildren Russell, Ross and Kristin to Amelia, Louisiana, for scrapping. have learned the business from a great n The Fort Fisher ready for reefing. – Tim On September 24, the American teacher.  Challenger departed Honolulu towing the Mulane photo. former U.S. Coast Guard cutter Galveston, In September, the old tug Fort Fisher n Write David M. Boone at bound for Costa Rica. finally joined other sunken vessels at the 36 Kendall Blvd., Oaklyn, NJ 08107 or Western Towboat Company’s tug reef site 2.5 miles off the coast of North [email protected] Western Ranger departed Seattle on Carolina. Built in 1956 as the Cleveland, SSHSA Annual Meeting Saturday, May 18, 2019 9:00AM Eastern N.S. Savannah – Eisenhower Room Pier 13 Canton Marine Terminal 4601 Newgate Avenue Baltimore, Maryland 21224 Additional roundtable discussions are being added throughout the day in celebration of STEAM!

For More Information call 401-463-3570 or email [email protected]

82 • Spring 2019 PowerShips Reviews Edited by William A. Fox n SSHSA assumes no responsibility for opinions expressed by reviewers, nor are reviews official statements of the Society itself.

MASTERS OF THE ITALIAN LINE: and others disparaged it as “upturned Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo wastebaskets.” and Raffaello Of special interest is Sebire’s Ian Sebire. Amberly Publishing (The Hill, Stroud, relating of the infamous 1966 voyage Gloucestershire, GL5 4EP, United Kingdom), of Michelangelo when the ship was swept available in the U.S. from amazon.com. 2018, 96 by towering seas. As a precaution, pages, illustrated, $24.95. Paperback. the captain moved passengers out of must admit I was skeptical when the forward-facing cabins. But the IIan Sebire told me he was writing occupants of two cabins decided to from the White Star liner RMS Adriatic this book. In a return and a group of young crew of 1907. The author is a teacher and field filled with members moved forward to view the former journalist whose interest in excellent books dramatic storm. A 70-foot high wave White Star started with the discovery such as Peter struck the ship and imploded against of the RMS Titanic in the 1980s. He is Kohler’s “The the aluminum superstructure with such also a postcard collector and dealer. He Lido Fleet,” was force that a section was peeled back, states that at the time of her entry into there space for “as if by some gargantuan can opener.” service, Adriatic was the largest liner in yet another? Passengers in each cabin died as well as the world, at 24,541 gross registered After reading one of the crew members. tons. She was the last of White Star’s this book, the The story of the sad endings of each “big four” of 1901 to 1907, the success of answer is a resounding “yes.” Sebire has ship is also told. Their fates are well- which led to the company’s Olympic-class filled “Masters of the Italian Line” with known and I will leave it to the reader to giants. the sort of authoritative research and fill in the details from Sebire’s account. This book is well-written and behind-the-scenes stories that make for Quibbles about the book? I wish it was interesting. Its illustrations include great reading. longer and larger in size. I would like exterior and interior views of the ship in The design, building and trials of to read more about the ships’ operating both color and black and white. Included each ship are described in the opening careers. Also, the many interesting are sketches of the ship, a breakfast menu chapters. Among the interesting tidbits photos lack the crisp detail found in and a log abstract from May 26, 1909, was Leonardo da Vinci’s stability problems, larger volumes. But this is the result of showing her master as Commander discovered during trials. The solution the digital age, when publishers for ship E.J. Smith, RNR. An introduction and was to dump 500 tons of cement ballast books are few and far between. We are short bibliography are included. Adriatic’s into the hull. Problem solved, Leo went on lucky Sebire was able to find a home career from 1909 to the mid-1930s is to earn the reputation as a smooth sailing for this book. If you enjoy ocean liners, covered. Postcard collectors and White liner but also a thirsty one. The ballast especially the Italian Line, then Masters Star Line enthusiasts will be interested in increased the draft to 31 feet, which of the Italian Line deserves a spot on your all of this. William A. Fox required larger amounts of Bunker C oil bookshelf. Don Leavitt to keep up her service speed. THE WAR Early concept drawings for RMS ADRIATIC II: White Star WITH Michelangelo and Raffaello showed Line Wonder Ship in Old Picture HITLER’S traditional funnels. But testing revealed Postcards NAVY that a narrow stove pipe topped by Ben Smith. Helion and Company (Casemate Adrian Stewart. Pen a large soot shield would do a better Publishers, 1950 Lawrence Road, Havertown, PA and Sword Maritime job keeping smoke from stern decks. 19083), 610-853-9131, casematepublishers.com. (Casemate Publishers, The distinctive lattice work used for 2019. 40 pp., illustrated. $19.95. Paperback. 1950 Lawrence support became a marketing symbol. his little (8.3 x 5.8 inches) book Rd., Havertown, PA Sebire relates that some liked the look Tpresents post cards and ephemera 19083) 610-853- PowerShips Spring 2019 • 83 9131, casematepublishing.com. 2018. 224 pp., covered provide the reader with a clear must say that this is an excellent illustrated. $34.95. Hardcover. but abbreviated account of the course of Ibook. It relates the complete story ithin the pages of this book, the individual naval battle or campaign of USS Arizona, from construction to Wthe author uses a broad brush being discussed. The naval story as told the present day. In addition to BB 39’s to present various aspects of German examines both the strategic and tactical service history up to December 7, 1941, Naval operations during World War II. objectives of the German Navy and the survivor accounts, biographies, salvage, He starts with a cursory examination of Royal Navy as they fight each other. building the memorial, underwater the German Navy between World War The result of this is that the reader can archaeology, salutes to her crew and I and World War II. Then he provides place the individual ship-to-ship action the December 7 50th anniversary and introductory essays on various actions in or naval campaign within the broader tributes are all included. There is even a which German Navy surface ships and framework of the overall war strategy of section about a large R/C model of the submarines were involved. These naval each country. The text is supported by ship. The amount of detail is amazing. actions include The Battle of the River a number of relevant photos and maps. The author, a native of Germany, Plate, The Battle of Narvik; the sinking There is also a nice bibliography of studied military and naval history, of the battleship Bismarck; surface, British-authored publications that will and filmmaking. He has written over air, and U-boat attacks on the Arctic allow the reader to explore the stories 30 books, created films and produced Convoys; The Battle of North Cape; the more deeply. interactive museum guides, including Atlantic U-boat war; and the Baltic Sea This book is a very good read and for Pearl Harbor. His book is 8.5 x 11 War of 1945. The student of German would be an excellent gift for a novice or inches and is packed with over 400 World War II naval history will notice student interested in World War II naval photographs and other illustrations, that there are a number of German naval history. Charles H. Bogart mostly in color. As a bonus there are topics that are not covered, i.e., the Black three videos associated with the book. Sea and Mediterranean Sea theaters of USS ARIZONA: These are accessible through QR codes, war; disguised surface raiders; U-boats The Enduring with clear instructions on how to use in the Far East; mine sweeping, mine Legacy of a them. The titles are “Survivor Stories laying, and anti-submarine operations; Battleship and Underwater World,” “The Science of coast defense artillery; and blockade Ingo Bauernfeind. Stewardship,” and “An Interior Scientific running. Bauernfeind.Press Survey.” This is an incredible, beautiful The purpose of this book appears (Casemate Publishers, book that you will enjoy. William A. Fox  to be that of providing the novice 1950 Lawrence naval historian with an introduction Rd., Havertown, PA n Write William A. Fox at to German Navy operations during 19083) 610-853- 112 Colonel’s Way, Williamsburg, VA 23185 World War II and the Royal Navy’s 9131, casematepublishing.com. 2018. 192 pp., or [email protected] response. The naval actions that are illustrated. $29.95. Hardcover. Showcase Your Products & Services

NUMBER 303 • FALL 2017

M e r i c a o f a T y s o c i e T o r i c a l in Front of an Exclusive Audience i s P h M s h i T e a h e s M T f r o Ships ALSO IN THIS ISSUE V e s s e l s 20 -P o w e r e d e n g i n e to Alaska o f Sagafjord M a g a z i n e PowerT h e There’s Something 28 MIGHT, STYLE & SPLENDOR: About Mary Kate McCue’s Journey 40 • Active Cruisers • Museum Visitors EMPRESS 10 to the Bridge Ship Research: of BRITAIN 46 The Basics • Collectors • Art, Model & Book Buyers Advertise in PowerShips The Nation’s Prestigious Ship History Magazine from Steamship Historical Society of America email: [email protected]

84 • Spring 2019 PowerShips by Barry Eager Heard on the Fantail Steamer Richard Peck & Harry Cotterell, Jr.

The following appeared in Steamboat fair weather or foul, making history. But Those who were favored to know Bill #2 in August of 1940. to me the Richard Peck was, and still is, the Harry in person will vouch that he was a Photo by Harry Cotterell, Jr., 1936 “one and only” Sound steamer. Built by genuine character. The Society came to those famous shipbuilders, Harlan & Hol- know him as the expert on double-ended he Editor’s request for lingsworth of Wilmington, Del., in 1892, ferries. He collected volumes of informa- historical articles makes from designs drawn for the New Haven tion on double-enders. Late in his life he me recall days 25 years ago Steamboat Company by A. Cary Smith, gave to our library a valuable group of when, as a very small lad, the vessel registers 2906 gross tons, is 303 ring-binders that synthesized his research IT stood on the Astoria shore of the East feet long, of 48 foot beam, 17.8 feet depth on ferries in North America. River near where the Triborough Bridge of hold, with twin-screw triple expansion Richard Peck, named for one of the is located now, watching the boats go up engines totaling 2900 horsepower. officers of the New Haven Line, was and down. Each Sunday morning, shortly the lead vessel of a trio of fast-propeller after ten o’clock, a long, stentorian blast The listed author was Railroader, a steamers on Long Island Sound designed of a deep-toned steamboat whistle would pseudonym used by Harry Cotterell, Jr. by A. Cary Smith. She was followed by rend the air. A minute or so later around Harry was among the persons listed in the Norwich Line’s City of Lowell in 1894 the bend by Mill Rock Island appeared the first issue of this journal, submitting and the New Haven Line’s Chester W. the prow of the palatial Richard Peck, en the above for the second issue. Harry was Chapin in 1899. They set the standard route to the City of Elms, New Haven. a longtime contributor to Steamboat Bill. for vessels of their type. The Peck had a Passengers and the nattily uniformed He served for several years as a regional long career, retiring in 1953 as Elisha Lee helmsman waved friendly greetings as editor and prepared a 25-years-ago when she closed out the Pennsylvania the boat poked her way thru Hell Gate’s column from 1969 through 1980. He RR’s Cape Charles-Old Point Comfort- treacherous waters under reduced steam, authored 22 articles for the magazine Norfolk service. with silver smoke fluffing out the twin over the years. In 1975, as part of the I’m pleased to recall Harry’s stacks, for she was properly fired. Her 40th Anniversary of the Society, Harry contributions to the Society and to white superstructure gleamed in the produced his 35-year cumulative index to feature his “one and only” Sound sunlight as she passed around another Steamboat Bill. It was, and is, invaluable to steamer.  bend and out of sight, leaving a spreading researchers. trail of white, foaming “wash” behind. Harry served on the Society’s Board of n Write Barry Eager at Many steamers have plied between Directors for nine years. He was the first Box 87, Berlin, MA 01503 New York and ports on Long Island Sound chairman of the New York Chapter, our or [email protected] and its tributaries, year in and year out, in first regional group.

PowerShips Spring 2019 • 85 From the Collection by Don Leavitt Is That Nameboard Real?

hroughout our exhibition ten that you can conclusively find a photo up at a pier in Providence. She sank in a space at the Ship History Center linking an object to a ship, but it’s very gale in 1936, was raised, and then sank Tare long wooden nameboards satisfying when it happens. again during the Hurricane of 1938. At from ships gone by. Occasionally a The Mount Hope would have been that point the hulk was raised and towed comment is made that a board looks well known to our founding members in across the harbor to mud flats where she more like something off a train station 1935. In fact, the ship might have been rotted away, all but forgotten. than a steam vessel. one of the reasons why the organization Until today. Now the mud flats are I was particularly skeptical adjacent to a popular park. of one painted with “MOUNT Marine archeologists are HOPE.” It looked to be no mapping the area and have more than a couple of boards discovered two dozen wrecks, nailed together with wood n Original nameboard from SS Mount Hope. – SSHSA Archives. including the remains of molding around the edge, hardly the was formed. Those pioneers 84 years ago the Mount Hope. There is new interest in thing to stand up to the rigors of the were deeply concerned about the loss of preserving the wrecks in an underwater sea. It didn’t help that next to it is the steamboats that were once ubiquitous on heritage site, perhaps using GPS technology varnished mahogany beauty for the the waterways of their youth. to enable kayakers to paddle by and bring freighter Yorkmar, looking exactly like what Mount Hope was launched in 1888 up images of the wrecks beneath. we expect nameboards to look like. and quickly became popular on the Our founding members, the men and So a search was called for among Providence-to-Newport route, with women who preserved relics such as the SSHSA’s extensive photo files. It took forays to Block Island in the summer. Mount Hope nameboard, would be pleased.  just five minutes to discover the proof – a She sailed up and down Narragansett 1934 image showing Mount Hope on her Bay for 46 years until the Depression n Write Don Leavitt at Nautiques, final sailing from Newport. And there, and the automobile siphoned off the last 255 Pleasant St., South Ryegate, VT mounted on top of the wheelhouse, is this of her business. Right after the sailing 05069 or [email protected] nameboard, molding and all. It’s not of- shown in the photo, Mount Hope was laid

86 • Spring 2019 PowerShips Captains’ Circle Members as of March 26, 2019

Commodore Mr. Paul J. O'Pecko Mr. Charles T. Andrews CAPT Dick Palmer Mr. Douglas E. Bryan CAPT & Mrs. Roland R. Parent Dr. Patrick T. Conley Ms. Mary L. Payne Mr. Alexander D. Crary CAPT Dave Pickering Mr. William W. Donnell Mr. David L. Powers, Jr. Mr. Barry W. Eager Mr. Richard Rabbett Mr. and Mrs. William Edwards Mr. Thomas C. Ragan Mr. and Mrs. Arthur J. Ferguson Mr. Thomas Reed Mr. Robert J. Golden Mr. and Mrs. James W. Shuttleworth Mr. John B. Henry Mr. Howard Smart Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Hughes Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Smith Mr. Scott G. Huston CAPT Cesare Sorio Mr. Neil E. Jones Mr. Kent Strobel CAPT Philip C. Kantz CAPT Eric Takakjian Mr. Murray Kilgour Mr. Douglas A. Tilden Mr. Don Leavitt CAPT and Mrs. Terry Tilton, USN (Ret.) Mr. William M. McLin & Mr. Samuel J. McKeon Mr. Terence Turner CAPT and Mrs. James J. McNamara CAPT Robert F. Wasson, Jr., CPA Dr. Laurence Miller Mr. Peregrine White Mr. Charles W. Moorman Mr. Eric Wiberg Mr. Richard Muller

Commander Mr. Mark Gathings Mr. Joseph Bains CDR Michael Greene, USN (Ret.) An Exclusive Member Mr. Preston B. Baker Mr. and Mrs. Glenn P. Hayes The Rev. James Brandmueller Ross and Ellen Langill Category from SSHSA Mr. Odd A. Brevik CAPT Leif Lindstrom Mr. Gabriel Caprio Mr. Jeff Macklin Mr. John J. Crowley, Jr. Mr. John Mahoney s a aptains ircle member C ’ C Mr. Patrick Dacey CAPT Warren McDonald, USCGR (Ret.) you’ll join with peers who CAPT Robertson Dinsmore Mr. Carl R. Nold share your interest in the Mr. Steven Draper Mr. Roy C. Rose Mr. and Mrs. Donald W. Eberle Mr. William M. Rosen history and culture of fine Mr. Andrew Edmonds Mr. Richard Scarano vessels, enjoy significant benefits and Mr. Francis Galasso Mr. Shapleigh Smith Mr. Daniel Gallagher Mr. Donn R. Spear recognition, and be part of our impor- tant mission: recording, preserving and Mariner Mr. Albert Gilder Mr. Patrick D. Ortego sharing maritime heritage. Mr. Jim Antonisse Mr. Roger Gill Mr. Ronald L. Oswald Mr. and Mrs. Vincent Bellafiore Mr. Gary Gmoser Mr. Hollis S. Paige Mr. and Mrs. Charles D. Bieser Mr. Paul S. Gravenhorst Mr. Art Peabody Mr. Ted Blank Mr. Robert A. Haslun Mr. Richard G. Pelley Dr. Jason B. Boudjouk Mr. Han Helders Mr. W. Bruce Redpath Among the Many Benefits... Mr. Gus Bourneuf Mr. Albert R. Hinckley, Jr. Mr. William S. Reid Mr. Andrew J. Burger Ms. June Sherry Ingram Mr. Bruce Rowe • Council of American Maritime Museums Mr. J. O. Busto Mr. Tom Jordens Dr. Victor H. Rubino Cards for complimentary admission to 80 Mr. David B. Butler Mr. Timothy J. Kelly Mr. Robert H. Savarese Mr. and Mrs. Donald Caldera Mr. Nicholas Langhart Mr. John L. Schiavone maritime museums Dr. George Callard Mr. Stephen Lash Mr. and Mrs. Matthew S. Schulte Mr. John Cameron, Jr. Mr. Thomas Lavin Mr. John W. Schumann CAPT Gerard P. Carroll Mr. Matthew Lawrence Mr. Howard Schutter • Recognition as a member of Captains’ Circle Mr. Charles W. Clarke CAPT David Leech Mr. Daniel J. Sentilles in SSHSA’s e-newsletter, The Telegraph, CDR Andrew O. Coggins, Jr., Mrs. H. F. Lenfest Mrs. Walter A. Shields (Beth) USN (Ret.) Mr. Reginald Lewington Mr. George Shuster and in PowerShips magazine Mr. William D. Comings, Jr. Ms. Susan E. Linda Mr. Mark Snider CAPT John M. Cox CAPT Adrian M. Loughborough Mr. John S.W. Spofford CAPT Roger Crossland Dr. Mark P. Macina Mr. Roy L. Spring • Invitations to Captains’ Circle events Mr. Robert Ian Danic Reverend Armand Mantia Mr. Alan Stover Mr. Donald Deckebach Captain Brian McAllister Mr. Alexander Swavy Mr. Andrew W. Edmonds Mr. David L. McColloch Mrs. Merle Thomsen (Dian) • Specially selected archival quality maritime CAPT J.A. Ellis Mr. Daniel L. McCoy Mr. Sandy Thomson prints from SSHSA’s Image Porthole Mr. Jonathan Ely Mr. Walter Lynn McLaughlin Mr. G. Thomas Tranter Mr. Elmer Engman CAPT Ronald J. Meiczinger Mr. Richard Vanaria Mr. Bruce J. Estell Mrs. Harry Morgan Mr. Stephen Weaver Mr. Joseph J. Farcus Mr. William G. Muller Mr. Chase Welles Mr. Michael Fisher Dr. and Mrs. William P. Murphy Mr. Jack Wendler CDR Dennis R. Flynn, USN (Ret.) Mr. Brian L. Norden Mr. Brian J. Fournier Mr. Michael J. O'Callaghan

Call SSHSA for more information at (401) 463-3570 or visit www.sshsa.org float! ar II A orld W on of W e the Acti erienc Exp Aboard the Liberty Shipw n Joh n W. Bro 2019 Cruises from Baltimore on the ChesapeakeH H H H H H H H H H H H H H Saturday,H JuneH H H 15 H H H H H H The SS JOHN W. BROWN is one of the last operating Saturday, survivors from the great fleet of over 2,700 war-built Liberty Ships and the last operational troopship of World War II. The ship is a September 7 maritime museum and a memorial to the shipyard workers who built, merchant mariners who sailed, and the U.S. Navy Armed Guard who defended the Liberty ships during World War II. The John W. Brown is fully restored and maintained as close as possible to her World War II configuration. Visitors must be able to walk up steps to board the ship.

This exciting 6 hour day cruise includes lunch, music of the 40’s, period entertainment and flybys (conditions permitting) of wartime aircraft. Tour on-board museums, crew quarters, bridge and much more. See the magnificent 140-ton triple-expansion steam engine as it powers the ship through the water.

H Order your tickets online at: www.ssjohnwbrown.org H For information call: 410-558-0164 Visit www.ssjohnwbrown.org for special pricing, group rates, gift certificates and more.

Last day to order tickets is 14 days before the cruise. Conditions and penalties apply to cancellations. Project Liberty Ship is a Baltimore based, all volunteer, nonprofit organization.