DOCSLIB.ORG

Indici, a Potential Biological Control Agent Fo

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Indici, a Potential Biological Control Agent Fo Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.21(1) 2006 7 evolutionary relationships between smuts and grasses. Phylogenetic considerations for predicting the Materials and methods host range of Ustilago sporoboli-indici, a potential Five specimens held in BRIP were used for biological control agent for Sporobolus species in the study (Table 1). DNA was extracted by grinding a small amount of spores (1 Australia mm3) in 50 µL of 5% Chelex-100 (Biorad). The material was spun down briefl y in a James H. CunningtonA and Roger G. ShivasB microcentrifuge. The PCR was performed A Primary Industries Research Victoria (PIRVic), Department of Primary according to Cunnington and Shivas Industries, Knoxfi eld Centre, Private Bag 15, Ferntree Gully Delivery Centre, (2004). The 25 µL reactions contained 1 Victoria 3156, Australia. Email [email protected] µL DNA extract, 200 µM of each dNTP, B Plant Pathology Herbarium, Queensland Department of Primary Industries 1.5mM MgCl2, 2.5 µL 10x buffer, 4 ng each and Fisheries, 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068, Australia. of primers ITS1-F and ITSUR, and 0.5 units of Taq polymerase. Reaction cycles were 35 cycles of: 30 sec at 94°C, 30 sec at 50°C, 1 min at 72°C. PCR products were puri- fi ed using a QIAquick PCR Purifi cation Summary control agents currently available to man- Kit (Qiagen) and sequenced directly us- The ribosomal DNA internal transcribed age these grasses (McFadyen 1999). In a ing primers ITS5 and ITS4, with an ABI spacer region was amplified and se- preliminary attempt to identify potential PRISM® BIGDYE™ Terminator Cycle Se- quenced from a selection of specimens biological control agents for these species quencing Kit (Perkin-Elmer) according to of the Sporobolus smut Ustilago sporobo- the second author visited South Africa in the manufacturers instructions. These se- li-indici. Phylogenetic comparison with December 2002 to survey for plant patho- quences were aligned with a wide range of other Ustilago and Sporisorium species genic fungi on Sporobolus spp. During this ITS sequences for other Ustilago and Spori- revealed strong support for an evolution- survey the smut fungus Ustilago sporoboli- sorium species (obtained from GenBank) ary radiation of Ustilago species infect- indici Y.Ling was often collected, particu- using ClustalX (Thompson et al. 1997). A ing the Chloridoideae and Pooideae, of larly on S. pyramidalis. These specimens neighbour-joining tree was created using which U. sporoboli-indici forms a major have been deposited in herbaria BRIP the Kimura-2-parameter method with a lineage. Comparisons are made with (Queensland Department of Primary In- complete deletion of gaps using MEGA other groups of plant pathogenic fungi, dustries and Fisheries, Plant Pathology (Kumar et al. 2001). One thousand boot- and it is concluded that phylogenetic Herbarium) and HUV (Herbarium Usti- strap replicates were performed. analyses of potential biocontrol agents laginales Vánky). Ustilago sporoboli-indici Of the fi ve specimens chosen for this are useful for identifying pathogens that produces sori in the leaves, leaf sheaths work, the ITS region was successfully am- are derived from evolutionary lineages and stems, rendering shoots sterile (Vánky plifi ed and sequenced from four. These that parasitize a wide range of unrelated 2003). The smut appears to be systemic sequences were identical and have been plants. Such pathogens are less desirable and usually all shoots of an infected plant deposited in GenBank (Table 1.). The rea- as biocontrol agents as they may have a are sterile. The smut is characterized by son for the failure to amplify the fi fth spec- greater likelihood of infecting plants sori that appear as bullate, lead-coloured imen was probably due to a poor DNA outside their normal host ranges. striae and yellowish-brown spores 7–11.5 extraction. A nested amplifi cation may Keywords: co-evolution, Ustilagino- µm long. It is known on S. africanus, S. elon- have overcome this (Cunnington and Shi- mycetes, Chloridoideae gatus R.Br. and S. pyrimadalis, from Africa, vas 2004), however as the sequences from China and the Philippines (Vánky 2003). the other four specimens were identical Introduction A phylogenetic analysis of the genus it was deemed that further work on the Sporobolus grasses (Sporobolus spp.) are a Ustilago (and the closely related genus fi fth, or indeed any further specimens, was major group of unpalatable weedy plants Sporisorium) has recently been inves- unwarranted. in Australia. The South African sporobo- tigated by Stoll et al. (2003) using ribos- lus grasses in the complex comprising S. omal DNA internal transcribed spacer Results and discussion africanus (Poir.) Robyns & Tournay, S. fi m- sequences. Among other evolutionary Phylogenetic analysis revealed a tree (Fig- briatus (Trin.) Nees, S. natalensis (Steud.) trends, this study revealed that particular ure 1) similar to that produced by Stoll et Dur. & Schinz and S. pyramidalis P.Beauv. lineages of smut fungi were found to occur al. (2003). It consists of four main lineages, are becoming increasingly important only on specifi c groups (often tribes) of two of these comprise Sporisorium species, weeds that adversely affect agricultural grasses. This project aimed to determine one contains only Ustilago maydis, while and environmental areas in eastern Aus- the phylogenetic position of U. sporoboli- the fi nal lineage comprises Ustilago spe- tralia (Anon. 2001). There are no biological indici in relation to previously identifi ed cies. Ustilago sporoboli-indici resides in this Table 1. Specimens used and GenBank accessions for rDNA ITS sequences. Specimen Host Locality Collection Date GenBank accession BRIP 39706 Sporobolus pyramidalis Nylstroom, Limpopo, South Africa 8 Dec. 2002 AY772736 BRIP 39709 “ Bergville, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 10 Dec. 2002 AY772737 BRIP 39711 “ Kokstad, Eastern Cape, South Africa 11 Dec. 2002 AY772738 BRIP 39712 “ Bizana, Eastern Cape, South Africa 12 Dec. 2002 AY772739 BRIP 44549 “ Nelspruit, Mpumalanga, South Africa 20 Dec. 2002 N/A 8 Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.21(1) 2006 Ustilago lineage, which, like that found by AF135430 Ustilago nuda # 65 Stoll et al. was found to have weak boot- AY344997 Ustilago avenae # 63 strap support (66). Within Ustilago, Stoll AF105224 Ustilago hordei # et al. found two major lineages. Ustilago AY344996 Ustilago avenae # sporoboli-indici falls within the fi rst of these 99 AY345010 Ustilago turcomanica # (bootstrap support of 85), which contains AY345005 Ustilago pamirica # a lineage of smut fungi predominantly in- fecting the Pooideae (temperate cereals) AF135423 Ustilago bullata # 58 and a lineage predominantly infecting AF135424 Ustilago tritici # the Chloridoideae (Figure 1). Ustilago spo- BRIP 39706 Ustilago sporoboli-indici * roboli-indici appears to form a third lineage BRIP 39711 Ustilago sporoboli-indici * within this group. As Sporobolus grasses 52 are also members of the Chloridoideae, the 100 BRIP 39709 Ustilago sporoboli-indici * results here agree with the fi ndings of Stoll BRIP 39712 Ustilago sporoboli-indici * et al., by demonstrating that the Ustilago 85 AY345000 Ustilago cynodontis * and Sporisorium species occurring on the 91 AY345008 Ustilago sparsa * Chloridoideae are from a single evolution- 30 88 AY345012 Ustilago xerochloae ary lineage within Ustilago. The remainder AY344970 Sporisorium aegyptiacus of Ustilago and Sporisorium species in Fig- ure 1 occur almost entirely on the Pani- AY345011 Ustilago vetiveriae 66 coideae. 53 AY345006 Ustilago schroeteriana Using these results to infer the po- AY345009 Ustilago trichophora tential host range for U. sporoboli-indici 44 AY345002 Ustilago esculenta is more diffi cult. The broad implication 25 AY345001 Ustilago echinata # is that this smut is much more likely to infect the Chloridoideae and Pooideae, AY344993 Sporisorium veracruzianum 53 than any other grass groups. However, U. 36 AY344999 Ustilago crameri sporoboli-indici is not particularly close to 100 AY344995 Ustilago affinis other groups of smut fungi infecting these 97 AY344983 Sporisorium mishrae tribes. This is in contrast to the group of AY344988 Sporisorium provinciale Ustilago species on the Pooideae, which are closely related as shown by the short AY344979 Sporisorium formosanum 97 branch lengths between the species (Fig- 37 89 AF045871 Sporisorium destruens ure 1.). Sequences from other Ustilago and AY344969 Sporisorium tumefaciens Sporisorium species that infect the Chlori- 69 AY344986 Sporisorium panici-leucophaei doideae, and specifi cally Sporobolus spe- 90 AY344972 Sporisorium cenchri cies, would provide a clearer resolution of the relationships between Ustilago species AY344987 Sporisorium polliniae 11 infecting the Chloridoideae. AY344971 Sporisorium catharticum 49 There have been few reports that used 40 AY344991 Sporisorium themedae-arguentis phylogenetic data for plant pathogenic 99 AY344973 Sporisorium chrysopogonis fungi when looking for biocontrol agents. AY345004 Ustilago maydis Berthier et al. (1996) used ITS region poly- morphisms to infer two host-specialized AY344990 Sporisorium puellare 89 taxa within Puccinia carduorum Jacky, but 100 AY344992 Sporisorium trachypogonicola this was more a molecular taxonomic study, 28 AY344982 Sporisorium paspali-notati than a phylogenetic analysis of this group 44 AY344974 Sporisorium cruentum of rusts. The lack of use of phylogenetic 100 AY344984 Sporisorium moniliferum analysis when looking for plant pathogen- ic fungi in weed control is probably
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Ustilaginales (Smut Fungi) of Ohio*
    THE USTILAGINALES (SMUT FUNGI) OF OHIO* C. W. ELLETT Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus 10 The smut fungi are in the order Ustilaginales with one family, the Ustilaginaceae, recognized. They are all plant parasites. In recent monographs 276 species in 22 genera are reported in North America and more than 1000 species have been reported from the world (Fischer, 1953; Zundel, 1953; Fischer and Holton, 1957). More than one half of the known smut fungi are pathogens of species in the Gramineae. Most of the smut fungi are recognized by the black or brown spore masses or sori forming in the inflorescences, the leaves, or the stems of their hosts. The sori may involve the entire inflorescence as Ustilago nuda on Hordeum vulgare (fig. 2) and U. residua on Danthonia spicata (fig. 7). Tilletia foetida, the cause of bunt of wheat in Ohio, sporulates in the ovularies only and Ustilago violacea which has been found in Ohio on Silene sp. forms spores only in the anthers of its host. The sori of Schizonella melanogramma on Carex (fig. 5) and of Urocystis anemones on Hepatica (fig. 4) are found in leaves. Ustilago striiformis (fig. 6) which causes stripe smut of many grasses has sori which are mostly in the leaves. Ustilago parlatorei, found in Ohio on Rumex (fig. 3), forms sori in stems, and in petioles and midveins of the leaves. In a few smut fungi the spore masses are not conspicuous but remain buried in the host tissues. Most of the species in the genera Entyloma and Doassansia are of this type.
    [Show full text]
  • HISTOPATOLOGÍA DE USTILAGINALES (CARBONES) EN Poaceas DE LOS GÉNEROS Sorghum, Bromus Y Glyceria
    FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRARIAS Y FORESTALES UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE LA PLATA TESIS DE DOCTORADO HISTOPATOLOGÍA DE USTILAGINALES (CARBONES) EN Poaceas DE LOS GÉNEROS Sorghum, Bromus Y Glyceria Tesista: Ing. Agr. (Esp.) Marta Mónica Astiz Gassó Director de Tesis: Dra Analía E. Perelló Año 2017 1 “Gallery of Contemporay Noted Mycologists” USA En Memoría a la Dra Elisa Hirschhorn “…los genios no son de donde nacen sino del país al que sirven, los genios tienen por patria el mundo” 2 Dedicado “A mi Esposo Hugo, mis hijos Marina y Hernán por entender que el trabajo docente investigador ocupan más tiempo y dedicación que cualquier otro emprendimiento laboral” 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS A la Dra Elisa por guiarme y enseñarme sobre los carbones cuando comencé en 1976 con la tesina de grado en el Instituto Fitotécnico Santa Catalina y de su apoyo incondicional para que siguiera adelante sobre la temática y ampliar mi horizonte sobre la Fitopatología. Además, de considerar a mis hijos como sus nietos. A los directores del Instituto del Fitotécnico Santa Catalina: Ing. Agr. Luis. B. Mazoti por permitirme hacer mis primeros pasos como becaria (Experimental Agro-Industrial Obispo Colombres (Tucumán); al Ing. Agr. Miguel Arturi por incluirme como personal profesional, luego para acceder al cargo de Jefe de Trabajos Prácticos y continuar con mis trabajos como docente- investigador. Y actualmente, a la Dra María del Carmén Molina por alentarme y apoyarme a concluir con la Tesis Doctoral. A mi Directora de tesis y amiga Dra Analía E. Perelló por considerarme su tesista y alentarme para que la realizará por allá en el 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Phylogeny of Ustilago and Sporisorium Species (Basidiomycota, Ustilaginales) Based on Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Sequences1
    Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 976 Molecular phylogeny of Ustilago and Sporisorium species (Basidiomycota, Ustilaginales) based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences1 Matthias Stoll, Meike Piepenbring, Dominik Begerow, Franz Oberwinkler Abstract: DNA sequence data from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear rDNA genes were used to determine a phylogenetic relationship between the graminicolous smut genera Ustilago and Sporisorium (Ustilaginales). Fifty-three members of both genera were analysed together with three related outgroup genera. Neighbor-joining and Bayesian inferences of phylogeny indicate the monophyly of a bipartite genus Sporisorium and the monophyly of a core Ustilago clade. Both methods confirm the recently published nomenclatural change of the cane smut Ustilago scitaminea to Sporisorium scitamineum and indicate a putative connection between Ustilago maydis and Sporisorium. Overall, the three clades resolved in our analyses are only weakly supported by morphological char- acters. Still, their preferences to parasitize certain subfamilies of Poaceae could be used to corroborate our results: all members of both Sporisorium groups occur exclusively on the grass subfamily Panicoideae. The core Ustilago group mainly infects the subfamilies Pooideae or Chloridoideae. Key words: basidiomycete systematics, ITS, molecular phylogeny, Bayesian analysis, Ustilaginomycetes, smut fungi. Résumé : Afin de déterminer la relation phylogénétique des genres Ustilago et Sporisorium (Ustilaginales), responsa- bles du charbon chez les graminées, les auteurs ont utilisé les données de séquence de la région espaceur transcrit interne (ITS) des gènes nucléiques ADNr. Ils ont analysé 53 membres de ces genres, ainsi que trois genres apparentés. Les liens avec les voisins et l’inférence bayésienne de la phylogénie indiquent la monophylie d’un genre Sporisorium bipartite et la monophylie d’un clade Ustilago central.
    [Show full text]
  • The Smut Fungi Determined in Aladağlar and Bolkar Mountains (Turkey)
    MANTAR DERGİSİ/The Journal of Fungus Ekim(2019)10(2)82-86 Geliş(Recevied) :21/03/2019 Araştırma Makalesi/Research Article Kabul(Accepted) :08/05/2019 Doi:10.30708.mantar.542951 The Smut Fungi Determined in Aladağlar and Bolkar Mountains (Turkey) Şanlı KABAKTEPE1, Ilgaz AKATA*2 *Corresponding author: [email protected] ¹Malatya Turgut Ozal University, Battalgazi Vocat Sch., Battalgazi, Malatya, Turkey. Orcid. ID:0000-0001-8286-9225/[email protected] ²Ankara University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey, Orcid ID:0000-0002-1731-1302/[email protected] Abstract: In this study, 17 species of smut fungi and their hosts, which were found in Aladağlar and Bolkar mountains were described. The research was carried out between 2013 and 2016. The 17 species of microfungi were observed on a total of 16 distinct host species from 3 families and 14 genera. The smut fungi determined from the study area are distributed in 8 genera, 5 families and 3 orders and 2 classes. Melanopsichium eleusines (Kulk.) Mundk. & Thirum was first time recorded for Turkish mycobiota. Key words: smut fungi, biodiversity, Aladağlar and Bolkar mountains, Turkey Aladağlar ve Bolkar Dağları (Türkiye)’ndan Belirlenen Sürme Mantarları Öz: Bu çalışmada, Aladağlar ve Bolkar dağlarında bulunan 17 sürme mantar türü ve konakçıları tanımlanmıştır. Araştırma 2013-2016 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilmiş, 3 familya ve 14 cinsten toplam 16 farklı konakçı türü üzerinde 17 mikrofungus türü gözlenmiştir. Çalışma alanından belirlenen sürme mantarları 8 cins, 5 familya ve 3 takım ve 2 sınıf içinde dağılım göstermektedir. Melanopsichium eleusines (Kulk.) Mundk. & Thirum ilk kez Türkiye mikobiyotası için kaydedilmiştir.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of Ballistosporic Phylloplane Yeasts in Baton Rouge, Louisiana
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2012 A survey of ballistosporic phylloplane yeasts in Baton Rouge, Louisiana Sebastian Albu Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Plant Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Albu, Sebastian, "A survey of ballistosporic phylloplane yeasts in Baton Rouge, Louisiana" (2012). LSU Master's Theses. 3017. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3017 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A SURVEY OF BALLISTOSPORIC PHYLLOPLANE YEASTS IN BATON ROUGE, LOUISIANA A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana Sate University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in The Department of Plant Pathology by Sebastian Albu B.A., University of Pittsburgh, 2001 B.S., Metropolitan University of Denver, 2005 December 2012 Acknowledgments It would not have been possible to write this thesis without the guidance and support of many people. I would like to thank my major professor Dr. M. Catherine Aime for her incredible generosity and for imparting to me some of her vast knowledge and expertise of mycology and phylogenetics. Her unflagging dedication to the field has been an inspiration and continues to motivate me to do my best work.
    [Show full text]
  • Basidiomycota
    BASIDIOMYCOTA 1. Class Uredinoiomycetes –Order Uredinales - The Rusts 2. Class Ustomycetes -Order Ustilaginales - The Smuts 3. Class Basidiomycetes- Order Agaricales - the boletes, gilled mushrooms - inky caps, oyster mushrooms, etc. Gilled mushrooms Inky caps The Rusts These are obligate parasites. Generally these require two host to complete their lifecycle. Primary hosts – the host on which basidia and basidiospores are produced. Alternate host – the other host in the life cycle on which spermagonia and aecia are produced. Alternative host – the host that a pathogen can infect in place of the primary or alternate hosts. Heteroecious – organisms with a primary and alternate host. Autoecious – organisms that have only a single (primary) host. Macrocyclic rust – long cycle rust. Produce all 5 spore types. Demicyclic rust – medium cycle rust. Omits uredia. Microcyclic rust – short cycle rusts. Produces basidiospores, teliospores and spermatia. Stem Rust of Wheat caused by Puccinia graminis Reduces yield and quality of grain fungus causes lesions or pustules on wheat stems. Management . remove alternate host (i.e., barberry); . use resistant cultivars of wheat Cedar-Apple Rust caused by Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Apples become deformed and ugly; fruit size reduced due to damage to foliage – Management . removal of cedar trees, which serves as the alternate host; . spray apple trees with fungicides, and . use rust-resistant apple trees The Smuts Corn smut caused by Ustilago maydis Galls develop on male and female (ear) inflorescences. No major methods of control recommended; tends to be a chronic but relatively insignificant disease. Loose smut of cereals by Ustilago avenae, U. nuda, and U. tritici Flowering parts of plants develop spore-filled galls (teliospores) – infected seed treated with fungicides before planting; use of certified smut-free seeds and systemic fungicides; hot-water treatment of seed to kill fungus.
    [Show full text]
  • Iodiversity of Australian Smut Fungi
    Fungal Diversity iodiversity of Australian smut fungi R.G. Shivas'* and K. Vanky2 'Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Plant Pathology Herbarium, 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068, Australia 2 Herbarium Ustilaginales Vanky, Gabriel-Biel-Str. 5, D-72076 Tiibingen, Germany Shivas, R.G. and Vanky, K. (2003). Biodiversity of Australian smut fungi. Fungal Diversity 13 :137-152. There are about 250 species of smut fungi known from Australia of which 95 are endemic. Fourteen of these endemic species were first collected in the period culminating with the publication of Daniel McAlpine's revision of Australian smut fungi in 1910. Of the 68 species treated by McAlpine, 10 were considered to be endemic to Australia at that time. Only 23 of the species treated by McAlpine have names that are currently accepted. During the following eighty years until 1990, a further 31 endemic species were collected and just 11 of these were named and described in that period. Since 1990, 50 further species of endemic smut fungi have been collected and named in Australia. There are 115 species that are restricted to either Australia or to Australia and the neighbouring countries of Indonesia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and the Philippines . These 115 endemic species occur in 24 genera, namely Anthracoidea (1 species), Bauerago (1), Cintractia (3), Dermatosorus (1), Entyloma (3), Farysporium (1), Fulvisporium (1), Heterotolyposporium (1), Lundquistia (1), Macalpinomyces (4), Microbotryum (2), Moreaua (20), Pseudotracya (1), Restiosporium (5), Sporisorium (26), Thecaphora (2), Tilletia (12), Tolyposporella (1), Tranzscheliella (1), Urocystis (2), Ustanciosporium (1), Ustilago (22), Websdanea (1) and Yelsemia (2). About a half of these local and regional endemic species occur on grasses and a quarter on sedges.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Analysis of the Maize Smut Fungi Ustilago Maydis and Sporisorium Reilianum
    Comparative Analysis of the Maize Smut Fungi Ustilago maydis and Sporisorium reilianum Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) dem Fachbereich Biologie der Philipps-Universität Marburg vorgelegt von Bernadette Heinze aus Johannesburg Marburg / Lahn 2009 Vom Fachbereich Biologie der Philipps-Universität Marburg als Dissertation angenommen am: Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Regine Kahmann Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Michael Bölker Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: Die Untersuchungen zur vorliegenden Arbeit wurden von März 2003 bis April 2007 am Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie in der Abteilung Organismische Interaktionen unter Betreuung von Dr. Jan Schirawski durchgeführt. Teile dieser Arbeit sind veröffentlicht in : Schirawski J, Heinze B, Wagenknecht M, Kahmann R . 2005. Mating type loci of Sporisorium reilianum : Novel pattern with three a and multiple b specificities. Eukaryotic Cell 4:1317-27 Reinecke G, Heinze B, Schirawski J, Büttner H, Kahmann R and Basse C . 2008. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis in the smut fungus Ustilago maydis and its relevance for increased IAA levels in infected tissue and host tumour formation. Molecular Plant Pathology 9(3): 339-355. Erklärung Erklärung Ich versichere, dass ich meine Dissertation mit dem Titel ”Comparative analysis of the maize smut fungi Ustilago maydis and Sporisorium reilianum “ selbständig, ohne unerlaubte Hilfe angefertigt und mich dabei keiner anderen als der von mir ausdrücklich bezeichneten Quellen und Hilfen bedient habe. Diese Dissertation wurde in der jetzigen oder einer ähnlichen Form noch bei keiner anderen Hochschule eingereicht und hat noch keinen sonstigen Prüfungszwecken gedient. Ort, Datum Bernadette Heinze In memory of my fathers Jerry Goodman and Christian Heinze. “Every day I remind myself that my inner and outer life are based on the labors of other men, living and dead, and that I must exert myself in order to give in the same measure as I have received and am still receiving.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating the Impact of Environmentally Relevant Imidazole Concentrations on the Antifungal Susceptibility and Community Composition of Soil Fungi
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 12-17-2020 4:00 PM Investigating the Impact of Environmentally Relevant Imidazole Concentrations on the Antifungal Susceptibility and Community Composition of Soil Fungi Farhaan Kanji, The University of Western Ontario Supervisor: Topp, Edward, The University of Western Ontario Co-Supervisor: Henry, Hugh, The University of Western Ontario A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the Master of Science degree in Biology © Farhaan Kanji 2020 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Ecology Commons Recommended Citation Kanji, Farhaan, "Investigating the Impact of Environmentally Relevant Imidazole Concentrations on the Antifungal Susceptibility and Community Composition of Soil Fungi" (2020). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 7662. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/7662 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ii Abstract Miconazole and clotrimazole are environmentally-persistent drugs that are entrained into crop soils through the application of biosolids. There is concern that environmental exposure to such azole antifungals, which inhibit fungal growth by disrupting the production of the fungal cell membrane component ergosterol, promotes resistance in clinically or agriculturally relevant fungi. Thus, either environmentally-relevant or excessive levels of these drugs were applied to microplots over ten years and compared with drug-free plots. Overall, ergosterol quantification, plates counts, and identification of >250 fungal isolates showed lower fungal counts and species richness in plots receiving excessive drug amounts.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Loose Kernel Smut Caused by Sporisorium Cruentum Onrhizomes
    Journal of Plant Protection Research ISSN 1427-4337 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Eff ects of loose kernel smut caused by Sporisorium cruentum onrhizomes of Sorghum halepense Marta Monica Astiz Gassó1*, Marcelo Lovisolo2, Analia Perelló3 1 Santa Catalina Phytotechnical Institute, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences UNLP Calle 60 y 119 (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina 2 Morphologic Botany, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences – National University Lomas de Zamora. Ruta Nº 4, km 2 (1836) Llavallol, Buenos Aires, Argentina 3 Phytopathology, CIDEFI, FCAyF-UNLP, CONICET. Calle 60 y 119 (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina Vol. 57, No. 1: 62–71, 2017 Abstract DOI: 10.1515/jppr-2017-0009 Th e eff ect of loose kernel smut fungus Sporisorium cruentum on Sorghum halepense (John- son grass) was investigated in vitro and in greenhouse experiments. Smut infection in- Received: July 13, 2016 duced a decrease in the dry matter of rhizomes and aerial vegetative parts of the plants Accepted: January 17, 2017 evaluated. Moreover, the diseased plants showed a lower height than controls. Th e infec- tion resulted in multiple smutted buds that caused small panicles infected with the fungus. *Corresponding address: In addition, changes were observed in the structural morphology of the host. Leaf tissue [email protected] sections showed hyphae degrading chloroplasts and vascular bundles colonized by the fun- gus. Subsequently, cells collapsed and widespread necrosis was observed as a symptom of the disease. Th e pathogen did not colonize the gynoecium of Sorghum plants until the tas- sel was fully developed. Th e sporulation process of the fungus led to a total disintegration of anthers and tissues.
    [Show full text]
  • Objective Plant Pathology
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305442822 Objective plant pathology Book · July 2013 CITATIONS READS 0 34,711 3 authors: Surendra Nath M. Gurivi Reddy Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University 5 PUBLICATIONS 2 CITATIONS 15 PUBLICATIONS 11 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Prabhukarthikeyan S. R ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 48 PUBLICATIONS 108 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Management of rice diseases View project Identification and characterization of phytoplasma View project All content following this page was uploaded by Surendra Nath on 20 July 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Objective Plant Pathology (A competitive examination guide)- As per Indian examination pattern M. Gurivi Reddy, M.Sc. (Plant Pathology), TNAU, Coimbatore S.R. Prabhukarthikeyan, M.Sc (Plant Pathology), TNAU, Coimbatore R. Surendranath, M. Sc (Horticulture), TNAU, Coimbatore INDIA A.E. Publications No. 10. Sundaram Street-1, P.N.Pudur, Coimbatore-641003 2013 First Edition: 2013 © Reserved with authors, 2013 ISBN: 978-81972-22-9 Price: Rs. 120/- PREFACE The so called book Objective Plant Pathology is compiled by collecting and digesting the pertinent information published in various books and review papers to assist graduate and postgraduate students for various competitive examinations like JRF, NET, ARS conducted by ICAR. It is mainly helpful for students for getting an in-depth knowledge in plant pathology. The book combines the basic concepts and terminology in Mycology, Bacteriology, Virology and other applied aspects.
    [Show full text]
  • AR TICLE Ustilago Species Causing Leaf-Stripe Smut Revisited
    doi:10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.01.05 IMA FUNGUS · 9(1): 49–73 (2018) Ustilago species causing leaf-stripe smut revisited ARTICLE Julia Kruse1,2, Wolfgang Dietrich3, Horst Zimmermann4, Friedemann Klenke5, Udo Richter6, Heidrun Richter6, and Marco Thines1,2,4 1Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Faculty of Biosciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; corresponding authors e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany 3Barbara-Uthmann-Ring 68, 09456 Annaberg-Buchholz, Germany 4Cluster for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany 5Grillenburger Str. 8 c, 09627 Naundorf, Germany 6Traubenweg 8, 06632 Freyburg / Unstrut, Germany Abstract: Leaf-stripe smuts on grasses are a highly polyphyletic group within Ustilaginomycotina, Key words: occurring in three genera, Tilletia, Urocystis, and Ustilago. Currently more than 12 Ustilago species DNA-based taxonomy inciting stripe smuts are recognised. The majority belong to the Ustilago striiformis-complex, with about [ 30 different taxa described from 165 different plant species. This study aims to assess whether host molecular species discrimination distinct-lineages can be observed amongst the Ustilago leaf-stripe smuts using nine different loci on a multigene phylogeny representative set. Phylogenetic reconstructions supported the monophyly of the Ustilago striiformis- new taxa complex that causes leaf-stripe and the polyphyly of other leaf-stripe smuts within Ustilago. Furthermore, species complex smut specimens from the same host genus generally clustered together in well-supported clades that Ustilaginaceae often had available species names for these lineages.
    [Show full text]