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Science Fiction and Fantasy in the Age of Jane Austen Volume 21 Number 2 Article 61 Winter 10-15-1996 Tales of Wonder - Science Fiction and Fantasy in the Age of Jane Austen Madawc Williams Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore Part of the Children's and Young Adult Literature Commons Recommended Citation Williams, Madawc (1996) "Tales of Wonder - Science Fiction and Fantasy in the Age of Jane Austen," Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature: Vol. 21 : No. 2 , Article 61. Available at: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol21/iss2/61 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Mythopoeic Society at SWOSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature by an authorized editor of SWOSU Digital Commons. An ADA compliant document is available upon request. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To join the Mythopoeic Society go to: http://www.mythsoc.org/join.htm Mythcon 51: A VIRTUAL “HALFLING” MYTHCON July 31 - August 1, 2021 (Saturday and Sunday) http://www.mythsoc.org/mythcon/mythcon-51.htm Mythcon 52: The Mythic, the Fantastic, and the Alien Albuquerque, New Mexico; July 29 - August 1, 2022 http://www.mythsoc.org/mythcon/mythcon-52.htm Abstract This paper challenges the accepted view that the works of writers such as Mrs. Radcliffe, “Monk” Lewis, Maturin and Mary Shelley are part of a Gothic tradition deriving from Horace Walpole’s Castle of Otranto. The paper also studies the connection of Jane Austen to these writers and will try to unravel the errors of Brian Aldiss, whose ideas are taken from earlier authors. Additional Keywords Brian Aldiss; Arabian Nights; Jane Austen; Coleridge; Frankenstein; genre fiction; Gothic; Northanger Abbey; Otranto; Mrs. Radcliffe; Science Fiction; Mary Shelley; terror-romance; Horace Walpole This article is available in Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol21/iss2/61 Tales of Wonder — Science Fiction and Fantasy in the Age of Jane Austen Madawc Williams Abstract: This paper challenges the accepted view that the works of writers such as Mrs. Radcliffe, “Monk” Lewis, Maturin and Mary Shelley are part of a Gothic tradition deriving from Horace Walpole’s Castle of Otranto. The paper also studies the connection of Jane Austen to these writers and will try to unravel the errors of Brian Aldiss, whose ideas are taken from earlier authors. Keywords: Brian Aldiss, Arabian Nights, Jane Austen, Coleridge, Frankenstein, genre fiction, Gothic, Northanger Abbey, Otranto, Mrs. Radcliffe, Science Fiction, Mary Shelley, terror-romance, Horace Walpole As Tolkien enthusiasts, we all find ourselves in a peculiar doctor, nor even a medical student. limbo between SF and mainstream literature. The gap is less Most of the familiar images come from the very than it used to be, but it is still there. And there are plenty of remarkable and memorable 1931 film, which used or even literati who would love to apply a bit of “ethnic cleansing” to invented many of the standard stock images of cinema us, if they had the power to do so. science fiction, none of which are actually present in Mary Undeniably, Tolkien’s work does not belong to any Shelley’s work. The 1931 American film has an recognised category. It is not a myth, not a joke, not SF, not understandable similarity to the early American SF of the a children’s story. It is closer to SF than anything else, but same period. But all of these similarities are innovations, not very different in origin. It offends tidy-minded critics, who found in the original. see it as an escaped children’s story, badly needing to be The SF of Gernsback and Campbell derives from H.G. expunged as a mistake of nature. Wells, who in turn speaks of his “early, profound and But how natural or valid are the standard categories? Do lifelong admiration for Swift”. Early SF, most SF up until they represent fundamental rules that The Lord of the Rings the “New Wave” of the 1960s, has much in common with improperly breaks? Or are they no more significant than the what is usually called the Augustan group of writers, division of the files in a filing cabinet into A to N and O to Z Smollett, Goldsmith, Richardson, Steme, Swift, and Defoe. (which was actually the origin of The Marvelous Land of Mary Shelley’s work is something very different, an early OZ). example of the nineteenth-century romantic novel. The received-standards view is that Science Fiction is an Quite apart from this, we have an odd situation if we outgrowth of Gothic Terror, with Mary Shelley’s uncritically accept the standard view. We have the Augustan Frankenstein as the connecting link (see figure 1). Writers, all male and all very much products of the Age of This view is commonly associated with Mr. Brian Aldiss, Reason. Then we have female writers, expressing the vision who argued the case in 1973 in his Billion Year Spree. It of the Romantic Movement in novels. Between these two we actually goes back at least as far as 1907 and has been have a group of men and women whose work includes both expressed by a large number of writers, including Muriel of these elements. The standard view classes them as Spark in her 1951 biography of Mary Shelley. And also it’s “Gothic Fiction” and the “Novel of Doctrine”. Gothic at least wrong. is said to have nothing to do with the development of proper The first thing to understand is that Mary Wollstonecraft literature. Yet all of these writers are intermediate in style Shelley’s Frankenstein is not at all like the film and television and in ideas, as well as chronologically. versions of the myth. Mary’s creature is highly intelligent, Figure 2 shows how the writers are conventionally articulate and well-educated. He starts off full of grouped. Now let’s look at the known influences. benevolence, tries to do good, and only gradually turns to The Gothic novel, as normally defined, begins in 1764 with evil in the face of human rejection. The creature is not made Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto: A Story. Some of reconnected bits of miscellaneous dead bodies, and no reference works say 1765, which was the date printed on the mention is made in the text of electricity being the animating first edition, but it is well established that it first went on sale force. Victor Frankenstein is on one occasion described as in 1764. This first edition consisted of 500 copies, which was working by the light of a candle. He is neither a baron nor a a fairly standard print run for those times. It sold well and 420 J. R. R. TOLKIEN CENTENARY CONFERENCE Figure 1. was soon reprinted, and has in fact been a continuing and actually means Isle of Silk). Also in 1757 Walpole had influence right up to the present day. written A Letter from Xo-Ho, a Chinese Philosopher at Reading Otranto, I was struck by the similarity to some of London. Oliver Goldsmith improved on this theme in his the adventure tales in the Arabian Nights. Walpole knew this book The Citizen of the World. Both used a Chinese visitor as material — he coined the phrase Serendipity, the habit of a “rational observer”, where people nowadays might use a making happy or chance finds, from The Three Princes of Martian or a visitor from Canopus. Actual Chinese culture Serendip (Serendip is an old name for Sri Lanka or Ceylon, doesn’t come into it. TALES OF WONDER 421 Figure 2. Arabian Nights' influence goes even wider than that. You The History and Adventures of an Atom, a parody of must also include Voltaire, influencing and influenced by contemporary politics set in a fictional past era of Japan, English thought. His Zadig, written in 1747, is not only an with the narrator being a living and intelligent atom. oriental romance, but also pioneers the concept of a rational Walpole’s Otranto seems to me to be an interesting hybrid deductive detective — similar to both Sherlock Holmes and of his two interests - oriental tales and the non-classical or Poe’s Chevalier Dupin. Poe is sometimes cited as the Gothic tradition in Europe. It is a repackaging of the sort of pioneer, but Voltaire was there more than 100 years earlier, adventure you find in the Arabian Nights’ style, in the format and influenced by the oriental romance. And Smollett wrote of what was called the Gothic era, the period between the fall 422 J. R. R. TOLKIEN CENTENARY CONFERENCE Figure 3. of Rome and the Renaissance. Gothic is a misleading name, eighteenth-century meaning of “gothic” (with “middleagism” especially for Gothic architecture, which emerged long after briefly floated as an alternative). And Gothic in the literary the historic Goths had ceased to be a separate people. But it context somehow lost its pre-Renaissance roots and became was then the standard term, and at that time had only the a general term for the terror-romance. The Oxford same overtones of magic or horror that the word “medieval” Companion to English Literature (5th Edition) (Drabble, has today. 1985) confirms that a shift of meaning occurred, and claims Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France speaks that it happened in the late eighteenth-century. The fourth approvingly of England’s “Gothic and monkish education”, edition (Harvey, 1967) was less sure about when the shift and Burke was the best writer and orator of his day, with an happened, while the first three editions of the same work exact knowledge of how every word was likely to affect his seem not to have heard of Gothic literature.
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