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Impact of Commercialization on Language with Special Reference to Urdu Lexicon Doctoral Dissertation Dr. Somana Fatima, Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Linguistics, Aligarh Muslim University 2011 Published in Language in India Journal ISSN-1930 2940. 11249 Oregon Circle, Bloomington MN 55438 U.S.A. LANGUAGE IN INDIA Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow Volume 12 : 5 May 2012 ISSN 1930-2940 Managing Editor: M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D. Editors: B. Mallikarjun, Ph.D. Sam Mohanlal, Ph.D. B. A. Sharada, Ph.D. A. R. Fatihi, Ph.D. Lakhan Gusain, Ph.D. Jennifer Marie Bayer, Ph.D. S. M. Ravichandran, Ph.D. G. Baskaran, Ph.D. L. Ramamoorthy, Ph.D. Assistant Managing Editor: Swarna Thirumalai, M.A. Impact of Commercialization on Language with Special Reference to Urdu Lexicon Doctoral Dissertation Somana Fatima, Ph.D. [email protected] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Somana's Ph.D. Dissertation Impact of Commercialization on Language with Special Reference to Urdu Lexicon is an important contribution to the study of Indian Languages. Urdu has a special place as language of mass communication in India. Urdu's contribution in enriching the vocabulary of Indian languages with terms of administration, business and culture and emotional contents is widely recognized, but needs continuous description and assessment. Somana's dissertation is a solid linguistic and sociolinguistic description of good number of these processes. M. S. Thirumalai, Ph. D. Formerly Professor-cum-Deputy Director at The Central Institute of Indian Languages Language in India www.languageinindia.com 12: 5 May 2012 1 Dr. Somana Fatima, M.A. English (E.F.L.U.) Ph. D. Linguistics (A.M.U.) Impact of Commercialization on Language with Special Reference to Urdu Lexicon Dr. Somana Fatima, Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Linguistics, Aligarh Muslim University 2011 Published in Language in India Journal ISSN-1930 2940. 11249 Oregon Circle, Bloomington MN 55438 U.S.A. Impact of Commercialization on Language with Special Reference to Urdu Lexicon Thesis submitted in the Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Linguistics By Somana Fatima Enrolment no.: GB9642 Under the supervision of Masood Ali Beg Department of Linguistics Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh 202002 (India) 2008 2 Language in India www.languageinindia.com 12: 5 May 2012 Dr. Somana Fatima, M.A. English (E.F.L.U.) Ph. D. Linguistics (A.M.U.) Impact of Commercialization on Language with Special Reference to Urdu Lexicon Language in India www.languageinindia.com 12:5 May 2012 Pages 410-620 Dr. Somana Fatima, Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Linguistics, Aligarh Muslim University 2011 Published in Language in India Journal ISSN-1930 2940. 11249 Oregon Circle, Bloomington MN 55438 U.S.A. Masood Ali Beg Department of Linguistics Senior Reader in Selection Grade Aligarh Muslim University Ref. No:……………………….. Aligarh 202002 (U.P.) India Certificate This is to certify that the thesis entitled "Impact of Commercialization on Language with Special Reference to Urdu Lexicon" submitted by Miss Somana Fatima for the partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics has been completed under my supervision. This thesis is the result of her own research and it has not been submitted to any other university to the best of my knowledge. Masood Ali Beg Supervisor Dated: 11/12/2008 3 Language in India www.languageinindia.com 12: 5 May 2012 Dr. Somana Fatima, M.A. English (E.F.L.U.) Ph. D. Linguistics (A.M.U.) Impact of Commercialization on Language with Special Reference to Urdu Lexicon Language in India www.languageinindia.com 12:5 May 2012 Pages 410-620 Dr. Somana Fatima, Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Linguistics, Aligarh Muslim University 2011 Published in Language in India Journal ISSN-1930 2940. 11249 Oregon Circle, Bloomington MN 55438 U.S.A. Contents Acknowledgement List of Abbreviations Transcription Abstract Chapter 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………....Pg. 19 to 60 1.1 Commercialization and Languages………………………………………………………….19 1.2 Languages and Indian Constitution…………………………………………………………28 1.3 Sociolinguistics and Language Change……………………………………………………...32 1.3.1 History of Urdu……………………………………………………………………….........33 1.3.2 Speakers and Geographical Distribution………………………………………………..…35 1.3.3 Official Status……………………………………………………………………………...38 1.3.4 Dialects of Urdu……………………………………………………………………………38 1.3.5 Urdu Phonology……………………………………………………………………………39 1.3.6 Levels of Formality………………………………………………………………………..39 1.3.7 Politeness…………………………………………………………………………………..40 1.4 Writing System………………………………………………………………………………42 1.4.1 Persian Script………………………………………………………………………………42 1.4.2 Kaithi Script………………………………………………………………………………..42 1.4.3 Devanagiri Script…………………………………………………………………………..43 1.4.4 Roman Script………………………………………………………………………………43 1.4.5 Differences with Persian Alphabet………………………………………………………...44 1.5 Urdu-Hindi Phonology………………………………………………………………………45 1.5.1 Vowels……………………………………………………………………………………..46 1.5.2 Consonants…………………………………………………………………………………48 1.5.3 Allophony of 'v' and 'w' in Hindi-Urdu……………………………………………………51 1.5.4 External Borrowing………………………………………………………………………..51 1.5.5 Suprasegmental Features…………………………………………………………………..52 1.6 Urdu in Past India…………………………………………………………………………....53 1.7 Aims and Scope of Study……………………………………………………………………55 1.7.1 Review of Literature……………………………………………………………………….56 1.7.2 Sociolinguistic Studies: Hindi and Other Languages…………………………………...…59 Chapter 2 Research Methodology and Design of Study…………………………....Pg. 61 to 65 2.1 Selection of Respondents………………………………………………………….…………62 2.2 Tools of Data Collection……………………………………………………………………..63 2.2.1 The Text……………………………………………………………………………………64 2.2.2 Anonymous Observations………………………………………………………………….64 2.2.3 The Survey Questionnaire…………………………………………………………………64 2.2.4 The Field Diary…………………………………………………………………………….65 2.3 Analysis of Data……………………………………………………………………………..65 2.4 Presentation of Data………………………………………………………………………….65 4 Language in India www.languageinindia.com 12: 5 May 2012 Dr. Somana Fatima, M.A. English (E.F.L.U.) Ph. D. Linguistics (A.M.U.) Impact of Commercialization on Language with Special Reference to Urdu Lexicon Language in India www.languageinindia.com 12:5 May 2012 Pages 410-620 Dr. Somana Fatima, Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Linguistics, Aligarh Muslim University 2011 Published in Language in India Journal ISSN-1930 2940. 11249 Oregon Circle, Bloomington MN 55438 U.S.A. Chapter 3 Data Collection and Analysis……………………………………….........Pg. 66 to 93 3.1 Data Collection and Analysis: Seventeen Different Contexts…………………………….....66 3.1.1 Urdu and English use by males and females in Seventeen Different Contexts…………....67 3.1.1.1 Urdu and English use by males………………………………………………………….67 3.1.1.2 Urdu and English use by females………………………………………………………..68 3.1.2 Urdu and English use by males and females of Three age Groups………………………..70 3.1.2.1 Urdu and English use by males………………………………………………………….70 3.1.2.2 Urdu and English use by females………………………………………………………..75 3.1.3 Findings……………………………………………………………………………………79 3.2 Data Collection and Analysis: Twelve Different Situations………………………………...80 3.2.1 Urdu and English Preferences by males and females in Twelve different situations……...80 3.2.1.1 Urdu and English Preferences by males…………………………………………………80 3.2.1.2 Urdu and English Preferences by females……………………………………………….81 3.2.2 Urdu and English Preferences by males and females of Three age Groups……………….83 3.2.2.1 Urdu and English Preferences by males…………………………………………………83 3.2.2.2 Urdu and English Preferences by females……………………………………………….87 3.2.3 Findings……………………………………………………………………………………92 3.3 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………...93 Chapter 4 Urdu Phonological Varations…………………………………………..Pg. 94 to 137 4.1 Urdu Sounds……………………………………………………………………....................95 4.1.1 Urdu Consonants…………………………………………………………………………..96 4.1.2 Urdu Vowels……………………………………………………………………………….96 4.2 Phonological Varation found………………………………………………………………...96 4.2.1 /q/→/k/……………………………………………………………………………………..97 4.2.2 /k/→/q/……………………………………………………………………………………100 4.2.3 /x/→/kh/………………………………………………………………………………….100 4.2.4 /G/→/g/…………………………………………………………………………………...103 4.2.5 /ž/→/z/……………………………………………………………………………………106 4.2.6 /q/→/x/…………………………………………………………………………………....108 4.2.7 Addition of vowel in monosyllabic words……………………………………………….110 4.2.8 Deletion of vowel to make it monosyllabic words……………………………………….113 4.2.9 Addition of consonants in words…………………………………………………………116 4.2.10 Deletion of consonants from the words…………………………………………………118 4.2.11 /ĕ/→/e/…………………………………………………………………………………..120 4.2.12 /e/→ /ĕ/………………………………………………………………………………….123 4.2.13 Long vowel→ short vowel……………………………………………………………...125 4.2.14 Deletion of /t/ from words………………………………………………………………128 4.2.15 Addition of /h/ in the words……………………………………………………………..130 4.2.16 Deletion of /h/ from the words………………………………………………………….133 4.2.17 Urdu Pronunciation of English words…………………………………………………..135 4.2.18 Conclusion- Mind it Test………………………………………………………………..136 Chapter 5 Urdu Morphological Variations………………………………………Pg. 138 to 166 5 Language in India www.languageinindia.com 12: 5 May 2012 Dr. Somana Fatima, M.A. English (E.F.L.U.) Ph. D. Linguistics (A.M.U.) Impact of Commercialization on Language with Special Reference to Urdu Lexicon Language in India www.languageinindia.com 12:5 May 2012 Pages 410-620 Dr. Somana Fatima, Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Linguistics, Aligarh Muslim University 2011 Published in Language in
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