THE ARUP JOURNAL

50TH ANNIVERSARY ISSUE 1/1996 Vol. 31 No.1 Editor: David J. Brown Front cover: 1/1996 Art Editor: Edinburgh International Conference Centre Published by Desmond Wyeth FCSD (Photo: Harvey Wood) THEARUP Ove Arup Partnership Deputy Editor: Back cover: 13 Fitzroy Street Helene Murphy London W1P 680 Nynex Arena. Manchester Editorial: (Photo: Ian Lawson) Tel 0171 636 1531 Tel: 0171 4653828 JOURNAL Fax: 0171 580 3924 Fax: 0171 465 3716 Eurostar train image: Trevor Slydel

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Planning high speed railways A Shropshire Lad restored into Europe: an update Graham Scull David Loosemore Neil Shepherd

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The Private Finance Initiative: • a personal view • Duncan Michael

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Edinburgh International British Airways Avionics Facility Conference Centre Chris Joteh Alastair Bisset

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Pride Park, Derby Dublin Civic Offices, Phase 2 Peter Braithwaite Kevin Dolan Sue Wade Ian Roberts George Webb

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Darwin College Study Centre, Turner's Glasshouse restoration, Cambridge National Botanic Garden, Dublin Simon Hancock Gerard Duffy Roger Hyde Ralph McGuckin Mick White

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Hat Hill Sculpture Foundation The Nynex Arena, Manchester Roger Hyde Steve Burrows Paul Kay Darren Paine John Waite

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St. Nicholas, Sevenoaks Siting nuclear generation facilities Poul Beckmann Paul Murphy Peter Lunoe Keith Rudd Fraser Smith Robert Warren Editorial Planning high On 1 April 1946 Ove Arup - at an age when speed railways many are already considering retirement - withdrew from the two commercial businesses into Europe: of which he was then a member, and 'went it alone' as an independent consulting an update engineer. Thus began the firm that has evolved into the worldwide family of practices that bear his name. David In 1995 the centenary of Ove's birth was Loose more celebrated and now, one year on , the many parts of Arups look forward on the 50th anniversary of their founding . Neil 'Ove N Arup Consulting Engineer' - which Shepherd became Ove Arup & Partners in 1948 - opened offices simultaneously in London and Dublin, so it is fitting that this, the first of two celebratory issues of The Arup Journal, should be devoted entirely to current projects in the UK and the Republic of Introduction 'Safeguarding' the high speed route Ireland. Issue 2/96 will concentrate on work Arups have been involved in the Channel The proposed CTRL route was reported to in some of the many other countries where Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL) since 1988. Various Government in October 1993. The decision Arups now practise. disciplines within the Partnership have been on the route to be safeguarded under Arups' growth has not only been in concerned, ranging from an engineering planning legislation was announced on 24 numbers and geographical spread, but - design team and town planning staff second January 1994, apart from sections at Ashford crucially - in the range of professional ed to the project, to specialist consultancy and Pepper Hill in Gravesham. disciplines which operate in the firm. advice on environmental and design matters. The safeguarding process protects it from Originally confined to structural design of Since 1992, an engineering design team has encroachment by other developments, and buildings, it has progressively embraced worked within Union Railways Ltd (URL) forces all planning applications, whether other areas of building engineering and civil in Croydon. with responsibility for a 28km partly or wholly in the 'safeguarded zone'. to and industrial engineering, as well as R&D. section of route between Barking , through be referred to URL for consideration. Arup transportation, acoustics, planning, fire, Havering, Thurrock. Dartford, and into planning staff have been assisting in the seismic, communications, environmental, Graves ham. implementation of this process. project management, and other services. The character of the area through which this Concerning Pepper Hill, Government asked All of these both work directly for external section of the route passes is diverse, made for further work, and the Arup team re-exam­ clients. and support each other and the up of a range of industry including the Ford ined three rail alignments under and around traditional building disciplines in the mutual motor works at Dagenham, agricultural land, it which had previously been included in the environment that has become known as residential areas, marshland, and the report to Government in March 1993. The 'seamless Arups'. Thames. The area is subject to development selected route, a shallow bored tunnel under Thus in most of the projects described in pressures, such as the Barking Reach the housing estate (Fig.1), was disliked so this edition. however much they vary in project currently under construction, and much by local residents that they formed an scale and differ in type, the 'core team' other strategically important schemes at action group and embarked on a major has been assisted to varying extents by Rainham and Ebbsfleet. This diversity, as lobbying campaign of the local MP and specialists from elsewhere in the firm: well as the need to respect major environ­ councillors, which undoubtedly influenced building services engineers by fire mental constraints, such as Sites of Special Government's decision for a re-examination. engineers and acousticians; structural Scientific Interest. presented major chal­ The choice was between the tunnel and engineers by experts in historical aspects lenges to the engineering team . either a high-level dominant viaduct across of materials: transportation engineers by In addition, Arup town planning specialists the heavily-trafficked A2 trunk road round the environmentalists, economists, and have been seconded to Union Rail in key estate, or a cut-and-cover tunnel under the planners: and so on. This kind of inter­ roles associated with route selection. A2 on the same horizontal alignment as the disciplinary assistance and cross-fertilisation safeguarding, and Bill preparation for the viaduct. A~er further development, including is not merely confined to UK and Irish entire length of the route. Staff from Arup many presentations to and extensive consul­ projects of the kind described here. That Economics & Planning , Arup Acoustics, and tations with all parties, a comparative report they are now available across the firm Arup Environmental have also provided was prepared in March 1994. On 28 April worldwide is one of its greatest strengths. specialist advice as part of the Environmental 1994 Roger Freeman, then Minister for Public Since its inception. also. Arups has been Assessment work, as well as contributing to Transport, confirmed the cut-and-cover noted for innovative engineering, and the full scheme design of the route. tunnel as Government's chosen option. increasingly for taking an assertive and This article describes the key inputs of these Together with Ashford, both sections were groups at different stages of the project, and confirmed by June 1994. The whole route pro-active role in areas outside the usual I territory of a consulting engineering updates a previous article on the CTRL. was now safeguarded. practice. On 29 February 1996 the Secretary of State for Transport announced that London & Continental Railways had Pepper Hill: This superimposition shows the final route (left) ,n a cut-and-cover tunnel under the A2182175 been successful in its bid to design, intersection. The green line (right) shows the original alignment under the housing estate. construct, and operate the High Speed Rail Link from London to the Channel Tunnel. This success is a triumph for Arups. It is eight years since the firm started work on CTRL - first investigating alternatives to British Rail's proposed route, which seemed to be unsatisfactory from many points of view, and then identifying and lobbying for the route it thought best, entering London from the east via North Kent and Stratford. Since winning the route argument in 1991 . the firm has been working with BR on the planning, engineering design and consents procedure for the CTRL, as described on the following pages. Now, as a member of the consortium that is going to design, build, and operate the Link, Arups has in its 50th anniversary year secured one of the most significant design opportunities of the 20th century. Preparation of the CTRL Bill Parliament's consideration of the Bill a petitioner's case, that petitioner has the Authority to build the CTRL will be given by On 23 November 1994 the CTRL Bill was right to cross-examine and speak again to an Act of Parliament. which started its introduced to the Commons, and copies. the Committee briefly by way of reply. process through both Houses as the CTRL plus plans and sections of the intended Committee meetings are open to the public Bill. Preparation of drawings and documents works as well as the ES. were available to the and a verbatim record is kept. During this to support the Bill began in spring 1994. The public. On 16 January 1995 the Bill had its Committee Stage a few petitioners decided to drawings differ from conventional engineer­ Commons Second Reading. when MPs withdraw, either as a result of more negotia­ ing drawings in that only the centrelines of decided that the proposed scheme of works tions sufficient to allay particular concerns, or proposed rail and road crossings are shown, should be approved in principle; this from further discussions with the petitioner to together with the Limits of Deviation (LODs) triggered the start of petitions against the Bill clarify uncertainties. In other cases petition­ and Limits of Land to be Acquired or Used with latest deposition dates of 6 February ers deferred to a later date, so as to have (LLAUs). The LODs. both vertically and 1995, for individual petitioners. and 30 more time to negotiate with URL horizontally, define the maximum permitted January 1995 for others. Petitions, 993 in all. By the Summer Recess on 20 July 1995, and tolerances from that alignment. They define were submitted by individuals. groups, after 54 days of sittings. the Committee the limits for compulsory acquisition of land and organisations on matters where the Bill recommended in principle certain changes required for the construction and operation of would affect directly special interests (rather to the Bill. which were considered by John the railway. roads. etc. whereas LLAUs relate than general concerns) and who sought pro­ Watts, Minister for Railways and Roads. On to the powers proposed for the maximum tection to eliminate or minimise anticipated 29 September 1995 Government announced extent of compulsory acquisition of land. or of adverse effects. Some were deposited in its acceptance of most of the Committee's rights in land. required for temporary and person, others by MPs or by registered recommendations, and offered alternative permanent works for a specified ancillary Parliamentary Agents. In all cases the fee proposals to meet the remainder. purpose. such as construction sites. was £20 payable on presentation. Petitioners employing professional advisers like Parliament's consideration of Addressing environmental concerns has Additional Provisions always been integral to the project and Parliamentary Agents or counsel had to pay their fees. The Select Committee now had to consider developing the design has therefore involved these changes, and alternative proposals. in close integration of environmental and engi­ Arup staff have had extensive involvement in detail. First. additional 'parliamentary docu­ neering design objectives. The process has URL's consultation process. which formed ments' (Additional Provisions) had to be aimed from the outset to take full account of the basis of discussions with petitioners. deposited. and notices served on those who environmental effects from constructing and A programme to prepare rebuttals and would be affected directly by the proposed operating the new line, and to incorporate responses was co-ordinated from all changes. Such persons could, by petition appropriate mitigation measures like noise disciplines, addressing the advantages and against that amendment, seek to present barriers and landscaping as the design disadvantages of each aspect of the route their views to the Committee as before. evolved. Arup Environmental and Arup petitioned. Often this involved comparison These Additional Provisions were deposited Economics & Planning have contributed to with the petitioners' options, which in most to the Select Committee on 7 November design of the mitigation and assessment of cases had to be brought up to a similar level 1995; the petitioning period expired on 6 the environmental effects. of design. A Select Committee of nine December 1995. The CTRL will be designed to the anticipated MPs, appointed to consider the deposited petitions, met for the first time on 21 February Mardyke Additional Provision environmental standards for new infrastruc­ One such Additional Provision occurred in ture projects beyond 2000. With this in mind, 1995 in the historic surroundings of the Grand Committee Room. the section of route in Thurrock. Arups had a Code of Construction Practice (COCP) is developed several route options and pre­ being developed in discussion with relevant The procedure before a Select Committee is sented them to Government in October 1993. local authorities. More immediately a detailed broadly similar to a public inquiry, except that The basic proposal here was for a viaduct statement of the environmental effects of the evidence is given on oath. Only one speech close to the Mardyke Park housing estate, CTRL. the Environmental Statement (ES), can be made for a petitioner's case and this Purfleet (Fig. 2). This became the safeguarded was submitted with the Parliamentary Bill. may be either before or after any backing evi­ route announced by Government on 24 Arups contributed to the ES by providing dence. Witnesses may be cross-examined. January 1994. However, during early consul­ the Environmental Specialist Reports on When a petitioner's case has been put, any tation with residents and the local authority, atmospheric effects. planning effects and appropriate response 1s given. If witnesses another option had emerged whereby the construction noise. are called for by Government in response to railway would be aligned further north of the estate and at ground level. This 'low level' option would cost £13M more. The Select Committee accepted the petit· ioner's arguments that the original proposed viaduct would be visually and aurally intrusive, and recommended that the CTRL incorporate the 'low level' alternative. It was once again worked up in consultation with Essex County Council and Thurrock Borough Council. With the Additional Provision the CTRL will now cross the existing railway on a viaduct 1km west of the housing estate. The new railway will continue eastwards on the north side of the existing London. Tilbury & Southern Railway (L T&S). and then run close to the A 13 and Purfleet Bypass A bridge will replace a level crossing. The CTRL will be at approximately the same level as the existing LT&S railway as it passes the estate. but about 80m from the nearest houses rather than the 30m of the original viaduct alignment The Select Committee reconvened to con­ sider 16 petitions, 11 of which relate to the Mardyke Park 'low level' oplion. Interestingly enough, but perhaps not surprisingly, one petilion received was for rather than against the Mardyke Park Additional Provision. The petitioner was Thurrock Borough Council and Essex Country Council who successfully peti· tioned for the change 1n alignment during the ... first Select Committee Stage . ..z a: Q Q. ::, 2 Mardyke Park. Purfleet Graphic superimposrtron a:.. of the final route Al ground level, 11 passes 50m w r funher from the houses than the ongrnal viaduct ... (parallel green line to the left) . 4 Chronology 23 November 1994 Other work CTRL Bill introduced into the House of in advance of Royal Assent October 1993 Commons as a Hybrid Bill to authorise The detailed desi gn of the CTRL may not be URL Report to Government of 'Refined construction. operation and maintenance finalised until shortly before each stage of Route', including appraisals of options and of the CTRL. construction commences. This is standard mitigation measures proposed as a result of practice for such major engineering projects. environmental and engineering development 16 January 1995 Second Reading of the CTRL Bill. However, because of the Government's and consultation. committed timetable for the proposed 2003 24 January 1994 21 February 1995 opening, it is necessary to undertake some Government announcement of Route except First sitting of the House of Commons Select works in advance of Royal Assent to prepare for Pepper Hill and Ashford sections, which Committee on the CTRL Bill . Chaired by for construction of the CTRL. Geotechnical were to be subject to further consultation Sir Anthony Durant, it comprised five investigations to establish ground conditions and comparative appraisal. Confirmation of Conservative and four Labour members. along the route, and preliminary archaeo­ St. Pancras as London Terminus. Route 14 March 1995 logical investigations have also been made. safeguarded under planning legislation on Bids received from four consortia. It has also been necessary to plan, and in 24 February 1994. 1 April 1995 some cases design, utility diversions Consultation Transfer of ownership of Union Railways Ltd because of the long lead times. From March-October 1993 and from British Railways Board to the The Rail Link bid competition January-March 1994 this involved : Department of Transport. At the same time that authority to build the • 100 formal consultation meetings and 55 3 July 1995 CTRL was being sought from Parliament, informal meetings with councils or local Government announcement by Secretary of consortia were tendering for its financing, consultation groups State for Transport that Eurorail CTRL Ltd. design, construction, and operation. Four • 650 other meetings with specialist interest and London and Continental Railways will major international consortia prequalified to groups, professional bodies, and individuals. go forward to the final stage of the CTRL tender, and on 3 July 1995 the shortlist was competition. narrowed to two: Eurorail CTRL Ltd, and • 94 information centres, London & Continental Railways (of which 5 July 199 attracting 23 OOO visitors. Arups are a founder member). April 1994 M nrnnirr c: 1, of Sir Gt:=.orge You• g .:i:; The selected tenderer is designated as the Nine Bids received by DOT to prequalify St .i ~ or Trar <;oor• CTRL 'nominated undertaker' for the pur­ for competition to select private sector 20 July 1995 poses of the Bill when enacted, and will promoter to design, build, finance, and Select Committee announces initial recom­ thereby be able to exercise the powers of the operate the CTRL. mendations about the CTRL, having dealt with 993 petitions and sitting for 54 days. Bill to build a railway. They will have flexibility 28 April 1994 in specifying and designing the scheme. Any Government announcement of preferred 29 September 1995 variation to the design must be within the routes at Pepper Hill and Ashford confirmed Government announces acceptance lands defined in the Bill and in addition and safeguarded. of most of the Select Committee's should not materially worsen the environ­ Spring 1994 recommendations, and otters alternative mental effect compared to the assessment Start of preparation of drawings and proposals to meet the remainder: add presented in the ES . documents in support of Parliamentary Bill. itional provisions required for six of the recommendations, at St Pancras, Barking The winner owns Union Railways and I extended portal, Rainham services European Passenger Services (EPS), both pnomtm ,. :-, n nr .i, IV dWlltn:ley 3::; diversions, realignment at Mardyke, formerly part of British Rail. Union Railways Ser "''" e, -,' u r rnr "r)r r> Ebbsfleet-Northfleet passenger connection, has worked on the planning and develop­ 31 August 1994 and a road scheme at Ashford. ment of the CTRL, while EPS operates Government announcement by the Eurostar services through the Channel Dr Mawhinney that an intermediate November-December 1995 Tunnel between London Waterloo and Staged deposit for Additional Provisions international and domestic station would Paris/Brussels, jointly with French and to the CTRL Bill. Continuation of Select be located at Ebbsfleet. The option of a Belgian railways. station at Stratford would be kept open. Committee hearing deferred petitions against the November 1994 deposit and The decision on the preferred bidder was 31 August 1994 some of the November 1995 Additional expected before Christmas 1995 but was Government launch of competition to select Provisions deposits. finally announced on 29 February 1996. private sector consortium to deliver and oper­ Reference ate CTRL. Issue of bid documents to four 15 December 1995 pre-qualified groups (with original members): Announcement date for competition winner ( 1) BOSTOCK, M et al. Planning high speed postponed, to allow further time for revised railways into Europe. The Arup Journal, 28(4), • Green Arrow (Hochtief, Costain, bids submitted on 15 December 1995. pp.3-7, 4/1993. Nishimatsu, Siemens) 31 January 1996 Credits • Eurorail (BICC, GEC, HSBC Holdings, Select Committee announced its decisions National Westminster Bank, Seeboard, Client: for consideration by the Department of Union Railways Ltd Trafalgar House) Transport with the expectation that Consultants: • London and Continental (Arups, Bechtel, Government would provide its response Blue Circle, Halcrow, National Express, Ove Arup & Partners Louise Conroy, Colin English, by 14 February 1996 Chris Manning, Andy Officer, Joan Watson, Virgin. Warburg) 29 February 1996 Liz Williams (acoustics) • Union Link (AEG, WS Atkins, Holzmann, London and Continental announced as Robert Abernethy, David Anderson. Paul Barlow, Mowlem, Spie Batignolles, Taylor Woodrow). winners of the competition. Peter Brooke, John Burrows. Brian Coyle. Brian Dunlop, Steve Dyson. Ri chard Foster, Alistair Giffen, Bob Goldsbrough, Simon Harris, John Henry, Terry Hill, Stella Job. Phineas Keane. PARLIAMENTARY STAGES FOR A HYBRID BILL David Kelly, Peter Knight. John Lambert, David Lewin, David Loosemore, Jason Manning, Chris Nobbs, Introduction Standing Committee: House of Lords: Nick Rabin, John Redding, Peter Richardson, and First Reading: Co:-rrri,ttee cors1ders the T e 811 goes trrough the Robin Riddall. Corey Ru ssell, John Seaman, John ForlT'a 1t1es no debate content of the: Bi, clau~e by sa:-re procedu·c1 stage~ as n Shaw. Neil Shepherd, Nick Sidhu. Angus Stephen, John Stowell. Paul Thompson. Second Reading: clause as arriencted by 'he t e Corrrions. amendrrerits Colin Wilson (engineering) Selec1 Gorri r1ttee can be made a• Repo·• Deba'e 1r the House o-i Jn1c Sue Blanch, Jo Bole, Ingrid Byng, Robert Campbell, Stage bu. ir tre Lords • 1ey p es urd powers being sought Report Stage: Linda Dewar. Julian Hart, Neil Jenkins. Paul Johnson, can also oe made at T~ rd Arrenctrrerits not 'l'ade at th1'> The 8111 as a:rended ,r Venessa Lam. Niall Lloyd, Robert Paris. Read1rg which s :aken on stage Arrangemert< for Se,ect Standing 80:i-ri1ttee 1s Steve Seymour-Jones, Andy Talbot. Lorna Walker a separate day (environmen tal) Corim t'eE ar a c os1ng date 1or brought agair: before the Lorna Andrews. Claire Beedle, Mark Bostock, Maggie pe .. : ons ..ire settled a: th,s stage w'1ole House ot Corirrons Afte· Trirct Reading 1n :~e Further &:ne:nd:rents may be Lords the 81 I 1s re1erred Gatland, Adrian Gurney. David Joy. Mark Smith. Jim Petitioning Time Expires Strike. Corinne Swain, David Wickens. Ray Willis proposed ard agreed back to triE; Co:-rrrion for (planning) Select Committee Stages: Third Reading: cons derat1or of ame,.,dmerts Tim Frost, Annie Gavin Adamson, John Gilbert, Committee considers petitions The House debates wrietner made 1r tre Lords Helen Palin, Caroline Powell (support) 'roll' people whose private the 8111 should be passed as Royal Assent: Illustrations: 1 1 nterests are specially af ected amended 1 so. 1t goes to the If 1he Comrrions and Lords Photos: Union Railways: logo and graphic by the B,1, It rray recommend House of Lords NB Report both pass the 111'1 t recr,ves superimpositions: Nigel Whale. tlrr endment., to the Bill in the and Third Reading riorrnally Royal Assent and becories light of pet1t1011s. taKes place 011 the sarie day ar Act of Par" arrent THE ARUP JOURNAL 1/1996 5 Introduction is that reliability is a much more The British government launched prized quality than technical its Private Finance Initiative in 1992 The Private Finance Initiative: innovation or invention. For income wi)h the stated aim of increasing the stream, for long-life responsibility, private sector's involvement in the a personal view and for the climb out of debt, small provision of public services. operating advantages from leading­ It appointed a panel of experts edge technology have very little chaired by Sir Alastair Morton to Duncan Michael attraction compared with reliability; advise government on how to privately-financed projects put a implement the initiative successfully. premium on innovations in funding, Government subsequently made ownership, team formation, and Sir Christopher Bland chairman of sector provision. It is nonetheless Much of the scene-setting for PFI leadership. the panel and relaunched the entirely proper to reconsider all has been focused on risk and its these earlier decisions periodically transfer: a factor, of course. but the One nice paradox highlighted at Initiative in 1995. Privatising the present is the huge dependency on ownership of enterprises and to see where the balance of interest sad 'cup-half-empty' point of view. It and competence has shifted allows government to sound tough, the public sector of the British contracting out the provision of construction contracting industry, services are Government policies enough to merit changing existing as it appears to stick risk onto the 1 arrangements. private company. The administration which has held itself out as the with similar aims . Since most of Capital pursues likely success of awarding PFI projects seems also apotheosis of the ethos of private Arups' work is about capital projects enterprise. It now finds itself driven we must adapt our ways to the and not vice versa. There is a large to be getting done in an overly supply of funds (not least our own involved way, as if mother does not to becoming the part-owner of manner in which so many new roads. railways, bridges. airports, projects are being set up. This note pension funds) looking for safe and want to let the children leave. In a profitable long-term placing . All that publicly-financed project these hospitals_. and prisons 1n order to get 1s a look and think exercise. The work for its construction divisions. views in it are the author's; he supply of capital sees a dearth of administrators would have the worthwhile opportunity. People - chance to steer as events unfolded. An inversion of the private/public hopes they will help to focus and interface is the Housing Corporation, direct our role. individual people - are often the In the new situation the whole key to success and certainly to journey gets a dummy run before which uses public money to fund The public/private interface comparative success. How to infuse the start, like negotiating the course private providers of new social In Britain just about all finance is housing in Britain. These providers public sector enterprises with this of a f?Olball match before going on p~ivate until it becomes public, people factor is a complex issue. the pitch. Reality just is not like that, are typically not-for-profit firms or with the exception of money from charities. This is a Public Finance given our society's deep inhibitions. and problems will get solved or governmenVCrown-owned assets Nonetheless for projects like those opportunities taken in the context at Initiative. Local government authori­ li_ke mineral rights, broadcasting under the PFI at least one serious the time. Even the most disastrou~ ties could be an attractive vehicle rights, and the Post Office. champion is essential, namely the project has to deal with only a for projects and their finance, an Government gets most of its money entrepreneur. and success is made fraction of the risks that would be area where the public/private from private sources via duties more achievable if the public side listed in a formal risk analysis. interface is easily moveable. taxes, fines, fees, and contribuiions has an equivalent champion, These preoccupations are fair if you One of the good aspects of the USA Usually t~is is not enough to pay for is the self-aware participation of its spending and it turns for loans to arranging the concession. assume that the private sector tends Many PFI schemes will take the form to have crooks and charlatans, but people in public decisions, such as further private sources - pensioners the vote by a city's citizens on with its Granny Bonds, children with of a franchise containing some are not consistent with the concept duties and some protections for the of _the private sector as the shining borrowing large sums from private its Savings Certificates, gamblers sources to build a new city library. franchise receiver. This necessarily knight of wealth creation. Much with its Premium Bonds, and the All these assertions have been ~educes the scope for subsequent more important to success than the City for larger quantities of money at simply to make the case that almost higher rates. 1nnovat1on or competition; risk issue is to ensure the creation of Eurotunnel. for example, has sole a reasonable chance of reward with- everything in a country has a public Some services and projects feel like right to build the next crossing in t_he deal. T~ focus on avoiding and a private face. It follows that to public sector naturals, including law between England and France losing makes rt more likely that win- try to differentiate things on this courts. prisons, schools, the through much of the 21st century. ning gets largely forgotten about. basi~ or to use it as an operating 0resund crossing. and the Channel tool is doomed to be very frustrating. Tunnel. A premise of current thinking It may seem like a joke today, but it Although release of innovation is It is fighting against nature. It was by government and by academics could be the jewel in Eurotunnel's put forward as a consequence and John Kenneth Galbraith, I think, who and writers, said and written clearly, hat one day. benefit from PFI, Arups' experience pointed out that if a nurse in a state 1s that the public sector is in its 1 Eland House, Westminster, London SW1 (Photo: Paul Raftery) hospital gets overtime for extra nature less competent at operating hours looking after your grandmother anything than the private sector. If the economy gets poorer; if that you believe this, you will tend to find same nurse does so in a private evidence for it. If you have power. hospital the economy grows; and if your own actions and reactions will you do the extra nursing yourself the make it a self-realising opinion. economy does not even notice. And so here we are. He did not feel the need to pursue The counterpointing of public and the fault line on to a nurse from a private has its uses, but when pnva)e company working in a public stretched even a little beyond these h~sprtal or a volunteer working in a uses !t is worse than neutrally use­ private hospital. His ideas were le~s: 11 becomes pernicious by being formed in sunnier times. m1slead1ng. At present we are being Cases urged to admire the economic tigers Case histories help to test the claims as the route to better economic made here. Let us start with Eland performance. For the tiger which is House. an office building of some Hong Kong its government has 30 OOOm 2 funded by a private pro­ arranged for public ownership of the moter (Land Securilles) and recently railway corporations. the airports, rented for many years ahead by a the land, the water industry, and public user (Department of the 50% of all new housing , and has Environment) with all sorts of risks very few plans to alter that owner­ spread to one party or the other. ship pattern. In Britain most of That public user is vacating a pub­ today's public services were licly-owned building. It is an exact fit originally created because of to the PFI in that it increases the unacceptable deficiencies. both involvement of the private sector in social and economic, in private the provision of public services For whatever reason it has not been promoted as such. not yet anyway. 1 These defirnr,ons have been taken from the Treasvry docvment 'Pnvate Opportunity Pvbl,c Let us compare the Skye bridge with Bene/11' November 1995. the Dartford bridge. The engineering

6 THE ARUP JOURNAL 1/1996 tasks were about equal in terms of Philippines, Indonesia, Pakistan. Arups' contribution We do not ask the funder to con­ width of water to be crossed, Thailand and India with his power We in Arups have a wide range of tribute some of the key engineering ancient navigational demands, stations, highways, and mass opportunities from the current shift skills resource. If our tiny capacity to and provision of access roads. transits as much as he fascinates out of wholly public to private/public provide capital makes the difference The differences in width, in winds, in the commentators of the financial projects. It offers a climate where between success and failure for a remoteness, and in access about industries. His techniques, successes ideas will get generous consideration new project, we have to question its balance out. They were both created and failures bear out most of the and good ideas may prosper. We chances of overall success. We get as private sector franchises too early assertions in this note. He often can use our quickness and open asked to provide capital when we to be fruit of the PFI launch. The one employs Arups as his civil engineer approach to innovate and create are vulnerable: before we get will be carrying only 1% of the traffic and general consultant. He does not winning proposals: we should have appointed. It is leverage on us and of the other, but they should both ask us to be a shareholder in the ideas, test them. and then promote should be seen as such . It is remote succeed financially. In the case of schemes or to fund them to any them. However, we must always from the trust, relationships, and the Dartford bridge. it is actually a extent in other ways. We must hope bear in mind that reliability for the enjoyment which we state as our small component of a vast motorway that his health remains for many long haul is essential, even though aims. Sometimes a scheme may be system. the 240km of M25. fed by more years as good as it is today. flair is the key to winning in the first a very delicate young thing in its 10 major roads. all paid for and The reader who finds this torrent of place. In addition to the reliability early stages. and attractive to us for operated by the public sector. The 'publics' and 'privates' intoxicating preference, matters like life cycle some reason. We should be able to bridge. and its sister tunnel, are need not feel guilty. We use these understanding and costing may now give some of our resources to highly practically in a monopoly position for words more Lewis Carroll-style than take their proper place. We must likely cases where we know and trust that whole system. Owning it and 1984-style to mean what we want learn to discriminate very early on in the people, accepting that we may keeping the tolls is equivalent to them to mean. The private sector is situations and pour our effort into lose that investment but arranging building the pay areas at a great full of public limited companies. In projects which will happen and into that the risk is highly geared in our national stadium and being allowed the public sector there are many promoters who will be chosen. favour should success be achieved. to pocket the gate money. It is like Private Secretaries - as if a secretary This is possible for us but has not Nonetheless the key contribution Las Vegas without the risks. and it is could be anything other than private. previously been a characteristic from us. and hence attraction of us, not surprising that it makes money. Britain is too private especially in its necessary for our survival. It will has to be the deployment of Then how could Skye manage with public sector, as compared to the · make us less tolerant. and unwilling exemplary skills which are relevant its market of a mere 10 OOO souls at USA for example. There is even a to play wait-and-see. We have to to the complete project scope. the better end? The state is able to Public Finance Initiative - which dare keep away from dopes, from the Conclusion give the necessary support in many not say its name - whose aim is unbankable, and from confidence In summary. private finance for ways and al the various levels of to increase the public sector's men. Whilst we will have systems for public projects is a 'how' issue and Eu rofunds, Scottish Office funds. involvement in provision of private reporting and deciding on situations, not a 'what' issue. It ought to have a regional council funds , and district services. It includes the means for the essential skill will be in addition better name, possibly Project council funds . The land, the the huge inward investment which to the systems. One can call it luck, Franchise Programme. Given that legislation, and planning has brought Samsung, Chung Hwa, nose, or instinct, according to taste . these projects are likely to yield permissions can be provided and Nippon AG , Siemens, Delta, and 3. Countries in South East Asia good long-term returns for large the approach roads given. The fer­ many others to Britain . with Hopewell/CEPA PFI projects. initial expenditures, the time profile ry's withdrawn subsidy could no of their money is the counter match doubt be considered. The tolls can '? tJ - to that of pension funds which want be adjusted and policing can be on to place current capital to meet CHINA the rates. There is no reproach \ . ·ef:' future spending streams. Perhaps ) - intended in this analysis, but simply PFI could stand for Pension Funds an effort to show that if you want a Investments. Let's see how long ----Keli ·- project to succeed you have to take BandarZ \ before governments tell us to do so. 2 the necessary means . That this It may be impossible to achieve, but assertion is obvious does not the whole PFI process could be so mean that it is often adhered to. much more successful if it were The world's greatest private entre­ \)D depoliticised. All the main British preneur of public facilities at present parties support it. though that does is Mr Gordon Wu. His projects are not prevent them from fighting over on a heroic scale. He delights the it. There are lots of issues which premiers and presidents of China, should be politicised, but we should all see PFI as a process and not 2. The revenue at Kyte turns out to be not totally as a principle. The public sector controlled The sheep have been paying to cross 11 retains the roles . beyond the private they go by car or float. but free when by loot. Though We will get asked to put up franchising , of defining what is they gel lour feet across free. it is usually a one-way ticket some of the capital for a scheme . required and of regulating the Fundamentally we should not do so. operation of the chosen franchises. Put in more politic language we Then as the private sector gets more should do so only in exceptional situ­ competent at running these para­ ations. Our attractions to a promoter utilities, as technologies change, as have to be our high professional demand changes. as alternatives skills, our experienced people, our emerge, our governments should contacts, our comfort with regulations. feel able to revisit each item 4 Below· our large global network, our large periodically and adjust the frame­ Skye Bridge teams. our multitude of skills. our work and the franchises to match (Guthrie mix of nationalities, and our attitude the new optimum interface for the Photography) to the conversion of problems. public and private parts of the nation.

This personal view has been developed tram a lecture given lo the Labour Finance and Industry Group conference at the Institution of Civil Engineers. February 1994 :i! m :u c" 'O g~ :uz ".... 2. M25 {Illustration: Peter Speleers) 7 Edinburgh International Conference Centre Alastair Bisset

Context In 1988 a masterplan competition was launched for a new Edinburgh financial dis­ trict on a large site stretching 350m along the Western Approach Road from Lothian Road to the Morrison Street bridge. The Edinburgh International Conference Centre (EICC) was just one element of this. The compet1t1on was won by Terry Farrell and Company and a masterplan for the whole site was worked up; it located EICC where the Western Approach Road is crossed by the Morrison Street bridge, a position which would make 1t an anchor point for the new financial district. The plan was accepted by the joint clients, Edinburgh District Council and Lothian and Edinburgh Enterprise, and was granted plan­ ning permission in November 1991 . Terry Farrell and Company were subsequently appointed as architect for the EICC building itself. Ove Arup & Partners Scotland had not been involved with the original masterplan, but were civil engineering consultants for re-aligning the Western Approach Road 1 Edinburgh International Conference Centre 1n its city context before work began on EICC, and were now appointed for the structure and mechanical and electrical services of the building itself. Site history The site had been occupied by railway lines funnelling trains into the Princes Street pas­ senger and Lothian Road goods Stations. These were closed in the 1960s and the whole triangle of land between Lothian Road and Morrison Street Bridge became derelict. The route of the railway line was then re-used to form the Western Approach Road , giving Edinburgh a new entry point for light vehicles coming from the west. Nevertheless the greatest part of the area was still derelict and was identified as requiring resuscitation in the form of development. This also brought the opportunity for some commercial gain as well as realising the city's aspiration for a conference centre, deemed necessary to bring visitors to the city at unseasonable times of year. Unfortunately the site was 2 The site before development, viewed from the Sheraton Hotel on the traversed by the railway tunnels carrying the Lothian Road side. facing south-west. Morrison Street runs from east to west above main Edinburgh/Glasgow line between the three disused rail tunnels. and the Western Approach Road is on the right Waverley and Haymarket Stations at compar­ The western end of the disused Lothian Road Goods Station was located where the car park is atively shallow depth and thus detracting 1n the foreground Princes Street Terminus was on the right. out of shot, the Glasgow/Edinburgh from the land's development value. This main line tunnels traverse that part of the site. running approximately east-west problem was solved by moving the Western Approach Road to a new position over the 3. The site 1n May 1993. facing south-east. showing the temporary retaining wall to Momson Street tunnels (as noted above), thus creating a valid development site. Site works The Conference Centre site. at the west end of the development area. had previously been occupied by the lines to the goods station and one side of the railway cutting (Fig .2) . The ground sloped up 7m from the Western Approach Road to Morrison Street and the site was traversed by a geological fault in which the mudstone. siltstone. and sand­ stone was completely shattered . On one side of the fault the rock was intact, on the other was an outcrop of very hard conglomerate. To the north-west was the dual carriageway of the Western Approach Road , to the south Morrison Street, and on the south-west the three disused railway tunnels which original­ ly carried the railway lines under Morrison Street. The building is built partially over these tunnels which, indeed, are now used for additional storage for EICC and form an intake to carry cool fresh air into the fully­ glazed, south-facing entrance foyer 8 THE ARUP JOURNAL 1•1996 4. View from Morrison Street: the main public entrance is on the left. All these constraints meant a light site and substanllal site formation works. A rock­ anchored temporary retaining wall with king posts drilled into the conglomerate was constructed to support Morrison Street so that the site could be reduced to Approach Road level (F1g.3). This involved the removal of much rock including some of the hard con­ glomerate. which slowed the contractor's planned progress for a while. The site formation level was some 2.5m below the floor of the tunnels. This meant that the tunnel walls had to be underpinned prior to the excavation. In addition the final buttress of the arches had to be removed to clear the required site area. The tunnel roof was propped to prevent a spreading collapse. The structure The concrete pad foundations were formed directly in the rock with the lowest reinforced concrete floor slab Just above them at the 63.5m level above Ordnance Datum (OD). A permanent reinforced concrete retaining wall was then formed integral with the ground slab providing a permanent support to Morrison Street and replacing the temporary wall. The permanent wall was designed as a cantilever, with considerable movement at its 5 Above The main foyer head A movement Joint at the head of the wall prevents the transmission of force from the wall to the floor plate. The shear walls are thus relieved from this additional load. The chosen interior layout of EICC required an exhibition area. plant space. and service yard at the lowest. 63.5m OD level. with a direct entry for service vehicles from the Western Approach Road. The main public entrance to the building is from Morrison Street (Fig.4) at 70m OD level; this houses 6 the main foyer (Fig.5), the 'breakout' rooms Staircase to the where conference delegates subdivide into main auditorium. smaller discussion groups. and the stairs and escalators (Fig.6) which carry them either up to the 44m diameter main auditorium or down to the exhibition hall. The EICC layout reflects the use of the building . . Conferences generally start with a plenary session in the main auditorium at which all delegates are welcomed to the event and hear the keynote speech. They may then subdivide into the smaller groupings to discuss more specialist subJects

THE ARUP JOURNAL I ' 9 The main auditorium 1s situated at 78m OD level with the boiler room above its foyer at 87m OD level. and the heat rejection equip­ ment 1n a special housing on the roof at 92.5m OD level Packing this varied accom­ modation and its servicing into the chosen building size and shape posed a difficult problem. which was exacerbated by the client's requirement to have the auditorium subd1v1s1ble by the use of two rotatable areas of seating, each accommodaltng 300. to create separate. minor auditoria (Figs.7-9) These are located at the rear of the main auditorium. which seats 600. and turn through 180° to isolate themselves from it. Each rotating area is supported on a circular rail (Fig.10) which requires careful control of deflection under the varying loads generated by the rotation A further cons1derat1on was the deceleration force generated by the 20mm emergency stop distance of the rotating drums. which with their cladding and f1tt1ngs added to the structure weigh 150 tonnes each. This force is taken out through the floor plate to four concrete cores at the drum perimeter The problem 1s further complicated by the need for acoustic separation of each area from its neighbour Each of the areas. including the stage, the simultaneous interpretation (SI) booths, and the projection rooms. has to be serviced in both configurations. 7 Schematic view of the aud,tonum: one of The superstructure below the ?Orn level is an the rotatable areas 1s turned, irregular quadrilateral plan shape and 1s to create a separate 300-seat space constructed in 1n situ reinforced concrete. The main entrance 1s beyond, to the top left.

8 Left The auditorium in 600-seat mode and 9 Below left 1n 1200-seat mode

The frame package tender documents had called for alternative bids for steel frame and 1n s1tu concrete solutions up to the ?Orn level. and the winning subcontractor elected for the latter with the offer that this would save three weeks from the programme and £200 OOO from the price Above the ?Orn level the structure consists of a circular drum framed 1n steelwork (Fig 11) The radial beams are supported at the centre on four circular steel columns (Fig 12) and at the perimeter of the drum on 12 s1m1lar. regularly-arranged columns At auditorium floor level the beams are of the proprietary Cellform type, up to 1.7m deep with large circular holes cut from their webs to allow the passage of minor services At roof level the loads were so large that the use of welded plate girders was required again up to 1 7m deep in the middle but tapering to 900mm at the edge. Despite its comphcat1on. however, the frame was built in nine months The exterior surface of the drum 1s clad in precast units (Fig 13), which, rather unusually are supported on steels wti1ch are hung from the roof and auditorium beams respectively That 1s the whole of the drum cladding 1s hung from the steelwork above which led to some interesting calculations of the expected .... deflections. especially where the drum clad­ ~ ding abutted the stair core where the stone a:: ::, cladding was directly supported on the con­ ..~ crete structure of the stair tower Also sup­ ::, a:: ported from the roof are ltght1ng bridges escape walk Nays, SI booths and even one "':c"" .... side of the boiler house 10 1. Right: 3. Below: & 2. Below: Site Site after before development. development The Nynex Arena, Manchester Steve Burrows Paul Kay Darren Paine John Waite

Introduction The challenge The station had to operate throughout Manchester's Olympic 2000 bid, and a strong The site was the 14ha of Manchester's construction, which led to a phased building desire to regenerate the city's north-eastern Victoria Station, and the scheme was to brin\:j programme that in turn affected the design, sector, made the Arena a reality. Following forward redevelopment of the Station itself , particularly where structure was adjacent to Manchester's success as UK Olympic bid and release a large tract of land for the new or over railway lines. Programme and representative in 1991, Government pro­ facility (Figs.2 & 3): cost were high priorities. Demolition was mised in March 1992 to part-fund and there­ • Arena (occupancy licensed at 20 500) scheduled to start late December 1992, with by guarantee construction of facilities, on the completion by 30 June 1995. The first 12 basis that the three major sporting facilities • Multi-storey car park (1000 spaces) months were mainly concerned with the would be constructed on inner city regenera­ • 'City Room' (retail accommodation) station redevelopment, although small pockets tion sites. In June 1992 Vector Investments • Multiplex cinema shell (leisure) of the site were released for Arena construc­ won the competition to develop a 20 OOO-seat tion. Based on November 1992 scheme arena over the Victoria Station rail inter­ • 'Arena Point' (office accommodation). stage information, Bovis boldly gave a guar­ change. The race to show that Manchester anteed maximum price (GMP); this had a would have world-class facilities at its dis­ continuing impact on the design, having posal before the year 2000 began. strict cost targets for each part of the proiect.

The floor and roof beams act compositely with the concrete floor slab. The four irregu­ larly shaped concrete stair towers are each attached at the perimeter of the drum. These contain stairs, toilets, and vertical ducts for services and support external services plant on their roofs. Special provisions had to be made for provision of temporary stability to the drum during construction A specialist-designed fabric entrance canopy is supported on 'wave'-shaped steel beams cantilevered out from steel columns which stand clear of the face of the building. The ends of the can!llevers are held down against wind uplift by rod ties at their external ends The lower ends of these lie rods are cased in concrete to protect against vehicle impact 4. Elevation of completed Nynex Arena (left) adJOlning Arena Point office block. from the adjacent vehicle set-down layby (Fig.14). 38 THE ARUP JOURNAL 1/L THE ARUP JOURNAL I 1 15. The auditorium with one rotatable section facing forward ; the main lighting is by recessed , dimmable downlighters.

The services lights are switched on for the plenary sion of heavy exhibits. The services have The Conference Centre has two separate session. Large air ducts supply tempered air been designed to a much higher standard electrical supplies, each from a different through ceiling-mounted diffusers and than normal for this kind of space in order to Scottish Power substation. There is also an extract air from lighting gallery level as well cater for the grand banqueting functions emergency generator which powers essential as from under the seats. This air is rejected to which can be held in the exhibition area. items, such as food freezers. computers. and outside atmosphere. or it is heated or cooled Contract security and firefighting systems. As would be for recirculation as required by internal and The contract was a management type with a expected in a building of this quality. much external conditions. Duct sizes were kept guaranteed maximum price. The design attention has been paid to the achievement of large so that the noise of the air passing team appointment was novated from the the desired lighting effect. Low wattage through them is minimised. client to the management contractor soon downlighters are used in the public areas to The gas-fired boilers are located high in the after the latter's appointment. The total cost aid energy conservation. In the auditoria building immediately over the entrance foyer of the building was some £35M. and breakout rooms the general lighting is to the auditorium. The air-handling units and Conclusion provided by dimmable, double-focus down­ the heat rejection equipment are placed lighters recessed in the ceiling (Fig.15). The Sunday, 17 September 1995 saw the official above the boiler plant at the top level and opening by Tom Farmer. chairman of Kwik-Fit lighting needs in the exhibition hall are quite within the distinctive roof disc. different so that an indirect dimmable light and one of Scotland's most dynamic and source is employed for the house lighting. All The services for this particular auditorium are enterprising businessmen. In his introductory public areas have 'mood setting' lighting of course complicated by the requirements remarks he said ·. .. perfection ... that is what controls, so that the ambience of the space for subdividing the space into the three has been achieved today; it is perfection.' can be altered to suit the nature of the event separate smaller auditoria, with their com­ Even though that was prefaced by a guess in progress. External lighting is concentrated pletely separate services systems. These as to what the City Fathers of 25 years ago at the top of the drum and illuminates the must function equally well both together and might have expected, it was still very high underside of the crowning roof disk. separately, and are controlled in the different praise indeed. auditoria configurations by the Building This creates a floating effect and enhances Automation System. The auditorium ancillary Credits the Centre's visibility on Edinburgh's after­ areas such as projection rooms. control Client: dark skyline. The striking entrance canopy is rooms and simultaneous interpretation EICC Ltd also suitably illuminated to draw people to booths, all require separate dedicated air Architect: the doors. systems. Many of the auditoria systems are Terry Farrell and Company Power supplies include three-phase tempo­ replicated on a smaller scale in the breakout Structural, mechanical. rary supplies to exhibition hall stalls served rooms which are situated on the main and electrical engineers: from openable floor trenches, floor box out­ entrance floor. Ove Arup and Partners Scotland lets in the foyers for flexible use of that space. These rooms are also divisible, in this case Douglas Wylie, Robin Woodger. Willie Stevenson. and special voltage-stabilised electrical from 600 seats to three 200-seat spaces. A Fred Robinson. Alan Richmond. Gerry O'Bnen. Ian supplies in the auditoria, lighting control. McGarrity, Ray Mcivor, Jim Hampson, Willie Crowe. similar but smaller-scale system operates in Alan Coventry, Annalisa Coutts. Tim Cromack. dimmer rack, and projection rooms. the subdivisible committee rooms. The Dorothy Brankin There is a data distribution system installed entrance foyer itself is flexibly serviced to deal Acousticians: throughout the building with the capability of with delegate registration, assembly, buffet Sandy Brown Associates handling press conferences. television out­ and bar service and minor exhibition use. Quantity surveyors: side broadcast. satellite television. and so The exhibition area is situated on the lowest Gleeds on . Vertical transportation in the building is floor at Western Approach Road level and Construction management: provided by seven lifts and five escalators. adjacent to the heavy vehicle loading bay. GA Construction The heart of any conference centre is the The temporary exhibition stands can be Illustrations main auditorium, which is kept under close provided with the water, electricity, telecom­ 1. 4-6, 8, 9, 14, 15 : Keith Hunter Photography temperature and humidity control at all times. munications. or drainage services they 2, 3, 11 : GA Construction The heating or cooling requirements for the require by two floor ducts. one wet and one 7: Sandy Brown Associates space vary enormously as the auditorium fills dry. The ceiling-mounted services include air 10, 12: Ove Arup & Partners Scotland with delegates and the high-powered stage ducts. lighting, and strong points for suspen- 13: EICC

12 TH E ARUP JOURNAL 1/ 1996 Water Constraints Pride Park, Derby Groundwater samples were also classified With the site-specific soil and water classifi­ 1-4, though this scale.derived from EC Direct­ cations developed, all the determinands Peter Braithwaite ives, differs from the soil classification system. were put in a database. and each sample Gas given an overall classification based on the Sue Wade Borehole measurements had found a con­ highest for any parameter measured. As tinued gas presence in the landfill part of the samples were recovered from discrete George Webb site. These are expected to reduce in the depths, it was then possible to create a 30 long term but developments close to the contamination model which was used as a landfill are likely to require gas protection 'constraint model' for 'hot spots' of particular measures built into their substructure. contaminants and areas of generally contam­ inated soils and water. For example, it can be Introduction used to identify the constraints imposed by In 1992. Derby City was among the local class 4 'very contaminated' soils or for authorities to win the second round of the particular determinands. DoE City Challenge Programme. and Derby This flexibility is important as, for example, a Pride Ltd was set up to administer the funding class 4 phytotoxic metal may not impose the necessary to deliver the City's goals. Pride same constraint as a class 4 phenol level for Park, the flagship proposal. was to be located an area which is to have a commercial on 80ha of largely derelict land near the city or industrial after-use. The model can also centre, previously used for domestic/industrial plot contaminants at various depths below landfill. coke, gas, and heavy engineering surface, again of prime importance when works, and gravel extraction. It was heavily determining remediation options. contaminated with pollutants including oils, tars. phenols, heavy metals, ammonia, 1. Site before investigation. boron, and even some low-level radioactive material below the landfill. Several parts of Arups became involved & when in August 1993 the Birmingham office N were appointed as reclamation engineers to develop and implement the strategy to convert the site to a mixed commercial, leisure. and residential development. By this time, there had already been several site investigations, identifying major issues Derby • to be addressed prior to any building. Some Railway ' 800 soil samples had been taken for Stati on chemical testing , each for a total of 22 I , , .... different determinands. .' , .. The site I I .... \ , Pride Park is jointly owned by British Gas, BR , .. Property Board . and ABB Transportation . The , Key .. site is generally level; to the north and east .. Gasholders lies the River Derwent. and to the south and Pride Park boundary west, the main rail-line between Derby and ' Bentonite cut-off wall ' London. All buildings have been demolished. ' except two large gasholders. The former Gas vent trench Derby-London Canal (now completely filled Capillag blanket placed in) runs through the site. as does a major under ontract 1 trunk sewer. In general, the soils follow the sequence: fill (up to 7m thick) overlying allu­ ~ Waste repository .. vium, terrace gravels, and Mercia mudstone. Flood defence bund .. Contamination The first challenge for Arup Environmental 0 100 200 300 400 scorn was to assess the mass of chemical data and present it comprehensibly. All soils test 2. Site plan. results were divided into groups of metals, inorganic compounds, organic compounds. and other hazards, resulting in five sets: toxic metals, phytotoxic metals, cyanides, organics, and miscellaneous. As there are no nationally recognised comprehensive guidelines for contaminated soils and water, a site-specific classification system was developed. Within each set, every determinand was allocated a 'class' on a scale of 1 ('uncontaminated') to 4 ('very contaminated'). The maximum values in each were . wherever possible, based on available guidelines, eg ICRCL (Interdepartmental Committee for the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land), Kelly, and Canadian Council of Ministers of th e Environment (CCME) .

3. Aerial photograph looking east

THE ARUP JOURNAL t/1996 13 These analyses indicated that the site gener­ have any major adverse impact on the establish drawdown at the wall as a result of ally could be split into east and west halves. environment; indeed. its location inside the pumping from abstraction boreholes. The former comprised old landfill and gas vertical cut-off wall will afford double pro­ Data from the pumping trials was incorporated works with mostly contaminated soils and tection. into the stage 2 AQUA modelling with the even more highly contaminated ground­ Groundwater modelling range of permeabilities deduced from the water. whilst the latter - gravel pits and engi­ A two-stage hydrogeological analysis mod­ pumping trial data assigned to different neering works - had localised and impersis­ elled groundwater conditions before and after areas in the model. tent areas of contamination both in type and construction of the cut-off wall. The first stage Only minor changes in the output of the stage level. The groundwater under this area was program. AQUA. set the model boundary generally uncontaminated. 1 models were evident. Two further AQUA conditions as either ·no flow' or 'fixed head', models were defined, one simulating the wall Reclamation strategy and predicted the natural groundwater con­ as a thin low permeability area with nodes Two principal objectives were to minimise ditions within the site. The parameters were on both sides and one only using the area off-site disposal of contaminated soils. and to calculated using the known groundwater within the wall Both indicated that boreholes ensure that contaminants do not migrate into abstraction at the adjacent sand and gravel set near the wall reduced water levels there the Derwent. on the north and east site quarry within the modelled area and com­ by th e required amount, whilst levels 1n the boundaries. paring the predicted groundwater drawdown centre of the site were largely unaffected. with that measured in the field . Developing the strategy was simplified by the The second stage also comprised inflow and constraints model. To the east. the high con­ The containment wall was introduced into the upflow calculations into the c_ont~ined ar~a tamination levels extend to 1Orn below the model by creating a ·no flow' boundary. as a result of the difference 1n p1ezometric surface, which made treatment impractical Groundwater levels outside the wall rose head between the underlying Sherwood and uncommercial. The area has thus been up-gradient by up to 0.7m and decreased sandstone (approximately 44m OD) and the safety-contained within a 600mm m1nimum­ adjacent to the river, as a result of the barrier gravels. Further refining of the model and width bentonite cement vertical cut-off wall , to groundwater flow created by the wall. analysis with SEEP and AQUA showed that sealed 1m into the underlying Mercia SEEP. a finite element seepage program, the total flow of groundwater to be abstracted mudstone. within which a high density poly­ was used to calculate inflow under the wall. 1s around 301/s. ethylene (HOPE) membrane has been Model runs using key-in depths into the The pump and treat system placed centrally to ensure the designed Mercia mudstone of 0.5, 1, 2 and 3m and 10-Bm/sec permeability. Construction of the To reduce the groundwater levels inside the a head difference of 1m either side of the cut-off wall to below those on the outside, a 3000m+ length of wall was complicated by wall demonstrated that the flow under the the need to enclose existing services whilst system of abstraction and treatment of th_e wall decreased by c20% with each groundwater to prevent risk of pollution will ensuring the wall's integrity. At the surface. increase in key-in depth. The 1m key-in depth the wall is capped by a 5m wide, 500mm be installed. The appointed contractor will selection stemmed from cost, buildab11ity , prepare the detailed design of this system thick clay cap to prevent the bentonite from and inflow rate . drying and cracking . A gas venting trench under a design and build contract. Arups' will encircle the closed landfill to prevent The second stage of hydrogeological ana­ scheme modelling has indicated that c45 pressure build-up or landfill gases migrating lysis was to predict the effect of the wall on boreholes will be required, offset 5m from the to neighbouring sites . water levels within it as well as outside. It wall - a distance fixed by Derby Pride Ltd due commenced with field pumping trials in six to their easement requirements. The antici­ Parts of the landfill and old gas works sites boreholes in the gravels and comprised step pated spacing is about 50m in the area near will be surfaced with permeable capillary and constant rate tests. As the situation was the river where the wall height 1s lower than break blankets as individual developments far from ideal, in that the aquifer is finite in 42.5m OD , and about 65-70m over the rest require. Their 650mm th ickness and the area, varies in thickness, 1s heterogeneous. of the site. grading of the stone material are designed to and anisotropic, constant rate data for each ensure that in periods of drought the capillary Although the National Rivers Authority (~RA) borehole was analysed using three separate initially required a 1m average head differ­ rise of any contaminant will be less than the techniques: 'confined ', 'leaky' and 'uncon­ blankets' thickness. Rain can percolate ence over the entire length of the wall , it has fined '. Distance-drawdown calculations used been agreed that 0.25m will be maintained through and into the landfill, but end users parameters from the pumping trial data to will be protected. As rain passes through the by the river and railway with water levels waste. soluble contaminants will be carried to elsewhere kept 'at or below' those outside the the base of the fill as leachate. wall. This may significantly reduce the amount of water to be abstracted. To minimise the amount of materials to be The abstracted water will be pumped via a removed from site. a purpose-built, fully­ Capillary break blanket engineered landraise, jointly designed by ring-main system to the treatment plant in the Arups' Leeds and Birmingham offices. is to Topsoil/ subsoil corner of the site and directed through a be constructed withiq the bentonite cut-off series of water treatment systems before wall to take 36 OOOm of class 4 soils from discharge to the nver. The level of clean-up will the rest of the site. Its design includes a comply with the NRA's Discharge Consent. composite clay/HOPE lining with leachale and will not be detrimental to river quality. drainage and landfill gas wells, and it Pairs of monitoring boreholes (either side of will have an impermeable cap, over which a the wall) spaced regularly to monitor water soil covering will permit vegetation and levels inside and outside, will trigger the landscaping borehole abstraction system. Water samples The western part of the site will have less from these boreholes will be tested for pH . intensive treatment, with local removal of suspended solids. chemical oxygen demand contaminated soils. Further chemical testing (COD) . biological oxygen demand (BOD), will yield results to be classified in accor­ ammonia , boron, heavy metals. oils and tars. dance with the site specific classification and and phenols to assess the system's success. added to the database. The constraint model Once commissioned. it will operate for at can therefore be continually refined as more least 15 years. This should clean up m~ch of data becomes available. the contaminated groundwater. leading to reduced treatment towards the end of the Environmental Statement (ES) Ground water The waste repository, now designed. 1s the extraction well operating period subject of an ES called for by the Waste Environmental monitoring Regulation Authority. Derbyshire County Cut-off wall During the wall 's construction, noise and dust Council. II has been submitted to them were monitored, the latter at four places 1n together with a waste licence application. the surrounding residential areas; this gener­ The ES. prepared by Arups. describes in ally indicated that both remained w1th1n limits detail the proposed construction of the waste during the works. Gas monitoring, also dur­ repository. It concludes that it should not 4. Isometric of cut-off wal l. ing construction. showed that elevations of

14 THE ARUP JOURN AL 1/1996 gases were generally isolated and located Recent monitoring indicates that levels ammoniacal nitrogen, sulphate, sulphide and within the landfill area. This is still ongoing. are again rising and. if this continues, tempo­ electrical conductivity. although there are also River monitoring at four points along the rary abstraction wells will be installed for significant areas of elevated polyaromatic length of the whole site, over a 19-month immediate control, pending installation of the hydrocarbons. Chemical monitoring continues period, included inorganic and organic permanent abstraction system. bi-monthly in a limited number of boreholes. analysis. No discernible trends were noted, Groundwater contamination. including org­ Recent construction work either before or after wall construction. anic and inorganic parameters, has been The first phase of reclamation started in Groundwater monitoring, comprising water monitored in detail in boreholes inside and May 1994. Contract 1 included the bentonite/ level and chemical analysis, began in 1993 outside the wall since construction began in cement cut-off wall. partial reclamation of two over the entire site in a limited number May 1994. A more comprehensive suite of development plots, and well-pumping trials. of boreholes. More regular monitoring tests including Red List substances. furans The value of the contract at tender was £3M. commenced in May 1994 in boreholes inside and dioxins were undertaken on fewer bore­ Further land reclamation was added to the and outside the wall, in particular where it holes on a limited number of occasions. The contract, which allowed the subsequent con­ was near the river. All this revealed seasonal main elevated parameters are boron. COD, struction of roadworks above the reclamation trends and that water levels within the wall platforms. The roadworks, designed and are higher than outside. in particular close to implemented by Derbyshire County Council, the river. The level rose rapidly, up to 4m, as National Rivers Authority include re-routing the main A6 Derby-London the wall was being built and in the months l road through the site Construction of the immediately following completion, attaining a 3km long cut-off wall was carried out by general water level of 43.5-44m OD over the Close liaison with the NRA through every stage of the reclamation process has been Bachy, Morrison's sub-contractor, who in the site. Levels inside the wall were thus higher tender negotiations had queried the com­ a key feature of the proiect, and the good than the top of the wall in the areas by the pressive strength and strain requirements of relationship has greatly assisted in the river and railway which are approximately the specification. It was eventually agreed 43m OD. The rise may have been partially project's smooth running. The NRA have that the requirement for strength could be caused by the construction method; as had particular involvement in: relaxed providing that for strain was met; flex­ required by the NRA. sections of the wall by • Input into the feasibility of the wall ibility of the wall being the over-riding factor. the river were the first parts to be built. This stopping contamination migrating created an immediate barrier to groundwater The work on site proceeded without any into the river flow and allowed levels to 'build up' behind major problems though the service crossings the wall. The rise was also caused by the • Input mto order of construction of the through the wall proved more difficult than large winter rainfall and upflow from the wall - length adjacent to river built first first envisaged. Firstly, there were more live underlying Sherwood sandstone. services than expected and secondly, the • Environmental monitoring - amount of water entering excavations for the From March to December 1995 levels in the groundwater and river water two Northern Interceptor sewer crossings site decreased. though slower than the pre­ • Provision of background design data - delayed this part of the work by some weeks. vious rise and not reducing to pre-wall levels. river flows and levels. flood level data. Future proposals and licensed abstractions 5. Lowering HOPE membrane into wall. The first phase was completed in June 1995, • Pumping tests - Consent to Test Pump and the contract for groundwater abstraction required from NRA under the Water and treatment system went to tender at the Resources Act - Section 32(3) end of January 1996. A notice had to be placed in the Official Journal of the EC due to • Pump and treat system: anticipated operating costs being above the (a) Abstraction Licence required for stated threshold tor a Public Works Services extraction of groundwater within wall Contract. Other work planned for the next year includes construction of the waste (b) Discharge Consent required for repository, flood bund, and vent trench. As discharge of treated groundwater into well as this. it is likely that further develop­ River Derwent. Concentrations of ment plots will require reclamation as and contaminants within discharge to be when prospective purchasers appear. with specified in a consent. each having reclamation works tailored to Once the abstraction and treatment plant suit their own project requirements. is operational. the NRA will become further Credits involved in monitoring and liaison to ensure Client: that the Discharge Consent limits remain in Derby Pride Ltd Lcompllance. Consultants: Ove Arup & Partners Tracey Bailey Robert Blair Peter Braithwaite. Ian Burwood. Adrian Collings. Stuart Cowan. Chris Evans. Jide Fakoya. Steve Gazeley, Lee Gill, Terrie Hall. Martin Jennings, Tom Kennedy. Robin Lee. Nigel Livingstone, Peter Neville. Crispin Oakman. Sieve Ryall. Keith Seago, Will Sims. Abstraction Treatment ~------Works !+------, Keith Small, Alan Turner. Sue Wade. George Webb. Kevin Wood Stewart Yalden (Birmingham) Chris Barrett, Chris Carter. Brian Coyle, Linda Dewar, Rainfall Bruno Guillaume Ginny Hyde. David Oram. Richard Owen. Dermot Scanlon. Lorna Walker Simon Witney i (environmental. London) Discharge to Lisa Gledhill John Henry (geotechnics. London) River Colin Copeman (Coventry) Made ground Peter Chamley. Deborah Lord. John Theos (Leeds) River Hakop M1rzabaigian. Rob Paris (Manchester) Allu11ium Derwent Robin Lee (Nottingham) Finola Reid (Arup Acoustics) River Terrace Gravels Phase 1 reclamation contractor: Morrison Construction Ltd Cut-off wall sub-contractor­ Bachy Upflow from Sandstone Inflow ~ //lustrations· Inflow Mercia Mudstone 1.&.5: Peter Mackinven. 2: Jennifer Gunn. 3: SAM Design Consultants. 6. Pump and treat system: idealised cross-section through site. 4 Sean McDermott. 6: Claire Noble.

THE ARUP JOURNAL 1/19% 15 Darwin College Study Centre, Cambridge

The straight line of the waterfront Joins the curved wall of Silver Street to generate the warped monopitch roof that 1s a dominant interior feature. In response to client require­ ments and the ditticult site, the design team developed the following aims: • a quiet, naturally-ventilated building, in which good natural lighting would provide a range of working environments • retention of the form and sense of the original boundary walls with , as a consequence, no joints in the brickwork • a prominent use of oak· shown in the structure primarily, but also in windows. floors. bookcases. and furniture. Each part of the whole was to be visibly linked by the nature of the material , expressed in detailing of joints. textures and finishes. • buildability: the site was 6m wide at its narrowest. and had the river on one side and the tourist coaches' parking on the other. Sluices up and down stream meant that the river could be lowered between November and March. easing construction of the river wall These objectives were achieved by com­ bining traditional materials with both modern materials and engineering systems. Environmental The noise and pollution from Silver Street. and particularly the parked tourist buses (which run their engines to keep the air­ conditioning going), meant that simple cross-ventilation was not possible; in fact the wall, window. and roof adJacent to Silver Street were designed specifically for noise exclusion (F1g.2). Computer studies were made of aspects of the internal environment. Arups' GATHER software was used to investigate daylighting, whilst the VENT program showed that if nat­ ural ventilation were to be effective, cool air would have to be induced into the building and drawn along its length progressively, feeding up to high level and out. The solution was to use the riverside windows at clere­ story and first floor level. coupled with a lantern at the east end acting as a ventilation stack to create a longitudinal air flow and 'make a circuit'. The high level windows and lantern side flaps open and close automati­ cally with air temperature. wind speed. or rain . First floor windows are manually operat­ ed Stable-type doors opening onto the river (Fig.5) were introduced between working areas to create good general air flow (Fig 6) The ground floor computing rooms have small windows to reduce screen reflection (and for security), and were provided with fan coil heating and cooling. This allowed them to be closed off from the rest of the building. reducing noise from keyboards and printers. The computer rooms also have raised floors 1 Darwin College: Oak beams support the cantilevered study area over the River. for cabling and services. Underfloor heating 1s provided in circulation areas with radiators under windows. Introduction Structure Darwin College, Cambridge, was founded in and picnics. The college had increasingly felt The building is founded on continuous flight 1965 as the first postgraduate college in the the need for extra study facilities, particularly auger bored piles. with a hinged link to the University. It lies between Silver Street and with the growth of computerised information adjoining and structurally frail Old Granary the River Cam, with new buildings infilling sources In 1988 an architectural competition Building. Ground beams, river walls , and pre­ between existing buildings once lived in by for a new Study Centre was held, and won by cast floor provide a structural deck which the Darwin family (the most famous being Jeremy Dixon. Arups were appointed as supports a load-bearing masonry and timber Charles of Origin of Species fame). The site building engineers in January 1990, but a superstructure.The external brickwork used is at the eastern end of this progression. 45m planning appeal delayed detail design until lime putty/sand mortar. which avoided the long and from 6-8m wide. During the 1993-4. The Centre provides some 70 work need for movement joints because of its nat­ summer. tourist coaches park in Silver Street spaces and 30 computer terminals (all linked ural plasticity and greater ability to absorb beside the Study Centre, while across the to the University network). and includes a movement. All brick walls are solid - one brick River (or mill pond as it effectively becomes seminar room and a Fellows· flat. The build­ thick generally, but one and a half on Silver at this point), where punts may be hired. is ing is on two levels, the upper, containing the Street - both for structural stability and Laundress Green, much used for sitting out study areas. cantilevers over the Cam (Fig .1) . acoustic insulation. 2. The roadside wall . with the ·vent1lat1on stack' lantern at the rear left

5. The study Jointing the timber area. showing The connections between main structural oak limber members were arranged so that they structure and could be lightened as drying of the timber 'stable' doors giving natural !!@•••• took place. Loads are largely transferred ventilation. c:._ ___ M;-::;;;;;.iiiiiill by t1mber-to-t1mber contact. with bolts act­ ing as posit1oners and ties to maintain the geometry of the joint. Stainless steel was used throughout because of the corrosive nature of green oak. The bolt details are similar to scaled-up furniture fixings. using a countersunk head recessed into a washer, itself recessed flush with the timber (Fig .3)

6 Air flow through the building 3. w,ndow-frame iomt detail

The design sought to avoid the industrial connotations of conventional bolt heads, or the false suggestion of a dowel 1f the head Brick reinforcing was also used for continuity has been recessed and plugged . and to enhance stability in the end gable and Silver Street walls . The structural oak timber was supplied slightly oversize and planed to size by the main contractor. whose own joiners and carpenters fabricated and erected all the structural frame The members were only members The range of movements that available freshly cut. section sizes ranged could occur from 'green' timber was too great from 365 x 100mm (river cantilever beams). to be accommodated, so the oak was 250 x 250mm (primary posts). and 250 x pre-purchased and kiln-dried to achieve 75mm (principal rafters - Fig 7). to 100 x maximum drying in the three months 100mm and 150 x 100mm for general framing available before the main contract started .

7 Pitched roof beams.

4 Exploded io1nt detail Rod end anchors were used to connect into longitudinal members. and flush dead end anchors when bolts passed through to the hidden side of a member (Fig 4)

THE ARUP JOURNAL 1 • The effectiveness of accelerated drying of The Study Centre was completed close to large sections is not documented. it was budget and programme, and opened 1n May I Hat Hill recognised that the timber would not be fully 1994 It has since gained a good deal of dry on installation. and that in service there praise both for its sensitive occupation of a Sculpture would be fissuring across-grain shrinkage, difficult. prime site. and for the way 1n which and distortion of line in rough proportion to 1t fulfils the demands of the brief (it won a Foundation the member thickness. The potential long­ RIBA Regional Award 1n 1994). The students term movements were estimated. and joints enjoy the building· it has an informal, almost Roger Hyde and interfaces with windows and furniture homely quality. which encourages use of the designed for these movements. wide range of working environments that In fact moisture content at installation was have been provided. between 26-60% - substantially higher than hoped for - and this has caused some Credits greater drying movements than were planned. It was also a reminder that this Client particular European hardwood remains Darwin College Cambridge unpredictable in large sections, and requires Architect: robust detailing and a conservative assess­ Jeremy Dixon & Edward Jones ment of drying shrinkage. Consulting engineers· The main roof rafters are the members most Ove Arup & Partners Steve Blake. susceptible to creep deflection and distor­ Simon Hancock. Roger Hyde Lidia Johnson. tion, and were designed to act compositely Heather Marsden. Sarah Meldrum Rat Orlowski, with the double-layer plywood roof deck, Stuart Redgard . Peter Ross . Mick White which also formed a structural diaphragm to Quantity surveyor transfer wind loads to the end walls. Davis Langdon & Everest The decision to use oak was not taken easily. Mam contractor. There was no useful contemporary experi­ Rattee & Kett Ltd ence of its use other than 1n copies of old Timber sub-contractor: buildings or 1n renovation. The effect of the Henry Venables Lid fissuring - as well as causing some wonder­ Illustrations ment about the vanabihty of this hardwood - 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 D Gilbert is to create 'instant age' and a rich variation 6 Dennis K1rtley{rrevor Slydel 1n the surface texture. 4. Darren Sri-Tharam/Frank Pyle

8. The completed building 1n its riverside setting

18 THE ARUP JOURNAL Introduction visitors' centre and gallery has been carefully Five years ago Wilfred and Jeanette Cass located between them to minimise tree bought Hat Hill Copse House on 4ha of removal It is an uncluttered pavilion, with no South Downs woodland in the grounds of the shop, cafe. or WCs . Timber side walls form a Goodwood Estate, West Sussex. Here they visual link with the trees. while transparent created a sculpture garden for their own and east and west-facing end walls appear to other contemporary works. The area is one of bring the garden and sculptures into the 'Outstanding Natural Beauty' - a beech building. To one side of the entrance there 1s plantation with dramatic vistas formed by a deep wall . copper-faced externally, which avenues of trees - and their new informal incorporates three video screens on the 1ns1de for visitor information, and storage for seating. On such a remarkable site, the building had to be special. unique, and due to limited budget and construction time · simple as well Strategy and structure The design strategy was to separate clearly The timber side walls have steel frames the elements and construction processes for cantilevering from the foundations to allow foundations. superstructure, and finishes. the roof to 'float' above clerestory glazing. The foundations were formed by continuous Stability is achieved through portal action and edge beams set at least 150mm into the bracing in the steel framing to the side walls. underlying chalk to prevent root penetration. The roof has timber joists to support both its and linked by a ground-bearing slab which external deck and the plywood ceiling formed the floor of the building. panels. A plywood web beam is inserted on The structural concept stemmed from the the line of the central portal frame to collect client's need for 1OOm of column-free and transfer lateral loads in the roof plane, internal exhib1t1on space and the design avoiding the need for in-plane steel bracing team's desire for a clearly expressed structural but allowing maximum freedom for in-roof solution. as well as the need for speed. Steel glazed areas. Various types of hardwood was selected: a single central 'goalpost were considered for the side walls, birch­ portal frame with external columns; on a faced ply was selected for appearance. north/south axis; this supports profiled-T roof consistency with the materials being used purlins which cantilever beyond RHS internally, economy, and availability. perimeter supports to form canopies over the The approach to the design and detailing of entrance and rear exhibition platform. the exposed steelwork was to seek quality through simplicity Thus: • The tapering T-sec!lons were cut in pairs to minimise waste (and cost) from a standard 533 x 210mm UB section which allowed very slender cantilevers to be balanced against deep sections at the central portal. • Ends were square cut • Bolted connections were used 1n preference to welding . • No on-site welding was used • Exposed bolt heads were countersunk. • The quality and line of cut edges and welds were agreed with the steelwork sub-contractor before fabrication commenced Conclusion Prices for the steelwork were obtained prior to tenders for the main building After appointment of the main contractor the foundations were quickly constructed, the steelwork was erected in one day, immediately followed by the roof which provided a shelter for the remaining works. Construction was completed on programme within nine weeks, and to a very high stan­ dard of finished quality. The cost of £110 OOO was inside the budget, and the building was opened 1n September 1994.

Credits Client. Mr & Mrs W R Cass. Hat Hill, West Sussex Architect. Studiodownie Consulting engineers: Ove Arup Partners Jo da Silva . Roger Hyde, Edward Forwood Quantity surveyor. Davis Langdon & Everest Main contractor J W Baker & Son (Chichester) Ltd Steelwork contractor Allslade, Portsmouth Illustrations. 1, 2. 4, 5: Katsuhisa Kida 3, 6. Peter Cook

THE ARUP JOURNAL 1/1 19 St. Nicholas, Sevenoaks Poul Beckmann Peter Lunoe

Introduction St. Nicholas' Parish Church, in the heart of the old town of Sevenoaks. Kent, dates in part from the 13th century, with additions until the 15th century when it reached its present size (Fig.1). It has an active congre­ gation, who for over 20 years had been seeking to improve facilities; 1. St. Nicholas Parish Church. the existing parish hall was about 1km away, an awkward distance continued down with little if any Arups' conclusion was that the north aisle; the creche and store particularly for old people and spreading , again to the Folkestone ground stratigraphy was suitable rooms beneath the south. Sliding young children. They wanted fully Beds. Lack of spread footings to the to support both new structure and and folding doors would allow the integrated accommodation: meeting walls - typically 800mm thick - may temporary works; and that the meeting rooms to be amalgamated, rooms, refectory and a creche appear surprising, but the loads existing structure was in a sound separated, enlarged or reduced. directly linked to the church . (self-weight plus small loads from enough condition for building a new The west end was to be avoided, the timber aisle roofs) are not great. undercroft immediately beneath. so as not to disturb the more The problem was the impact of Visual examination of the church The scheme substantial foundations of the tower. an addition to this historic building let alone having to underpin them. and environment. The church is structure suggested that it was in The undercroft plan of 33m x 17m surrounded by its old graveyard good condition, with no significant (Fig.3) would follow that of the The new structure would have in (any disturbance to which would cracks and no signs of distress or church floor above, with the main situ concrete basement and ground concern local people), in turn ringed any structural problem. The regular and smaller meeting rooms beneath floor slabs, side walls and internal by buildings of Georgian or earlier quinquennial survey supported the nave and chancel. Refectory columns. It would in effect form a date, several of them listed. this view. and kitchen would lie under the box on which the church would sit. Feasibility In 1988 the architect Robert Potter suggested an undercroft (Fig.2) - a habitable basement floor, and a more extensive space than a crypt. which usually underlies only part of a church. Arups' earlier work with Potter at All Souls Langham Place and St. Stephen Walbrook helped to convince both the 'parish family' and the various advisory bodies that this bold proposal was not just feasible but also realistic . The first step was to examine the ground stratigraphy and assess its suitability. A desk study was not enough : the church is surrounded by older buildings and there had been no recent site investigation nearby. It stands on a hill-top. so information from more remote sites, ie down the hill, would be of uncer­ tain relevance. Three boreholes were sunk, to the immediate north, east and south. In addition, three trial pits 2 Architect's cross-section. were excavated to examine typical 3. Basement plan. pier and wall foundations and two to assess the ex1ent of archaeological remains, from interments or pre­ sumed earlier churches on the site. The results were encouraging.

The boreholes showed a reasonably I r constant stratigraphy across the . 1 I site: 1-1 .5m of made ground over <"' _,-·I I

medium-dense to dense, slightly - .J clayey, sand to 13m depth, under­ . ; lain by stiff clay (the Folkestone and I Sandgate Beds), and then the I weathered sandstone of the Hythe Beds. Groundwater levels in the Folkestone Beds showed seasonal variat ions but were generally at 11 m below ground level. The trial pits indicated that internal piers were founded on pad footings, typically about 1.7m square by 1m deep, bearing on the Folkestone Beds, whilst the north and south walls (and presumably the east wall) 20 THE ARUP JOURNAL 1/1996 It had to be watertight, since rain­ The earlier discussions were water permeates the surrounding doubtless beneficial in achieving a ground. A vaulted plaster ceiling satisfactory tender. Apart from a few (Fig.4) would conceal ventilation details. Longley's proposed meth· ductwork and cabling. ads very much agreed with Arups'. The proposals were somewhat The contract, on a normal JCT unconventional, and there was the 1980 basis plus some requirements expense of below-ground construc­ particular to the project, was let in tion. so in 1991 the parish council June 1993. The church was cleared examined options - 12 in all - from and on 16 August Longleys took 'do nothing ', through subterranean possession. buildings in the grounds. to a com­ One particular contract condition plete undercroft. They concluded was that the first three months be not only that the undercroft was the devoted to archaeological work and only solution which met the needs reverenllal removal of interments. w1th1n the constraints, but that the The latter proved more extensive costs could be met. In fact it has than anticipated. with up to five been entirely funded by donations 4 Completed main hall. layers of burial in some places. and from the parish family. the pier but to limit movements One recurring (and structurally elsewhere unsuspected interments Approvals occurring as the load paths rewarding) feature was the way below already-known vaults. Before tenders could be sought, let changed from the temporary to the elements would meet various A careful watch was kept on the alone work commence on site. many permanent supports. requirements during construction. toundat1ons, about 1m below ground approvals had to be obtained: from For example, the beam grillage level, with adjacent vaults and statutory bodies like local planners After considering several temporary support options, traditional under­ would provide lateral support to burials up to 3m deep. Temporary and the county archaeologist. existing piers during excavation and struts were installed where deemed advisory bodies such as English pinning was adopted for the north, east and south side walls. The 3.Sm construction, support to the side prudent. Monitoring stations were Heritage and the Georgian Society walls during underpinning, access also installed at this time, to check and local interest groups like the depth was quite substantial for these ground conditions. but a large routes for men and materials, and existing piers and walls for level and Sevenoaks Society. Formal or tacit then support to the ground floor. tilt throughout the works. agreement was needed from all. advantage was that this work could be carried out from inside the The beams were designed for all Construction Not least. the parish family had to church, avoiding disturbance to the these situations. On completion of the archaeological be shown that Arups' proposals both graveyard. The outer part of the Contract investigations. the ground inside the safeguarded the existing structure basement wall would be mass con­ The project had been discussed church was levelled and piling and were the best solution for crete underpins, in 1.Sm maximum well in advance with the tenderers, begun . All 69 piles were rotary achieving the desired integrated lengths on a 1-in-5 sequence, and to ensure that the proposals and duplex drilled using water flush , accommodation. Several meetings the inner part of in situ concrete, requirements were clear, to discuss 220mm nominal diameter. Piles were thus arranged to present designed and detailed to normal practicalities, and to look at alterna­ around piers had a working load of proposals and answer questions, good practice for watertight tive ideas for construction methods. 200kN and were 14.Sm long; those some simple, others quite searching. construction. Load eccentricity J. Longley & Sons submitted the along the side walls to support the Finally. a Faculty - the formal would occur when only the outer lowest tender of £1 304 OOO , within beam grillage had a working load of diocesan approval for alterations part was complete but not the inner, the budget, plus an excellent 120kN and were 10m long. All had to an ecclesiastical structure, its fix­ this being counteracted by a ground method statement. central reinforcement bars to full tures or fittings - had to be granted level beam integral with the beam depth. as normal for this type. by the chancellor of the diocese, in grillage supporting the piers laterally. 6. Piling The top 4.5m would be a free­ this case after carefully examining standing column during excavation/ the proposals. He also had to be construction and therefore had a 6m satisfied with the parish council 's reinforcement cage. with a top business plan. since most funding dowel bar in lieu of the more normal was from covenants over a number projecting reinforcement to aid of years; contractor's certified subsequent removal of the pile payments had to be met as the between the basement floor and work progressed ground level beams. Arups had Methods previously established with the piling These had to be planned carefully • subcontractor, Keller Colcrete, that both with 'care and ·fully'. The piles could actually be formed existing structure needed both where planned (Fig.6). vertical and lateral support through The pier plinths were trimmed, all temporary stages. Since 11 diamond-drilled for the dowel bars, appeared to be in good condition, and the bars grouted in. The collars the first principle was to hold it in the 5. Collar to support pier were cast and the beam grillage same place throughout. Walls and formed (Fig.?). East-west beams are piers were supported at shallow concentric with piers, but north­ foundation level. so the second south beams had to be offset: the principle was to continue to support piles which support these beams them just below ground level. had to be offset to allow subsequent Each pier was to be held by an in construction of sidewall columns s1tu concrete collar (Fig.5). with this which align with the piers. supported vertically by piles and This illustrates another feature of laterally by a grillage of beams. this project, the inter-relationships Pier loads would be transferred into between structural design and the collar partly by grouted-in dowel layouts, work sequence, and bars in two directions. right through construction practicalities. In this the pier plinth, and partly by trim­ case offsetting the north-south ming the plinth at a slight angle to beams led to an advantage; the form an inverted truncated pyramid 7m-long central area beams After excavation and basement slab became structurally more efficient construction, the underside of the because oftheir continuity with the pier plinth would be faced up a new side-span beams and so could be column built centrally under the pier. slimmed to 1ust 250mm deep in the and the top 75mm drypacked. temporary stage, 400mm deep 1n Just before drypacking, Jacking with 7 Beam gnllage layout the complete stage, thus improving flat-jacks was proposed. not to raise the undercroft headroom. THE ARUP JOURNAL 1/1 21 A Shropshire Lad restored Graham Scull

Introduction Arups are known for large and prestigious proJects world-wide. However, many small ventures are also undertaken, and one recently completed is the restoration of a statue in Shrewsbury Shropshire, erected in 1816 as a tribute to Lord Hill. a well-respected local figure . Some 5.2m high, it stands on a 35.5m column - the largest single Doric column 1n the world. Column and statue are Grade II' listed and in the care of Shropshire County Council. Arups' advice regarding maintenance and repair was first sought in 1967. and again from 1992 Historical context Rowland Hill (1772-1842). or Viscount Hill of Almarez and Hawkstone Salop as he became, had a distinguished military career covering many campaigns, including Waterloo, and rose to 8 Main excavation. Fig.8 shows the stage when all Completion Commander-in-Chief of the British Arups' planning was put to the key The undercroft was finished to a Army. He also represented test: excavation. This is the same high quality, with lighting and audio Shrewsbury in Parliament. The space as in Fig.4. Fig.9 shows the systems to suit a wide range of uses. citizens of Shropshire raised £5972 underside of a 14th century pier, The church itself was completely by public subscription to build the with the supporting collar, beam re-ordered with a more welcoming monument. their esteem reflected 1n grillage, and piles. The masonry ambience compared to the previ­ an inscription on the plinth: 'The foundations below the collars ous. rather sombre, style. inhabitants of the town and county simply dropped away as excavation A gallery was added at the west end of Salop have erected this column proceeded. and a sacristy at the east end of the and statue, as a memorial of Excavation. sidewall underpinning, north aisle. their respect and gratitude, to an basement slab. inner sidewalls, All work was complete 1n June illustrious contemporary, and an columns, and ground floor slab pro­ 1995. and the church rededicated incitement to emulation 1n the ceeded at a good rate. considering on 21 June. The parish family has heroes and patriots of future ages.' access problems. The north-east welcomed its new facilities and Construction window and wall panel below had many favourable comments have Column been removed for access. Piling rigs been made. The hollow column comprises 326 and all other plant had gone in and Reference stone blocks with an average weight come out through this opening . of 3.5 tonnes. Grinshill stone, a About 2500 m of excavated material (1) BECKMANN. P and DEKANY. A. All Souls Langham Place and the tine-grained. whitish-grey local exited here and was transported Waldegrave Hall. The Arup Journal. sandstone. was used throughout. away - quite a logistical achievement 12(1), pp2-8. March 1977 and construction must have been a given the narrow and busy roads. Credits major feat. John Straphen. the Fig.10 shows this window being builder. donated the 172-step 9. Underside of pier Client .· reinstated. central spiral staircase. the cast iron The Rector and Parochial Church Council balusters of which carry a commem­ orative inscription. Arups' recent Pro1ect manager· investigations showed the column to Brig. Ian Dobbie be stable as a gravity structure Architect: except below the capital . The Robert Potter 1n association with the builders obviously realised this and Sarum Partnership Ltd installed wrought iron lies within the Structural engineers: upper wall; an unusual lap detail Ove Arup & Partners Poul Beckma n was used for these ties (Fig .1). Alan Chadwick. Derek Luby Peter Lunoe Davi d Twine Mel Wheeler w th help frw many others on particular aspects M & E engineers · Peter Jay & Partners Hole cut vertically -­ through stone block Quantity surveyors. Wilson Colbeck Partners Mam contractor: Horizontal James Longley & Co. Ltd stone 10,nt Illustrations: 1 4 6. 8-10: Paul Beckmann 10. Reinstated opening 2. 3 Sarum Partnership Ltd 5. 7 Trevor Slydel 1. Vertical ties in column stone.

22 THE ARUP JOURNAL II Earlier involvement One of the prime aims of restoration The original 1967 proposal was a was that it should be reversible if glassfibre replica. However. Arups' further work was found necessary by calculations showed that the top of future generations. Arups deter­ the column would become unstable mined that tension could develop in with the reduced weight of the the joints under wind loading so a replica. This was a factor in the stainless steel armature was decision in the 1970s to undertake designed to prevent this and tie the repairs to surface cracks and voids. various parts together. Voids in the Strong cementitious grouts and mor - Coade shell were cleared of all fill tars were used; the right leg was and iron parts. and cracks were replaced by a concrete replica; and repaired with resin-anchored at another time the right hand had stainless steel pins. also been replaced with a wooden The voids were refilled with new copy, holding a replacement alloy pieces of brick set in lime mortar. sword. It is interesting to note the holes were cored and rebates cut to difference in attitude towards con­ take the new armature, and special servation which prevails today. Such ties were detailed to fix the arms replacements would not now be and concrete leg in place . considered , and only sympathetic materials would be used for repairs. 4, 5 Statue restoration Right and below: Since these repairs. further cracks After restoration. had appeared and the Council were concerned for public safety. Arups were again appointed to ensure the stability and integrity of the statue. Investigations were made using radar and ultrasonics. but were inconclusive. After consultation with English Heritage it was decided to D Original ferrous fixings remove the statue from the column for repair. After cutting into sections D Original construction voids (following the original joints as far as possible) and lowering to the 2. Constituents of the statue. ground, the full extent of the dam­ age was realised. The statue was found to have been built from a Minor spalling from corrosion of this number of hollow sections and an iron is present, but Arups concluded armature of wrought iron ties and that no immediate remedial action straps had been used to stabilise was necessary. the various parts (Fig.2). Statue The voids to the lower sections had The statue was built from an artificial been filled with a brick and lime stone manufactured from 1767-1843 mortar during construction , while by the Coade family of Lyme Regis. upper voids were filled with the later (later of Lambeth, London). Precise cementitious grout. Over the years details of the blend are lost. but the moisture had penetrated, and British Museum Research Laboratory expansive corrosion of the armature recently concluded that the main had caused severe cracking of the ingredients were ball clays blended Coade shell from within. with flint , quartz sand and a 'grog' of ground fired waste; the clay mix was A specialist contractor was engaged moulded and then fired at 1000°C. with extensive experience 1n both Coade Stone's quality is such that Coade Stone and statue restoration. an experienced eye has difficulty in The statue's condition dictated that it distinguishing it from genuine stone, could not be repaired on site and so and it was used by many leading it was moved to the contractor's architects, including Adam and Nash. yard in south-east London . The client, contractor, English Heritage, The statue is thought to have been and Arups met on a number of made in Lambeth and exhibited in occasions to develop a solution London before being taken to acceptable in both engineering and Shrewsbury. It is believed to be the conservation terms. largest Coade statue in existence and is almost certainly in the most exposed location. 3. The statue in its fractured state Conclusion Credits After being away from Shrewsbury Client: for over a year Lord Hill was The Director of Environment, replaced on his column in autumn Shropshire County Council 1995. Apart from stainless steel. the Principal contractor: materials used were those available Taylor Pearce Restoration Services Ltd at the time of original construction . Consulting engineers: This was a rewarding project for the Ove Arup & Partners team. who had participated in devel­ Graham Scull Michael Bussell oping a solution to a unique prob­ Illustrations lem. Satisfaction also comes from 1: Trevor Slydel 2: Matt Nation. knowing that the statue should now Taylor Pearce Restoration Services Ltd continue to be a monument to Lord 3: Graham Scull 4: Shropshire CC Hill for many decades to come. 5: Images UK Shrewsbury

THE ARUP JOURNA L 1/1996 23 After considering the SWATS There is no doubt that the Welsh (2) The local team would benefit The M4 findings . the Secretary of State Office were attracted by the from the wider Arup capacity in the added an M4 Relief Road to the advantages of a locally-based and UK tn the form of assistance from Relief Road Welsh roads programme, with managed team backed up by other offices. construction to start around the multidisciplinary resources. (3) At key milestones during the Robin O'Brien turn of the century. Arups were Not only did Arups already have the study, decisions would be reviewed Simon Witney appointed in January 1992 following right experience and personnel, by an Arup review panel consisting a 'Stage 1' fee bid tender (lump they already know the study area of senior representatives from sum) . This was in line with Welsh well and most key officers in the London, Coventry and Cardiff. Office procedure which splits local authorities. Introduction schemes into three stages: The study area The M4 in Wales is the Principality's Three main 'themes' were proposed Though Arups' brief covered 50 • Stage 1: as part of the bid : typed pages. the task was simply to only length of motorway. It extends feasibility and route selection 2 for 125km across the south - (1) A local team with a single line of find a route within the 280km study passing near the main urban centres • Stage 2: communication between the two area. within which the Welsh Office of Newport, Cardiff and Swansea - design and public inquiry project managers. with every item of had given the widest possible scope links with England across the Severn • Stage 3: correspondence and report sent by by including land up to 5km away Bridge. and is an important artery construction. the Project Manager from the existing M4 . in the European network because of Most of south east Wales is typically its ultimate link with Ireland via After After After After 'rolling' countryside, crossed by river Fishguard . The Welsh OHice con­ 6 months 13 months 16 months 23 months valleys creating a number of steep Shortlist Technical Public Final route escarpments. The main river is the sider the M4 to be the most crucial of options appraisal consultation recommendation part of the road network in Wales, for more report. Usk; it flows roughly north/south detailed Final roule through the centre of the area and improvements to which have aided examination option the Welsh economy by providing drains into the Severn Estuary, an access to markets. helping to attract area protected by European and inward investors. and improving During this period Arups were required to produce 23 separate international law in view of its impor­ tourist accessibility. reports on all aspects that would affect the final route selection, 9 tance for wildlife. The low-lying area eg planning, traffic. ecology, structures. geotechnics, hentage. between the Severn Estuary and the The problem fog , archaeology, cost and economics. ground contamination. In early 1989, the Secretary of State F higher ground in the north are Sites tor Wales commissioned the South 1. Arups' commission: 'Find a route for the M4 Relief Road '. of Special Scientific Interest (SSSls). Wales Area Traffic Study (SWATS) to known as the 'Gwent Levels'. The review traffic patterns on the area's 2. The project team. most important communication link actually crossing the Levels is the major roads. The section between Welsh Office Magar and Castleton was identified main railway between England and as a potential problem area by the Wales, a highly prominent feature in the west of the area. study. A solution was clearly needed Cardiff Coventry I in the next decade; if action was not The study area is thus one of two Civil Engineering Project co-ordination Junclions taken, road journeys into Wales In London district contrasts divided by the Project management Bndges would become increasingly slow, ==:::::::::::::==::= c:> Traffic and economics Q On fine widening existing M4, which roughly follows Usk crossing Technical support unpredictable, and frustrating. The Artist's Impressions Geotechmcs and contamination the northern extremity of the Levels, area would become less attractive H,gnway alignment although well elevated and often Consultations for business, leading to loss of job Arup Acoustics Planning constraints separated from them by develop­ Arup opportunities. Q Costs and route analysis Q Environmental ment. This includes Newport j Noise assessment j '------' Most measures were already in (population 82 OOO), Newport Docks, 11 Ecology the British Steel Works at Llanwern hand: the Brynglas Tunnels scheme landscape Arup Economics Planning which employs 3500, Uskmouth was designed to relieve the most and Planning congested section of the M4 for Heritage Power Station, and more recent traffic into Newport; and the Second Procurement statement commercial development at Duffryn Severn Crossing (SSC) would and Queensway Meadows. reduce flows on the existing bridge by 70% when it opens to traffic in I 1996. The SWATS study, however, ~ confirmed the need for a more strategic solution to meet long-term requirements over the 27km section between Castleton, east of Cardiff, and Magor, where the link with SSC would meet the existing motorway. The M4 where 1t runs through Newport's northern suburbs carries more traffic than adjacent lengths (there are seven junctions in 21km) because it is joined by two trunk roads from the north (A449 and A4042) and the A48(M), feeding from the south. In addition. several principal routes join it within a short distance. It 1s predicted Llanwern Steelworks that between now and early next century traffic congestion will occur along this length of motorway. """'"" ,.... /

SEVERN ESTUARY

24 THE AAUP JOURNAL 1/1996 24

llanwern Steelworks

Caldicot level Power Station Preferred route Castleton / Routes to public consultation / Wentlooge level

The Levels themselves are given Background data 4 Above: Consultation over to agriculture, with only a small The study started with a wide­ The three public consultation routes For a scheme this size. consultation and the preferred route. incorporating population in scattered villages. rang1ng but high-speed data the changed alignments at each end. was no small undertaking. In July North of the M4 are important collection exercise. Topographical 1993 Arups sought views on the highway links within the valleys, 1nformat1on was based on Ordnance three most southerly options, and some large linear settlements. Survey digital data. loaded onto consulting all 44 local authorities parllcularly to the west. The higher Arups' Intergraph system. To help Initial assessment and representatives, 55 transport ground between the valleys remains appreciate the study area's main This was made under four headings· and environmental groups, and 40 open and attractive. with pockets features . this was supplemented Traffic . how far did options go in other bodies - from British Coal to of woodland and a network of by a low-level aircraft flight for the meeting objectives and how attrac­ the Youth Hostels Association. footpaths. design team. tive were the various junction alter­ Secondly, arrangements were made The 2nd Augustan Roman legion As well as the main technical reports natives? for the public (160 OOO in the study was based at lsca, one of only two required by the client, a system of Environment: what degree area) to look at the options, ask such bases in Wales. Caerleon, study notes was used to review and of overall impact would there be? questions. and complete question­ on the banks of the Usk north of analyse the collected information naires. For optimum response , and provide a baseline for technical Engineering .· geotechnical and details were delivered to 10 OOO Newport, has the historic remains infrastructure difficulties of lsca. one of the best-known assessment Over 30 were homes 1n the area. archaeological sites in the country. produced, covering subjects like Costs Thirdly, the data had to be with the best-preserved Roman flooding risk. shipping impact in the An important feature of the assess­ assimilable and analysable, so a amphitheatre. Usk. hydrology, wind effects, the ment was commonality of approach . project-specific data base on Severn Barrage projects. and Route selection giving engineering and environment Filemaker Pro was set up in house. tunnelling schemes designed to equal weight 1n the process, and As a result of public responses to Any preferred route has to avoid long river bridges. withstand the rigours of public avoiding the difficulty of mixing this first consultation, a second was inquiry, and will fail if a lucid and How many routes are there? quanlitative and qualitative undertaken in September 1994, on thorough selective process, based Given the minimum geometric appraisals. alternative alignments at each end on a clear understanding of the requirements for a new motorway The shortlist of the route . motorway's potential impact on and avoiding obvious 'no go' areas Arups recommended five options to Results people and the environment, like urban centres. the team exam­ the Welsh Office for fully detailed The M4 Relief Road. as the only cannot be demonstrated. ined every feasible option, in all technical appraisal, four to the south 'greenfield' motorway now proposed over 2200 possible route variations of the existing M4 and one to the 1n the UK. understandably generated between Castleton and Magar. The north. Although there are under­ a great deal of concern and answer was somewhere in there! standable concerns about crossing considerable opposition. the Gwent Levels, the impact of Friends of the Earth and the pres­ northern options was assessed as sure group 'Save our Severnside' higher in terms of noise, heritage, 0 3km were very active, and most public '--- planning, and the built environment: response was unfavourable, princi­ almost all were therefore rejected. pally on environmental grounds. Detailed technical appraisal However, the scheme was widely Detailed alignment plans were pre­ supported by local planning pared for the five shortlisted routes authorities who saw its construction so that full technical appraisals as essential to South Wales' future could be made . Traffic, planning and economic prosperity. environment. cost and economics, hydrology, and drainage criteria Taking both this and the local were further assessed. enabling the concerns, where possible, into team to identity a final choice of account, Arups recommended a routes for public scrutiny and wide final route to the Welsh Office. Breaking down the problem consultation. Public involvement was The preferred route Groups of route options naturally seen both by Arups and the client This is quite clearly a balance converged into 13 separate nodal as vital in the whole selection between the competing interests points, identified by the technical process. The views of local people, of nature conservation and study notes and site surveys, and whether directly affected by the development, whilst meeting the spread throughout the study area. scheme or not, are needed before scheme objectives. It was officially This gave a manageable 'platform' any decision is made. Similarly, any announced as the 'preferred route' for assessing the overall viability of viable scheme has to be more than by William Hague, the Secretary of all options; feasibility between just an imposed engineering State for Wales. on 12 July 1995. 3. The study area. nodes was assessed : 11 any proved solution, it must be acceptable as At 24km, it is shorter than the 27km showing all the possible route variations. unv1able all those separate options part of the future planning and existing motorway and will cost and the nodal points. were collectively removed. development of the area. £320M to build. Concludes on page 27 THE ARUP JOURNAL 1/1996 25 5. Superimposition of the preferred route through Newport Docks.

The River Usk and its crossing like warehousing and distribution designed to cross it in a way which form a large part of the town's will minimise the impact on naviga­ The Usk rises in Central Wales and kilometres inland, draining into employment and industrial acreage. tion and the active industries within reaches the sea at Newport It flows the Severn Estuary which has the Although this base is declining, new the dock and alongside the river. for the majority of its length through second highest tidal range in the commercial and retail businesses There are many challenges awaiting attractive and unspoilt valleys, and world. It was also the basis tor are replacing the traditional river­ the bridge designer. including long is important for its scenic qualities. Newport's growth in the 19th side industries. For these reasons, span forms to accommodate its historic and literary associations. century as a dock town. as its and the fact that the mouth of the shipping needs and satisfy visual and its game fishing (salmon and name suggests. To this day, ship­ Usk is of international importance demands, and complex foundations trout). It is also a tidal river for many ping and associated businesses for wildlife. the Relief Road has been through an old dockside.

Gwent Levels and the historic landscape The Gwent Levels (comprising the part of ecclesiastical holdings, they Caldicot Levels to the east of the developed a character unique in River Usk and the Wentlooge Levels Britain. Following land enclosure in to the west) are generally the result the 14th-19th centuries, a distinctive of salt marsh and fenland reclama­ pattern emerged, with open fields tion in historic times. The existing divided by deep, generally straight, M4 in fact roughly follows the watercourses and ditches called original shoreline.Although there is 'reens', and smaller field ditches. evidence to suggest that the Levels These are often complemented by supported scattered Iron Age and hedges or bankside vegetation The Bronze Age settlements. they were system of drainage is highly complex reclaimed principally during Roman and sensitive to hydrological times. The Severn Estuary coastline changes, eg flow rate and direction. has since been allowed to advance. contamination or water level - all during the late Medieval period, matters to be taken into account leaving a legacy of low. flat (under m the assessment of and detailed Sm) pastureland and meadows. with design for the Relief Road. The scattered settlements. intricate network of reens and field Various historic features still remain, ditches has given rise to the cre­ such as moated sites. duck decoy ation of particularly valuable natural ponds and earthworks of former habitats, notably for wetland plants manor houses. Further excavations and animals. In fact. the ecological to be undertaken during the course significance of the reens is so great of the environmental assessment for that the Levels are comprehensively the Relief Road are almost certain to protected as a series of Sites of reveal further finds of archaeological Special Scientific Interest stretching importance. Agriculture - generally virtually uninterrupted from Cardiff to dairy farming - is still the main use of Caldicot. The Severn Estuary itsell ~e Levels. Except where they were 1s also a SSSI. 6. Reens are the major feature of the Gwent Levels.

26 THE ARUP JOURNAL 1,1 J\l6 Planning and development development to the west of the town. into the Wentlooge Levels. These planning constraints and develop­ ment aspirations were weighed In choosing an alignment for the M4 land required by British Steel at against the strong conservation Relief Road, Arups had to take into Llanwern Steelworks to the east of policies which apply to the Gwent account the representations of Newport - South Wales' largest Levels. and an alignment preferred Gwent County and Newport employer. Further, because of the for the Relief Road which drew a Borough Councils. Both have area's relatively high unemployment. compromise between encroaching 7 favoured regenerating Newport Newport Borough Council has too far into areas either protected or Aerial view of British Steel plant Docks. and retaining operational indicated its intention to encourage earmarked tor development. with preferred route superimposed

T Text continued from page 25 Despite passing through and close consultation). reporting fully the restriction of noise and visual On line widening to developed areas the road will technical appraisals and the options intrusion to the existing motorway require the demolition of only four took 75 reports in 32 months - corridor. Despite this, Arups Traffic congestion on England's properties. Also Arups managed to acknowledged by the Welsh Office concluded that it should be motorway network is being restrict impact on the Gwent Levels as a tremendous team effort. The rejected as an option: it would tackled through a programme of by selecting a route along the Welsh Office has now invited bids require over 200 homes to be widening·. The possibility of northern edge of the protected from tour consultants for the next widening the existing M4 'on line' demolished, would need to be areas. A high proportion of the design stage (Stage 2). Arups are between Castleton and Mager constructed to lower standards, scheme cost is in the structures. involved and intend to otter the same was examined in great detail, as and would cause substantial 26 new bridges will be needed, strengths that won the first stage. the problem is essentially local to disruption during construction. the main structure being a new Newport. between Junctions 23 This all added up to a very poor bridge to cross the River Usk and economic performance. Reference and 29, rather than a matter of Newport Docks area. This could The urban nature of the existing congestion along the whole be 4km long and account for nearly (1) HALL Pet al. Motorway widening motorway made widening projects The Arup Journal. 2~4) corridor. On line widening offered half the total cost. considerable advantages - no unviable on the scale needed to pp 10-15, 4/1995 impact on the Gwent Levels and solve the problem. Comment Planning new highways often takes Credits a long time. so two years between Client.· the original commission and The Welsh Office selection of a preferred route is Consulting Engineers: relatively quick. Even so. in this time Ove Arup & Partners Torn Armour Karnb1s Ayoubkhani. Mark Bostock. the debate about road building, Nigel Cogger Ed Colgan. Mike Edmonds. transport systems, and sustainability Fred English. Graham Good. Sophie Greaves. .t.cicn,, .,_,.,._,toe•. has moved on. To give the client Mike Hayes. Dick Hensby. Ed Humphreys °'11M,....~li0 ...... -;ir,i,.,,d~~ current advice by keeping abreast Ginny Hyde Simon Lawrence. Paul JOhnson ~-M~ of changing issues 1s a maJor John Maobetl. la,n McCulloch. Glyn Morns Robin O'Bnen. Sy1via O'Brien. Peter Richardson. challenge 1n a high profile route Janette Shaw. Nick Sidhu Ian Statham. selection study. The Arup team. R:chard Thomas Gabe Treharne, Chns Tucker working very closely with the Welsh Duncan Wilkmson Office Project Manager, was able to Sub-contractors: reflect current concerns and issues ESL (Environmental surveys) in delivering a preferred route. so BTO (Ornithology) that the decision is 'up-to-date' even ELP (Marine experts) / if the original objectives have not tllustrat,ons. changed. 1-4 Glyn Morris/Denis Kirtley The next stage 5: Marshalls/Wood Visual Communications/Nigel Whale Arups' commission was completed 6 ESL when the preferred route was 7 The Welsh Office/Gwent 8 Example of on line widening detail announced. Although later than lndus rial Photography/Nigel Whale originally thought (due to the second 8: Ordnance Survey/Ova Arup & Partners THE ARUP JOURNAL 1/' 27 British Airways Avionics Facility Chris Jofeh

Introduction British Airways (BA) has made significant investments in South Wales 1n recent years. Servicing large aircraft fleets efficiently is big business and after careful research BA decided that Wales was the right location First was the engine maintenance facility at Nantgarw. near Caerphilly. Arups came on the scene with Project Dragonfly. the triple Jumbo Jet maintenance hangar at Cardiff's Rhoose Airport, for which the Cardiff office were design team leader. engineers. archi­ tect. and contract administrator 1 1. The site during construction. In November 1991 Percy Thomas Partner­ ship were appointed by BA as architects. and Arups' Cardiff office were appointed as engineers for the new avionics (aviation electronics) facility at Llantrisant. near Cardiff, which maintains all the electronic components that are essential for modern aircraft: radios. radar. flight instruments, accelerometers. gyroscopes and so on. as well as catering equipment. BA decided to turn the need to service their electronics into a business opportunity by creating a world-class facility which would also attract business from other airlines. They have suc­ ceeded 1n this aim . The Welsh Development Agency(WDA) has an excellent record 1n promoting inward investment 1n Wales and in attracting high technology industries to replace the old industries that have withered away. The Llantrisant site chosen by BA was already under development by the WDA to provide several desirable business sites in this key location in a lovely wooded valley, close to the M4 The brief and the architecture The client wanted a purpose-built. h1ghly-ser­ v1ced facility that simultaneously met 81 commercial criteria for net-to-gross floor area 2. Some of the 42 options considered· a) Cluster b) Wedge. c)+d) Doughnuts ratio. floor-to-floor height, energy ef11c1ency, single or multiple tenancy. and servicing flex­ criteria, providing space suitable for specific The site and the geotechnics ibility. One special feature of the brief was office and workshop activities. The three The site is a man-made plateau between the 2 delivery times of electronic components from buildings have a total floor area ol 13 OOOm • rivers Ely and Nant Muchudd at Ynys y Plwm. store to workshop. 80% within three minutes and the site planning provides for a fourth north-west of Cardiff (Fig .1). Because elec­ and 100% within 15 minutes of the request building as business grows. The workshops tronics and water do not mix happily, the top being keyed in by a technician at a computer (F1g.4) are simple 18m-wide rectangles in of the plateau was set O.Sm above the terminal in a workshop. As a benchmark. at plan. either side of a tapered atrium space predicted 1 in 10 OOO year flood level It con­ BA's previous facility at Heathrow delivery (Fig.5) that provides support fac1ht1es: recep­ sists of about 3-Sm of imported fill. resting on times were usually measured 1n hours and tion, cloakrooms. coffee shop, restaurant and 0.9-1 6m of alluvium. beneath which are sometimes days lecture theatre. There are maJor plantrooms medium dense and dense sands, gravel and There 1s a sound business reason for this (Fig.6) within the d1slinct1ve curved roofs. and coarse gravel Some peat deposits were aspect of the brief. planes do not earn money minor plantrooms at each end of the floors. found in the alluvium. while they are sitting on the ground A series of design team workshops involving architects. engineers. quantity surveyors. BA's property branch. and the users gener­ O 10 20m ated common goals that were accepted Block C commercially and technically. From these emerged three primary design strategies. known as the 'doughnut'. the ·wedge'. and the 'cluster'. These were further refined using value engineering techniques to demonstrate that the chosen design solution met the agreed goals most effectively. Fig.2 shows some of the 42 layouts that were analysed In plan (Fig.3) the chosen design solution resembles Eric Parry's building W3 at 2 Stockley Park . However. it developed as the most appropriate response to the brief and Goods•• in & out the site and not as a copy of an attractive Goods entrance building . There are three silver-clad. two­ storey buildings organised along a sinuous ---- Primary circulation ---- Secondary circulation Vertical circulation layout that reflects the natural shape of the plateau Each building meets B 1 planning • Visitors entrance Staff entrance ----- Vacuum tube delivery 28 THE ARUP JOURNAL ' 1 " he chose to do so . Typical details we re also provided at tender time for the foundations. ground slabs. cladding support steelwork and blockwork Once the main contractor was appointed and 4 Above: he had appointed his steelwork fabricator, Interior of workshop. the designers and builders began a period of with pneumatic tube close collaboration to ensure a rapid and 1n foreground trouble-free fabrication drawing process. Every Monday Arups' engineers met the steelwork fabricator in the offices of the main contractor. There Arups previewed the fabri­ cation drawings. answered the fabricator's 6. questions and responded to his suggestions. Plant room. This meant that virtually all the fabrication drawings submitted to Arups for approval The WDA's plateau engineers had anticipated or doors. This was simple. fast. economical. were given Status A first lime around . It also that buildings here would be founded on adaptable. and well-suited for close integra­ helped develop a good working relationship piles but Arups' geotechnical engineers were tion with the extensive building services. based on trust and mutual respect. able to demonstrate that piles could be omit­ Profiled metal decking is also used 1n the Building services ted if the peat pockets were removed. This roof. to brace the top flanges of the curved An early design goal was to make the greatest was done and the buildings were founded beams. to supply in-plane distribulion of possible use of daylight and natural ventila­ simply and economically on shallow spread lateral forces. and to provide a safe working tion . Deep floor plans. internal heat gains, footings. The plateau was not complete by platform for the roof cladding. and the very demanding warranty conditions the time construction of the Avionics Facility Although the structure 1s simple 11 1s special of some items of test equipment. meant that began. Arups advised the WDA and their in a number of ways. Experience 1n Arups' 1t was also necessary to provide mechanical engineers of where the leading edge of the Los Angeles office had demonstrated signifi­ ventilalion. comfort cooling , general air­ plateau needed to be to avoid settlement cant advantages 1n US West Coast structural conditioning, and very close control of both problems caused by filling too close to a detailing and this was adopted for the temperature and humidity in some areas. A building. This was done and there were no Avionics Facility. This involved the use of particular requirement of the avionics problems. typical structural details which provided the engineers was the avoidance. if reasonably The structure steelwork fabricator all the information he practicable, of all piped services in the The design team examined 10 possible needed for all the connections. The steelwork ceiling spaces. Some workshops also needed structural schemes and four column grids, and the metal decking were fully detailed to control the amount of dust in the air. from which they chose lightweight concrete before the Job was tendered . necessary to The electronics workshops have extensive on profiled metal decking acting compositely ensure a flying start to meet the tight electrical needs: a high degree of reliability of with steel beams spanning onto columns on programme. The steelwork design allowed supply; uninterruplible supply for key test a 9m grid; stability 1s provided by braced the fabricator the choice of whether or not to equipment, computers, and life safely; an frames sized so as not to clash with windows weld some conneclions on site; in the event illuminalion level of 750 lux, 415V/240V 50Hz; 200V/115V 400 Hz ; 28V DC . clean earth; 7. Servicing matrix. static earthing ; data and communications cabling; public address; fire alarm and Small Block ------large Block ------detection; lightning protection; and security. The workshops also required compressed air al 100psi and 3000psi, vacuum, helium. nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Sprinklers were required in the central store and in computer areas Fig .? shows a typical matrix of what services were required in the different production units (PUs) of one of the buildings. Each building was to be self-con­ I I I I I tained to enable 11 to be sold 1f that met a . 1 PU2 • • . ~. • • 1 I• • I • 1•i l SU2 future need of the avionics business I I Incoming electrical services to the site are i I I I f• • • 1 • ' • • •• •1 ,·1 PU1 I supplied at high volt'1ge to three external First I I I I I I sub-stations, one per building. These feed a I l ! I I I low voltage switch room on the ground floor PU11 r• • • 1 • • • • • • • ' •l•J I•• • ,• .. ,. • •I PU9 of each building. PU12 r-1-1 • I • • • • • 1• . 1.1 I•• • • ·• '· • • • • •I PU6 The main plantrooms in the roof space - contain boilers (Fig .6) , chillers, pumps, and r; • • • • • • • ' • •I PU7 primary air handlers.

THE ARUP JOURNAL 1/1996 29 These supply air via external risers (Fig.8) to A 150mm raised floor contains all electrical Materials handling large close control room air-conditioners at and commurncattons cabling, again carefully The avionics business at Heathrow main­ the ends of the floors, which supply, recircu­ zoned to make the best possible use of the tained 66 OOO airborne components per late and filter, cool , heat, and humidify the air space Local distribution is via purpose­ annum across 12 OOO product lines from over as necessary Mixing of primary and recircu­ designed multi-compartment bench trunking. 600 suppliers, with a breakdown stock level lated air occurs at a ratio of approximately The 28V DC supplies are provided by numer­ of 2.5M parts 1· 8. Air is delivered and extracted by duct­ ous local transformer rectifier units mounted British Airways Avionic Engineering (BAAE) work 1n the ceiling voids. on the workbenches. whilst the 400Hz identified four key materials handling strate­ Primary air 1s filtered to limit the amount of supplies are from static inverter sets 1n the gies in support of their mission to become dust supplied, filters in the close control units low voltage switch rooms. global leaders 1n avionics engineering: remove dust that may have entered the work­ Arup Communications (AC) worked closely • Internal component turnaround time to be shops by other routes . such as inside the with BA's Information Management (IM) reduced to three days. packing cases containing parts to be group to assess the requirements for IT AC repaired . • Component throughput to increase from identified the impact of IT on space provision 66 OOO to 130 OOO per annum. Because of the large number of engineering within the buildings, from the depth of the systems involved, the ceiling void was underfloor zone to the layout of equipment in • Breakdown spares holding not to exceed carefully zoned so as to discipline its use by the equipment rooms. Analysis of BA's six months' usage different trades (Fig .9) As a result no seN1ces resilience requirements led to the adoption of • Overheads to be m1nim1sed clashes were reported during construction. dual routing for all external cables. wherever possible.

9 Service zones for typical floor. 10. Materials handling software interface. ,------, 200 floor void (150 clear) Automated Stores Retrieval I BA Management Computer - 130 slab System Computer I A stage receipt and TIME/RAPID 356 secondary steel ---- batch numbers 40 fire protection ___s--r -- B stage receipt 30 steelwork tolerance r- Binning 450 ductwork zone l ======Unused expenditure 50 support grid and mistakes 160 trunking zone Tr-- Returns confirmation Database 175 lum1naire/smoke _J Demands detection/ceiling zone Purchase Picking Issues Ground floor room (NTS) .r Manage stock orders levels Part number 200 floor void (150 clear) L ----- Parts data Ground floor slab Audit requests .__------Auditing Suppliers I Stock adJustments Stock levels (individual and batches) I Batch history I l _ ------_I 30 THE ARUP JOURNAL 1 ' ----- Automated link Arups carried out studies of possible storage Part orders for breakdown spares are gener­ Summary and distribution systems that could satisfy ated by technicians in the workshops and • November 1991 Design team appointed the 80% in three minutes and 100% in 15 transmitted via a wide area network (Fig .10) • June 1992· Main contract out to tender minutes requirements These included· to materials management software at • August 1992· Main contractor appointed • central versus regional versus local stores Heathrow. which then processes the order • manual versus automated stores and sends an instruction back to the ASRS. • September 1992· Construction of first In the two-storey tall central store (Fig 11) block begins, with the second and third The following storage options high speed computer-driven robot cranes blocks following at three-month intervals. were considered travel along two aisles storing and retrieving • May 1994· Third block handed over • horizontal carousels parts from over 2000 storage locations • vertical carousels Special algorithms ensure that frequently • November 1993: BAAE began moving 1n • compact storage needed spares are stored near the front. • December 1993· CAA certification. • high bay automatic stacking and retrieval One of the robot cranes retrieves the box • January 1994 FAA cert1f1cat1on . and the following distribution systems containing the spares and places 11 on a The facility received a 1995 RISA Regional • hand/trolley small conveyor belt which in turn delivers 1t to Award for Architecture in Wales. and was • manual vehicle one of the two human operators, who in turn commended in the commercial category of • automatic guided vehicle sends the spare via the pneumatic tube the 1995 Lighting Design Awards by the • conveyor system to the workshop. The ASRS computer Lighting Industry Federation. Over 350 people • monorail maintains accurate records of the history of are now employed there and business has all its airborne components to satisfy Civil Arups recommended a strategy comprising: grown faster than predicted. At the opening Aviation Authority (CAA) and Federal Aviation ceremony on 15 December 1993, Mr AC D • central automatic high bay Authority (FAA) requirements for traceability Cumming, managing director of British storage and retrieval system (ASRS) The system delivers spare parts to 17 loca­ Airways Engineering. unveiled a plaque • manual forward (local) stores for bulky tions throughout the facility 24 hours a day. which contained a motto for the new facility. items like circuit cards, accelerometers 365 days per year with a system availability Written by the children of a nearby primary and gyroscopes of better than 97% including downtime for school, Ysgol Gynradd Gymraeg, it reads • distribution of rotables maintenance. It 1s designed to cope with call ·o·r Cymoedd i'r Cymylau·. which translates (airborne components) by hand rates (requests for spares) of up to 7000 per as 'From the valleys to the clouds' week and 18 per five-minute peak. AEG was References • d1stribut1on of large spares by hand the specialist sub-contractor. chosen in (1) LUKE Set al. British Airways Project • distribution of small spares competition after an exhaustive evaluation Dragonfly The Arup Journal. 28(3), by pneumatic tube. Arups' Cardiff office carried out all the feasi­ pp.8-15. 1993. This was then subJected to a value engineer­ bility and preliminary costing work through to (2) Mind over machine New building at ing analysis which recommended that a cost system definition and value engineering Stockley Park. Architects' Journal, 194(18), benefit study be carried out to compare an Arups in London prepared the performance pp 44-65. 30 October 1991. automated and a manual central store. The specification and then managed the produc­ Credits analysis showed both operational benefits tion of the functional specification. which was Ci,ent. and lower costs for the automated store and a collaborative effort by AEG. BAAE and BA's British Airways pie it was chosen for further development. IM group. Client project managers British Airways Property Branch. Property Construction Group Owners of shell and core: Welsh Development Agency Architect. Percy Thomas Partnership Consulting engineer- Ove Arup & Partners Steve Chewins Russell Jones. Tony Larcombe. Anna Rooney. Ian Statham. Kevin Wood (c1v1I) Simon Adams, Pavel Bartos. Caroline Burt, Phil Coomer, Mike Cronley, Chris Jofeh. David Kane. Eddie King, Karen Lloyd, John Lovell. Mark McElligott. Peter Monkley. Diane Sadleir, Gareth Stewart (RE), David Thomas (structural) Christina Button. Dylan Evans. Daniel Goodreid, Jonathan Griffiths Wendy Hoare Chris Lynn. Phil Ned1n, Mike O"Grady (RE). Gera1nt Rowlands, Brett Seeney. Ian Stuart, Karen Winder (building services) Tim Brooke. Emre Serpen (materials handling) Stephen Pollard. Sam Shem1e. Priscilla Tang (communications) Rob Hams (Arup Acoustics) Karen Hull, Donna White (adm1nistrat1on) Quantity surveyor- Bucknall Austin pie Programming advice to BA. Andrew Garbutt Management Main contractor· Laing South West Steelwork subcontractor: Dyer of Oxford Mechanical and electrical subcontractor· Matthew Hall Matenals handling subcontractor: AEG Cladding subcontractor­ Hathaway Illustrations: 1. Gareth Stewart 2, 3, 7, 9, 10 Trevor Slydel 4, 5, 8. 11· Peter Mackinven 6: Brett Seeney

11 Left: Interior of materials handling area. showing racking. one of the cranes and the pneumatic tube delivery system

THE ARUP JOURNAL

Origins The brief Concept design The Wood Quay site on the south bank of the There were three principal requirements: The site is U-shaped. covering an area used Liffey has obvious advantages: it is centrally • parking and office space for car parking and already excavated to the located near City Hall. the Mansion House basement level of Phase 1 (Blocks 1 and 2). and Government buildings, and close to the • the construction timetable to meet tax Access is via a ramp at Winetavern Street. incentive deadlines original Viking settlements and perhaps even There are two basement car parking levels earlier dwellings. • the influence of archaeology. with two office blocks (3 and 4 - six and The nearby Ford of the Hurdles (Baile Atha 12 500 m2 of office space were needed, with five storeys high respectively) built above, Cliath in Irish) was the principal river crossing the usual ancillary spaces. public areas, and parallel to the river. and gives its alternative name to Dublin or 330 car spaces. The new scheme required Each is on a 7 .2m square grid to match the Dubh Linn (Black Pool). Wood Quay contains delicate integration into the existing buildings standard parking bays underneath, giving an a series of revetment walls - marking so that user functions were synthesised ideal 14.4m overall width of office space. increased river channelling for deeper vessels efficiently. Construction time was influenced - and part of Dublin City Wall, built in 1100. It by Government incentives giving tax relief on Blocks 1 and 2 suffered from a lack of high is one of the most important urban archaeo­ rentals provided buildings were started and level links and from the harsh environment logical sites in Europe. completed before certain dates. between them. Both Phases are now connected by a three-storey glazed link Phase 1 At competition stage these incentives were in building over a pedestrian route linking There had been many proposals for Civic place - and particularly attractive. Temple Bar Way into the public open space Offices from the turn of the century onwards. The archaeological influence was threefold: and amphitheatre. In the 1960s, an international design compe­ tition was held, and won by Stephenson • The building site was generally confined This route also follows the old Viking city wall Gibney & Associates with Don Keoghan & to areas that had already been examined. and leads to a museum housing a history of the site and part of the wall. The new focal Partners as consulting engineers. but it was • A large central area was to be reserved 1973 before construction commenced. point of the development is the space for public open space, and to preserve between Blocks 3 and 4, which are linked The scheme was dogged by difficulties and the archaeology below. by a fully glazed atrium containing mature controversy, because of its impact on • Any work in previously undisturbed areas tropical trees and bridges at each level archaeology and for its design, which gave would be subject to scrutiny. between the blocks. rise to extreme critical reaction on both sides. Dublin Corporation felt that new ideas were needed for Phase 2, to benefit from develop­ ments in office design since the 1970s. R_iverl-1f~y ~~~ Clearly, it would be influenced by the first ~J L ____ design as well as remaining archaeology on the site. and another factor was the delicate ~ Wood Quay stonework of nearby Christ Church Cathedral: any development had to avoid dominating it. Phase 2 competition In 1992 the Corporation held an architectural competition for Phase 2. By September a short-list of eight practices had been drawn up, including Scott Tallon Walker with Ove Arup & Partners Ireland as civil and structural consultants. The teams were given a month to _____ -L complete their schemes, which were then examined by the international jury. On 10 .....__ December 1992 Scott Tallon Walker were awarded the commission and instructed to prepare working details for a site start on 7 April 1993 with completion by July 1994.

This article is a shortened version of a paper given to the Institution of Engineers of Ireland and the Republic of Ireland Branch of the Institution of Structural Engineers on 3 October 1994. It was awarded a Smith Testimonial by the /El and the 1995 Branch Prize by the /SE ® N 1 Above: Block 4, Phase 2. from the Liffey. On the left. the garden atrium connects ,t to Block 2, with the Block 1 tower visible beyond. 2. Site plan.

32 THE ARUP JOURNAL 1/1996 Site investigation Existing retaining wall be removed or omitted as required . Similarly, Fill, river silts. and gravels overlying fractured Following the coring to rock through the Sm reinforcement for core stability was provided calp limestone rock were revealed. The rock deep mass concrete base under the existing at the ends of the walls. This aided lateral dis­ levels (the controlling parameter for foundation Wood Quay wall , areas of cement wash out tribution of services and door openings design) sloped steeply from existing base­ were discovered, stemming from difficulties through the central portions of the core walls . ment level to Sm deeper at the river side of in placing the concrete during Phase 1. Its There were some variations. including areas the site. loadbearing capacity was doubtful, so where for compactor shelving, atrium planters, There also proved to be groundwater in the new columns were incorporated in the exist­ and Fire Brigade access to Temple Bar Way gravels - and only partially river water . which ing foundations it was necessary to core and between Blocks 1 and 3. The former did would be significant when considering the grout the existing structure to accommodate not need a raised access floor. Thus the in­ building's energy requirements. the concentrated loads. Two 120mm diame­ creased imposed loads were accommodated ter cores, each reinforced with a T40 bar, by increased reinforcement in a 37Smm slab Groundwater energy were provided at each column location with As the scheme developed, consideration and encasing the shelving rails in a 7Smm the base straddling between piles and the screed . The 1.2m high atrium planters were was given to reducing energy costs. Dr. Tim grouted base. Cooper, at Trinity College Dublin, demon­ accommodated using upstand beams and strated that heat in groundwater could be Floor plates two-way spanning slabs. used to feed heat pumps cost-effectively, Blocks 1 and 2 have a 7.Sm structural grid Vertical structure and it was also known that such water was with 3.Sm floor-to-floor height throughout, Overall stability derives from the five stair/ available in the gravel under Dublin. The only except for the car park levels where it is lift cores with in situ reinforced concrete questions were how much was under the site, 2.725m. For Phase 2 the architects detailed a walls . The floor plates act as diaphragms and what was the river's influence? 1.2m horizontal module within the 7.2m x between cores with Stafix dowels to transmit 7.2m grid. and a 1.166m vertical module. The Phase I included building a retaining wall horizontal and vertical shears at the central perimeter columns were then set back from expansion joint. round the site along Wood Quay, Fishamble the edges, giving a final grid of 7.2m x 6.6m Street and W1netavern Street. its Sm wide above ground floor level. The brief specified Columns are circular. from 300 mm - 600 mm, mass concrete base transferred the retaining a 150mm raised access floor and a 3SOmm and frequently contain rainwater pipes. To wall loads to the rock. service zone for possible future mechanical give consistency of size at each side of the A convenient side-effect of this was to isolate ventilation. In response to these constraints atrium and to avoid the dominating effect of the site from the river water regime. Tests and the rapid building programme, a 300mm large columns some were constructed in confirmed that new site-drilled wells provided flat slab was selected, which proved an composite form . using universal column a pure water supply at an almost constant economical solution. An important feature sections cast in concrete. Cardboard forms temperature of 11 °C. subsequently proved to was the absence of downstands: perimeter were used for shuttering and when removed yield more than the sustained 12 litres/sec beams to support cladding attract load and allowed for a plaster finish. required for the system. transfer structural deflection into cladding The tour-storey high portico at Wood Quay is Three wells were sunk to rock level at movement joints, becoming large, disruptive supported by 580mm wide duo-decagon -Sm OD and connected by gravel drains. elements in an otherwise simple solution. concrete columns with Portland stone sur­ This was avoided by providing 140mm thick. Cost analysis indicates that the pump system round . Initially, solid prestressed stone was will initially break even and should produce 1.2m deep, 7.2m Jong precast panels. considered, but was rejected on cost grounds. savings in the long term. The floors in both blocks were completed 1n Roofs two weeks through increasing the cement These generally are similar to the floor slabs. Archaeological dig content to 370kg/m3; this gave early The exterior of the top floor penthouse roof is Much of the site had been completely exca­ strengths, reducing backpropping require­ composite steel/concrete on metal deck to vated in 1973-1976. but one section to be ments to one level and allowing following reduce local loads on the floor below. built upon remained unexplored. The tax trades earlier start dates. The limitation on Plantroom roofs use metal deck on steelwork deadline time constraints left 12 weeks for a service openings in flat slabs was overcome beams to falls. At the west end (by substantial and important dig. Up to 10 by locating all vertical services distribution Winetavern Street) the parapet forms a archaeologists worked on the site. uncovering near the stair cores. As these are set into the 21 m-span. deep concrete beam to maintain large areas of revetment wall , the old City 7 .2m grid it allowed a short end span of the view of Christ Church Cathedral from the Wall and the remains of several houses. all 3.6m. This zone was designed with reinforce­ river. Similar beams span 14.4m at the main helping to build an image of Dublin some 900 ment grouped to provide 1m x 1m soft zones entrance to maximise column spacing and years ago. Items found in this and previous with a 150 mm deep infill section that could reduce their crowding effect. digs are to be housed in the new museum. Basement concept The existing basement level. below the general water table, requires continuous pumping to avoid flooding. At competition stage the high cost of a water-tight basement became apparent. and any means of avoiding it was an advantage. Since 1976 relatively modest pumping had been effective, and as the area was only used for car parking, it was decided to have a conventional ground­ bearing lower basement slab. To minimise damage should water levels rise, land drains were installed, with pressure relief chambers at regular intervals. Foundations 3. North-west Block 4 was founded on 100-tonne capacity, corner of 300mm diameter, reinforced grouted bored Block 4, with piles with a 3m rock socket, this length Christ Church determined by shear strengths of 30N/m2 for Cathedral limestone and 5N/m2 for the mudstone/ in the siltstone inter-layers. Although the piles are distance. generally short, their use aided the quick pro­ gramme and the archaeological dig, while minimising groundwater control problems. The rock formation was within 3m of Block 3's lower basement level, so pad foundations with an allowable bearing pressure of 2 500kN/m were used. This avoided excessive :i1m rock excavation and formation preparation, )> given the calcareous mudstone veins in the ...~,, dark grey arg illaceous slatey limestone. g z Settlement calculations were carried out "',...)> along the interface of the piled/pad footing foundations. to ensure differential settlements were maintained within acceptable limits. 33 Cladding The building is clad with 40mm thick granite and 70mm thick Portland stone parapets and soffits. Portland stone highlights step-back features to the elevations where balconies were introduced. All stone was site hand­ fixed to dense masonry blockwork, precast concrete spandrel panels, or concrete walls. The architect wanted no Joints more than 6mm. including vertical movement Joints Detailed considerations of probable move­ ments. however, indicated a joint width of 12mm per storey height. so relieving angles were introduced at half-storey height (1 75 m). Horizontally, stone is fixed to 7.2m long span­ drel panels supported close to the columns and restrained at their centres. The panel fixings allow movement vertically and hori­ zontally. including plumbness. Having fixings only at the ends prevents slab movements being transferred into the movement Joints of the stone, thus minim1s1ng joint size. Garden atrium The atrium exists not only to form a civic area between Blocks 3 and 4 but to give the equivalent of external walls within internal space, maximum transparency and thus minimum structure were required, as well as visual interest. Conventional trusses or beams looked clumsy. whilst spaceframes. with their high levels of redundancy. would appear cluttered. The solution was to maxi­ mise the number of tension elements and confine compression elements to areas already sized to take glazing bars. The result­ ing trusses. spanning the 14.4m between Blocks 3 and 4, take the form of the bending moment diagram with tension members following an overall curved shape. For inward wind pressure the 114mm tubular glazing support members take compressive forces and 20mm rods the tension: the curved shape and rigid 101nts eliminate diagonals. 4 (and 5 below left). Aspects of the garden atrium

Environmental control Current office standards and energy costs dictate a preference for natural ventilation The atrium gave a means o ventilating he offices by the natural properties of rising warm air, balanced by vents to draw ou side air over the ceiling, and a temperature-sensitive control system. Arups in London analysed the spaces using their ROOM and AIRFLO 30 programs to predict internal air temperatures and velocities. With these they were able to highlight problem areas. and advise on the size and location of windows. vents, partitions. shading devices. etc.

Above 6 CFO analys s using AIRFLO 30 Below 7 Environmental control strategy

Surplus heat W,nct battle exhausted prevents SOUTH • Binds reduce soldrga,n ~hi ...,, Automatic blinds for smoke curtain ~ ,,_I ______Sun shades

Atnum acts as tnermar flue 10 draw lresh air Air ,n v,a opening I through thei ott,ces II wuldowsor conlrolled II ventllalors

1:

11 For outward wind pressure there is effectively no compression member so pairs of 12mm catenary bars are provided. Machined forked Turner's end connector couplers were used to connect the rods to the struts, which allowed Glasshouse restoration, fine tuning of the structure on site. The bridges between Blocks 3 and 4, and National Botanic Garden, their stairs, required delicate treatment to maintain the lightweight open feeling in this Dublin public area. Steel beams with thin concrete infill on permanent metal deck were used, the Gerard Duffy Ralph McGuckin overall structural depth being kept to 275mm for the 14.4m span using a tension system of Introduction Belfast Palm House, the Lily House diagonal rods supporting both the bridges From the 16th century, increasing at Kew, the Wintergarden at Regents and the half-landing of the stair flight below. world trade brought many exotic Park and the Curvilinear Range at Dummy links give the impression of connec­ plants to Europe. Glasshouses the National Botanic Garden, Dublin. tion between flights but in fact each set of became a sine qua non for all Also noted for his engineering bridge and stairs is structurally separated. Glass balustrades are provided at all edges. serious plant collectors and styles designs. Turner's trussed arch roof varied from utilitarian hothouses to at Lime Street, Liverpool. was the Work to existing buildings the 'architectural' orangery. Interest greatest then built. and he was As one objective of Phase 2 was to unify the 1n botany flourished and in 1815 Sir deeply disappointed at coming sec­ whole, joining Blocks 1 and 2 with a new George MacKenzie published his ond to Paxton for the Crystal Palace. glazed atrium necessarily fell within the ideal glasshouse design - a south­ scheme. This series of 13.2m long, 1.32m The Garden deep trusses in circular hollow steel was facing quarter sphere. His thinking The National Botanic Garden was fabricated in pairs. with 76. 1mm tubular tie was that, to minimise reflection. the started by the Royal Dublin Society infilling between units for lateral stability. The sun's rays should be able to strike 1n 1795. All the early glasshouses bolted Joints have site-welded cover plates. the glass perpendicularly at all times were of wood and by 1842 were In the new atrium the existing blocks were of day, summer and winter. This was deemed unworthy of repair. Turner interconnected with composite steel/con­ later disproved, but not before some persuaded the Society that the new crete bridges at two upper levels. strikingly beautiful curvilinear curvilinear iron construction would Other developments in Blocks 1 and 2 glasshouses had been built, some of be superior and the first phase, included the provision of a creche. canteen which remain. MacKenzie's idea was ironically not by Turner but the extension. computer room. and museum. taken up and developed by John little-known William Clancey, was which encloses part of the original City Wall Claudius Louden. the great Scots completed in 1844 - the 30m long and archaeological artifacts from the site. wnter on garden design and archi­ East Wing. Turner later added the The circular amphitheatre in the central park tecture. The curved shapes could East and West Passages and the area provides a focal point to the pedestrian best be formed using slim wrought West Wing ( 1846) and completed routes linking Temple Bar and the Quays. iron glazing bars and. with the help the range with the Central House. Handover was on 29 July 1994 in accor­ of the ironworks of W & D Bailey of intended as a Palm House, in 1848. dance with the competition requirements, 16 Holborn, he had a prototype range The entire range, as was customary, months after start on site and 21 months from erected in his large Bayswater was south-facing with a solid north the start of the competition. Final construction garden. By the 1830s many such wall and was formally opened by cost is of the order of IR£15 m. glasshouses were being supplied to Queen Victoria in 1849. The East The building has received considerable criti­ discerning plantsmen. and West Wings proved too narrow, cal acclaim, including praise from its original Turner and in 1869 Turner doubled their critics. It has recently gained the Association Richard Turner. from a long line of width by inserting arched wrought of Consulting Engineers of Ireland Award for Dublin ironmongers, was familiar iron angles springing from the slim Excellence in Structures and the Irish with the work of Louden and the wrought-iron columns and thus Construction Industry Federation Award for Baileys. In 1833 he set up his own relieving the old north walls (subse­ Building Excellence. Hammersmith Ironworks near Dublin quently removed) of their supporting Credits and eventually became the greatest roles. He also provided two glazed Client: ironmaster of his day. His best­ towers to join the new construction The Lord Mayor, Alderman and Burgesses of known work is undoubtedly the Palm to the earlier. and new iron doors at the City of Dublin. House at Kew but he also built the the east and west ends. Continued .... Architects. Scott Tallon Walker 1 Restored spherical glazing 1n wings, with 2. (inset) Showing appearance before restoration. Civil & structural engrneers: Ove Arup & Partners Ireland Frank Callanan, Sarni Dahdouh. Phelim Devine. Kevin Dolan. K1eran Dowdall Jim Hughes. Eamonn Judge. Terry O'Riordan. Ian Roberts, Conor Roche Maeve Sookram Environmental design. Ove Arup & Partners [London] Tom Barker. Andrew McDowell Mechanical & electrical engineers. Varming Mulcahy Reilly Associates Quantity surveyors: Bruce Shaw Partnership Fire engineers: Michael Slattery & Associates Main contractor· Pierse Contracting Ltd Cladding sub-contractor: Irish Portland Stone, Breton Roecrete and Stone Developments Ltd Structural steelwork sub-contractor Andrew Mannion Ltd Illustrations: 1, 3-5: Norton Associates 2. 6, 7: Ove Arup & Partners Ireland 3 Wing/tower junction restored

Bu,11-up wroughl iron beam under casl iron guller

Ridge beam fixed to tower column

Supporting New stainless wrought steel angle w11h ~ glazing bar £ iron 0 purlin ~ z

New sla1nless steel angle I , Onginal 180mm square casl iron column Cast iron capnal L1neof planter bed soil l

,. - :\ I • • • • . J I •. 4. Pilasters. gutters and sashes 1n wings Structural survey The building clearly required a service, robustness could be ,. . In 1984 Ove Arup & Partners Ireland complete overhaul. After nearly 150 improved, and a number of design surveyed the building to ascertain years corrosion was rife the ridge 1n 1ntervent1ons were therefore made how it had been assembled and to each wing had pulled apart. none of • A shallow stainless steel ridge assess deterioration. The wings and the opening sashes worked, many beam was introduced in each wing passages. though at first sight of grey iron castings had cracked, and with intermediate column supports similar construction. were found to a mullitude of ad hoe repairs in mild which also provided vertical differ 1n a myriad of detail. steel were showing distress. service ducts Cast iron pilasters at 1.2m centres In 1990 Ove Arup & Partners Ireland • The width-doubling arched are socketed into the plinth wall with was comm1ss1oned by the Office angles in the wings were replaced cast iron gutters spanning on top of Public Works for a complete in stainless steel. as were the Curved wrought iron glazing bars refurbishment. boxed lengths of the bar-columns; stretch from the gutters to the apex. Restoration this to prevent a repeat of earlier supported en route on a wrought A plan was produced that included corrosion iron purlin that spans over a row of new buildings to the north and a • New curved ductile iron braces slim 38mm diameter wrought iron restoration of the curvilinear bar-columns. In the wings these bar­ were provided at every second glasshouse. For the glazing bars pilaster in wings and passages. columns are 'boxed' by the angles. various options were possible arched at high level as provided in • All the sliding roof-sashes and the width-doubling extension There Wrought iron was no longer made the large pivoting sashes 1n the are pivoting wrought iron sashes and the alternatives of using Central House were renewed in between the pilasters and sliding extruded stainless steel or aluminum stainless steel. sections were considered. The sashes on the roofs. The two towers • A new tie was required in the are about 5.3m square. proJecting client. though. expressed a wish for a faithful restoration' with materials Central House lantern roof to above the adjoining wings and resist spreading. passages. as originally used, except where change was necessary. • The ad hoe accretions of welded Each vaulted roof 1s supported on a Providence took a hand when 11 was mild steel straps. angles. and cast iron gutter sitting on the north braces were removed. wall or on wrought iron beams discovered that a Bristol firm could spanning onto two 180mm square forge lengths of glazing bar of the Contract cast iron columns; the spandrels are required section. using quality scrap The refurbishment contract glazed in a framework of wrought salvaged from anchor chains and commenced in December 1992 and iron bars. the like. lasted about two years An accurate survey of the existing construction The centre house is about 184m x Also, a quantity of old wrought iron glazing bars became available from was followed by phased dismantling 9.7m. and at 10.3m the tallest of all ironwork; a comprehensive The glazed walls incorporate glazed the Palm House at Kew. where stain­ less steel had been substituted. tagging system was used and each 550mm wide double-pilasters, of element of cast and wrought iron 50mm x 50mm wrought iron bars The forging process was thus to was inspected and scheduled for forged into a unit. produce the various glazing bars repair or replacement - there were On top are cast iron gutters from and round bars required, and the over 8km of glazing bars alone. which the quadrant glazing bars Kew bars. originally provided by An initial grit blast facilitated the curve to the central clerestory. This Turner. were brought home to rejoin 1nspec11ons. All faulty cast iron was and the lantern are supported on their fellows. recast, using ductile iron in areas of two rows of full-height box-columns. Preliminary testing of the wrought high stress. The wrought iron glazing each of two 100mm x 100mm and cast irons showed them to be of bars required new trimmer bars top wrought iron angles with cast iron reasonable quality, as was a sample and bottom and short lengths of ribs bolted on. Cast iron lantern of newly forged glazing bar; butt corroded bar cut out and new­ gutters span over the box-columns welding of the glazing bars also forged bar welded on. mainly at and carry the glazed lantern; a proved to be satisfactory. Computer each end each bar was then series of wrought iron tie-bars and analysis of each structure revealed checked and adJusted for curvature arched bars provide stability areas where. pace 150 years of against a fixed template. 36 THE ARUP JOURNAL I' Cages of glazing bars were then West Wing. temperate in the Central assembled in the workshop and House. and mediterranean 1n the checked for fit before painting. East Wing . Service runs were To safeguard against bimetallic specially designed to be as unob­ corrosion, 1solat1ng bushes were trusive as possible and shading, 1f provided where the stainless steel required. will be by internal fabric assembly bolts would pass through suspended from the roof. The total the wrought iron: all contact cost was about £3.SM and the build­ surfaces would be painted and ing was formally opened 1n fully bedded 1n mastic September 1995 to mark the 200th All pa1nt1ng except the final coat was anniversary of the Gardens. done in a controlled environment 1n Credits the paint shop - a total of six coats Chent/architect/serv,ce engineers on the wrought iron and seven on the The Ott1ce of Public Works cast iron - and a proprietary mortar Structural engineers .· was therefore substituted for molten Ove Arup & Partners Gerard Duffy lead 1n the plinth sockets Spectro­ Macanan Haverty Ralph McGuck,n scopic analysis showed Turner's Ironwork sub-consultant original paint to be off-white with a Posford Duv1v1er hint of yellow and this was recreated Ouant,ty surveyors in the polyurethane finishing coats D L Martin & Partners The contract also included ancillary Mam contractor- buildings on the north side for plant­ John Paul Construction Ltd :i! room, offices. and exhib1t1on area; Ironwork sub-contractor m > also the rebuilding, now faced with Shepley Engineering Ltd c"' granite. of the north plinth walls. The Forged ffonwork g" services comprise fully automatic Dorothea Restorations Ltd "'z temperature and humidity controls /1/ustra/lons ~ and motorised sash operation, all to 1, 2. 4. 5 Mary Croke Photography provide a tropical climate 1n the 3. Ove Arup & Partners Ireland 5. Below The restored range 1. Right: 3. Below: & 2. Below: Site Site after before development. development. The Nynex Arena, Manchester Steve Burrows Paul Kay Darren Paine John Waite

Introduction The challenge The station had to operate throughout Manchester's Olympic 2000 bid. and a strong The site was the 14ha of Manchester's construction. which led to a phased building desire to regenerate the city's north-eastern Victoria Station, and the scheme was to brin~ programme that in turn affected the design , sector, made the Arena a reality. Following forward redevelopment of the Station itself . particularly where structure was adjacent to Manchester's success as UK Olympic bid and release a large tract of land for the new or over railway lines. Programme and representative in 1991 , Government pro­ facility (Figs.2 & 3) : cost were high priorities. Demolition was mised in March 1992 to part-fund and there­ • Arena (occupancy licensed at 20 500) scheduled to start late December 1992, with by guarantee construction of facilities. on the completion by 30 June 1995. The first 12 basis that the three major sporting facilities • Multi-storey car park (1000 spaces) months were mainly concerned with the would be constructed on inner city regenera­ • 'City Room' (retail accommodation) station redevelopment, although small pockets tion sites. In June 1992 Vector Investments • Multiplex cinema shell (leisure) of the site were released for Arena construc­ won the competition to develop a 20 OOO-seat tion . Based on November 1992 scheme arena over the Victoria Station rail inter­ • 'Arena Point' (office accommodation). stage information , Bovis boldly gave a guar­ change. The race to show that Manchester anteed maximum price (GMP) ; this had a would have world-class facilities at its dis­ continuing impact on the design, having posal before the year 2000 began. strict cost targets for each part of the project.

4. Elevation of completed Nynex Arena (left) adJoining Arena Point office block.

38 THE ARUP JOURNAL 1/1996 Site history and geology The site was originally at the confluence of the Rivers Irk and lrwell , and development there was traced back to 1793 when it was occupied by a workhouse. In 1844 the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway began operations from the site , and railway activities continued expanding until 1900, since when the site had remained reasonably static. The Rivers' influence on the geology is marked, with rock contours dipping into each of their valleys. The Ardwick fault also crosses the site. Boulder clay overlies Bunter Sandstone bedrock, the bearing strata for the foundations - a typically Mancunian progression. Geology more than soil mechanics influenced founda­ tion choice. which varied from piles through pad foundations to ground-bearing slab. depending upon the distance from formation 5. level to rockhead. CAD model of Arena superstructure. Arena structure Analysis the outermost bowl columns from the main It was decided at an early stage to create a trusses which support the roof loads are also three-dimensional CAD model (Fig.5) for the supported in the span. This led to significant entire superstructure; this could show the pre-cambering to control deflections of the expected displacements through various transfer structure. 6. Arena concrete frame under construction. construction stages, as well as determine Construction forces developing in the ring beam. The latter Modern building projects call for faster and was to prove most critical when it was shorter construction periods. For speed, the intended to start erecting the roof trusses superstructure contractor chose an American prior to completion of the frame . One-third of steel shuttering system, the shutters forming the superstructure would be incomplete the raking beams and the stepped profile as when the first truss was placed. and the complete units including all necessary walk­ model showed the net effect on the incom­ way supports and fixings. The reinforcement plete frames . There was a slight load reversal cage is lowered into the shutter on the in the end frames. but overall deflections ground and then the whole assembly lifted were within expected limits. into place and fixed to the columns. After Structure concreting, the shutter splits and is lowered The in situ reinforced concrete structure com­ to the ground. prised 44 frames on a radial grid, stabilised This system led to some rationalisation of the out of plane by continuous in situ beams. design of the frames . each being detailed as which form the bowl , supporting upper and a complete elevation allowing easy co-ordi­ lower walkways. The concourse and upper nation between beams and columns. The walkway are in precast, prestressed, hollow shuttering meant that starter bars could not core planks, whilst the terracing is of precast be accommodated if they were out ot the normally reinforced concrete. plane of the frame. so a system of sleeves to The Arena is partially built over the realigned allow bars for the ring beams to be fixed later Arena roof Victoria Station platforms on a transfer was introduced. The roof . large both in area and in span. structure which also forms the concrete slab Terracing carries superimposed loads ranging from to the Arena at concourse level. To meet BR All terracing was precast. The lower level has event equipment to more traditional elements requirements for the station's operation. and a varying step depth for sight lines. which such as snow. An easily buildable and allow for future electrification, the maximum resulted in single L-shaped units; the upper flexible solution was a truss . spanning 105m allowable structural depth was 1m for a clear has uniform rise and could be prefabricated across the event floor (Fig.7), with orthogonal span of 17m. An initial scheme of plate into double units. The typical unit length is trusses at each end to form a curved upper girders and double-Ts was selected for ease 7.Sm, but varies radially from 4m-10m. Fixing surface. of construction and programme, but sub­ was by a series of dowels and pockets cast In a roof design of such sheer scale. all sequently replaced on cost grounds by a into the frame and unit which were then effects are magnified beyond structural voided reinforced concrete slab. The transfer grouted to give a firm fit. The joints between engineers' traditional figures. For example. structure supports one column at mid-span. each unit were fire-stopped with an epoxy to the thermal effects on a roof covering 1.52ha typically. However, at the ends of the bowl, match the finished concrete. are of great significance.

Smoke extract fans House ligh1,ng Sound re,nforcemenl and A,sle ligh1,ng (arena bowl) fluorescent voice alarm speakers spot fights luminaire 105.0m

Fire alarm beam detection units

II Motorised core '?i?f:' supply diffusers ·~, over even! floor YNE Xi/ Steel frame Bowla,r \I fAR E NA, supply roof

~I0 Scoreboard Fan coil e>eecuwe unit Precast seating/lerrace AC frame dfsj•"'Cp~Q3 ~-"'[""·1",l~._l ... l""lt:-:=J;--_""'l:""?""--4-'-,---.',=~ ..... l ..,lf'i='v===c-lc"'e='fl""'oo'=r======' "'=9Ji.="'>...... '"'i2_,=r-. ---'""-1:t:-::"r"""""t"'=r=ci~a~;orm Manchester Vicloria Station Pla1forms

7. Cross-section

T11E ARUP JOURNAL 111996 39 Fire engineering A timed egress analysis at lull occupancy was Beam detect,on undertaken. together with the rate of smoke Chris Barber aci,vaied production from a growing fire. Both were considered with the rate that smoke would stack Peter Bressington down from the roof. and the provision of high Classed as a ·place of assembly', the Arena level smoke extract. Fire growth rates and size 1s beyond the scope of current building as agreed with Building Control were based on regulations in terms of fire. A comprehensive i = 75 seconds pop concerts, where the stage and the amount solution encompassing the whole development, A. Fire detected. of combustible material was considered the including the Arena. had to be developed. With greatest risk. a licensed occupancy of over 20 OOO people. The analysis took account of the time taken for their safe and timely egress dominated the fire B. Start of evacuation fire detection and a period of mobilisation of strategy. Initial discussions with the City's people to start evacuation (Figs.A-0). Building Control Officers centred around No mechanical extract was assumed until 855588.· Part 6 'Code of practice for places of 400 seconds after the lire began, when the fans assembly'. However, it became clear that the would be fully within the descending smoke solution could not follow this standard in layer. Overall evacuation time was calculated providing evacuation in 2.5 minutes. Rather. 1t at 6.5 minutes for people to leave the Arena lay 1n exploiting the building's huge volume for 1 = 185 seconds bowl. From timings of normal evacuation at the smoke control and management. and extending end of maJQr shows, this has been shown to be evacuation time. slightly conservative.

C. D Top level Concourse emptied. clear of people.

i = 275 seconds t s 525 seconds

Multi-storey car park In this case the solution was to have only one it to be raised and lowered to suit particular The 1000-space car park was designed to point on the roof - the centre point - that events and for maintenance As this heavy extend vertically as part of stage 2 of the remains static. At the four compass points. load also coincides with the centre stage development. and is also intended to house pairs of sltding guided bearings maintain rigging load and the maximum span. the pair within its envelope gymnastics warm-up overall stability, with all other points bearing of centreline trusses became the design case. facilities for Olympic and/or Commonwealth free. Thermal loads are thus not transmitted Erection method was also a design funda­ Games. The parking floors themselves are to the frame and lateral displacements are mental: pairs of half trusses were lifted at unusual in the use of post-tensioned contained to the ring beam level. mid-span on military trestles, which were reinforced concrete to create a long-span The scoreboard - an 8m cube - also present­ removed after connection. This attracted structure with minimal intrusion of beams. ed a challenge, primarily due to its location in considerable public interest 1n an event This was to enable good consistent lighting the centre of the roof and the requirement for expertly performed by the erectors. levels across the spaces, and a minimum storey height to ease ramp access between the split levels. Both criteria, apparently conflicting but intended to give a feeling of 8. security to the user, were achieved. The Roof truss lift multi-screen cinema was created by omitting car decks to rorm an open box within the car 9. Below: park envelope. Some use of transfer beams Concrete frame almost to maintain this clear space was needed. but complete with half of the flexibility of space that results has signifi­ roof steelwork erected. cant attractions to potential operators 'City Room' in its Jocalion above an operational railway completed. It has a traditional lightweight The box office entrance to the Arena is at the station.The City Square. whilst separate from structure of composite metal deck on a steel mid-point of the complex above the station. the Arena, multiplex and car park. forms one frame. with lightweight cladding to each which necessitated access up to this level of the main thoroughfare means of escape elevation. Lightweight structures are particu­ from the station concourse. the multi-storey from the complex, and is fully protected with larly sensitive to vibration, and so acoustic car park, station platforms. and the public natural smoke ventilation, sprinklers to retail isolation and the natural frequency of the highway. The area into which each of these units. full fire detection, and a multi-functional building were carefully considered to ensure leads - the City Square - abuts a voluminous PNVA system. It is naturally ventilated and the comfort of the users. space known as the City Room, which in includes a track lighting system to allow The development was designed as shell­ Phase 2 will be extended into a ma1or retail flexible use of the space for small exhibitions, and-core. with the fit-out of the offices to development. advertising and the like. be by subsequent tenants. Central mains This is built over the four new platforms cre­ It is intended that Phase 2 of the develop­ services were provided for mechanical. 1 ated in the Victoria Station redevelopment • ment will extend the City Room into a major electrical and public health systems. including and is designed to accommodate a future retail development. and the design respects incoming services. boilers, chillers. ventilation mezzanine level adjacent to the City Square. this intent. plant, mains power. and fire alarms. All land­ The deck is of similar construction to the Arena Point lord's areas were fully fitted out. main Arena transfer deck using voided slabs Arena Point is a 2500m2 speculative office Mechanical services spanning between platforms. Above this level development situated at the Hunts Bank The Arena being a multi-purpose event a steel frame with pinned tubular trusses entrance to the Arena above the west end of facility seating over 20 OOO people. its ser­ spans 32m over the space, incorporating a the redeveloped station. All four through lines vices have to take into account a wide variety feature glass roof as a focal point. The key run directly under the building. which was of environmental conditions. The various feature of the City Room is its unifying ability only designed after the transfer deck was activities and occupancy levels require a flexible services design that can be easily operated to suit the variable needs. Plantrooms The Arena is such a vast building that plant space is not an issue. but the position of that space was subject to some hard negotia­ tions. Typically, such large multi-purpose facilities have four main plantrooms at high level in each corner. With such a restricted site and cost constraints, good use of 'cheap' space was vital. The main air-handling plant is located under the concourse in the huge void below the lower tier seating. A height of over 5.5m was available, ideal to house the large plant to be installed. Total central ~Jant­ room space was in the region of 2 700m and in three main locations: • North mezzanine level: Arena bowl, changing rooms, performer and star changing and press accommodation ventilation systems. Water storage and sprinkler tank. • West mezzanine level. HV & LV substation. Emergency generator. Building operations and main kitchen ventilation systems. • East upper walkway level and roof: Chillers. ice floor heat rejection plant. offices ventilation, boilers. pumps, domestic hot water supply, storage area ventilation.

10. Arena Point office building

Acoustics • acoustic absorption of the station 'box' under Acoustically absorptive seating was adopted for the southern concourse reasonably high absorption when the Arena 1s lain Clarke • Establishment with the Environmental empty. The roof deck incorporated an inner Neill Woodger Health Officer appropriate criteria for limiting perforated sheet exposing mineral wool for the noise leaving the Arena absorption. In addition. woodwool slabs were Site-wide Issues attached to the top deck rear walls to prevent • Specification of the Arena roof and wall The location in terms of noise and vibration iso­ unwanted late reflections during music events. elements to ensure that adequate sound lation was far from ideal. Of the four realigned trans mission and acoustic absorption The public address and voice alarm (PANA) rail lines, two were actually under the southern was achieved. system integrates high quality sound reinforce­ concourse and higher tier seating, giving rise to ment. voice alarm and general public address. concern over train-induced noise and vibration. • Detailed analysis of noise emission from the Also, Chetham's School, Parkers Hotel. and ventilation systems. For speech to be intelligible 1t was concluded Boddingtons Brewery nearby were sens1t1ve to Arena Bowl that a maximum of 2.75 seconds reverberation noise break-out. Two surveys were carried out. Factors determining optimum reverberation time @ 2kHz was required, utilising a fully one to establish noise and vibration from rail characteristics for an arena include intelligibility distributed system of high powered cabinet activity, and the second - a targeted environ­ of the voice alarm system. stability of acoustic speakers served from central rack rooms . mental noise survey - to determine the existing between full and part-full events. and the 'live­ The system. one of the largest of its kind in day, evening and night noise levels. The results ness' of the space to reinforce crowd cheering Europe. was fully tested during commissioning led to the following work: without allowing excessive noise build-up. and achieved all design expectations. • under-sleeper rail isolation beneath all tracks within a 20m radius of the stadium (Fig.E) Resilient 'isolation' layer Protection layer also used lo fix pad Minimum thickness 25mm to sleeper Concrete sleepers glued. Sleeper • design of the structure to limit dynamic wooden sleep rs stapled structural amplification of structure-borne vibration E. • use of reinforced concrete (rather than steel) Schematic of 100mm Ballast as it transmits Jess sound undersleeper pad.

T11E ARUP JOURNAL 1/1 41 Heating, ventilation, and cooling flow. 65°C return . Chilled water is split into linked in the form of a ring between three The Arena bowl is heated and comfort­ two main systems. The first has two 1000kW strategically located sub-stations. each cooled utilising an all-air system. Various packaged air-cooled chillers serving the housing vacuum-operated ring unit switches methods of air distribution were investigated. main Arena bowl, whilst the second employs and two 1.0MVA Securamid dry type taking into account the location of the central a single 200kW package chiller to serve three transformers. All operator power supplies are air-handling plant. main riser positions. main zones (administration, executive suites, and distributed from each sub-station to vertical duct entry positions, and optimum distribution performers). The chilled water circuit temper­ core risers to all floor levels. into the space. Computational fluid dynamics ature is 6°C flow. 12°C return . Concert stage power is provided by specially (CFO) were used to analyse air movement Ice floor designed bulk stage panels at each end of and comfort levels. A permanent international ice hockey-sized the Arena floor and on the catwalk above to Displacement ventilation below the seats is (60m x 30m) ice floor is installed, comprising provide maximum flexibility. the preferred method for large auditoria but central chilling equipment. external wet­ Dedicated power supplies and cable carrying could not be accommodated in this case, so cooled condensers. pumps, interconnected systems are also provided for TV facilities an overhead ventilation system was adopted pipework and fittings, ice floor cooling throughout the Arena bowl. A dedicated utilising high volume swirl diffusers providing headers. substrata heating system and power supply of 1OOkW is also installed to the a highly induced air distribution throughout system controls. An ethylene glycol coolant largest four-sided central electronic score­ the space (Fig.7). The total system air volume system was selected for this installation board in the world. for the Arena bowl is 170m3/s. to avoid the concrete protection that is necessary with a brine system. Lighting Noise levels within the space were targeted The Arena bowl lighting is designed to meet at NR40, which may appear high but was A curved header trench directly adjacent to fully with the Olympic International and TV intentionally so to mask the worst of rail traffic one end of the ice floor is provided to avoid standards, in particular those relating to CIE passing underneath and the fact that the cold areas of floor and subsequent surface 67, 83 in conjunction with the CIBSE Sports main events are sports or pop concerts and condensation problems. A link trench Lighting Guide and Sports Council require­ not classical music. between the refrigeration plantroom and ice ments. Close liaison with TV companies was Main locker and changing rooms are fed floor connects the header services with the carried out during the design process to by individual ducted air-handling plant main chiller plant. The design provides a ensure that the lighting was suitable for without cooling. All offices, executive suites, minimum ice floor temperature of -10°C with televising the many varied events. The main performers and star changing rooms are a corresponding external temperature of event lighting comprises 120 metal halide comfort-cooled utilising fan coil units individ­ 25°C db. 19°C wb. floodlights, each rated at 1800W, mounted ually controlled via the building management Electrical services on the overhead catwalk. system (BMS). Supply and distribution These compact lights provide a good colour Low pressure hot water (LPHW) heating is Two independent 6600V supplies. with rendering index of Ra 92 and are ideal for use supplied by four 1SOOkW gas-fired boilers translay relay protection to provide a high with daylight (5500K) balanced film stock, with a primary circuit temperature of 85°C degree of security, power the Arena. Each is eliminating the need for colour correcting

11 . Right: Arena interior during an ice hockey match.

12. Left. Arena entrance, 13 Left: with Victoria City Room to Station in Victoria Station background. entrance doors.

42 THE AAUP JOURNAL 1/1996 filters. The sports lighting was designed to different lighting patterns as required. Reference cater for volleyball. basketball, ice hockey, Additional specialist Arena bowl lighting (1) BICKERTON, Get al. Manchester Victoria ice shows, gymnastics and boxing events includes follow spotlights for concerts, and Station redevelopment. The Arup Journal, with average lighting levels set from 500- strobe lights for still photography. 30(3), pp 12-14, 3/1995. 2000 lux. depending on whether the event is Communications Credits county, national or international standard. TV cabling is provided in all suites, score­ Client: The Arena house lighting consists of linear board studio, administration. and operations Vector Investments Ltd fluorescent luminaires containing high fre­ rooms. with aerial and satellite dishes erected Executive architect: quency regulating gear. This allows controlled at roof level. whilst the communication Austin-Smith: Lord dimming of the lighting output in all public systems include a voice and data service Arena architect: seating areas to add to the mood of anti­ distributed using fibre optic cabling through­ DLA Ellerbe Becket cipation and excitement before and after out the Arena. Strategically-located CCTV Quantity surveyor: concerts. All lighting luminaires have been cameras are positioned at high level within Davis Langdon Everest designed with rear access to allow for easy the Arena bowl, main concourse and public Consulting engineers: lamp replacement from the catwalk. entrances linked to the security and manage­ Ove Arup & Partners Geoff Bickerton, Peter Budd, Steve Burrows. Gerry Eccles. Mark Elsegood, Emergency lighting to all public areas is ment operations room tor crowd control Richard Hattan. Ian Humphries, Charles MacDonald, provided to a minimum level of 2 lux using during events. Andy Marsland. Darren Paine. Roy White . Colin Wood (structural) four 240V static inverter battery units. In Conclusion Jane Collins, Colin Curtis (geotechnical) addition, safety lighting to a level of 1 lux is Work started on site during the Christmas Paul Holder, Au stin Smith (civil) provided to the aisles during all periods when holiday of 1992 and was completed on 30 Bob Baker. Dennis Harrison. Paul Kay, Ian Stuart. the bowl is occupied. Dimmable tungsten June 1995, precisely on programme and Andrew Woodhouse (mechanical) halogen spotlights are used, each with a within budget. Given that the Arena is such Graham Britton , Grant MacDonald. Stuart Redgard, unique manufactured gobo and slot for a complex facility, built on a tight city Pat Thorpe. John Waite (electrical) illuminating the exact shape of the aisle with­ centre site under difficult operational circum­ Mike Buckingham (public health) out spillage into the seated areas. stances, the success of the project is a Chris Barber. Peter Bressington (fire engineering) All Arena bowl lighting is operated from a credit to all concerned. lain Clarke. Neill Woodger (acoustics) microprocessor-based management control Support continues to grow for the resident ice Andrew Allsop (wind engineering) system. This control system provides easy, hockey and basketball teams. and already Management contractor: user-friendly operation from supervisor desk­ major concerts have been held with Wet Wet Bovis Construction Northern Ltd top PC stations with graphical view of lighting Wet, Blur, Oasis, Pavarotti. Rod Stewart and 1//ustrations: status, lamp failure and run times. 10 nights of Take That - all hugely successful. 1, 8, 14: Len Grant 2, 3, 5: Trevor Slydel Simple push-button and selection routines Manchester looks forward to seeing the 4. 10, 11-13: Ian Lawson allow the operator to choose the appropriate Arena in full use during its hosting of the 2002 6, 9: Bevis Construction Northern Ltd light programme for each event or re-configure Commonwealth Games. 7, A-E: Jonathon Carver/Peter Speleers

14. The completed Arena.

THE ARUP JOURNAL 1/•996 43 1 The existing Chapelcross power station

Introduction B N F L • provide the basis for a full In December 1988, the British Nuclear Environmental Statement for each Fuels pie (BNFL) Board approved the site to accompany future consent proposal for a feasibility studY. into Se,sm,c Power Management applications 2. Main elements of Phase 2 .,. and transm,ss,on contract building new pressurised water geotechnical ...... ______, • provide preliminary infrastructure reactors (PWR) at Chapelcross. near design and input to selection of the Annan in Dumfries and Galloway, and lntrastl\JClure nuclear reactor and a Class 'A' cost at Sellafield in Cumbria. Phase 1 of and estimate (i.e. -10% to+ 15%) the study, completed in September environmental 1990, concluded that both sites were T 3. Arup project team. • support the Planning Consent suitable for the location of at least and Site Licence application and subsequent Pu blic Inquiry. one major reactor up to 1500MW, AAUPS LONDON CORE TEAM ARUPS MANCHESTER and that current PWR technology Organisation could provide electricity at costs The three main elements of the Phase comparable with conventional Peer review 2 Siting Studies were the se1sm1c coal-fired power stations. Potentially, panel(~)bers l------f"_ _..__11 Pro~gsrector and geotechnical study, the power there could be two reactors at each Arups I ______l --f~~::;~ transmission study, and the infra­ power station with an estimated Project manager,- Peer review structure and environment studies. ~r:!,g~ development cost of £6bn. director all directly co-ordinated by BNFL In January 1991 BNFL announced its (Fig .2). decision to extend the study into a OAAudllor Because of the large number of infra­ second phase. in which technical structure and environmental studies. and environmental factors would be and the wide-ranging disciplines examined in more detail. Ove Arup & they requ1red. BNFL decided during Partners were appointed as manage­ Environmental F111ance Phase 1 to bring them together to ment consultants for this Siting studies manager manager be managed by a management Study, following the submission of a consultant responsible for setting detailed technical and financial pro­ up and implementing the studies. posal This article describes the Sludy managers but reporting regularly lo BNFL. llWOI management contract at Chapelcross Arups were also separately and Sellafield which the firm undertook Spec,ahSI appointed for the geotechnical and during the three years of Phase 2, a engir,ee,s tunnel studies, described in a project which involved 46 specialist previous issue.' firms as technical contractors. created an uncertainty about the start The Phase 2 Siting Studies Project team Altogether. the project has five of Phase 3 and the subsequent Purpose Arups' multi-disciplinary core team phases. detailed design and construction (Fig.3) mirrored BNFL's own mulll­ In May 1994, the Government phases. The resulting discontinuity BNFL intended to complete the disciplinary management structure announced a review of the UK had a direct effect on the nature of feasibility study during Phase 2 in as stated in the tender documents, nuclear industry. The timing of the the Environmental Statement that order to: which envisaged the management review, and the period which BNFL was part of the management • confirm the suitability of the sites consultant setting up his team with in will require to assess its outcome. consultant's contract. for power station development BNFL's organisation at Risley near 44 THE ARUP JOURNAL 1/1996 Warrington. After discussion, how­ This was essential for effective man­ Release of the accumulated previous The solutions ever, it was agreed that the Arup agement of the studies, and prompt retentions was made, provided the Careful consideration was given to team should be located at the firm's understanding of the considerable milestones had been achieved, other­ what information would be required Manchester office. It was generally amount of information that had to wise withholding continued until the and by whom, how it would be used, 11-strong, but was regularly and circulate between the technical corrective action plan was achieved. how to avoid duplication. use of extensively supported by specialists contractors, and from them to the Management electronic transfer. and how it could of dittering environmental and engi­ management consultant and BNFL. Information Systems be utilised after Phase 2. at any neering disciplines from Manchester Management of change future Public Inquiry. The modus and other Arup offices. BNFL's own The challenges operandi developed around com­ The studies were let on a lump sum Interaction of the Phase 2 studies was siting studies project team of three basis. However, because of the puterised information storage and had to be provided with a dedicated a complex management problem, for changing scope of some of them retrieval systems like CD-ROM, so office in the same building, and this which BNFL were responsible. and the need to be flexible as early that references to any particular sub· encouraged close collaboration Together they comprised commer­ results became available and ject (e.g. natteqack toads). could be between the two organisations · one cial, reactor, and safety case studies. conclusions and decisions on the quickly recalled and searched by of the key features in achieving a as well as the Sit1ng Studies. Within choice of options were taken, it was counsel for all known references. successful outcome to a long and the latter BNFL were also responsible necessary to establish a system for It was crucial to develop a uniform complex contract. for overall management of the trans­ identifying change and assessing mission, geotechnical, and seismic method of measuring, forecasting The team was established as a self· its ettect before issuing a formal studies. The infrastructure and envi­ and reporting progress for all the contained group separate from the variation. This became known as ronmental studies were managed by studies and of the management main Manchester office but just the Study Change Notice procedure. Arups. Against this, however, the consultant's work. including the across a corridor. This was doubly The ettect on project cost and final consequence of Phase 2 was Consultalive Environmental State­ beneficial in that the team built up a timetable was assessed by Arups for the Consultative Environmental ment. To process such vast amounts sense of project unity by being set each change, and reported to the Statement. for which Arups was the of information and use it to review up from scratch, but also retained a BNFL project team. If approved for author. This required input not only current and future status, the solution feeling of being part of the Arup implementation, BNFL Purchasing from the infrastructure and environ­ had to be capable of maximising the Manchester office • something that issued the formal change order. mental studies under the firm's con­ storage and transfer of information would have been virtually impossible The total effect of all Study Change trol, but also from all the other stud­ during and after the studies. A Local to maintain had it been at Risley. Notices was summarised in the ies directly managed by BNFL. Area Network of computers in the Monthly Cost and Progress Reports core team was established, which Contract management The fact that there were no less than to BNFL. gave them all electronic access to Pre-qualification, 46 separate infrastructure and envi­ time. cost and resources manage­ assessment and award Performance, ronmental studies indicates the scale ment. database, word processing. A comprehensive pre-qualification milestones and retentions of the management task. with many and graphics, from the overall study exercise was established to ascertain A financial monitoring arrangement interactions between the various posihon down to individual activities the extent of interest and suitability of was established, whereby output technical contractors carrying out the within a particular study. Software consultants to bid for their studies. from and progress of studies were studies and also interested third was chosen for its ability to view the This took the form of a questionnaire measured against a series of key parties such as consultees. The current position and forward forecast sent to suitable companies. request­ dates or milestones. against which Management Information Systems future trends, and for its ability to ing details of their experience of there was a holding of retentions. therefore had to be capable of receive and transmit information similar work and their choice of As management consultant. the supporting the management team 1n electronically. which studies they would prioritise firm was also subject to this cost the production of study scopes. and performance control system. managing studies and, ultimately, In parallel. a standard specification should they only be selected to bid to be used in the tenders with the for a maximum of two or three. Milestones were created at the Consultative Environmental approximately three or four-monthly Statement. as well as being usable specific scope of each study was Shortlists of tenderers were drawn intervals. when significant deliver­ by BNFL 1n the overall management developed, to ensure uniformity up and approved by BNFL, usually ables or achievements were due. of Phase 2. across all 46 studies of monitoring, consisting of three or four firms 1f the forecasting. reporting and formatting study was not likely to exceed four of output. By developing this. Arups months and £100 OOO. and up to 4 Artist's impression of the Chapelcross PWR. were able to integrate the specialist eight for those of much higher value, technical contractors' progress longer periods, and greater com­ reporting-with their own to further plexity. Their tenders were assessed report to BNFL. A four-weekly cycle by Arups, withholding the financial of monitoring and reporting, was element from those undertaking the implemented throughout the three technical assessment until a shortlist years of Phase 2. of usually two had been arrived at The result was a very powerful man­ entirely on technical merit. Meetings agement tool, able to consider any with finally shortltsted tenderers were time, money or resource aspect ot conducted by BNFL. with commer­ any act1v1ty in any individual study cial negottations towards contract and then to forecast its implications agreement carried out between their for the particular study, other Purchasing Group and the preferred associated studies and the overall firms. completion of the Consultative Contract documentation Environmental Statement as well as Despite the many studies of widely Phase 2 itself. This enabled the Arup dittenng scope and disciplines. 11 management team to consider future was possible to create uniformity 1n time and cost trends and. where the layout of tender documents. necessary implement corrective weekly and monthly reports. and cost action plans to ensure the overall reporting systems. programme stayed on track.

THE ARUP JOURNAL ' • 'l

5. Electric-fishing on the Water of Ae. 6. Widgeon on the Salway Estuary, about 5km from the Chapelcross site. Arups themselves won by com­ organisations, highway authorities, Infrastructure studies petitive tender a number of the local councils, etc. In many cases, infrastructure studies, including output and co-operation from them CHAPELCROSS the road and rail and cooling tower was often necessary for a study to • Water resources • Annan and Kielder Catchments options studies at Chapelcross, and proceed. Arups liaised with and These studies investigated the available options for the supply of up to at Sellafield. marine off-loading co-ordinated output from these 110MI per day of cooling water to a single reactor station. The Annan facilities (MOLF). hydrographic different groups. study looked at the development of a reservoir within the Annan survey, road and rail options, marine As a result of the Phase 2 study, Catchment to regulate flows in the river and to support cold water numerical modelling, and seawater abstraction, whilst the Kielder study examined the various options for completed on schedule in May 1994, cooling. Aerial photography was it was established that it was tech­ taking water from the currently under-utilised Kielder Reservoir and carried out over some 350km2 of transporting it across the watershed to Chapelcross. nically and commercially feasible to the north of England and southern build and operate a nuclear power • MOLF Scotland. Subsequently a digital station on each site. This was This study investigated the options available for the delivery by sea of up ground model and 1: 2500 mapring achieved and was in no small mea­ to 50 pre-assembled plant items of 750 tonnes maximum, associated was produced for some 180km . sure due to the dedication of the with the construction of the power station. Loads would be brought by Conclusions BNFL and Arup core team supported barge to a new berthing facility to be built on the foreshore. and loads This management consultancy by many specialists from Manchester transferred by road and purpose-built haul route to the site. appointment was both unique and and other Arup offices. • Transportation extremely important for Arups. The The transportation implications ansing from the construction and operation of close working relationship established References the power station. including likely sources of aggregates. etc.,were assessed. between the project and client teams (1) CURTIS, C. et al. Sellafield geotech­ proved essential, where continuous nical study. The Arup Journal. 29(4). • Road and rail pp 16-17. 4/1994 This study looked at the options available for linking the power station exchange of information was so impor­ to the railway network for the movement of nuclear fuel flasks. The tant as the many studies progressed (2) STROUD. M. et al. Sellafield cooling and output became available for use water system. The Arup Journal, 29(4), options included both direct rail links and the provision of a railhead pp.17-18, 4/1994. with a suitable road connection to the station. Also studied were the by dependent technical contractors. improvements required to the local road network to cope with predicted The complexity of the studies was Credits construction traffic , including the abnormal loads of up to 750 tonnes matched by their number, generating Client. brought in via the MOLF. a vast amount of technical informa­ British Nuclear Fuels pie • Effluent discharge pipeline (EDP) tion to be analysed and conclusions Management consultant The options were assessed for the discharge of up to 21MI per day of drawn, or the output to be used by Ove Arup & Partners Martin Broderick. the management consultant when Brian Campbell. Bob Carville. Allan Delves, liquid effluents (predominantly cooling tower purge water) for a single John Grainger. Hakop Mirzabaigian. station to the Solway Firth. drafting the Consultative Environ­ Paul Murphy. Peter Oldroyd. Keith Rudd. • Cooling options mental Statement. Many of the stud­ Fraser Smith, Rob Warren. (Manchester core This study investigated the available options tor the provision of the ies impinged on the work of team) others, and this needed a careful Simon Hill, Neil Jenkins. Paul Johnson. Roger necessary cooling for the power station, including wet. dry, hybrids, direct and Milburn. Richard Phillips, Corinne Swain, Paul indirect cooling. The subsequent adoption of wet cooling using cooling towers approach by Arups to co-ordinating Tomlinson, Ed Tulton, Mike Wilton necessitated the development of the various water resources schemes. the work of the various technical con­ (specialist advisors) tractors so that output from one • Marine BNFL landscape architects: study was delivered to the contractor Gillespies A hydrographic survey was carried out for the whole of the Solway Firth. for another ,n the right format and at Marine numerical models were subsequently constructed of both the Irish the right time. This co-ordination also Illustrations: 1, 4, ?· BNFL Sea and the Solway Firth. These were used to model potential effects of applied to the consultation process various development proposals impacting on the Solway (MOLF, EDP,etc.). 2, 3: Denis Kirtley between technical contractors, 5: Robert Warren SELLAFIELD statutory consultees, and affected 6: Jonathan Quinnfv\lildlowl and , Flooding study third parties - landowners, nature Wetlands Trust. The likely flooding regime in the River Ehen. which runs to the west of the site, was researched. Subsequently, options for flood alleviation were 7 Aerial view of Sellafield site. developed in order to protect the site from a 1 in 10 OOO year flood event. • Seawater cooling study This study (described in detail elsewhere) looked at how to provide the necessary 63m3/sec of cooling water to a single station via 6m diameter intake and outfall tunnels 1.8km and 2.5km out under the Irish Sea. • Transportation and MOLF As tor Chapelcross, ii was necessary to determine the effect on transport­ ation infrastructure of the construction and operation of the power station, and assess whether pre-assembled plant items could be delivered by sea. • Marine A hydrographic survey was carried out for the Irish Sea off the Cumbrian Coast. Marine numerical models were subsequently constructed and used to model the effects of the various development proposals impacting on the waters off Sellafield (MOLF. cooling water discharges, etc.).

Infrastructure studies followed by the design of a 1.5km rail The construction and operation of a spur from the West Coast main line power station has vast infrastructure to a railhead on a substantial implications. and the scope of the embankment and the upgrading of infrastructure studies and the context 15km of existing roads. Details of the of their outcomes tor each site varied range of infrastructure studies are enormously - from an engineering given above. design for the Chapelcross Effluent One of the initial tasks was to define Discharge Pipeline. comprising 8km the scope and prepare technical of 600mm diameter pipeline in open briefs for each study. This required a countryside and under the River considerable range of technical Annan with a submerged outfall in expertise, drawn from specialist the Solway Firth, to the road and rail groups within the firm as necessary, study, whose conclusions were to support the core team . THE ARUP JOURNAL 1/1996 4 7