The Civil War

Sherman’s March to the Sea the to March Sherman’s

Battle of Natural Bridge Natural of Battle

Sherman

General William Tecumseh Tecumseh William General

Siege of Vicksburg of Siege

Battle of Gettysburg of Battle

Battle of Olustee of Battle

General George Meade George General

Rose O’Neal Greenhow O’Neal Rose

Appomattox Courthouse

Gettysburg Address

Sally Tompkins

Battle of Antietam of Battle

Battle of Chancellorsville Chancellorsville of Battle

Battle of Fredericksburg of Battle

General Robert E. Lee E. Robert General

General Ulysses S. Grant S. Ulysses General

Jackson

General Thomas “Stonewall” “Stonewall” Thomas General

First Battle of Bull Run Bull of Battle First

Jefferson Davis

total war

resistance At first, the Confederate armies in the East enjoyed At PEOPLE, PLACES, EVENTS PLACES, PEOPLE, Chapter Overview Chapter place from 1861 to 1865. took Civil War The American Union while states battled to preserve the The Northern fought to achieve independence. the Southern states driving over slavery was one of the Disagreement into two parts. Each the United States issues that split as well as side had strengths and weaknesses as the war began. advantages and disadvantages forces. In the West, great success against the Union closed off the MississippiUnion forces won victories and of 1863, the tide of theRiver for the South. By the middle of the fighting occurred inwar began to turn. While much North and the Souththe Southern states, both the were There during the war. suffered tremendous losses and immensehundreds of thousands of casualties as well as thedamage to property and businesses, of nearly everyonedisruption to the personal lives in the country.

Analyze the role of Identify the division Explain major domestic Compare significant Examine key events and Examine key Compare Union and Explain the causes,

flank

entrench

bounty

draft

habeas corpus

Emancipation Proclamation

casualty

ironclad

tributary

enlist

border state

TERMS WHAT I NEED TO KNOW TO NEED I WHAT 526 Confederate strengths and weaknesses. SS.8.A.5.6 battles and events and their Civil War effects on civilian populations. SS.8.A.5.7 peoples in Florida history as each impacts this era of American history. Border states, western territories) at the outbreak of the United States of the Civil War. SS.8.A.5.5 SS.8.A.5.1 of the Civil and consequence course, states’ slavery, (sectionalism, War in the Senate). rights, balance of power SS.8.A.5.2 (Confederate and Union States, CHAPTER BENCHMARKS of slavery in the development sectional conflict. SS.8.A.5.3 and international economic, military, political, and socio-cultural events of presidency. Abraham Lincoln’s SS.8.A.5.4 The Civil War Civil The CHAPTER 17 CHAPTER CHAPTER 17 The Civil War

The Civil WarFOLDABLE 01.ai Make the below andFOLDABLEFOLDABLE label the four tabs–Two Sides, 01.aiBeginning,01.ai During, and Ending. As you read the chapter, use short phrases to record what you learn about the two sides involved in the Civil War, and explain what they each felt could be gained and lost by going to war. Under the tabs, summarize the progress of the war by 1 1 3 sequentially listing importantFractions victories, defeats, government legislation, and4 other2 4 events occurring at the beginning, middle, and ending of the war. 0 1 101 10.251 30.53 0.75 1 FractionsFractionsDecimals 4 2 4 A 4 2 4

Decimals 00 1 1 000.250.250.50.50.750.751 1 A Step 1 StepDecimals 2 Step 3 Step 4 A Fold the outer edges of Fold the paper Open and cut along the Label the tabs as the paper to meet at the in half from side inside of the fold lines shown. midpoint. Crease well. to side. to form four tabs.

History Geography Two HistorySidesHistoryGeographyBeginningGeography

Economics Citizenship

EconomicsEconomicsCitizenshipCitizenship During Ending B y Equations 12-2 12-3 BB (–, +) (+, +) + - y y integers x - Expressions integers EquationsEquations 12-212-212-3 12-3 (–,(–, +) +) (+,(+, +) +) ++ -- O x Perimeter integersintegers xx - Expressions - Expressions 12-4integers and Area integers12-6 (–, –) (+, –) x - O O x x PerimeterPerimeter Functions 12-412-4integers integers x Functions and and Area Area 12-612-6 (–,(–, –) –) (+,(+, –) –) xx -- integers x Functions FunctionsFunctions integersintegersintegers x Functions

Measure- Mass & ment Length Capacity Metric Measure-Measure- MassMass & & LengthLengthCapacityCapacity C mentmentCustomary Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission MetricMetric CC CustomaryCustomary

UNITED STATES HISTORY 527 LESSON 1 SUMMARY The Two Sides

SS.8.A.5.3, SS.8.A.5.4, SS.8.A.5.5, SS.8.A.5.7

1. RECOGNIZING RELATIONSHIPS On the Two Very Different Sides lines below each advantage, The Civil War caused great divisions in the country, even write the name of the border among families. By war’s end, 600,000 Americans had died. state or states that provided Thousands more were seriously wounded. that advantage to the Union.

Advantage: Division in the Border States Transporting Troops For President Lincoln, the border states of Missouri, Kentucky, and Supplies Delaware, and Maryland presented a problem. Slavery was legal in each of these states. Each state had citizens who supported the Confederacy. However, Lincoln knew he had to keep the border states a part of the Union. Each border state was important for a reason. Control of Missouri meant control of key sections of the Mississippi River. Likewise, Kentucky meant control of the Ohio River. Delaware Advantage: Near was close to the key city of Philadelphia. Maryland was close Confederate and to the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. Especially Union Capitals Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. significant, Maryland contained Washington, D.C. Should Maryland secede, the Union’s capital would be surrounded.

Strengths and Weaknesses ANALYZING VISUALS The North and South each had important advantages when the Civil War began. The North had a larger population and 2. Examine the graph showing more resources. The South had excellent military leaders and the resources of the North dedicated fighting men. In addition, most of the fighting and South. How do you occurred in the South on land Confederate men knew well. think the North’s advantages in population and railroad Resources in the North and South mileage might be related? RESOURCES IN THE NORTH AND SOUTH 100

80 Union Confederacy 60

40 PERCENTAGE 20

0 Population Railroad Number of Exports Manufactured Mileage Farms Goods

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Statistics of the United States

528 UNITED STATES HISTORY

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LESSON 1 SUMMARY, continued

The Goals of the War 3. EVALUATING EVIDENCE The goal of the Confederacy was to become an independent Underline the details nation. Confederate leaders believed that if they fought long of the strategies of the enough it would convince the Union that the war was too costly. Confederacy and the Union. Then explain which strategy The main goal of the North was to reestablish the Union. It you think is most important had to end the South’s desire for independence by defeating to each side and explain it in battle. Although slavery was an important issue, President why. Lincoln’s goal at the outset was not to end slavery.

Confederate Strategies The Confederacy’s strategy was to defend its territories. Southerners sought to wear down the North’s will to restore the Union. The Confederacy also hoped that Great Britain and France would join their cause and pressure the Union to give up. The South believed these two nations might help because they depended on the South for their cotton imports.

Union Strategies Under the leadership of General Winfield Scott, the Union’s strategy was to crush the South. He proposed the Anaconda Plan, a name taken from a kind of snake that squeezes its prey to death. Scott wanted to first close down all Southern ports. This would prevent the Confederacy from resupplying its troops and exporting its cotton. The North would then try to take control of the Mississippi River. At the same time, the North would try to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. Americans Against Americans Many Americans had family members and friends on both sides of the war. Kentucky senator John Crittenden had one son in the Union army and one son in the Confederacy. President Lincoln’s own wife Mary had relatives fighting for the South. Most of the fighting men were in their mid-20s, with their own families back home. Still, many recruits were in their teens and a few even younger. During the first year of the war, African Americans could not enlist. However, as the war dragged on, Congress and the Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission Northern states began to allow African Americans to fight.

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Lesson 1 summary, continued

4. Making Inferences The Confederacy did not even consider allowing African Why do you think the Americans to fight until the very end, when its situation was Confederacy was so hopeless. They did not want enslaved people to have weapons. reluctant to allow enslaved people to handle weapons? Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-DIG-ppmsca-34573] High Hopes Each side expected the fighting to end quickly. The North believed the South would be no match for its superior resources. The South thought its defenses and determination would win the day. Neither was right. The war lasted far longer than most Americans had guessed.

Who Were the Soldiers? 5. Identifying Points Soldiers came from all parts of the country. Most were from of View Each side thought farms. In the early months, the Confederacy had about 112,000 the war would be over men, sometimes called Rebels. The Union had about 187,000 quickly. What do you think men, known as Yankees. By the end of the war, some 900,000 each side underestimated Rebels and about 2.1 million Yankees had fought. These about the other? included almost 10,000 Mexican Americans in the South. About 200,000 African Americans fought for the North. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use.

Soldiers spent most of their time in camps. This militia from the state of New York made camp in Arlington, Virginia, in June of 1861.

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LESSON 1 SUMMARY, continued

A Soldier’s Life 6. SPECULATING Why do you think a soldier’s life was Soldiers often wrote home, describing their experience in the often dull during the war? camps. They wrote about bad food, dull marches, and the rain. Occasionally, soldiers from both sides would put aside their differences. Between battles they might sing songs together, play games, or tell stories. However, the horrors of battle always loomed.

The Horrors of War The casualties suffered in the Civil War were brutal. Medical facilities were unable to handle the number of men needing treatment. The wounded might lie in the rain for more than a day without being treated. Faced with fear, hunger, and sickness, men on both sides deserted. Around one in every eleven Union soldiers and one in every eight Confederates left their posts. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission

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LESSON 1 SUMMARY, continued

REVIEW LESSON 1

1. Use the chart below to explain whether the Confederacy or the Union had the advantage or disadvantage for each resource listed.

RESOURCE ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE

Confederacy had 900,000 Number of Soldiers Union had 2.1 million soldiers soldiers

Confederacy had to defend Location/Territory its territory, did not have to invade the North

Confederacy had few Manufactured Goods manufactured goods

Population

2. SYNTHESIZING In an essay, discuss the advantages and disadvantages held by each of the sides, and explain how those issues related to the goals and strategies for both the North and the South. Use the information from your chart and include examples from the lesson in your essay.

532 UNITED STATES HISTORY LESSON 2 SUMMARY Early Years of the War

SS.8.A.5.1, SS.8.A.5.2, SS.8.A.5.3, SS.8.A.5.6 1. DETERMINING CAUSE War on Land and at Sea AND EFFECT Determine Fighting between the Union and Confederacy began in April three effects of the Union’s 1861. As both sides assembled armies, the Union began to loss at the First Battle of Bull blockade Confederate ports. The war would be fought both Run in the summer of 1861. on land and at sea.

CAUSE: The Union loses First Battle of Bull Run the First Battle of Bull Run The first major land battle of the Civil War took place during the summer of 1861. Troops from both sides gathered in northern Virginia, near Bull Run River. The battleground was close to the Union capital. Spectators from Washington, D.C. traveled to the battle site and could see the fighting. At first, Union troops pushed back Confederate soldiers. Ingram Publishing However, Confederate General Thomas Jackson rallied his EFFECT: troops. Another Confederate general described Jackson holding his position “like a stone wall.” This gave Jackson his nickname—“Stonewall.” The rebels began a fierce counterattack. They broke through Union lines and the Yankees retreated. The North had lost the first major battle of the war. Northerners were shocked. They now realized the war would be long and difficult. President Lincoln, for his part, remained determined. He appointed a new general to head the army— George B. McClellan. The president also called for the EFFECT: enlistment of 1 million army volunteers.

EFFECT:

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission General “Stonewall” Jackson was an inspiring leader for Confederate soldiers.

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Lesson 2 summary, continued

2. Identifying cause Control of the West and effect Why The Union wanted to control the Mississippi and its do you think Ulysses tributaries, or smaller rivers that fed into it. The goal was S. Grant became a hero for to stop the shipment of supplies from Texas, Louisiana, and the North? Cite two reasons. Arkansas. Controlling the river also meant that the Union could move its own troops and supplies into the South. In February 1862, Union naval commander Andrew Foote and general Ulysses S. Grant began the assault in the West. They soon captured Fort Henry on the Tennessee River and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River. Grant would accept no terms from the Confederates besides “unconditional and immediate surrender.” As a result, Grant became a hero to the North.

A Battle Between Ironclads 3. Explaining Why was The Confederacy wanted to break the Union’s blockade of the creation of the Virginia Southern ports. To do it, they would need a new weapon. and its battle to a draw with The Union had abandoned a damaged frigate called the the Monitor important for the Merrimack. The South fixed it and covered it with iron, making Confederacy? it an ironclad. They renamed the ship, calling it the Virginia. The South used the Virginia to attack Union shipping in Chesapeake Bay on March 8, 1862. Union ships could not Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. stop it. Fearing the Virginia might attack Washington, D.C., the Union deployed an ironclad of its own. A ship called the Monitor steamed southward. On March 9, the two ironclads fought to a tie. It was an inspiring battle for both sides.

The Battle of Shiloh In the west, General Grant and about 40,000 Union troops were close to reaching Corinth, Mississippi. In early April 1862, they camped near Shiloh Church, 20 miles (32 km) from Corinth. They waited for other Union troops to join them. Confederate leaders decided to make a surprise attack. After two days of fighting, the Union won. It was a narrow and costly victory. The casualties—killed, wounded, or missing soldiers— on both sides reached more than 23,000. The Union forced Confederate troops to withdraw from the area. On May 20, the Union took Corinth. Northern forces captured Memphis, Tennessee, a few days later.

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LESSON 2 SUMMARY, continued

War in the West 1862–1863

Ind. Louisville Union states Ill. R. Ky. Confederate states o Missouri Ohi Perryville Union victory Oct. 8, 1862 Va. Paducah Ft. Donelson Confederate victory Ft. Henry Feb. 16, 1862 Feb. 6, 1862 Ar Tenn. ka N.C. ns Nashville as Pea Ridge Shiloh Chattanooga R. March 6–8, 1862 April 6–7, Murfreesboro 1862 Nov. 23–25,1863 35°N Indian Memphis Chickamauga Territory Sept. 19–20, 1863 S.C. Arkansas Corinth Decatur . R

Oct. 4, Atlanta Re . i d R p p 1862 i Birmingham s

s i s Mississippi s i Georgia

M Alabama Sa bin N Dallas e Jackson R. Vicksburg May 14, 1863 May–July 1863 Montgomery Jackson W E Texas Louisana Natchez S

Mobile Fla. Port Hudson Baton Rouge Sabine Pass May–July 1863 30°N Sept. 8, 1863 New Houston Orleans 0 200 miles

Galveston 0 200 km Oct. 4, 1862 Gulf of Mexico Albers Equal-Area projection 95°W 90°W 85°W

ANALYZING MAPS Capturing New Orleans 4. Look at the location of the On April 25, David Farragut led Union naval forces in taking battles on the map. How are DOPA (DiscoveringNew our Past Orleans, - American Louisiana.History) This represented a huge victory for the locations of these battles Chapter 17 the North. New Orleans was the largest city in the South. Map Title: War in the West, 1862-1863 similar and what does this File Name: C16-05A-NGS-877712_A.aiIt sat strategically at the mouth of the Mississippi River. The have to do with the Union’s Map Size: Right 1/2Confederacy page could no longer use the river to move its troops Date/Proof: Dec 27, 2010 - First Proof strategy? 2016 Proxima Novaand Font supplies. Update: December This 3, left2014 Vicksburg, Mississippi, as the only major 2018 Grayscale EOCTwestern Conversion: port February still under25, 2016 Confederate control.

War in the Eastern States The Confederate army was more successful in the East than it was in the West. The Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, was close to Washington, D.C. This made Richmond a prime target, but the South fought hard to defend it. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission

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LESSON 2 SUMMARY, continued

5. CONTRASTING How was the War in the Confederate Victories West different from the War Under General Robert E. Lee and General Jackson, the in the East? Confederacy enjoyed several important victories in the East. Confederate forces were outnumbered. However, Jackson and Lee knew the land well. They could move troops quickly. In 1862, the Confederacy won a series of battles in Virginia. They defeated the Union at the Seven Days’ Battle, the Second Battle of Bull Run, and Fredericksburg. These victories darkened the mood in the North.

Lee Invades Maryland At the urging of Confederate president Jefferson Davis, Lee moved his troops into Union territory in western Maryland. If successful, Lee planned to attack further into Pennsylvania.

6. MAKING The Battle of Antietam CONNECTIONS Based on the chart and As Lee moved into Maryland, Union general George McClellan information in the text, why followed. Lee divided his army into four parts. He then ordered

was Antietam an important each to go in a different direction, hoping to confuse McClellan. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. victory for the North? Unfortunately for Lee, one of his officers lost his copy of the Provide three reasons. battle plan. It was found by two Union soldiers and brought to McClellan. Inexplicably, McClellan did not attack, and allowed Lee time to gather his troops. On September 17, 1862, the two armies battled at Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland. The Union won. It was a key victory, but came at a terrible cost. Some 6,000 were dead, 17,000 more were wounded. It was the deadliest single day of fighting in the war. After the battle, Lee retreated to Virginia.

Major Battles in the East, 1862 Battle Won by Seven Days Battle (June–July 1862) Confederacy Second Battle of Bull Run (August 1862) Confederacy Antietam (September 1862) Union Fredericksburg (December 1862) Confederacy

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Lesson 2 summary, continued

7. Identifying Points The Emancipation Proclamation of View Use the graphic At first, President Lincoln was concerned only with saving the organizer to describe Union. Toward the end of 1862, however, Lincoln realized he President Lincoln’s changing had to rethink the role of slavery in the war. views on slavery and how it affected the war effort.

The Debate Over Ending Slavery Reasons for Lincoln and many in the North hated slavery. They also knew Keeping Slavery that ending slavery would be a blow to the South. However, most white Northerners did not want to risk their lives to end it. In addition, Lincoln knew that if he moved against slavery, he risked losing the border states to the Confederacy. Abolitionists, on the other hand, wanted the war to be a fight to end slavery. Frederick Douglass and newspaper editor Horace Greeley tried to convince Lincoln to do just that. They argued that slavery was morally wrong. They pointed out that the disagreement over slavery was the root cause of the war. Finally, they argued that France and Great Britain would be less likely to support the South if it meant supporting slavery. Reasons for Ending Slavery A Call for Emancipation The Constitution gives the president power to take property from enemies in wartime. On September 22, 1862, Lincoln used this power to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. The order freed all slaves in rebel-held territories beginning January 1, 1863. Lincoln’s proclamation did not affect all enslaved people. The border states, who were not in rebellion, could continue to hold slaves. The Emancipation Proclamation was important nonetheless. It meant that if the Union won the war, slavery in the United States would end. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission

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Lesson 2 summary, continued

Review Lesson 2

1. Complete the chart to explain the significance of some of the major events of the early years of the war.

Event Significance First Battle of Bull Run

Battle of the Ironclads

Union captures New Orleans

Antietam

2. Summarizing Write an essay summarizing the early years of the war. Include a discussion of how important events affected the course of the war. Include details about the Union’s campaign in the West, the Confederacy’s campaign in the East, and Lincoln’s decision to issue the historic Emancipation Proclamation. Based on your summary, how do you think the rest of the war would proceed?

538u nited states history LESSON 3 SUMMARY Life During the Civil War

SS.8.A.5.1, SS.8.A.5.3, SS.8.A.5.5, SS.8.A.5.6 A Different Way of Life ANALYZING VISUALS 1. What are two reasonable Changes at Home inferences you can make When young men went off to fight in the Civil War, most gave about life in the South during up their jobs and education. They left their families and friends the war based on the image behind. Those who stayed at home endured hardships, too. of the horse and carriage? Schools closed as children stayed at home to help on the farm. Schools and churches were used as hospitals to treat the wounded.

Hardships in the South Most fighting took place in the Confederacy. Life in the South was hard. Marching armies destroyed farmers’ crops. Thousands of civilians fled their homes, becoming refugees. SPECULATING On the

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-USZ62-57032] 2. People who lived away from the fighting suffered too. There following page, underline were shortages of food and other supplies. The South the new roles women took depended on the outside world for many items. Now many in society during the war. Do Southerners had to learn to live with very little. you think these changing roles would have any lasting effect on women’s role in society? Explain. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission Throughout the South, refugees were forced to pack up whatever they could and leave their farms to avoid oncoming Union troops.

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LESSON 3 SUMMARY, continued 3. THEORIZING Why might New Roles for Women women be more effective spies than men? The war changed the lives of women in the North and South. With men off at war, women kept farms and factories going. They worked in schools, offices, and the government. Many struggled to keep their families together with little money and few supplies. Women on both sides often served as nurses. This was new in the medical field. Male doctors thought women were too delicate for the bloody work that was required. Some men did not think women should tend the bodies of men they did not know. Strong-minded women paid no attention to these objections. Dorothea Dix persuaded officials to allow women to work as nurses. Clara Barton became a well-known nurse in the North. Sally Tompkins founded a soldiers’ hospital in Richmond, Virginia to take care of the wounded. Women also served as spies. Rose O’Neal Greenhow spied on Union leaders in Washington, D.C. She passed information about Union plans to Confederate officials. Greenhow was later caught and forced to leave the country. Famous Underground Railroad “conductor” Harriet Tubman served as 4. MAKING a spy for the Union. She freed many enslaved people and CONNECTIONS What disrupted Southern supply lines. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. connection can you make between the access to Women were not permitted to fight in the war. However, many supplies and the size of disguised themselves as men to serve as soldiers. As many as armies? What might have 400 women served as Union or Confederate soldiers. changed as farmland was destroyed in the South? Floridians and the War At the start of the war, neither side viewed Florida as an important part of its strategy. Florida had been a state for only 15 years. It was the smallest of the Confederate states. There was also very little industry in Florida.

Supplying the Confederacy Florida’s main role in the war was that of a supplier to the Confederacy. The cattle drivers who came to be known as the Confederate Cow Cavalry moved cattle from South Florida to feed Southern troops. Farms in Florida supplied cotton, pork, and vegetables. Saltwork plants along the coast produced salt. Salt was vitally important in the days before refrigeration. It was used to keep meat from spoiling.

540 UNITED STATES HISTORY Name Date Class

Lesson 3 summary, continued Though Florida was a Confederate state, the Union controlled 5. Problem Solving areas along Florida’s coast. The Union controlled Jacksonville What could have been and had forts in Key West, Pensacola, and the Dry Tortugas. done to take better care of The Confederacy, on the other hand, controlled Florida’s prisoners of war? Suggest interior. Tallahassee stayed under Confederate control a solution to the problem throughout the war, the only Confederate capital east of the presented in the text. Mississippi River to do so.

Soldiers After Battle Soldiers faced more than just the horrors of battle. Those who were wounded or captured faced other miseries.

Prisoners of War In the beginning of the war, North and South traded prisoners. This system broke down and each side set up prison camps. 6. Speculating Which Prisoners usually had a blanket and a cup or canteen. They groups were against the had nothing else. There was little to no food. war in the North and South? Andersonville prison in Georgia was built to hold 10,000 What other groups might be prisoners. By August 1864, it held 33,000. Conditions were for the war, and why? dreadful. Prisoners slept in shallow holes in the ground. They were given very little food. They drank water from a stream contaminated by sewage. Around 13,000 prisoners died in Andersonville, mostly from disease. At the prison in Elmira, New York, Confederate soldiers faced similar conditions. In addition, they had to endure the freezing cold winter. About one in four prisoners there died.

Field Hospitals Hospitals were set up near battlefields. There, surgeons and nurses bandaged the wounded and amputated limbs. Disease was a deadly problem and spread quickly in the crowded camps. Illness might kill half a regiment’s men before battle even began.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission Political and Economic Change Many Southern whites were against the war. They believed the cost in food, material, and money was too high to justify

U nITED states History 541 Name Date Class

LESSON 3 SUMMARY, continued the conflict. Food became scarce and people took to the 7. IDENTIFYING POINTS streets. There were protests and riots throughout the South. OF VIEW Why did both Presidents Lincoln and Union Democrats were split over the war. War Democrats Jefferson Davis think were in favor of the war but criticized Lincoln’s handling of it.

suspending rights such Peace Democrats, especially those from Midwestern states, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-USZC4-7947] as habeas corpus was wanted fighting to end immediately. They wanted the two necessary? sides to negotiate a settlement. The Peace Democrats were called Copperheads by their opponents, after a deadly snake. Opponents of the war in the North and South discouraged people from enlisting. Some Northerners even helped Confederate prisoners to escape.

Jail Without Trial President Lincoln suspended habeas corpus, which gave citizens the right to seek release from unlawful jailing by the government. This enabled the Union to jail thousands of Northern protesters without putting them on trial. Some of these prisoners were probably traitors to the Union. However, many others were simply using their right to free speech to protest the war. Confederate president Jefferson Davis also suspended habeas corpus in the South. He felt he was justified, but many loyal southerners disagreed. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use.

Boys as young 14 enlisted to fight as soldiers or sailors in the Civil War. This youngster was a “powder monkey,” who carried gunpowder to the cannons of a battleship.

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LESSON 3 SUMMARY, continued Draft Laws 8. SYNTHESIZING Underline the effects of the Citizens in the North and South were not eager to enlist. In war on businesses and on 1862 the Confederacy instituted a draft, forcing all able- working people. How are bodied white men between the ages of 18 and 35 to serve for these effects related to the three years. There were notable exceptions. Wealthy men phrase “a rich man’s war and were allowed to hire other men to serve for them. Later, a poor man’s fight?” whites who owned more than 20 enslaved people were exempted from the draft. The North offered a signing bonus, or bounty, to encourage men to enlist. However, by March 1863, it also passed a draft. Northern men could also hire a substitute or pay a fee of $300 to avoid the draft. People on both sides protested the draft. They called the conflict “a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight.” In July 1863, violent riots broke out in New York City. Crowds attacked government buildings. The mobs also attacked African Americans. Many whites feared newly freed African Americans would take their jobs. More than 100 people died. Federal troops eventually ended the riots.

War and the Economy The Union had greater resources than the Confederacy. Still, both sides suffered economically from the war. Each paid for the war in three ways. They borrowed money, passed new taxes, and printed more money. Northern businesses profited from the war. They produced materials like guns, ammunition, and clothing. Farmers also made money. They sold their crops to the army. Prices for goods in the North rose more quickly than worker’s wages. This inflation meant working people could afford less. The South’s economy suffered terribly. Farmland and railroad lines often lay in ruins after battles. The Union’s blockade of Southern port cities caused widespread shortages of essential goods. The lack of food led to riots in Atlanta, Richmond, and other Southern cities. Inflation in the South was even worse than in the North. By 1862, southern citizens were begging their leaders for help. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission

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LESSON 3 SUMMARY, continued

REVIEW LESSON 3

1. Fill in the chart to describe the changes that occurred for soldiers, civilians, and society in general as the Civil War carried on into its third year.

CHANGES IN LIFE AND SOCIETY DURING THE WAR Civilians

Soldiers

Politics

Economy

2. COMPARING AND CONTRASTING Using information from the lesson and from outside resources, compare and contrast the effects of the war on society in the North and the South. In an essay, discuss how different groups, such as women, were affected as the war went on. Did those groups suffer similar difficulties, or was Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. it particularly worse in one area? How were political and economic changes similar and different in both areas? Summarize your findings to complete your essay.

544 UNITED STATES HISTORY LESSON 4 SUMMARY The Strain of War

SS.8.A.5.1, SS.8.A.5.5, SS.8.A.5.6 1. IDENTIFYING EVIDENCE Underline the Southern Victories tactics that Confederate Under the able leadership of Generals Robert E. Lee and troops used to win at the “Stonewall” Jackson, the Confederacy often defeated the Battles of Fredericksburg larger Union army in the East. Both men knew the land on and Chancellorsville. How which they fought and were able to inspire their men. were these tactics related to the advantages Southern generals had in these The Battle of Fredericksburg battles? After the battle at Antietam, Lee moved his troops into Virginia. Union troops under General Ambrose Burnside marched toward the Confederate capital of Richmond. Lee intercepted Burnside near Fredericksburg. The Confederate troops dug trenches in hills outside the city. The entrenched soldiers had the advantage of higher ground. As a result, the Confederates easily won the battle. 2. COMPARING What might have been the effect of General “Stonewall” Victory at Chancellorsville Jackson’s death on Southern troops? What In May 1863, Lee’s troops battled General Joseph Hooker’s might have been the effect forces in Chancellorsville, Virginia. Hooker had twice as many of poor Union leadership on troops, but Lee had a daring plan. Lee divided his forces. Northern troops? Some attacked Hooker from the front. Meanwhile, Stonewall Jackson led the rest of the Confederate troops to attack the Union army on its flank, or its side. Hooker and his troops were forced to withdraw. The Confederate victory came at a great cost. By mistake, “Stonewall” Jackson was shot by his own men. He died a week later.

Problems With Union Leadership In the North, Lincoln was disappointed with his military leaders. General McClellan was overly careful and slow to act. He had led Union forces to victory at Antietam in March 1862. However, he ignored Lincoln’s order to follow Lee’s retreating

UNITED STATES HISTORY 545 Name Date Class

LESSON 4 SUMMARY, continued McClellan’s replacement, General Burnside, was defeated at 3. MAKING the Battle of Fredericksburg In December 1862. Then, a few PREDICTIONS Based on months later, General Hooker had lost the Battle of what you have read about Chancellorsville. Despite its smaller size and limited resources, generals in the North, who the Confederacy continued to win in the East. Lincoln then might President Lincoln Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-DIG-cwpb-04279] appointed Major General George Meade as his new military eventually choose to lead commander. It was just three days before one of the war’s his armies in the East? great battles—Gettysburg.

African Americans in the Civil War ANALYZING VISUALS African Americans were initially barred from serving in the 4. Examine the picture of Union and Confederate armies. In the North, however, this African American troops. soon changed. What can you infer about the relationship between the white soldier and the African American soldiers? Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use.

African Americans began to join military units in the North as early as June 1861, a few months after fighting began.

Excluded in the South Around one-third of the population in the South was African American. Although in need of volunteers, the South refused to let African Americans fight for the Confederacy. They feared once given guns, African Americans might attack men in their own units or start a general revolt.

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LESSON 4 SUMMARY, continued

Enlisted in the North 5. REASONING What Early on, President Lincoln opposed letting African Americans outcome was Lee hoping serve in the army. He thought it would create problems in the for when he marched the border states. However, the North needed more troops, and Confederate army into African Americans were willing to fight. In July 1862, Congress Northern territory? Why was passed a new law. The law permitted the creation of all- this important for the South? African American regiments. African American soldiers were in a difficult position. Some white Union soldiers resented them. Many thought African Americans could not fight well. Southerners especially hated African American soldiers. Confederates often targeted African Americans on the battlefield. By the end of the war, one of every ten Union soldiers was African American. Some were free men from the North. Others had escaped slavery in the South. African American soldiers were brave and loyal. They fought effectively throughout the war.

The 54th Massachusetts The 54th Massachusetts was the best-known African American regiment. They attacked Fort Wagner in South Carolina in July 1863. More than 300 African American men were killed in the fierce battle. Though they did not take the fort, the 54th became famous for their bravery. Later, the 54th would also fight at the Battle of Olustee in Florida.

The Tide Turns In the spring of 1863, the Confederacy was winning. The South’s victory at Chancellorsville had kept the Union from attacking Richmond. General Lee felt confident. He decided to invade the North again, hoping to impress France and Britain. France and Britain wanted goods, especially cotton, that Southern farmers supplied. Since the war had started, however, that supply had dried up. If Lee was successful in the North, then France and Britain might support the Confederacy. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission

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LESSON 4 SUMMARY, continued

6. SPECULATING Why The Battle of Gettysburg might Britain and France In July 1863, the Union and Confederate armies fought one have refused to help the of the most decisive battles of the war in Gettysburg, Confederacy after its loss at Pennsylvania. The battle was almost an accident. Gettysburg the Battle of Gettysburg? itself had no strategic importance. Lee’s troops entered the town looking for food and other supplies. There they encountered Union forces. For three days, the fighting was fierce. On the second day, outnumbered Union troops held their positions on hills called Round Top and Little Round Top. On the third day, Confederate General George Pickett led a charge of thousands of soldiers. It was a risky move. Pickett’s soldiers would be directly in the line of fire as they advanced across an open field. At first, Pickett’s Charge seemed like it was working. The Confederates broke through the first line of Union soldiers. In the end though, the Union held strong. Half the men who charged with Pickett lay dead or wounded on the field. On July 4, Lee was forced to retreat. The Confederates left Gettysburg having suffered 25,000 casualties. The Union, 7. INTERPRETING How though victorious, suffered 23,000 casualties. did the siege of Vicksburg After Gettysburg, there was no hope of France or Britain contribute to turning the tide supporting the Confederacy. The South had planned to use of the war? How was the two British ironclads to destroy Union ships in the Atlantic. In Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. seige related to the early October 1863, Britain decided not to send the ships. Union strategy for winning the war? The Siege of Vicksburg The Confederacy suffered other losses around the time of Gettysburg. In April 1863, General Ulysses S. Grant laid siege to Vicksburg, Mississippi. For 47 days, Grant prevented food and supplies from reaching the Confederates. Vicksburg fell to the Union on July 4, the same day Lee retreated from Gettysburg. A few days later, the Union also took Port Hudson in Louisiana. This had been the South’s last stronghold on the Mississippi. The South was now split in two. Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas were isolated. The Union was finally winning the long and difficult war.

548 UNITED STATES HISTORY Name Date Class

Lesson 4 summary, continued Lincoln’s Address at Gettysburg 8. Researching Use the Internet to find the full text On November 19, 1863, Lincoln spoke at a ceremony to of the Gettysburg Address. dedicate the Soldiers’ National Cemetery at Gettysburg. His How was the speech related speech was 272 words long and lasted only two minutes. to the Revolutionary War and Despite this, the Gettysburg Address remains one of the the ideas of the Founders? greatest speeches in American history. In the speech, Lincoln expresses the idea that no one could honor Gettysburg more than the men who fought and died there. The last line of the address encourages fellow Americans to make sure these soldiers did not die in vain, so that “government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.” Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-DIG-ppmsca-19926]

Lincoln’s words are still often quoted more than 150 years after he first spoke them at Gettysburg. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission

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LESSON 4 SUMMARY, continued

REVIEW LESSON 4

1. Create a heavily annotated time line in the style of the example below. Represent the course of events in the Civil War from late 1862 through 1863 on your time line. Use outside sources to find dates for other events, such as changes in Union leadership, and battles to include on your time line. Include detailed captions or descriptions for each of your time line entries.

December 1862 November 1863 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. 2. SUMMARIZING Use the information from your time line and from the lesson to explain in an essay how the tide of the war began to turn in 1863. Note specific battles and events to explain the change of fortunes in the war.

550 UNITED STATES HISTORY LESSON 5 SUMMARY The War’s Final Stages

SS.8.A.5.1, SS.8.A.5.3, SS.8.A.5.5, SS.8.A.5.6 1. COMPARING AND The Union Closes In CONTRASTING How By 1864, Union forces surrounded the South. Union forces was Grant’s campaign to controlled Confederate port cities, stopping trade and take Richmond different shipping. The Union also controlled the Mississippi River, than previous attempts by dividing the western and eastern Confederacy. The Union Union generals? How was needed a plan to deal the South a final blow. General Grant it similar? wasted little time in drawing one up.

General Grant Takes Charge General Ulysses S. Grant had led Union troops to important victories at Shiloh, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga. In March 1864, President Lincoln put Grant in charge of all Union troops. Grant’s plan was to attack the Confederacy from all sides. Grant attacked Lee’s army near Richmond. The Union won a series of three battles. Each time, the Confederates fought fiercely, but Grant was relentless. Though the Union suffered heavy casualties, Grant refused to give up until the Confederacy surrendered.

Grant Moves South to Richmond May and June 1864 were the bloodiest months of the war. It began with the Battle of the Wilderness on May 5, 1864. The Wilderness was halfway between Washington, D.C. and Richmond, Virginia. General Lee led 60,000 Confederate troops against more than 100,000 Union soldiers under General Grant. Soldiers could hardly see through the dense woods of the area. Losses on both sides were terrible. The battle had no clear winner. Despite the losses, Grant pressed on towards Richmond. The armies clashed again at Spotsylvania Court House and at Cold Harbor. By early June, more than 50,000 Union troops had died. The Confederate army had similarly suffered. Lee’s army would not last much longer. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission

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LESSON 5 SUMMARY, continued

2. CREATING TIME Siege at Petersburg LINES Create a time Grant marched south of Richmond to Petersburg, Virginia. line that shows four key Petersburg was an important railroad center. Control of the events that took place in railroad would give the Union a huge advantage. It would cut the summer of 1864. List the supply lines to Richmond. Grant laid siege to Petersburg. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-DIG-ppmsca-34939] the events below. Be sure However, Confederate troops refused to stop fighting. to place the events in the correct order on your time line.

Key Battles/Events of 1864 Sherman in Georgia Meanwhile, Union General William Tecumseh Sherman May: marched toward Georgia. In early July 1864, Sherman attacked Atlanta. Confederate soldiers under General John Hood put up fierce resistance. However, Sherman drove them out by September 1. White Southerners began to fear the Confederate cause was lost. June:

September:

The ruins of the Central Church in Charleston, Virginia, were typical of the damage done in many Southern cities during the Civil War.

Farragut Blockades Mobile Bay David Farragut was a leader in the Union navy. In August 1864, he led a Union fleet of 18 ships into Mobile Bay in Alabama.

552 UNITED STATES HISTORY Name Date Class

Lesson 5 summary, continued Confederate forts lined the channel that led to the bay. The 3. EValuating Was South had mined the bay with torpedoes. Farragut shouted, the Union’s campaign in “Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!” and succeeded in northern Florida successful? taking the bay. Union ships now blocked the last Confederate Explain your answer. port east of the Mississippi.

Battles in Florida The Union’s mission in Florida was to cut Confederate supply lines. In February 1864, Union forces arrived in Jacksonville. 5,500 Union soldiers marched west through the countryside. About 13 miles (21 km) east of Lake City, they met 5,200 Confederate troops at Olustee Station. The battle was brief but bloody. 2,000 Union troops and 1,000 Confederates were killed, wounded, or captured. The battle was known as the Battle of Olustee or Ocean Pond. The remaining Union soldiers were forced to retreat.

Battles in Florida 1861–1865 Analyzing Maps 4. W here in Florida was the Union most successful?

St. John’s Bluﬀ What was it about these Natural Bridge 30°N March 6, 1865 Oct. 1–3, 1862 locations that may have Santa Rosa Island Olustee N Oct. 9, 1861 Feb. 20, 1864 helped the Union succeed? W E S Fort Brooke Oct. 16–18, 1863 0 250 miles ATLANTIC Tampa OCEAN 0 250 km June 30– Albers Equal-Area projection July 1, 1862

Union advance Gulf of Union retreat Mexico Confederate advance Union victory Confederate victory 25°N Inconclusive battle 85°W 80°W

Late in the war, Union and Confederate forces met again in Florida. The Battle of Natural Bridge was fought in southern Leon County in March 1865. Union troops landed near St. DOPA (Discovering our Past - American History) Mark’s Lighthouse and moved toward Tallahassee. Men of all Chapter 17 ages defended the capital successfully. The battle was one of Map Title: Battles in Florida, 1864 File Name: C17_07A_659703 the last significant Confederate victories of the war. Map Size: Left 1/3 page Major column

Date/Proof: Feb 3, 2011 - Approved is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission 2018 Font Conversions: November 25, 2015 2018 Grayscale EOCT Conversion: February 25, 2016

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LESSON 5 SUMMARY, continued

5. MAKING The Election of 1864 CONNECTIONS Lincoln’s chances of reelection seemed unlikely for most of Underline the name of the 1864. Many Northerners believed that the Confederacy would Democratic candidate for eventually succeed and become an independent nation. President in 1864. What was However, the Union victories in Atlanta and Mobile Bay changed his relationship to Abraham peoples’ opinions. Lincoln was easily reelected in 1864, beating Lincoln earlier in the the Democratic candidate, General George B. McClellan. Civil War? Lincoln’s victory seemed to suggest that people wanted a permanent end to slavery. On January 31, 1865, Congress passed the historic Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, outlawing slavery in the United States.

The War Ends One of the Union’s main goals was to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond. When Grant forced Lee’s army out of Petersburg after a nine-month siege, the goal was within reach. Richmond was sure to fall to the Union.

6. PREDICTING CONSEQUENCES

Sherman’s March to the Sea Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. What might have been The Confederacy continued to fight. To break the South’s will, the effects of Sherman’s General Sherman engaged in total war. Total war meant March to the Sea and the attacking not only the enemy’s army, but also the land and passing of the Thirteenth people. Sherman began by burning the city of Atlanta in Amendment once the war November 1864. was over? Sherman then started his March to the Sea. As his men marched across Georgia, they destroyed cities, towns, and farmland. Sherman then turned north to march through the Carolinas and meet Grant’s army near Richmond. Sherman’s troops continued to wreak destruction. They took food, tore up railroad lines, and killed livestock. Many African American slaves left their plantations and followed Sherman’s army. Sherman’s march horrified white Southerners. To African American slaves it meant freedom.

Richmond Falls In March 1865, General Grant marched on Richmond. General Lee knew the end had come. He and his men fled the city on April 2, 1865. By April 4, President Lincoln walked through the streets of the former enemy capital.

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LESSON 5 SUMMARY, continued

The Final Battles 1864–1865

N Md. Union forces Washington, D.C. Del. Union retreat W E West Virginia Confederate forces S The Confederate retreat Wilderness Union victory Virginia Cold Harbor Confederate victory Richmond Inconclusive battle LEE Appomattox Kentucky Court House GRANT Petersburg siege

36°N

Nashville Nashville Raleigh 36°N Franklin North Carolina Tennessee Bentonville Chattanooga South Carolina

H 5 OO 6 Wilmington D Kennesaw Mtn. 8 1 Columbia , Atlanta N A Atlanta M R

H ATLANTIC

Alabama S S Georgia HE Charleston OCEAN RM AN’ S MAR CH TO T HE 0 100 miles 32°N Montgomery Macon SEA , 18 64 0 100 km Savannah 32°N Albers Equal-Area projection 88°W 84°W 80°W 76°W

A Meeting at Appomattox ANALYZING MAPS Court House 7. Where did Sherman’s March On April 7, General Grant wrote to General Lee, urging him to to the Sea begin and end? DOPA (Discovering surrender.our Past - American Lee History) wanted to keep fighting. Then Union troops What is the approximate Chapter 17 distance between these two Map Title: The Finalcaptured Battles, 1864-1865 a train carrying food and other supplies to Lee’s File Name: C16-12A-NGS-877712_A.ai locations? Map Size: Right 1/2 starvingpage soldiers. Lee’s army was totally surrounded. On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House in Date/Proof: Feb 3, 2011 - Approved 2016 Proxima NovaVirginia, Font Update: and December the war3, 2014 was officially over. 2018 Grayscale EOCT Conversion: February 25, 2016 When they met, the two generals shook hands. Grant told Lee the terms of the surrender. Confederate soldiers were allowed to keep their small firearms and horses. The Confederate army would also be given 25,000 rations of food to feed the hungry soldiers. Grant promised no one would bother the soldiers as they traveled home. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission

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LESSON 5 SUMMARY, continued

The Toll of War The Civil War was the deadliest in American history. It cost billions of dollars and left the South in ruins. However, the North had saved the Union. The outcome made clear that the federal government was more powerful than the states. The war also set free millions of enslaved African Americans. Many problems still faced the nation. Americans struggled to solve these problems as the Reconstruction era began.

REVIEW LESSON 5

1. Use the graphic organizer below to list reasons for and against the strategy of “total war.”

TOTAL WAR Reasons for: Reasons against: 1. 1.

3. 3.

2. CONSTRUCTING AN ARGUMENT Write a brief essay in which you explain whether you agree or disagree with the strategy of total war. Use the information from your chart and the lesson to support your position.

556 UNITED STATES HISTORY Name Date Class Benchmark Skill Activities DIRECTIONS: Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

SS.8.A.5.1, SS.8.A.5.6, LAFS.68.RH.1.1, LAFS.68.WHST.1.1, LAFS.68.WHST.2.4

1. CONSTRUCTING AN ARGUMENT

Use your to write an essay. Using the notes you made in each section, identify several pivotal events in the Civil War that ensured victory for the Union. Support your choices with evidence from the text or from reliable outside sources.

SS.8.A.5.5, LAFS.68.RH.1.1, LAFS.68.RH.1.2, LAFS.68.RH.3.7, LAFS.68.WHST.2.4

2. ANALYZING VISUALS

RESOURCES IN THE NORTH AND SOUTH 100

80 Union Confederacy 60

40 PERCENTAGE 20

0 Population Railroad Number of Exports Manufactured Mileage Farms Goods

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Statistics of the United States

Does the information in the graph in any way support the South’s early military success in the Civil War? Why or why not? Why did the South enjoy early success in the war?

C16-03A-877712_A

SS.8.A.5.1, SS.8.A.5.3, LAFS.68.RH.1.2, LAFS.68.WHST.2.4

3. IDENTIFYING CENTRAL ISSUES

Why did the Emancipation Proclamation make so little difference in the lives of enslaved people at the time of its enactment? Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission

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BENCHMARK SKILLS ACTIVITIES, continued

SS.8.A.5.1, SS.8.A.5.3, LAFS.68.RH.1.1, LAFS.68.RH.1.2, LAFS.68.WHST.2.4, LAFS.68.WHST.4.10

4. COMPARING AND CONTRASTING

It follows from these views that no State upon its own mere motion can lawfully get out of the Union, that resolves and ordinances to that effect are legally void, and that acts of violence within any State or States against the authority of the United States are insurrectionary or revolutionary, according to the circumstances. —from First Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln

Read the excerpts from addresses by Jefferson Davis and Abraham Lincoln. What were Jefferson Davis’s and Abraham Lincoln’s views on the legality of secession? Compare

SS.8.A.5.1, SS.8.A.5.2, SS.8.A.5.4, LAFS.68.RH.1.1, LAFS.68.WHST.1.1, LAFS.68.WHST.2.4

5. ANALYZING

Why were the border states of Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri so important during the Civil War? Support your answer with evidence from the text.

SS.8.A.5.1, SS.8.A.5.6, LAFS.68.RH.1.2, LAFS.68.WHST.2.4, LAFS.68.WHST.4.10

6. EXPLAINING

How did Sherman’s March to the Sea contribute to ending the Civil War?

558 UNITED STATES HISTORY Name Date Class Benchmark Note Cards DIRECTIONS: Use these note cards to help you prepare for the test.

SS.8.A.5.1 Explain the causes, course, and consequence of the Civil War (sectionalism, slavery, states’ rights, balance of power in the Senate).

CAUSES OF THE • The North wanted to preserve the Union. CIVIL WAR: • The North eventually wanted an end to slavery. SECTIONALISM • The South wanted to be an independent nation. • The South wished to preserve slavery.

STRATEGIES OF Strategies of the North: THE NORTH AND • crush the South to end bid for independence SOUTH • Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan (close Southern ports to prevent supplies) • capture capital of Richmond, Virginia Strategies of the South: • defend territory • defeat the North by determination and tenacity • get support from Great Britain and France

THE EARLY WAR • First major battle of the war was fought at Bull Run, Virginia, summer of 1861 • Union sought control of the West and the Mississippi River • Union naval commander Andrew Foote and Union General Ulysses S. Grant captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in February 1862 • Sea battle between the Virginia and the Monitor (first ironclads) ended in a draw, March 1862 • Battle of Shiloh, an important Union victory in April 1862, General Grant in charge • Union naval commander David Farragut captured New Orleans in April 1862 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission

UNITED STATES HISTORY 559 Name Date Class

Benchmark note cards, continued

SS.8.A.5.1 Explain the causes, course, and consequence of the Civil War (sectionalism, slavery, states’ rights, balance of power in the Senate).

The Early War • General Lee won a series of battles in Virginia in the East though outnumbered, surprising the North. • Union General McClellan defeated Lee at the Battle of Antietam in September 1862, the first major battle on Union soil.

Important • Robert E. Lee and “Stonewall” Jackson gained unexpected Battles and victories against more powerful Northern armies in the East. Turning Points • At the Battle of Fredericksburg in December 1862, the Confederacy successfully protected Richmond, Virginia. • At the Confederate victory at Chancellorsville in May 1863, “Stonewall” Jackson was killed. • In the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, General Meade defeated Lee’s Confederate army. The Confederate loss cost the South the support it sought from Great Britain and France. • General Grant seized Vicksburg, Mississippi, and soon after, Port Hudson, Louisiana, fell to the Union. Union control of the Mississippi River split the South into two. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use.

End of the War • Grant marched on Richmond, resulting in huge numbers of casualties on both sides. • Grant laid siege to Petersburg to cut off supplies to Richmond. • General Sherman captured and destroyed Atlanta, Georgia. • Sherman’s brutal March to the Sea destroyed cities, homes and businesses. • In early April 1865, Richmond fell to General Grant. • On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House in Virginia.

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BENCHMARK NOTE CARDS, continued

SS.8.A.5.2 Analyze the role of slavery in the development of sectional conflict.

ENSLAVED PEOPLE • Slavery was a root cause of the war, but Lincoln’s goal AND THE CIVIL at first was to preserve the Union, not to end slavery. WAR • At first, no African Americans were allowed to fight on either side. • African Americans were excluded in the South because whites believed that giving them guns might lead to revolts. • African Americans were excluded in the North because many distrusted their fighting skills. • Lincoln opposed African Americans in the army because he thought it would cause political problems in the border states.

AFRICAN • African Americans were recruited into the Union army AMERICAN a few years into the War. SOLDIERS JOIN • The North realized more soldiers were needed. THE FIGHT • The 54th Massachusetts was the most famous African American regiment.

SS.8.A.5.3 Explain major domestic and international economic, military, political, and socio-cultural events of Abraham Lincoln’s presidency.

LINCOLN’S After the defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run, Northerners ACTIONS DURING realized the war would be long and difficult. THE EARLY WAR • President Lincoln put General George B. McClellan in charge of the Army of the Potomac after the First Bull Run defeat. • President Lincoln called for 1,000,000 more army volunteers. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission

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BENCHMARK NOTE CARDS, continued

SS.8.A.5.3 Explain major domestic and international economic, military, political, and socio-cultural events of Abraham Lincoln’s presidency.

LINCOLN AND • Lincoln was reluctant to end slavery due to political support THE COURSE OF from border states. THE WAR • In 1862, he introduced the Emancipation Proclamation, but an end to slavery required a Constitutional amendment. • The Emancipation Proclamation did not immediately change the lives of most enslaved people in the South. • Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and put protesters in jail without a trial. • Lincoln instituted the first draft laws, leading to protests and riots in New York City. • Lincoln replaced several generals (McClellan, Burnside, Hooker) and eventually put General Meade in charge because the old generals had all lost many battles to the smaller, less well-equipped Confederate units. • After the Battle of Gettysburg, Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address, one of America’s most famous speeches. • Lincoln gave General Grant full control of the army in 1864. • Lincoln’s reelection in 1864 became more likely when the Union began to win battles. He was reelected easily. • The Thirteenth Amendment was passed in early 1865 outlawing slavery in the Union. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use.

SS.8.A.5.4 Identify the division (Confederate and Union States, Border states, western territories) of the United States at the outbreak of the Civil War.

THE BORDER Some states were clearly in the North or the South. Others fell STATES between the North and the South, and people’s loyalties there were divided. There were four critical border states: • Delaware: close to the Union capital of Washington, D.C. • Maryland: close to both capitals (Washington, D.C. and Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia) • Missouri: key to control of important sections of the Mississippi River • Kentucky: key to control of the Ohio River

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BENCHMARK NOTE CARDS, continued

SS.8.A.5.7 Examine key events and peoples in Florida history as each impacts this era of American history.

FLORIDIANS AND Florida was a small state with little strategic importance and THE WAR almost no industry. However, Florida was responsible for supplying Confederate armies. • The Confederate Cow Cavalry supplied Confederate soldiers with beef from Southern Florida. • Florida farms supplied cotton, pork, and vegetables. • Saltwork plants supplied salt for preserving meat.

BATTLES IN Several notable battles were fought in Florida during the War. FLORIDA Battle of Olustee, or Ocean Pond • fought in February 1864 • 5,500 Union troops tried to interrupt Confederate supplies west of Jacksonville • 5,200 Confederate soldiers defeated the Union forces • 2,000 Union casualties • 1,000 Confederate casualties Battle of Natural Bridge • fought in March 1865 • Union troops landed near St. Mark’s Lighthouse and marched on Tallahassee • men of all ages defended the capital at Natural Bridge • one of the last significant victories for the Confederacy Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission

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BENCHMARK NOTE CARDS, continued

SS.8.A.5.5 Compare Union and Confederate strengths and weaknesses.

STRENGTHS AND Both sides had strengths and weakness in the Civil War and WEAKNESSES both were optimistic about their chances of winning.

North’s Importance South’s Importance Advantages for the North Advantages for the South larger more men to excellent better battle population fight military strategies leadership more farms more food for dedicated helped soldiers fighting men overcome lower numbers more more military fighting in advantage manufacturing supplies their own when fighting territory battles better faster troop/ railroads supply movement Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. SS.8.A.5.6 Compare significant Civil War battles and events and their effects on civilian populations.

BATTLE OF The Battle of Gettysburg was a turning point in the War. GETTYSBURG • Fought in July 1863 • General Lee wanted to gain the support of Britain and France by invading Union territory • Union and Confederate forces fought for three days outside the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania • Pickett’s Charge was almost successful, but half the men who charged were killed • Union forces held their positions • 25,000 Confederate casualties • 23,000 Union casualties • Britain and France withdrew support of the South after the loss

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BENCHMARK NOTE CARDS, continued

SS.8.A.5.6 Compare significant Civil War battles and events and their effects on civilian populations.

EFFECTS OF THE • Young men were fighting, so families experienced hardships. WAR ON CIVILIANS • Education was disrupted. • Women and children worked on farms. • The South was hit hard due to fighting there. • Crops and homes were lost, cities were destroyed, and refugees had to leave their homes in the South.

WOMEN AND • Women became nurses (Dorothea Dix, Sally Tompkins). THE WAR • Some women served as spies (Rose O’Neal Greenhow gave Union battle plans to Confederate leaders, Harriet Tubman worked on the Underground Railroad and disrupted Confederate supply lines). • Women worked on farms, ran businesses, and held government positions while men were away fighting.

LEGAL AND • Presidents Lincoln and Jefferson Davis, the leader of the POLITICAL Confederacy, suspended habeas corpus (sent protesters CHANGES FOR to jail without a trial). CITIZENS • Presidents Lincoln and Jefferson Davis instituted draft laws that favored the rich (who could pay not to serve or hire someone to serve for them), so many more poor were drafted and fought.

WAR AND THE • Both sides borrowed and printed extra money to pay for ECONOMY the war, affecting their economies. • Some inflation occurred in the North, raising prices faster than wages. • The South’s economy was devastated (greater inflation, riots in the cities). Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission

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BENCHMARK NOTE CARDS, continued

SS.8.A.5.6 Compare significant Civil War battles and events and their effects on civilian populations.

PRISONERS Prisoners were kept in horrible conditions by both OF WAR the North and the South. Confederate prison at Andersonville, Georgia: • severely overcrowded • too little food rationed per day • men slept in holes in the ground • drinking water contained sewage • 13,000 prisoners died from disease Union prison at Elmira, New York: • freezing temperatures in winter • not enough blankets and warm clothes • prison hospital was in a flooded basement • water was contaminated with garbage and sewage • one in four prisoners died in the prison

CONSEQUENCES • Over 600,000 people died. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. OF THE CIVIL WAR • Families were divided. • Many thousands were wounded. • Poor conditions in field hospitals killed many more. • The governments spent billions of dollars. • Slavery ended. • The Union was preserved and the Confederacy was broken up.

566 UNITED STATES HISTORY Chapter 17 VISUAL SUMMARY DIRECTIONS: Complete the graphic organizer below. The Civil War

STRATEGIC ADVANTAGES IMPORTANT EARLY BATTLES

North: ★ First Battle of —first ★ major battle ★ ★ Monitor vs. —battle of ships ★ ★ Battle of Shiloh—major battle in South: ★ ★ ★

TURNING POINTS PRESIDENT LINCOLN

★ Battle of —Lee’s army ★ wanted to preserve the turned back in Pennsylvania ★ The ★ Siege of Vicksburg—Grant’s freed enslaved people. victory gained control of the ★ suspended

FINAL BATTLES BATTLES IN FLORIDA

★ The Wilderness, ★ Battle of —Union troops , Cold forced to retreat to Jacksonville Harbor—Grant fights series of battles in ★ Battle of — Union forces plan to march on ★ The March to the — Tallahassee, but are defeated captures Atlanta, marches through Georgia employing total war

UNITED STATES HISTORY 567 USING PRIMARY SOURCES

DIRECTIONS: Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. The first excerpt is from Jefferson Davis’ inaugural address to the Confederate states. The second excerpt is from Abraham Lincoln’s inaugural address. Read both excerpts and answer the questions that follow.

Our present political position has been achieved in a manner unprecedented in the history of nations. It illustrates the American idea that governments rest on the consent of the governed, and that it is the right of the people to alter or abolish them at will whenever they become destructive of the ends for which they were established. The declared purpose of the compact of the Union from which we have withdrawn was to “establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity;” and when, in the judgment of the sovereign States composing this Confederacy, it has been perverted from the purposes for which it was ordained, and ceased to answer the ends for which it was established, a peaceful appeal to the ballot box declared that, so far as they were concerned, the Government created by that compact should cease to exist. In this they merely asserted the right which the Declaration of Independence of July 4, 1776, defined to be “inalienable.”

Again: If the United States be not a government proper, but an association of States in the nature of contract merely, can it, as a contract, be peaceably unmade by less than all the parties who made it? One party to a contract may violate it-break it, so to speak-but does it not require all to lawfully rescind it?

Descending from these general principles, we find the proposition that in legal contemplation the Union is perpetual confirmed by the history of the Union itself. The Union is much older than the Constitution. It was formed, in fact, by the Articles of Association in 1774. It was matured and continued by the Declaration of Independence in 1776. It was further matured, and the faith of all the then thirteen States expressly plighted and engaged that it should be perpetual, by the Articles of Confederation in 1778. And finally, in 1787, one of the declared objects for ordaining and establishing the Constitution was “to form a more perfect Union.”

—from First Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln

568 UNITED STATES HISTORY using primary sources, continued

1. What reasons does Confederate President Jefferson Davis use to support the South’s secession from the United States? Cite specific arguments Jefferson Davis makes in his case for secession.

2. Based on the excerpts, do you think that Lincoln was directly responding to remarks Davis made in his address? Based on this excerpt from Lincoln’s speech, what was Lincoln’s counterargument to Davis? Support your answer with evidence from the text. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission

Unite d states History 569 Chapter Practice Test

DIRECTIONS: Circle the best answer for each question.

1 SS.8.A.5.1, SS.8.A.5.5 (Moderate)

RESOURCES IN THE NORTH AND SOUTH 100

80 Union Confederacy 60

40 PERCENTAGE 20

0 Population Railroad Number of Exports Manufactured Mileage Farms Goods

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Statistics of the United States

Which of the following explains the largest discrepancy shown on the graph?

A The North rapidly increased its manufacturing capabilities after the war began. C16-03A-877712_A B The North’s railroads were located in the more populous eastern region of

C The economy of the South was based on agriculture and exporting raw materials.

D The railroads of the South were designed to transport cotton, not to move soldiers and equipment.

2 SS.8.A.5.1, SS.8.A.5.6 (High) What effect did the First Battle of Bull Run have on the Union’s outlook on the Civil War?

A The victory energized Lincoln and the Union leaders, bringing about a quick end to the hostilities.

B The defeat shocked Lincoln and the Union leaders, forcing them to make major changes in recruitment and strategy.

C The defeat demoralized Lincoln and the Union leaders, causing them to lose many more battles in the coming months.

D The victory made Lincoln and the Union leaders overconfident, so they underestimated the strength of the South for the next several battles.

570 UNITED STATES HISTORY Name Name Date Date Class Class

Chapter Practice Test, continued

3 SS.8.A.5.1, SS.8.A.5.5 (Low)

Union Strategies Confederate Strategies 1. close Southern ports to 1. defend territory and wear prevent imports and down Union resolve supplies 2. ? 2. get help from Great Britain and France

Which of the following statements completes the chart?

A capture the Confederate capital B ignore the Mississippi River and the Western territories C make Florida a main objective D allow the Confederates to attack the North and defeat them on home territory

4 SS.8.A.5.1, SS.8.A.5.4 (Moderate) Why were the border states of Kentucky and Missouri important to both the North and the South?

A Control of these states would provide significantly more recruits to one side.

B Control of these states would afford control of major rivers for transportation.

C Control of these states would increase manufacturing capabilities for one side.

D Control of these states would split the enemy’s territory into separate, hard-to-defend areas. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission

U nited states History 571 Name Name Date Date Class Class

Chapter Practice Test, continued

5 SS.8.A.5.3 (High)

Plainly, the central idea of secession is the essence of anarchy. A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people. Whoever rejects it does of necessity fly to anarchy or to despotism. Unanimity is impossible. The rule of a minority, as a permanent arrangement, is wholly inadmissible; so that, rejecting the majority principle, anarchy or despotism in some form is all that is left. —from First Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln

Based on the excerpt, why did President Lincoln believe secession violated the Constitution?

A The Constitution called for the majority to agree, but a minority of people would not change their minds.

B The Constitution called for the majority to follow checks and balances, but did not allow the minority to do so.

C The Constitution called for majority rule, and a minority of people tried to impose their will on the whole country. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use.

D The Constitution called for the majority to change the government if they wished, but did not give that right to the minority.

6 SS.8.A.5.2 (Moderate) Why did the Confederacy refuse to arm African Americans?

A The enslaved African Americans were still needed to grow cotton. B They believed enslaved African Americans would be disloyal to the United States.

C They feared revolts by armed African Americans. D They believed African Americans were not part of the Southern culture of shooting and hunting.

572 UNITED STATES HISTORY Name Name Date Date Class Class

Chapter Practice Test, continued

7 SS.8.A.5.1, SS.8.A.5.6 (Moderate)

Important Civil War Generals helped South win at First Battle of Bull 1. Run, died after Battle of Chancellorsville won Battle of Shiloh, accepted 2. Confederate surrender won Battle of Fredericksburg, 3. surrendered to end the war destroyed Atlanta, carried out the “March 4. to the Sea”

Which response presents the Civil War leaders in the correct order to complete the chart from top to bottom?

A Jackson, Grant, Lee, Sherman B Meade, McClellan, Davis, Scott C McClellan, Grant, Lee, Farragut D Hooker, McClellan, Davis, Jackson

8 SS.8.A.5.3 (High) Why did President Lincoln suspend the right of habeas corpus during the war?

A He wanted to exempt rich families from the new, mandatory draft. B He wanted to silence protests so people would believe the Union was winning.

C He wanted to jail protesters because some might have been disloyal to the Union.

D He wanted to prevent Peace Democrats from gaining too much power. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission

UNITED STATES HISTORY 573 Name Name Date Date Class Class

Chapter Practice Test, continued

9 SS.8.A.5.6 (High)

We have entered upon the career of independence, and it must be inflexibly pursued. Through many years of controversy with our late associates of the Northern States, we have vainly endeavored to secure tranquility and obtain respect for the rights to which we were entitled. As a necessity, not a choice, we have resorted to the remedy of separation, and henceforth our energies must be directed to the conduct of our own affairs, and the perpetuity of the Confederacy which we have formed. —from Confederate States of America-Inaugural Address of the President of the Provisional Government

Which statement accurately reflects the view expressed in the excerpt?

A The leaders of the Confederacy believed the Northern States would eventually join them.

B The leaders of the Confederacy believed secession would allow the new country to grow in peace.

C The leaders of the Confederacy believed war would not be necessary

D The leaders of the Confederacy believed they had to secede because the North was not respecting their rights.

10 SS.8.A.5.1, SS.8.A.5.3, SS.8.A.5.6 (Moderate) Which statement accurately summarizes the differences between the Peace Democrats and the War Democrats?

A Peace Democrats supported Lincoln’s actions and War Democrats believed he should be removed from office.

B Peace Democrats wanted to end the war by negotiation and War Democrats thought the war was necessary to end slavery.

C Peace Democrats believed war was causing too many hardships and War Democrats thought war was helping the economy.

D Peace Democrats thought the Union could eventually be restored and War Democrats believed the division between the States was permanent.

574 UNITED STATES HISTORY