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A Visual Analysis of Lesbian Pulp Fiction Cover Art, 1950-1969

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A Visual Analysis of Lesbian Pulp Fiction Cover Art, 1950-1969 Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 6-2008 Watching Satan’s Daughters: A Visual Analysis of Lesbian Pulp Fiction Cover Art, 1950-1969 Carrie Shaver Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Communication Commons Recommended Citation Shaver, Carrie, "Watching Satan’s Daughters: A Visual Analysis of Lesbian Pulp Fiction Cover Art, 1950-1969" (2008). Master's Theses. 4184. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/4184 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WATCHING SATAN'S DAUGHTERS: A VISUAL ANALYSIS OF LESBIAN PULP FICTION COVER ART, 1950-1969 by Carrie Shaver A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillmentof the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts School of Communication WesternMichigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan June 2008 . Copyright by Carrie Shaver 2008 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe a great deal to the faculty of the school· of communication at Western Michigan University who have supported me through their own research, comments, and questions. No thesis is ever the product of one person's efforts, and certainly this one was no different. I am gratefulto my advisor, Heather Addison, for conversations that clarified my thinking and thorough editing; to Kathleen Wong for the independent study that explored the work of Judith Butler; to Rebekah Farrugia and Ilana Nash for careful review of the thesis proposal and valuable feedback; to Leigh Ford, Chad Edwards, Autumn Edwards, and my family for their unwavering support and patience. Thank you all. Carrie Shaver .. 11 WATCHING SATAN'S DAUGHTERS: A VISUAL ANALYSIS OF LESBIAN PULP FICTION COVER ART, 1950-1969 Carrie Shaver, M.A. WesternMichigan University, 2008 This research analyzes the historical social construction of identity through the visual reiteration of the norms of "woman" and "lesbian" as represented on the cover art of lesbian pulp fiction novels from 1950-1969. A subgenre of pulp paperbacks, lesbian pulps were sensationalistic and best-selling, reflecting the public lesbian image in the popular culture of the 1950s and 1960s (Keller, 2005). Their success in large part was due to popular mainstreaming of the fields of sexology, psychology, and psychiatry. The "normality" of female sexual behavior was a subject of great curiosity, especially after Alfred Kinsey's study of female sexuality was released in 1953 (D'Emilio, 1989). In addition, the ubiquity of such material tailored to prurient interests developed due to the advances of wood pulp paper technology and new distribution systems. As most texts designed for public audiences do, the pulps adopted "visually informative strategies" (Bernhardt, 1986); the cover art an essential element in the marketing of the novels. The visual and verbal elements of the covers were designed to arouse the interest of the viewer, moving the book fromthe rack into the hand. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................... n LIST OF FIGURES ································································································ V CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 II. HISTORY OF LESBIAN PULP FICTION................................................ 4 Origins of Pulp Fiction .. .. ... .. ..... ..... .. .. ... ... ........ .............. ... ...... .. ........ 4 Cultural Context ........ ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ..... .. ... .. ... ... ........... .. ... ..... ...... ... .. 11 Ill. LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 21 Feminist and Queer Theory ................................................................ 21 Key Concepts ... ..... ..... ...... ................. ... ....... ... ........... ...... ..... ... ........ ... 24 Discipline . .... .. .. .. ..... ........ .. ... ...... ... ........ .. ...... ........ ... .. ... ... .. ... ... 25 Hailing ........................................................................................ 28 Performativity .. ... .. .. .. ... .. ... ...... ...... ... ..... ........ ...... ..... ..... ... ... ..... ... 29 Relevant Research .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 31 IV. METHODS OF ANALYSIS ..................................................................... 35 V. SURVEY OF COVER ART ...................................................................... 42 I Prefer Girls ....................................................................................... 45 Where the Girls Are ........................................................................... 53 Girls Gone Wild .... .. ..... ... .. ... ..... .. ... ... .. ... ... ..... ..... ... ... .. ... .. ...... ... ... ...... 64 lll Table of Contents-continued CHAPTER Odd ManOut ...................................................................................... 76 Actual-Factual Stories ........................................................................ 84 VI. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................... 93 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................... 97 lV LIST OF FIGURES 1. Women's Barracks (Torres, 1950) ................................................................. 10 2. Spring Fire (Packer, 1952) .................................... ,....................................... 10 3. Her Private Hell (Hastings1963) .................................................................. 46 4. Queer Patterns (Brock,1951) ....................................................................... 46 5. Amanda (Christian, 1965) ............................................................................. 46 6. Lend-a-Lover (Mallen, 1966) ....................................................................... 47 7. Perfume Affair (Hill, 1963) .......................................................................... 47 8. I Prefer Girls (Dumont, 1963) ...................................................................... 47 9. First Person 3rd Sex (Brittain, 1959) ............................................................ 50 10. First Person 3rd Sex (Brittain, 1959) ............................................................ 50 11. Dormitory Women (Cassill, 1954) ................................................................ 56 12. Detour (Ciraci, 1952) .................................................................................... 56 13. PartyGirls (Russo, 1963) ............................................................................. 56 14. Nurses' Quarters (Morell, 1960) .................................................................. 56 15. Lesbian Starlet (Trelos, 1964) ...................................................................... 56 16. I am a Lesbian (Sela, 1958) .......................................................................... 56 17. Lesbian Gym (Swenson, 1964a) ................................................................... 59 18. Suzyand Vera (Swenson, 1964c) ................................................................. 59 19. Queer Beach (Swenson, 1964b) .................................................................. 61 20. Three's a Crowd (Conway, 1964) ................................................................ 66 21. Leather (Shaw, 1968) ................................................................................... 66 V List of Figures-continued 22. Lesbian Twins (Peters, 1962) . .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. 66 23. How Dark My Love (Michaels, 1965) .......................................................... 66 24. sex every witch way (Worth, 1967) ............................................................... 66 25. Bitter Love (King, 1959) ............................................................................... 66 26. Queen of Evil (Kosloff, 1964) ...................................................................... 67 27. Queen of Evil (Kosloff, 1964) ...................................................................... 67 28. No Man's Land (Sawyer, NY) ...................................................................... 71 29. Female Tyrant (Kosloff,1967) ..................................................................... 71 30. Eric Stanton Illustration (Stanton, 1996) ...................................................... 71 31. Odd Man Out (Fletcher, 1964) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 77 32. The Price ofSalt (Morgan, 1953) ................................................................. 77 33. The Strange Path (Wilhelm, 1953) ............................................................... 77 34. Louisville Saturday (Long, 1950) ................................................................. 78 35. Every Bed Her Own (Elliot, 1966) ............................................................... 78 36. Frustrations ofJudy (Harris, 1965) .............................................................. 78 37. The Fear and the Guilt (Shaw, 1954)...........................................................
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