Indian Ocean Tuna Commission Commission des Thons de l’Océan Indien These identification cards are produced by the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC), in collaboration with the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (PC), to help improve catch data and statistics on sharks and rays that interact with tuna fisheries in the Indian Ocean. With a better understanding of shark stocks and with better statistics, regional fisheries managers can ensure that sharks and rays are fished in a sustainable manner in the Indian Ocean. The most likely users of the cards are fisheries observers, samplers, fishing masters and crew on board fishing vessels targeting tuna, tuna-like species, sharks and rays in the Indian Ocean. Fisheries training institutions and fishing communities are other potential users.

This publication is based on that developed by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community entitled «Shark identication in Pacific tropical offshore fisheries» (conception: M. Blanc / design: A.Desurmont and T. Luciani)

Layout: Julien Million and Jipé Le-Bars. Scientific advice: Dr. Evgeny Romanov and Dr. Charles Anderson. Acknowledgements to Dr. Rui Coelho, Dr. Bernard Seret and Dr. David Wilson for their valuable inputs.

Illustrations © R.Swainston/anima.net.au.

One shark illustration - Odontaspis noronhai - by L. Hata reproduced courtesy of SPC. Four ray illustrations – Manta alfredi, M. birostris, Mobula mobular, M. tarapacana – by J.F. Dejounannet are reproduced courtesy of the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and the National Museum of Natural History (MNHN).­ How to use this card? Common English name FAO Scientific name Each card contains: J —Japanese name C —simplified Chinese / traditional Chinese names --the scientific name of the species as F —French name well as its common names in English, S —Spanish name First dorsal French, Spanish, Japanese, traditional fin Second Precaudal pit dorsal fin and simplified Chinese, Eye

Upper lobe --its FAO code

Caudal fin --its maximum total length in centimeters. Snout Lower lobe Mouth Anal fin Gill slit Pelvic fin --an illustration of the species and some distinctive features Pectoral fin

Head Terminology Total Length --interdorsal ridge: ridge of skin between Pectoral fin with straight Pectoral fin with falcate posterior margin posterior margin the first and second dorsal fins

Insertion Insertion --keel: fleshy ridge ; usually relates to a skin fold on the precaudal pedoncule Free rear tip Free rear tip --serrated: saw-like --spiracle: respiratory opening behing the eye in sharks and rays Common English name FAO Scientific name

J —Japanese name C —simplified Chinese / traditional Chinese names F —French name S —Spanish name Head fin Ventral mouth Eye Spiracle Gill slits Pectoral fin Dorsal ridge Disc length

Pelvic fin

Dorsal fin

Spine Tail

Disc with Thresher sharks - Alopiidae Requiem sharks - Carcharhinidae Threshers sharks are easily identifiable with the One of the largest familly of sharks with 54 species. Many caracteristic shape of the caudal fin, its upper lobe of these species are similar and their identification can be length being equal to the rest of the body. These sharks difficult. The most important identification features are the are widely distributed in temperate and tropical seas tooth shapes, the position of dorsal fins and the presence Manta rays and devilrays - Mobulidae around the globe. or abscence of an interdorsal ridge. Manta rays and devilrays are the largest rays and are widely distributed in tropical and warm temperate seas. Their body is wider than long with one cephalic lobe on each side of the head.

Hammerhead sharks - Sphyrnidae Whale sharks - Rhindodontidae Hammerheads are easily identifiable with the Only one species for this shark which is the largest caracteristic shape of their head which is similar to shark in the ocean. They are planktonic feeders and a hammer. These species are widely distributed in occur in all tropical waters around the globe. tropical and warm temperate waters.

Stingrays - Dasyatidae Stingrays include around 80 species, which disc shape can vary from circular to rhomboidal. The tail is missing dorsal, anal or caudal fin Mackerel sharks - Lamnidae Kitefin sharks - Dalatiidae and has in general one or more stinging spines. Mackerel sharks are large sharks with a conical and Kitefin sharks are small ciyindrical shark, missing Sintgrays are widely distributed in tropical and pointed snout, small second dorsal and anal fins, the anal fin. They are widely distributed and mostly temperate seas, as well as in some freshwaters large lateral keels and prominent precaudal pits. they deepwater sharks. habitat. are widely distributed in tropical and temperate seas. Pelagic thresher PTH Alopias pelagicus

J —ニタリ C —浅海长尾鲨 / 淺海狐鮫 F —renard pélagique S —zorro pelágico

No groove on head

Big eye Thresher Sharks No labial furrow Side silvery or bluish

Round tip Max. length: 390cm PROHIBITION OF RETENTION Thresher ALV Alopias vulpinus

J —マオナガ C —狐形长尾鲨 / 狐鮫 F —renard Thresher Sharks S —zorro

No groove on head Pectoral, anal and dorsal fins often with white tip

Small eye

White colour of belly extending above pectoral and pelvic fins Pointed tip

Labial furrows Max. length: 570cm PROHIBITION OF RETENTION Bigeye thresher BTH Alopias superciliosus

J —ハチワレ C —大眼长尾鲨 / 深海狐鮫 F —renard à gros yeux Dorsal fin closer to pelvic fins S —zorro ojón than to pectoral fins

Groove on head

Thresher Sharks Huge eyes extending on the dorsal Light belly colour head surface only below pectoral fins

No labial furrow Max. length: 585cm PROHIBITION OF RETENTION Hammerhead Sharks SPK Max. length: 600cm Sphyrna mokarran Sphyrna pelvic fin Strongly falcate over origina of anal fin over origina Origin of second dorsal fin Origin of second First falcate dorsal fin very high First falcate Anterior margin of head nearly Anterior margin of head straight with small indentation in the middle straight with small indentation

无沟双髻鲨 / 八鰭丫髻鮫 无沟双髻鲨 ヒラシュモクザメ

—grand requin-marteau gigante —cornuda — —

F S J C Great hammerhead Great Scalloped hammerhead SPL Sphyrna lewini

J —アカシュモクザメ C —路氏双髻鲨 / 紅肉丫髻鮫 F —requin-marteau halicorne S —cornuda común Origin of second dorsal fin over middle of anal fin base

Hammerhead Sharks Straight or slightly falcate pelvic fin Anterior margin of head curved with middle marked dent and a distinct lobe at each end Max. length: 350cm Smooth hammerhead SPZ Sphyrna zygaena

J —シロシュモクザメ Hammerhead Sharks C —鎚头双髻鲨 / 丫髻鮫 F —requin-marteau commun S —cornuda cruz Origin of second dorsal fin over middle of anal fin base

Anterior margin of head curved median indentation absent or not well marked Max. length: 350cm Hammerhead Sharks Winghead s S F C J —cornuda planeadora —requin-marteau planeur — — インドシュモクザメ 丁字双髻鲨 /丁字雙髻鯊 half ofbody length Head widthnearly h ark Eusphyra blochii Max. length: 190cm EUB Sharks — with bluish colouring BSH Max. length: 380cm Prionace glauca Prionace jagged edges Upper teeth with Long pectoral fins

大青鲨 / 鋸峰齒鮫 snout rounded Head long and ヨシキリザメ

—peau bleue azul —tiburón — —

F S J C Blue shark Blue Sharks — with bluish colouring S F C J Porbeagle —marrajo sardinero —requin-taupe commun — — ニシネズミザメ 鼠鲨 /鼠鯊 head Long gillslits Head and snout pointed White reartip Teeth withlateral cusplets Strong keel Max. length: 325cm Lamna nasus POR SMA Shortfin mako — with bluish colouring Sharks Isurus oxyrinchus

J —バケアオザメ C —尖吻鲭鲨 / 長臂灰鯖鮫 F —taupe bleue S —marrajo dientuso

head Pectoral fins shorter than head Upper and lower lobes of tail nearly the same length

Upper teeth Head conical and with no jagged edges snout pointed Max. length: 395cm Longfin mako LMA Isurus paucus

J —アオザメ C —长鳍鲭鲨 / 灰鯖鮫 F —petite taupe S —marrajo carite

head Very long pectoral fins, as long as head Upper and lower lobes of tail nearly the same length

Upper teeth Head pointed

Sharks — with bluish colouring with no jagged edges but snout rounded Max. length: 420cm Silvertip shark ALS

Carcharhinus albimarginatus — with white tips Sharks

J —ツマジロ C —白边真鲨 / 白邊鰭白眼鮫 F —requin pointe blanche The back edge (not only the tips) of all fins is white S —tiburón de puntas blancas

Max. length: 275cm Sharks — with white tips Oceanic whitetip shark S F C J —tiburón oceánico —requin océanique — — ヨゴレ 长鳍真鲨 /污斑白眼鮫 broad androunded, withspottedwhitetip First dorsalandpectoralfinsclearly Carcharhinus longimanus Max. length: 300cm OCS Sharks — with white tips TRB Max. length: 170cm Triaenodon obesus Triaenodon Tips sometimes white Tips sometimes Tips always white Tips always

灰三齿鲨 / 鱟鮫 灰三齿鲨 / ネムリブカ

—requin corail coralero ñato —tiburón — —

F S J C Whitetip reef shark reef Whitetip Sharks — with grey colouring Blacktip shark S F C J —tiburón macuira —requin bordé — — カマストガリザメ 黑梢真鲨 /黑邊鰭白眼鮫 Narrow-cusped serrated teeth Dark-to-black tips onmostfins No interdorsalridge Carcharhinus limbatus Max. length: 250cm CCL CCE

Bull shark — with grey colouring Sharks Carcharhinus leucas

J —オオメジロザメ C —公牛鲨 / 公牛白眼鮫 Stocky to very heavybody F —requin-bouledogue S —tiburón sarda No interdorsal ridge

Fins with dusky tips but Large angular not heavily marked pectoral fins

broadly triangular Max. length: 340cm serrated upper teeth Sharks — with grey colouring Grey reefshark S F C J —tiburón dearrecifes —requin dagsit,grisderécif — — オグロメジロザメ 黑尾真鲨 /黑印白眼鮫 narrow-cusped serrated teeth inboth jaws No interdorsalridge Broad blackposterior margin ofcaudal fin Sometimes white-edge Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos Max. length: 255cm AML FAL

Silky shark — with grey colouring Sharks Carcharhinus falciformis

J —クロトガリザメ C —镰状真鲨 / 平滑白眼鮫 Very low second dorsal fin F —requin soyeux with very long free rear tip S —tiburón jaquetón Interdorsal ridge

Origin of first dorsal fin clearly behind the rear tip of pectoral fin

Beware: pectoral, ventral, anal and caudal fins often with dark or dusky tips

Max. length: 330cm Very common in offshore fisheries Blacktip reef shark BLR Carcharhinus melanopterus

J —ツマグロ C —乌翅真鲨 / 污翅白眼鮫 Distinct black markings at the tip of the F —requin pointes noires first dorsal fin and bottom lobe of tail S —tiburón de puntas negras

No interdorsal ridge Sharks — with grey colouring

Max. length: 140cm CCP

Sandbar shark — with grey colouring Sharks Carcharhinus plumbeus

J —ヤジブカ C —铅灰真鲨 / 高鰭白眼鮫 F —requin gris à haute dorsale Very tall first dorsal fin S —tiburón trozo

Interdorsal ridge

Origine of first dorsal fin over the base of the pectoral fin

Max. length: 240cm Sharks — with grey colouring Copper shark S F C J —tiburón cobrizo —requin cuivre — — ロヘメ ザメ ロ ヘリメジ クロ 短尾真鲨 /短尾白眼鮫 Upper teethwith a characteristic hook shape Most finswithinconspicuous darker edges No interdorsalridge (bronzewhaler) Bronze toolivegrey above,whitebelow. Carcharhinus brachyurus Max. length: 295cm BRO CCA

Bignose shark — with grey colouring Sharks Carcharhinus altimus

J —ハビレ C —高翅真鲨 / 大鼻白眼鮫 First dorsal fin relatively high F —requin babosse S —tiburón baboso Prominent interdorsal ridge

Origin of first dorsal fin closer to pecto- ral fin base than to free rear tip Long pectoral fins

Beware: pectoral, ventral, anal and caudal fins often with dark or dusky tips Upper teeth serrated without cusplets Max. length: 285cm Galapagos shark CCG Carcharhinus galapagensis

J —ガラパゴスザメ C —直翅真鲨 / 直翅真鯊 F —requin des Galapagos S —tiburón de Galápagos

Interdorsal ridge

Origin of first dorsal fin over the free rear tip of the pectoral fin Sharks — with grey colouring Max. length: 300cm Beware: Galapagos and Dusky sharks are very similar DUS

Dusky shark — with grey colouring Sharks Carcharhinus obscurus

J —ドタブカ Beware: pectoral, ventral, anal and caudal fins C —灰真鲨 / 灰色白眼鮫 often with dark or dusky tips F —requin de sable, requin sombre S —tiburón arenero Low second dorsal

Interdorsal ridge

Long falcate Origin of first dorsal fin over the pectoral fins free rear tip of the pectoral fin

Broad triangular serrated upper teeth Max. length: 365cm Beware: Galapagos and Dusky sharks are very similar Tiger shark TIG Galeocerdo cuvier

J —イタチザメ C —鼬鲨 / 鼬鮫 F —requin-tigre Dark, tiger-stripe markings S —tintorera tigre that may be faded in adults

Sharks — with grey colouring Upper teeth with jagged edges and very characteristic shape Max. length: 600cm ISB

Cookie cutter shark — with grey colouring Sharks Isistius brasiliensis

J —ダルマザメ C —雪茄达摩鲨 / 雪茄鮫 F —squalelet féroce First dorsal and pelvic fins way back S —tollo cigarro

No anal fin

Dark ring near gills

Max. length: 50cm Bigeye sand tiger shark ODH Odontaspis noronhai

J —ビッグ アイサンドタイガ ー C —大眼砂锥齿鲨 / 大眼砂錐齒鯊 F —requin noronhai S —solrayo ojigrande

Large eyes

Upper lobe of tail much longer than lower lobe

Upper teeth Sharks — with grey colouring without jagged edges Sixe at birth > 120 cm and 3-pointed ends Max. length: 360cm Sharks — with grey colouring PSK Max. length: 120cm Pseudocarcharias kamoharai Pseudocarcharias Low first dorsal fin Low first dorsal Small pectoral fin Upper teeth with no jagged edges

Large eyes 鳄鲨 / 蒲原氏擬錐齒鯊 ミズワニ

—requin-crocodile cocodrilo —tiburón — —

F S J C Crocodile shark Crocodile Basking shark BSK Cetorhinus maximus

J —ウバザメ C —姥鲨 / 象鮫 F —pèlerin S —peregrino

Massive gill slits that go almost all the way around the head Large Sharks

Very small teeth

Max. length: 1000cm Whale shark RHN Rhincodon typus

J —ジンベエザメ C —鲸鲨 / 鯨鯊 F —requin-baleine Easy to see ridges on sides of body Large Sharks S —tiburón bellena

Very small teeth

A very clear pattern of light spots and vertical stripes on a dark background

Max. length: 1200cm Megamouth shark LMP Megachasma pelagios

J —メガマウスザメ C —大口鲨 / 巨口鯊 Last two gill openings over F —requin grande gueule pectoral-fin bases S —tiburón bocudo

Small eyes Large Sharks Long and narrow Large terminal mouth that pectoral fins extends behind the eyes

Globulous head with thick lips Max. length: 550cm Great white shark WSH Carcharodon carcharias

J —ホオジロザメ C —大白鲨 / 食人鮫 Dark grey Upper and lower lobe of tail F —grand requin blanc rear tip nearly the same length Large Sharks S —jaquéton blanco

Strong keel

Teeth with jagged edges Max. length: 600cm Manta rays Manta ray S F C J White shoulder —manta gigante —mante géante,manta — — オニイトマキエイ 双吻前口蝠鲼 /鬼蝠魟 markings Terminal mouth Long headfins Caudal spineencased in acalcifiedmass Usualy blackshaded trailing edge Manta birostris Max. width: 670cm on 5thgillslits black marking Disctinctive RMB Alfred manta RMA Manta alfredi

J —ナンヨウマンタ Terminal mouth C —鬼蝠魟 / 小鬼蝠魟 F —manta de récif S —manta de arrecife Manta rays

Long head fins

Distinctive dark spots across the posterior half of the body and between gill slits

No spine or calcified mass on tail Max. width: 550cm Devilrays Spinetail mobula S F C J When alive,large dark band which stretches fromeye toeye —manta deaguijón —diable duJapon — — ト イ エ キ イトマ 日本蝠鲼 /日本蝠魟 Distinctive ridge Dorsal finwith white tip Caudal spine Ventral mouth (Japanese devilray) Short headfins Slit-like spiraclesabove margin ofpectoralfin Mobula japanica Very longtail Max. width: 310cm RMJ Smoothtail mobula (Bentfin devilray) RMO Mobula thurstoni

J —シックレフィンデビルレイ C —印度蝠鲼 / 印度蝠魟 Short head fins F —petite manta

S —chupa sangre Spiracles small and circular and Devilrays Ventral mouth below margin of pectoral fin Concave ‘bent’on pectoral fin

No spine Dorsal fin with white tip Max. width: 190cm Longhorned mobula RME (Pygmy devilray) Mobula eregoodootenkee

J —スティングレスデビルレイ C —短尾蝠鲼 / 短尾蝠魟 Short head fins F —diable pygmée S —diablo pigmeo Ventral mouth Spiracles small and circular and below margin of pectoral Dark brown strip fin along leading edge Devilrays

Black dorsal fin No spine

Max. width: 100cm Chilean devilray (Sicklefin devilray) RMT Mobula tarapacana J — タイワンイトマキエイ Ventral mouth Short head fins C —台湾蝠鲼 / 台灣蝠魟 Distinctive ridge F —diable du Chili

S —manta cornuda Devilrays

Slit-like spiracles above Pronounced margin of pectoral fin dorsal ridge

No spine Green olive-brown colour

Max. width: 370cm Devil fish RMM Mobula mobular

J —タイセイヨウイトマキエイ C —蝠鲼 / 蝠魟 Short head fins F —diable de Méditerranée S —manta mobula Ventral mouth Devilrays

Caudal spine

Max. width: 520cm Pelagic stingray PLS Pteroplatytrygon violacea

J —カラスエイ C —紫魟 / 紫魟 F —pastenague violette

S —raya-látigo violeta Other rays

Dark colouration

Caudal spine

Angular pectoral fins Max. width: 80cm Flapnose ray (Javanese cownose ray) MRJ Rhinoptera javanica

J —ウシバナトビエイ C —爪哇牛鼻鲼 / 爪哇牛鼻鱝 Two subrostral lobes F —mourine javanaise S —gavilán de Java Other rays

Caudal spine Max. width: 150cm IOTC requirements regarding sharks and rays Identify, record and correctly report every shark and ray caught by your vessel

The following are among the actions that fishers/observers are expected to take in relation to sharks and rays, in accordance with IOTC Conservation and Management Measures (CMM) (It is recommended that you check annually for modifications by IOTC): -- Observers shall record all interactions with sharks and rays by species. -- Longline vessels shall report, through their logbooks, catches of blue shark (Prionace glauca), porbeagle (Lamna nasus), mako sharks (Isurus spp.), hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna spp.), silky sharks (Carcharhinus falciformis), thresher sharks (Alopias spp.) and oceanic whitetip (Carcharhinus longimanus). -- Purse seine vessels shall report, through their logbooks, catches of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus), thresher sharks (Alopias spp.), oceanic whitetip (C. longimanus) and silky sharks (C. falciformis). -- Gillnet vessels shall report, through their logbooks, catches of blue shark (P. glauca), porbeagle (L. nasus), mako sharks (Isurus spp.), hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna spp.), thresher sharks (Alopias spp.), oceanic whitetip (C. longimanus) and whale sharks (Rhincodon typus). -- All vessels shall report, through their logbooks, catches of sharks and rays where possible by species or species group as per applicable CMM. -- The removal of shark fins onboard is prohibited for sharks that are landed fresh. Fishing vessels shall not have fins onboard that total more than 5% of the weight of sharks onboard, up to the first point of landing, if frozen. -- All species of thresher sharks (Alopias spp.) and oceanic whitetip sharks (C. longimanus) shall be retained if caught in the Indian Ocean, and any interaction shall be recorded by fishers/observers. Guidelines for the safe release and handling of encircled whale sharks

The methods listed below should be used to release encircled whale sharks, as appropriate, depending on the condition of the particular purse seine set (e.g. the size and orientation of the encircled animal, size of fish in the purse seine set and operation style). • cutting the net when the whale shark is at the surface and separated from the tuna and when the operation presents no danger for the crew; • standing the animal on the net and rolling it outside the bunt. A rope placed under the animal and attached to the float line could help rolling the whale shark out of the net; • brailing sharks (only for small individual less than 2–3 metres). The crew should never: • pull up the shark by its tail; • tow the shark by its tail. SHARK AND RAY IDENTIFICATION IN INDIAN OCEAN PELAGIC FISHERIES

This publication was made possible through financial support provided by IOTC. For further information contact: Indian Ocean Tuna Commission Le Chantier Mall PO Box 1011, Victoria, Seychelles Phone: +248 422 54 94 Fax: +248 422 43 64 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.iotc.org

Some rights reserved. This work is available under a CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO licence © FAO, 2019 CA3440EN /1/ 0 5 .19