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THE COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY Renewable Energy on small Islands April 1998 Forum for Energy and Development Renewable Energy on Small Islands by Thomas Lynge Jensen Forum for Energy and Development Copenhagen Denmark Printed by Tolvfireogtres, grafisk center 1st print, April 1998: 200 copies Neither the Council for Sustainable Energy or Forum for Energy and Development makes any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with respect to the information contained in this report or assumes any liabilities with the respect to the use of this information. ISBN: 87-90502-01-9 Renewable Energy on Small Islands First Edition April 1998 Table of Contents ABBREVIATIONS 2 PREFACE ON BEHALF OF THE DANISH COUNCIL FOR 3 SUSTAINABLE ENERGY PREFACE BY THE AUTHOR 4 1 SUMMARY OF MAIN FINDINGS 5 1.1 The Island Energy Issues 5 1.2 Renewable Energy Islands 6 2 INTRODUCTION 10 2.1 Scope of Review 10 2.2 Terminology 10 2.3 Methodology 11 2.3.1 First Phase of the Review 11 2.3.2 Second Phase of the Review 11 2.4 Precautions of the Review 12 2.4.1 Regarding Reviewed Islands 12 2.4.2 Regarding Medium Islands 12 2.4.3 Regarding Perception of Renewable Energy Initiatives 12 2.4.4 Regarding Level of Detail 13 2.4.5 Regarding Information 13 2.4.6 Regarding Use of References 13 2.5 Structure of the Report 14 3 NORTH PACIFIC 15 4 SOUTH PACIFIC 41 5 THE CARIBBEAN 63 6 NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN 89 7 SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN 127 8 BALTIC SEA 143 9 THE MEDITERRANEAN 165 10 THE INDIAN OCEAN 175 ANNEXES: Annex 1 Terms of Reference (in Danish) 185 Annex 2 Main Internet Databases Used 189 Annex 3 Cover Letter and Questionnaire Used 191 Annex 4 References 197 1 Renewable Energy on Small Islands First Edition April 1998 ABBREVATIONS AND ACRONYMS AC alternating current AD anaerobic digestion C centigrade CINP Channel Islands National Park DC direct current DSM Demand Side Management ECU European Currency Unit EDF French Electricity Board EPA Environment Protection Agency EU European Union FNQEB Far North Queensland Electricity Corporation GWh gigawatt hour (one million of kilowatt-hours) HES Hawaii Energy Strategy ISLENET European Islands Energy and Environment Network KEPCO Korea Electric Power Corporation km kilometre km2 square kilometre kV kilo volt kVA kilo volt ampere kW kilo watt kWp kilo watt peak m2 square meter m3 cubic metre mph miles per hour MW megawatt (1,000 kW) MWh megawatt hour (1,000 kWh) NIE Northern Ireland Electric NGO non-governmental organisation NOx nitrogen oxides PECAN Renewable Energy Plan of the Canaries PV photovoltaic R & D research and development RE renewable energy REI Renewable Energy Island REP Renewable energy plan RES Renewable energy sources RET renewable energy technologies SOx sulphur oxides sqft square feet toe ton of oil equivalent energy TOR Terms of Reference UNDP United Nations Development Programme USCG U.S. Coast Guard V volt W watt Wp watt peak 2 Renewable Energy on Small Islands First Edition April 1998 PREFACE ON BEHALF OF THE DANISH COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY This review of Renewable Energy Island (REIs) is an attempt to give an overview of initiatives within renewable energy on islands around the world. In its action plan - Energy 21 - the Danish government has decided that a Danish island as a demonstration project should become self sufficient from renewable energy sources, including transportation, within 10 years. In November 1997 the Danish island Samsoe was officially selected - among 5 candidates - to become a REI. The Danish REI is a good starting point for global co-operation among similar initiatives to exchange experience and information and to plan and implement collaboration programmes. The Danish Council for Sustainable Energy, which is an independent council for advising the Danish government and parliament in connection with the implementation of Energy 21, has initiated this review of REI. The council considers that the government's idea of a Danish REI is a useful way to make future energy-systems visible and concrete and to implement and demonstrate models that can be used, not only on islands at home and abroad, but in principle everywhere. If politicians should be inspired to aim for a broader use of renewable energy as part of a sustainable development, it is necessary to demonstrate renewable energy in a large scale and in an integrated and organised from, placed in a well defined area - as e.g. a smaller island. To look further into this matter, it has been decided to elaborate this report, to be used as a tool for future co-operation. The Danish Council for Sustainable Energy has furthermore decided to organise an international REI-conference in 1999. The purpose of this report as well as the conference of 1999 is to prepare for future global co-operation and networking among REIs. On behalf of the Council for Sustainable Energy, Lars Davidsen Member of the Danish Council for Sustainable Energy 3 Renewable Energy on Small Islands First Edition April 1998 PREFACE BY THE AUTHOR This is the first edition of the report and there will be a new addition in the Spring 1999. This second edition will also be available on the Internet. So corrections or additions to the information mentioned in this report or descriptions of new island cases is very welcome. If convenient the questionnaire in Annex 3 can be used. Material should be sent to the project manager Forum for Energy and Development at the address mentioned below. This report has been made from request by the Danish Council for Sustainable Energy. The project ran for 8 months from 1st of September 1997 to 1st of April 1998. Project manager was Forum for Energy and Development, and consisted of the following team: Svend E. Ladefoged (Project responsible) and Thomas L. Jensen (Project executioner) Forum for Energy and Development subcontracted minor parts of the execution of the project to the following consultants: Niels Lyck (Organisation for Renewable Energy, Denmark) and Penehuro Lefale (private consultant, West Samoa) The project has been supervised by a Steering Committee with the following members: Jan Bünger (the Danish Energy Agency), Lars Davidsen (the Danish Council for Sustainable Energy), and Rene Karottki (the Danish Council for Sustainable Energy). This report can be obtained from the project manager: Forum for Energy and Development Landgreven 7 DK-1301 Copenhagen K Denmark Tel: +45 33 12 13 07 Fax: +45 33 12 13 08 E-mail: [email protected] The consultants wish to express a sincere appreciation of the response provided by the many people who participated in this review. The consultants especially wish to thank the manager from the European Islands Energy and Environment Network (ISLENET) Mr. John Crawford and Ide Seidelin from Aeroe Energi- og Miljoekontor. 4 Renewable Energy on Small Islands First Edition April 1998 1. Summary of Main Findings 1.1 The Island Energy Issues Even though there are conditions, which separate islands from each other the "island factor" is present - circumstances, which are unique to islands compared to the mainland (or large islands). They face a series of shared difficulties, needs and problems. Some of the characteristics of the "island factor" are: · insularity · a limited range of resources · small markets · specialisation of economies · diseconomies of scale · fragility of eco-systems The majority of islands also have some circumstances in common regarding energy - particular problems regarding production and distribution of energy. The island energy issues are characterised by: · major reliance on imported fossil fuels · small-scale generation of electricity · high distribution costs · under-use of renewable energy resources in comparison with the potential · integration of renewable energy sources in most island cases is an economically feasible solution qua their relatively high energy prices Most small islands around the world today are dependent on imported fossil fuels for the majority of their energy needs especially for transport and electricity production. For reasons of scale and isolation, infrastructure costs (including energy) are higher. For small islands the costs of fossil fuels are usually equivalent to a substantial proportion of the total value of imports. It has e.g. been estimated that energy often accounts for more than 15% of all imports in the islands in the European Union. Fuel imports are thus a great drain and a significant constraint on development - they crowd out vital capital and social expenditures and inhibit the achievement of much needed growth. Successful efforts by islands to reduce energy imports, either through the achievement of energy efficiency or the use of locally renewable energy resources, could therefore make a significant contribution to economic development. As it is specified by the European Islands Energy and Environment Network (ISLENET): "It is in the interest of islands to engage in policies, which favour the promotion of energy management. That is to say, they should consider in their energy planning, the promotion, on the one hand, of energy efficiency and energy saving actions, whilst on the other hand, they 5 Renewable Energy on Small Islands First Edition April 1998 should seek to develop, where appropriate, renewable energy sources as means of power. There are of course many obstacles, which impede the development of energy management in islands, however, experience proves that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages". 1.2. Renewable Energy Islands The table below summarises some of the findings on the use of renewable energy on selected small and medium islands. In the table the islands are specified regarding: · name · size of population · area · percentage of total energy demand from renewable energy sources · percentage of total electricity production from renewable energy · percentage of installed electricity capacity from renewable energy sources · if the island has an renewable energy plan (REP) · renewable energy sources (RES) most utilised today The following should be kept in mind when reading this table: · the islands are prioritised in regard to the percentage of electricity production coming from RES.
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