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Small Wind Energy Systems for the Homeowner

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Small Wind Energy Systems for the Homeowner DOE/GO-10097-374 FS 135 ENERGY January 1997 EFFICIENCY Small Wind Energy Systems AND RC ENEWABLE for the Homeowner ELE NERGY In the 1920s and ‘30s, farm families assess your wind resource and possible throughout the Midwest used wind to sites, discuss legal and environmental generate enough electricity to power their obstacles, and analyze economic consider- lights and electric motors. The use of wind ations such as pricing. A power declined with the government- subsidized construction of utility lines and Benefits of Wind Power R fossil fuel power plants. However, the energy crisis in the 1970s and a growing A wind energy system can provide you concern for the environment generated an with a cushion against electric power price I interest in alternative, environmentally increases. Wind energy systems help N friendly energy resources. Today, home- reduce U.S. dependence on fossil fuels, owners in rural and remote locations and they are nonpolluting. If you live in a remote location, a small wind energy sys- G across the nation are once again examining the possibility of using wind power to pro- tem can help you avoid the high costs of vide electricity for their domestic needs. having the utility power lines extended to H your site. This publication will help you decide whether a wind system is practical for Although wind energy systems involve a O you. It will explain the benefits, help you significant initial investment, they can be US E etz, PIX 00042 ren Gr ren War Unlike yesteryear's windmill, today's wind turbines use technological innovations that have substantially reduced the cost of electricity generated from wind power. NT O ME F E T N R E A R This document was produced for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), a DOE national laboratory. P G E Y D The document was produced by the Information Services Program, under the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. The Energy Efficiency U A N and Renewable Energy Clearinghouse (EREC) is operated by NCI Information Systems, Inc., for NREL / DOE. The statements contained herein are based on C I I T R E information known to EREC and NREL at the time of printing. No recommendation or endorsement of any product or service is implied if mentioned by EREC. D E M S A TAT ES OF Printed with a renewable-source ink on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste competitive with conventional energy Conditions for Grid-Connected sources when you account for a lifetime of Systems reduced or altogether avoided utility • You live in an area with average annual costs. The length of the payback period— wind speeds of at least 10 miles per hour the time before the savings resulting from (4.5 meters per second). your system equal the cost of the system • Utility-supplied electricity is expensive itself—depends on the system you choose, in your area (about 10 to 15 cents per the wind resource on your site, electricity kilowatt hour). costs in your area, and how you use your • The utility’s requirements for connect- wind system. ing your system to its grid are not pro- hibitively expensive. Is Wind Power Practical for You? • Local building codes or covenants allow Small wind energy systems can be used you to legally erect a wind turbine on in connection with an electricity transmis- your property. sion and distribution system (called grid- • You are comfortable with long-term connected systems), or in stand-alone appli- investments. cations that are not connected to the utility Wind turbines for grid. A grid-connected wind turbine can Is Your Site Right? reduce your consumption of utility-sup- The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) domestic or rural plied electricity for lighting, appliances, has compiled wind resource maps that are and electric heat. If the turbine cannot available from the American Wind Energy applications range in deliver the amount of energy you need, Association and the National Technical the utility makes up the difference. When Information Service (see Source List). The size from a few watts the wind system produces more electricity DOE maps are good sources for regional than the household requires, the excess information and can show whether wind to thousands of can be sold to the utility. With the inter- speeds in your area are generally strong connections available today, switching enough to justify investing in a wind watts and can be takes place automatically. Stand-alone system. wind energy systems can be appropriate applied economically for homes, farms, or even entire communi- Wind-turbine manufacturers can use com- ties (a co-housing project, for example) puter models to predict their machines’ for a variety of power that are far from the nearest utility lines. performance at a specific location. They Either type of system can be practical if can also help you size a system based on demands. the following conditions exist. your electricity needs and the specifics of local wind patterns. However, you will Conditions for Stand-Alone Systems need site-specific data to determine the • You live in an area with average annual wind resource of your exact location. If wind speeds of at least 9 miles per hour you do not have on-site data and want to (4.0 meters per second). obtain a clearer, more predictable picture • A grid connection is not available or can of your wind resource, you may wish to only be made through an expensive measure wind speeds at your site for a extension. The cost of running a power year. You can do this with a recording line to a remote site to connect with the anemometer, which generally costs $500 to utility grid can be prohibitive, ranging $1500. The most accurate readings are from $15,000 to more than $50,000 per taken at “hub height” (i.e., the elevation at mile, depending on terrain. the top of the tower where you will install • You have an interest in gaining energy the wind turbine—see the section on independence from the utility. “Wind System Basics” that follows). This • You would like to reduce the environ- requires placing the anemometer high mental impact of electricity production. enough to avoid turbulence created by • You acknowledge the intermittent trees, buildings, and other obstructions. nature of wind power and have a strat- The standard wind sensor height used to egy for using intermittent resources to obtain data for the DOE maps is 33 feet meet your power needs. (10 meters). 2 In favorable locations, a wind turbine can reduce your consumption of utility-supplied electricity. Moderate wind energy Good wind energy Excellent wind energy 13.4 to 14.6 miles per hour 14.6 to 15.7 miles per hour More than 15.7 miles per hour (6.0 to 6.5 meters per second) (6.5 to 7.0 meters per second) (More than 7.0 meters per second) This map gives general information on the average wind resources available across the country. Of course, the actual wind resource on your site will vary depending on such factors as typography and structure interference. You can have varied wind resources Additional Considerations within the same property. If you live in complex terrain, take care in selecting the In addition to the factors listed previously, installation site. If you site your wind tur- you should also: bine on the top or on the windy side of a hill, for example, you will have more • research potential legal and environ- access to prevailing winds than in a gully mental obstacles, or on the leeward (sheltered) side of a hill • obtain cost and performance informa- on the same property. Consider existing tion from manufacturers, obstacles and plan for future obstructions, • perform a complete economic analysis including trees and buildings, which could that accounts for a multitude of factors block the wind. Also realize that the power (see the case study), available in the wind increases proportion- • understand the basics of a small wind ally to its speed (velocity) cubed (v3). This system, and means that the amount of power you get • review possibilities for combining your from your generator goes up exponentially system with other energy sources, back- as the wind speed increases. For example, ups, and energy efficiency improve- if your site has an annual average wind ments. speed of about 12.6 miles per hour (5.6 meters per second), it has twice the You should establish an energy budget to energy available as a site with a 10 mile help define the size of turbine that will be per hour (4.5 meter per second) average. needed. Since energy efficiency is usually less expensive than energy production, making your house more energy efficient first will likely result in being able to spend less money since you may need a smaller wind turbine to meet your needs. 3 Potential Legal and Environmental The Economics of Wind Power Obstacles for Home Use Before you invest any time and money, A residential wind energy system can be a research potential legal and environmental good long-term investment. However, obstacles to installing a wind system. because circumstances such as electricity Some jurisdictions, for example, restrict rates and interest rates vary, you need to the height of the structures permitted in decide whether purchasing a wind system residentially zoned areas, although vari- is a smart financial move for you. The case ances are often obtainable (see “Wind Sys- study that follows illustrates the many fac- tem Basics,” which follows). Your tors and calculations you will need to con- neighbors might object to a wind machine sider.
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