Patrícia Maia Domingues Sedimentos Subaquáticos Como Fontes De Bactérias Anaeróbias Facultativas Hidrocarbonoclásticas E Pr

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Patrícia Maia Domingues Sedimentos Subaquáticos Como Fontes De Bactérias Anaeróbias Facultativas Hidrocarbonoclásticas E Pr Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Química 2018 Patrícia Sedimentos subaquáticos como fontes de bactérias Maia anaeróbias facultativas hidrocarbonoclásticas e Domingues produtoras de biossurfactantes Subaquatic sediments as sources of hydrocarbonoclastic and biosurfactant producing facultative anaerobic bacteria Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Química 2018 Patrícia Sedimentos subaquáticos como fontes de bactérias Maia anaeróbias facultativas hidrocarbonoclásticas e Domingues produtoras de biossurfactantes Subaquatic sediments as sources of hydrocarbonoclastic and biosurfactant producing facultative anaerobic bacteria Tese apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Engenharia Química, realizada sob a orientação científica da Doutora Maria Ângela Sousa Dias Alves Cunha, Professora Auxiliar do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, da Doutora Luísa Alexandra Seuanes Serafim Martins Leal, Professora Auxiliar do Departamento de Química da Universidade de Aveiro e do Doutor Newton Carlos Marcial Gomes, Investigador Principal do Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM) Apoio financeiro da FCT e do FSE no âmbito do III Quadro Comunitário de Apoio (Bolsa de Doutoramento SFRH/BD/88162/2012). "Within one linear centimeter of your lower colon there lives and works more bacteria than all humans who have ever been born. Yet many people continue to assert that it is we who are in charge of the world." – Neil deGrasse Tyson o júri presidente Prof. Doutor Anibal Manuel de Oliveira Duarte professor catedrático da Universidade de Aveiro Prof. Doutora Paula Maria Lima e Castro professora catedrática da Universidade Católica Prof. João Manuel da Costa e Araújo Pereira Coutinho professor catedrático da Universidade de Aveiro Prof. Doutor Frederico Castelo Ferreira professor auxiliar da Universidade de Lisboa - Instituto Superior Técnico Doutor Nuno Filipe Ribeiro Pinto de Oliveira Azevedo investigador auxiliar da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto Prof. Doutora Maria Ângela Sousa Dias Alves Cunha professora auxiliar da Universidade de Aveiro agradecimentos Agradeço aos meus orientadores, Professora Ângela Cunha, Professora Luísa Serafim e Doutor Newton Gomes, pela ajuda, orientação, incentivo, confiança e permanente disponibilidade ao longo de todo este percurso. Agradeço a todos os que contribuíram para a elaboração deste trabalho. À Vanessa Oliveira que esteve sempre disponível para me ajudar no que toca à parte de biologia molecular, bem como discutir resultados e abordagens. Ao Francisco Coelho que foi responsável pelo tratamento de dados da sequenciação das comunidades bacterianas aqui apresentadas. Ao Professor Mário Simões e à Doutora Mónica Válega pela sua ajuda com o GC-MS. À Professora Teresa Nunes que ajudou na preparação dos meios anaeróbios. À Professora Adelaide Almeida por todo apoio. Ao Professor João Coutinho que além do interesse mostrado no desenvolvimento do trabalho contribuiu com várias sugestões oportunas. Agradeço ao CESAM e CICECO, bem como aos departamentos de química e biologia da Universidade de Aveiro por proporcionarem condições trabalho para o desenvolvimento desta tese. À Fundação para a ciência e tecnologia pela bolsa de doutoramento (SFRH/BD/88162/2012). Agradeço a todos os meus colegas e amigos que passaram pelos laboratórios onde estive, o Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental e Aplicada, o Laboratório de Engenharia Biológica e o Laboratório de Estudos Moleculares de Ambientes Marinhos. Todos contribuíram de alguma forma para me ajudar nesta etapa. Sempre me senti integrada e por isso agradeço a amizade e bom humor de todos. Não podia deixar de agradecer à Ana Luísa Santos, Carla Pereira e António Louvado por me ensinarem e ajudarem a trabalhar em microbiologia e biologia molecular desde a minha tese de mestrado e por o continuarem a fazer durante o doutoramento. Quero ainda agradecer à Susana Pereira, à Fátima Sousa e ao Diogo Queirós por toda a ajuda e ideias com que contribuíram para este trabalho, muitas vezes remotamente. Agradeço aos meus amigos por todo o apoio e paciência. Por me ouvirem e contribuírem com sugestões. São muitos e o espaço curto, mas vocês sabem quem são. No entanto sinto necessidade de mencionar aqui a Cátia Martins que além de amiga teve também o papel de especialista em GC-MS, motivo pelo qual a consultei muitas vezes. Por último, mas não menos importante, quero expressar a minha gratidão à minha família que sempre me apoiou. Em particular, ao meu irmão sem o qual não seria a pessoa que sou hoje; ao meu pai que sempre mostrou interesse pelo meu trabalho e no bem-estar das minhas bactérias, às quais carinhosamente chamava de “estafermococcus; e especialmente à minha mãe que além de merecer um lugar como apoio financeiro foi fundamental para o meu interesse pelas ciências e quem mais me ajudou a todos os níveis ao longo do doutoramento. Finalmente quero agradecer ao meu namorado, Aléxis, por todo o apoio e paciência. palavras-chave Bactérias anaeróbias facultativas, biossurfactante, biodegradação de hidrocarbonetos, sedimentos, mar profundo, estuário da Ria de Aveiro. resumo Actualmente são conhecidas poucas estirpes bacterianas capazes de produzir biossurfactantes (BSFs) em condições de microaerobiose ou anaerobiose. Estas bactérias têm um papel importante não só em processos naturais (ex. formação de biofilmes ou de hidratos de gás), como podem ter diversas aplicações biotecnológicas (ex. estratégias de biorremediação e aplicações industriais). As bactérias produtoras de BSFs em condições de limitação de oxigénio, com capacidade para degradar hidrocarbonetos são de particular interesse para estratégias de biorremediação de locais contaminados com hidrocarbonetos de petróleo (PHs) e na recuperação microbiana de petróleo (MEOR). Neste contexto, o objectivo deste trabalho foi o isolamento, identificação e a caracterização de bactérias anaeróbias ou anaeróbias facultativas produtoras de BSF e degradadoras de hidrocarbonetos (hidrocarbonoclásticas) na perspetiva da sua aplicação biotecnológica em condições de limitação de oxigénio. Foram escolhidos dois ambientes contaminados com PHs como potenciais fontes de bactérias hidrocarbonoclásticas produtoras de BSFs: vulcões de lama (MV) de mar profundo do Golfo de Cádis (Oceano Atlântico) e o sistema estuarino da Ria de Aveiro (Portugal). Foram preparadas culturas de enriquecimento com sedimentos subaquáticos recolhidos nestes dois habitats, como potenciais inóculos de bactérias anaeróbias facultativas. Um design experimental fatorial foi usado para testar o efeito do crude como fonte de carbono, e de nitrato e/ou sulfato, como aceitadores terminais de eletrões. De forma a melhor compreender a estrutura das comunidades bacterianas envolvidas na biodegradação de PHs nos MV do mar profundo procedeu-se à sequenciação do gene 16S rRNA das comunidades bacterianas de culturas de enriquecimento com sedimento de dois MVs, um activo e outro inactivo, e com ou sem adição de crude e/ou nitrato. Detetou-se uma diferenciação entre as comunidades dos dois MVs, independentemente dos suplementos a que as culturas foram expostas, sendo que Alphaproteobacteria e Bacilli predominaram nas culturas com sedimentos de MV activo e inactivo, respectivamente. De uma forma menos acentuada, tanto o nitrato como o crude afetaram a composição das comunidades bacterianas. Géneros de bactérias que só foram detectados nos ensaios com adição de crude (ex. Erythrobacteraceae no MV activo e Acidimicrobiale no MV inactivo) poderão ser usados como indicadores da presença de hidrocarbonetos de petróleo nestes habitats. resumo A biodegradação de PHs nas culturas com crude foi avaliada por cromatografia (cont.) gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa. De uma forma geral, as comunidades de culturas do MV activo foram capazes de degradar n-alcanos de tamanho inferior a C13 e compostos monoaromáticos, enquanto as comunidades do MV inactivo apresentaram a capacidade de metabolizar vários tipos de hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos. A presença de nitrato apenas afectou positivamente a biodegradação de alcanos, e não teve efeito ou foi mesmo inibitória da biodegradação de outros hidrocarbonetos. A partir de todas as culturas, com todos os tipos de sedimentos, dos MVs do Golfo de Cádis e do estuário da Ria de Aveiro, foi possível isolar-se um total de 13 isolados capazes de sobreviver exclusivamente com crude como fonte de carbono e produzir BSF em condições de aerobiose. Destas, apenas duas não foram capazes de produzir BSFs em anaerobiose. A sequenciação do gene 16S rRNA dos isolados permitiu identifica-los como pertencendo aos géneros Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Ochrobactrum, Brevundimonas, Psychrobacter, Staphylococcus, Marinobacter e Curtobacterium, a maioria dos quais não tinha ainda membros conhecidos como produtores de BSF em anaerobiose. Os resultados obtidos com este trabalho permitiram caracterizar melhor as comunidades envolvidas na degradação de PHs em MVs de mar profundo. Conseguiu-se ainda isolar e identificar estirpes, tanto de mar profundo como de ambiente estuarino, capazes de degradar PHs e produzir BSFs em condições de anaerobiose. Estas estirpes apresentam elevado potencial biotecnológico para aplicações como MEOR e biorremediação em ambientes com escassez de oxigénio. keywords Facultative anerobic bacteria, biosurfactant, biodegradation of hydrocarbons, sediments, deep-sea, Ria de Aveiro estuary. abstract So far, only few bacterial strains are known
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