Futbolun Bir Ideolojik Aygit Olarak Kullanilmasi Ve Bunun Medyadaki Yansimalari

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Futbolun Bir Ideolojik Aygit Olarak Kullanilmasi Ve Bunun Medyadaki Yansimalari T. C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ GAZETECİLİK ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ FUTBOLUN BİR İDEOLOJİK AYGIT OLARAK KULLANILMASI VE BUNUN MEDYADAKİ YANSIMALARI ÖMER ONUR ERDEM 2501060576 TEZ DANIŞMANI YRD. DOÇ. DR. GÜVEN BÜYÜKBAYKAL İSTANBUL 2010 ÖZ FUTBOLUN BĠR ĠDEOLOJĠK AYGIT OLARAK KULLANILMASI VE BUNUN MEDYADAKĠ YANSIMALARI Ö. ONUR ERDEM Anahtar Kelimeler: Futbol, Ġdeoloji, Ġdeolojik Aygıt, Medya İnsanoğlunun ilkel çağlardan beri yuvarlak cisimleri tekmeleyerek oyun oynama merakı, 19. Yüzyıl‟a gelindiğinde futbolun doğmasıyla apayrı bir boyut kazanmıştır. Kısa süre içinde dünyanın hemen hemen her köşesinde oynanmaya ve büyük bir hayran kitlesi tarafından takip edilmeye başlayan futbol, bunun sonucunda kitleleri daha rahat kontrol altına almak ve onlara daha rahat yön verebilmek isteyen güç odakları tarafından bu uğurda kullanılan bir araca da dönüşmüştür. „İdeoloji‟ kavramı üzerine ünlü filozofların yaptığı tanımlamalar içinde, ideolojinin, egemen durumdaki bir sosyal grubun, sınıfın veya siyasi gücün, kendi iktidarını meşru kılmasına yardımcı olan düşünceler veya yanlış düşünceler olduğu tespiti üzerinde sıkça durulmaktadır. Söz konusu düşüncelerin kitlelere aktarımındaysa bazen çeşitli aygıtlara başvurulmakta, ideolojiler, bu aygıtlar üzerinden yapılan dolaylı bir simgesel anlatımla kitlelere aktarılmaktadır. Futbol da söz konusu aygıtlar içerisinde, oyunun büyük popülariteye sahip olduğu hemen her ülkede, en çok başvurulanlardan biridir. Futbol gibi, kitle iletişim araçları da, kalabalık topluluklara ulaşmaya başladıkları günden itibaren, ideolojilerin yansıtılması doğrultusunda en çok kullanılan aygıtlar arasındaki yerlerini almışlardır. Dolayısıyla hem futbol, hem de medya, bu açıdan ortak bir paydada buluşmaktadır. Bunun sonucunda ideolojilerini kitlelere yansıtmak isteyen kesimler, sık sık futbolla medyayı iç içe geçmiş bir biçimde kullanma yoluna gitmişler, özellikle de futbol üzerinden vermeye çalıştıkları mesajların taşıyıcısı olarak medyayı kullanma formülünü tercih etmişlerdir. iii ABSTRACT THE UTILIZATION OF FOOTBALL AS AN IDEOLOGICAL APPARATUS AND ITS REFLECTION ON THE MEDIA Ö. ONUR ERDEM Key Words: Football, Ideology, Ideological Apparatus, Media The curiosity of mankind on playing games by kicking round objects since the Ancient times have reached to a totally new dimension in the 19th century with the birth of football. Football, which has begun to be played and followed by enthusiastic crowds almost in the every corner of the world in a short period, has transformed into a tool as a result of this, by the power hordes that aim to have control over the masses and to direct those masses much more easily, to be used on those manners. Throughout the definitions that were made by famous philosophers on the concept of „ideology‟, the evaluation of ideology as the ideas or the false ideas of a social group, class or a political power that‟s in the ruling position, is frequently mentioned. For the transmission of the ideas in question to the masses, sometimes various apparatuses are called upon and ideologies are transmitted to the masses by an indirect symbolical expression through these apparatuses. Football, within the apparatuses in question, is one of the most frequently used in the places where it has a vast popularity. Just as football, the mass media, since the day it began to reach large crowds, has taken its place among the apparatuses that are most frequently used to reflect ideologies. Thus, both football and media share a common ground on this matter. As a result of this, the groups that want to reflect their ideologies, have preferred to use football and media in a combined way time after time and especially they opted for the formula of using media as the transmitter of the messages that they try to give through football. iv ÖNSÖZ 19. Yüzyıl‟ın ikinci yarısında İngiltere‟de doğan futbol, aradan geçen yaklaşık 150 yıllık süre zarfında dünyanın dört bir köşesine yayılmış ve ulaştığı noktaların büyük bir kısmında da insanlar tarafından en çok sevilen ve takip edilen spor haline gelmiştir. Futbolun bu popülerliğinin doğal bir sonucu da, geniş kitlelere bir şekilde yön vermek isteyenlerin, bu doğrultuda kestirme bir yol izlemeleri için, futbolu bir araç olarak kullanmaları olmuştur. Futbolun sadece bir spor olmaktan çıkması ve önemli bir toplumsal, siyasi ve ekonomik olguya dönüşmesi, özellikle Avrupa‟da sosyal ve iktisadi bilimler alanında son yıllarda futbol üzerinde hatırı sayılır derecede çalışmanın yapılmasına da yol açmıştır. Ülkemizde de son yıllarda futbolun bu boyutu, dünyanın küçülmesinin de etkisiyle, hayli ilgi çekmeye başlamıştır. Ancak bu noktada daha çok sonuca odaklanılmakta ve futbolun nasıl bir ideolojik aygıt haline geldiğine değil de, sadece futbolun ideolojik bir aygıt olmasının belli başlı örnekleri ele alınmaktadır. Benim yapmaya gayret ettiğim çalışmadaysa biraz daha ayrıntılara girilme yönünde çaba sarf edilmiş ve futbolun ideolojik karakteri, „ideoloji‟ kavramı üzerine bugüne dek yapılan en belli başlı tanımlamalar dikkate alınarak, bu tanımlamalar üzerinden örneklendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Kökleri, insanoğlunun haberleşme ihtiyacı duyduğu andan beri icat etmiş olduğu onlarca değişik ilkel haberleşme yöntemlerine kadar uzanan kitle iletişim araçları da, hitap ettikleri kitleler zamanla büyüdükçe, o kitlelere yön verilmesi konusunda, sıkça kullanılan silahlara dönüşmüşlerdir. Bu açıdan futbol ile kitle iletişim araçları arasında bir paralellik olduğu açıktır. Dolayısıyla bu iki olgunun, aynı amaç doğrultusunda bir arada kullanılması da kaçınılmazdır. Böylece çalışmada, futbolun kitle iletişim araçları vasıtasıyla bir ideolojik aygıt olarak ne şekilde kullanılabildiğinin üzerinde ayrıca durulması kararlaştırılmıştır. v Bu düşüncelerle çıkılan yolda şekillenen “Futbolun Bir İdeolojik Aygıt Olarak Kullanılması ve Bunun Medyadaki Yansımaları” adlı çalışma, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Gazetecilik Anabilim Dalı çatışı altında, Yard. Doç. Dr. Güven BÜYÜKBAYKAL‟ın danışmanlığı çerçevesinde yapılmıştır. Bu noktada öncelikle çalışma boyunca benden hiçbir zaman vaktini, ilgisini ve bilgisini esirgemeyen, hepsinden daha önemlisi bana karşı her zaman engin bir hoşgörü ile yaklaşarak beni çalışmanın tamamlanması yönünde sürekli pozitif bir biçimde motive eden değerli hocam Yard. Doç. Dr. Güven BÜYÜKBAYKAL‟a teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Yine çalışma boyunca bana karşı sabrın ve desteğin en yoğununu göstererek çalışmanın tamamlanmasında çok büyük bir paya sahip olan sevgili eşim Gökçe ÇELİKYAPI ERDEM‟e de ne kadar teşekkür etsem azdır. Bunun dışında çalışmamın son bölümünde benden yardımlarını esirgemeyen ve yoğun iş tempolarında bana zaman ayıran Sn. Bağış ERTEN ve Sn. Tanıl BORA‟ya da gönül dolusu teşekkürler... Ve son olarak bana hem okumayı hem de futbolu sevdiren, dolayısıyla bu çalışmanın ortaya çıkmasında birinci dereceden etkili olan, daha da önemlisi, benim iyi bir eğitim görebilmem için ömrü boyunca elinden ne geliyorsa yapan ve böylesine bir çalışmanın altından kalkabilmem için gereken donanımı edinmemi sağlayan canım Annem Meral ERDEM‟e sonsuz teşekkürler... Bu çalışma, herkesten önce onun eseridir. Işığı bol olsun... Ö. Onur Erdem İstanbul, 2010 vi ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER Sayfa ÖZ................................................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT................................................................................................................iv ÖNSÖZ.........................................................................................................................v İÇİNDEKİLER...........................................................................................................vii KISALTMALAR.......................................................................................................xiv GİRİŞ............................................................................................................................1 1. FUTBOLUN TARĠHSEL GELĠġĠMĠ..................................................................6 1.1. Ayaktopu Oyunlarının Geçmişi........................................................................6 1.1.1. Eski Mısır‟da Ayaktopu Oyunları.............................................................6 1.1.2. Han, Tang, Song ve Ming Hanedanlıkarı Döneminde Çin‟deki Ayaktopu Oyunları.....................................................................7 1.1.3. Japonya ve „Kemari‟ Örneği.....................................................................9 1.1.4. Orta Asya Türkleri ve „Tepük‟................................................................10 1.1.5. Avustralya Yerlilerinin Köklü Geleneği: Marn Grook...........................11 1.1.6. Eski Yunan ve Roma‟daki Ayaktopu Oyunları.......................................13 1.1.7. Orta Amerika‟daki „Mitolojik‟ Ayaktopu Oyunu...................................14 1.1.8. Britanya Adaları‟ndaki İlk Ayaktopu Oyunları.......................................17 1.1.9. Floransa‟ya Özgü Bir Oyun: Calcio Fiorentino......................................20 1.1.10. Bilinen Diğer İlkel Ayaktopu Oyunları.................................................21 1.2. Modern Futbolun Kökenleri............................................................................22 1.2.1. İlkel Ayaktopu Oyunlarından Modern Futbola Geçişin Başlıca Sebepleri.........................................................................23 1.2.2. „Public Schools‟ Döneminde Yaşanan Gelişmeler..................................24
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