Gaming the World : How Sports Are Reshaping Global Politics and Culture / Andrei S

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Gaming the World : How Sports Are Reshaping Global Politics and Culture / Andrei S the GaminG world This page intentionally left blank how sports are reshaping global politics and culture GaminGTHE world andrei s. Markovits & lars rensMann PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON AND OXFORD Copyright © 2010 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW press.princeton.edu All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Markovits, Andrei S. Gaming the world : how sports are reshaping global politics and culture / Andrei S. Markovits and Lars Rensmann. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-691-13751-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Sports and globalization—Europe. 2. Sports and globalization—United States. 3. Nationalism and sports—Europe. 4. Nationalism and sports— United States. 5. Sports—Political aspects—Europe. 6. Sports—Political aspects—United States. I. Rensmann, Lars. II. Title. GV706.35.M3525 2010 306.483—dc22 2010006187 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data are available This book has been composed in Janson and Bank Gothic Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For Kiki Ina Samira and Cleo Rose This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface and Acknowledgmentsâ ix chapter 1 Introduction: Going Global—Sports, Politics, and Identities 1 chapter 2 The Emergence of Global Arenas: Mapping the Globalization of Sports Cultures between Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism, and Localism 43 chapter 3 The Transatlantic Transfer of Sports and their Cultures: Institutionalization and Diffusion 107 chapter 4 A Silent “Feminization” of Global Sports Cultures? Women as Soccer Players in Europe and America 157 chapter 5 A Counter-Cosmopolitan Backlash? The Politics of Exclusion, Racism, and Violence in European and American Sports Cultures 207 chapter 6 The Limits of Globalization: Local Identity and College Sports’ Uniquely American Symbiosis of Academics and Athletics 271 Conclusion 316 List of Acronyms 327 Index 331 This page intentionally left blank PrefaCe and AcknowledGments this project started in June 2006 when Andrei Markovits, to his immense delight, assumed the summer position of “Fußball-Professor” (soccer pro- fessor) at the University of Dortmund when that city featured one of host Germany’s most eminent venues of the World Cup soccer tournament. Dortmund also happens to be Lars Rensmann’s place of birth and the home of his parents. It was Markovits’s honor to meet Gerd Rensmann, Lars’s father (now deceased), and one of Germany’s most renowned sports journalists, before the two proceeded to the city’s famed Westfalenstadion, home to Rensmann’s beloved Borussia, to watch Brazil defeat Ghana. That fall, Rensmann commenced his position, co-sponsored by the German Academic Exchange Service (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdi- enst—DAAD) at the University of Michigan. We are very grateful to the DAAD and the University of Michigan for giving us the institutional pos- sibility to expand our friendship into a scholarly collaboration that both of us enjoyed immensely. Our being colleagues at the same university led us to coauthor a number of publications, not least a book on sports entitled Querpass: Sport und Politik in Europa und den USA (Verlag Die Werkstatt, 2007). This book constitutes at best a distant sketch to our current work and is in no way its German precursor, let alone equivalent. Above all, being colleagues at the wonderful University of Michigan has provided us many hours of priceless visits to the Big House to watch football, Yost Arena to attend hockey games, Crisler Arena to witness a long-overdue resurgence in Michigan basketball; and the professional sports’ offerings in the Detroit metropolitan area, including our enjoying the Red Wings at “the Joe,” the Pistons at the Palace of Auburn Hills, and the Tigers at Co- merica Park. Alas, we have yet to attend a Lions game at Ford Field to- gether. But we are certain that this will happen soon. Permit us to say a few words about the sports terminology that informs this book. As bicontinental sports fans, we know that our readers in Britain would have preferred our using the word “supporters” instead of “fans.” We are fully aware of the common language that divides us, none more gravely than in the world of sports. We know that “pitch” has a different meaning in Britain than it does in America. Since this book was coauthored x Preface anD Acknowledgments by an American and a German teaching at an American university, pub- lished by an American university’s press, and meant mainly for American audiences, we have chosen to follow the language common to the Ameri- can sports world. Thus, when we speak of football, we mostly mean the game played with an oblong ball on the gridirons of North America; and soccer to us connotes its cousin played with a round ball propelled by legs, head, and body though never hands on a slightly larger field. However, we refused to be dogmatic about the usage of such terms and trust the reader’s intelligence and good will in understanding our meaning from the context wherein a particular term appears. We are convinced that our liberal usage of a transatlantic vocabulary will not confuse the reader’s understanding but enhance it, perhaps even shed some light on the complexities of mean- ing that these terms connote to their respective carriers and players. All books owe their existence to many more people than their authors. This one is no exception. Markovits expresses his most profound gratitude to the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (CASBS) of Stanford University, whose leadership consisting of Claude Steele, Anne Petersen, Lynn Gale, and Linda Jack in 2008–9 made his stay at this unique place possible. Without the Center’s intellectual ambiance and, above all, the luxury of granting its fellows time to think and write, this book would never have happened. Any serious reading of this work will reveal the bevy of knowledge that Marion Fourcade, Kieran Healy, Philip Howard, John Lucy, Gina Neff, Charles Phelps, Woody Powell, Martin Ruef, and Abigail Saguy imparted to Markovits in the course of this enriching experience. Their learned insights and brilliant ideas enhance the book’s intellectual value immeasurably. Markovits would also like to thank the University of Michigan for various mini-grants over the years that, when compounded, have proven to be quite maxi. A book on sports is perhaps a better forum than any other in which to express his utmost gratitude to the University of Michigan, which has been exceptionally good to him in every conceiv- able way. Go Blue! Apart from the DAAD, which has been supportive of his work in so many ways, Rensmann is grateful to the University of Michigan, its De- partment of Political Science and, most importantly, the people that shape it. They have provided an invaluable, indeed superb, academic environ- ment. It is a fabulous place to teach, to do research, and to think “outside the box”—to invoke an image so congruent with this book in more ways than one. There are many colleagues and friends to whom Rensmann owes insights and ideas that appear in this book. He is especially grateful to Seyla Benhabib, Lisa Disch, Klaus Drechsel, Joshua Ehrlich, Samir Gan- Preface anD Acknowledgments xi desha, Malachi Haim Hacohen, Donald Herzog, Christoph Kopke, Mika Lavaque-Manty, Cosimo Ligorio, Cas Mudde, Jennet Kirkpatrick, Anne Manuel, Duston Moore, Anthony Pinnell, Dirk and Jörg Rensmann, Ar- lene Saxonhouse, Elizabeth Wingrove, and Mariah Zeisberg for their comments, criticism, and intellectual presence—and in some cases also for great conversations about sports. Most important, he is greatly indebted to Markovits for his tremendous academic and intellectual support of all of Rensmann’s scholarly pursuits over the years—far beyond the scope of this collaboration. Rensmann would also like to thank his mother Ingrid, who has always been there for him, and his father Gerd, who passed away in 2007. Gerd would have enjoyed reading this work. Both of us would like to express our thanks to our research assistants Ravi Dev, Julian Trobe, and David Watnick who, at various stages of our project, proved wonderfully helpful. David Smith has been an invaluable resource and sounding board for every imaginable topic in politics, cul- ture, economy, society—and sports. His erudition never ceases to amaze us. Clara Platter proved to be a stellar editor in every imaginable manner from the book’s conception to its publication. Our manuscript’s two anon- ymous readers offered us comments and insights that most decidedly im- proved the quality of our final product. We are grateful to them for the diligence and deliberations that they devoted to our work. Lastly, we owe everything to our respective families, who sustain us with their love and humor that transform the travails that accompany the writing of any book into a pleasurable experience. It is to them that we dedicate this work. Ann Arbor, February 7, 2010—Super Bowl Sunday This page intentionally left blank the GaminG world This page intentionally left blank Chapter 1 introduCtion: GoinG Global—sPorts, PolitiCs, and identities Sports matter. They hold a singular position among leisure time activi- ties and have an unparalleled impact on the everyday lives of billions of people.1 We show how, why, and for whom this has been the case for well over a century on both sides of the Atlantic.
Recommended publications
  • From Custom to Code. a Sociological Interpretation of the Making of Association Football
    From Custom to Code From Custom to Code A Sociological Interpretation of the Making of Association Football Dominik Döllinger Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Humanistiska teatern, Engelska parken, Uppsala, Tuesday, 7 September 2021 at 13:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Associate Professor Patrick McGovern (London School of Economics). Abstract Döllinger, D. 2021. From Custom to Code. A Sociological Interpretation of the Making of Association Football. 167 pp. Uppsala: Department of Sociology, Uppsala University. ISBN 978-91-506-2879-1. The present study is a sociological interpretation of the emergence of modern football between 1733 and 1864. It focuses on the decades leading up to the foundation of the Football Association in 1863 and observes how folk football gradually develops into a new form which expresses itself in written codes, clubs and associations. In order to uncover this transformation, I have collected and analyzed local and national newspaper reports about football playing which had been published between 1733 and 1864. I find that folk football customs, despite their great local variety, deserve a more thorough sociological interpretation, as they were highly emotional acts of collective self-affirmation and protest. At the same time, the data shows that folk and early association football were indeed distinct insofar as the latter explicitly opposed the evocation of passions, antagonistic tensions and collective effervescence which had been at the heart of the folk version. Keywords: historical sociology, football, custom, culture, community Dominik Döllinger, Department of Sociology, Box 624, Uppsala University, SE-75126 Uppsala, Sweden.
    [Show full text]
  • Stephen Parkinson Amid the Glory of London 2012, the Successes of Two Olympic Medallists-Turned-Tory Mps Are Well Known. Seb
    Stephen Parkinson Amid the glory of London 2012, the successes of two Olympic medallists-turned-Tory MPs are well known. Seb Coe, mastermind of the 2012 Games, won gold for the 1,500 metres and silver for the 800 metres at the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and repeated the feat four years later in Los Angeles; Colin Moynihan, Chairman of the British Olympic Association, won silver for rowing as the cox of the men’s eights in Moscow 1980. Both sit on the Tory benches in the House of Lords, having previously been MPs: Moynihan in Lewisham East (1983–92) and Coe in Falmouth & Camborne (1992–7). But how many other Conservative politicians have represented Britain at the Olympics? Rather a lot, as it happens – including some who did so at the same time as they were in the House of Commons. The UK’s first Olympic champion was a politician, but neither a British nor Conservative one. The Irish Nationalist John Pius Boland, who sat for South Kerry from 1900 to 1918, won the country’s first two medals at the first Olympiad of the modern era, the 1896 Games in Athens. It seems to have been done on a whim: as an undergraduate at Oxford two years earlier, Boland had heard a Greek student at Balliol, Konstantinos Manos, speaking at the Oxford Union about the modern revival of the Olympics, in which he was involved. The two became friends and Boland ‘looked him up’ a couple of years later after heading to Athens to see the Games.1 Boland was only supposed to be a spectator, but – with help from Manos – entered the lawn tennis tournament ‘on the spur of the moment’, playing in leather-soled shoes with ‘a tennis bat of sorts’ he picked up at a local bazaar.2 He won the men’s singles and, after the partner of the German he had beaten in that tournament dropped out of the doubles with an injury, Boland stepped into his place and won that too.3 Luckily for him, the Games ‘were held about Easter, and it was possible to be back at Oxford in time for my last summer term’.4 1 John Boland, Irishman’s Day: a day in the life of an Irish M.P.
    [Show full text]
  • A Statement from U Sports in Support of the Canadian Football League's Cfl
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE A STATEMENT FROM U SPORTS IN SUPPORT OF THE CANADIAN FOOTBALL LEAGUE’S CFL 2.0 STRATEGY January 25, 2019 TORONTO – U SPORTS President and Chief Executive Officer, Graham Brown has released the following statement: “On behalf of U SPORTS our 56 Member Institutions and four Conferences we want to publicly endorse the Canadian Football League’s strategy for growth, sometimes described as CFL 2.0. In recent meetings, Commissioner Ambrosie has told us the CFL wants to leverage its plan to help strengthen U SPORTS football. The CFL wants to increase its talent pool and create new markets for its product by forming partnerships with football leagues in the more than 40 countries beyond the U.S. and Canada that play gridiron football. We believe a stronger, more prosperous CFL can only mean better opportunities for our athletes who aspire to play in the CFL. The CFL wants to create new pathways for Canadian football players to play in Mexico or abroad when their U SPORTS or Junior Football careers are over. We are excited by the prospect of our athletes being able to continue to play the game they love, just like those in other sports such as hockey and basketball. It will give some of them an opportunity to grow and develop and return to play in the CFL. It will give many more the chance to experience new countries and cultures as they pursue their futures. The CFL wants to encourage more foreign players to enroll and play football in Canadian universities. We believe that could mean an infusion of international students in our classrooms and talent in our football programs.
    [Show full text]
  • SPORT and VIOLENCE a Critical Examination of Sport
    SPORT AND VIOLENCE A Critical Examination of Sport 2nd Edition Thomas J. Orr • Lynn M. Jamieson SPORT AND VIOLENCE A Critical Examination of Sport 2nd Edition Thomas J. Orr Lynn M. Jamieson © 2020 Sagamore-Venture All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission from the publisher. Publishers: Joseph J. Bannon/Peter Bannon Sales and Marketing Manager: Misti Gilles Director of Development and Production: Susan M. Davis Graphic Designer: Marissa Willison Production Coordinator: Amy S. Dagit Technology Manager: Mark Atkinson ISBN print edition: 978-1-57167-979-6 ISBN etext: 978-1-57167-980-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2020939042 Printed in the United States. 1807 N. Federal Dr. Urbana, IL 61801 www.sagamorepublishing.com Dedication “To produce a mighty book, you must choose a mighty theme. No great and enduring volume can ever be written on the flea, though many there be that have tried it.” Herman Melville, my ancestor and author of the classic novel Moby Dick, has passed this advice forward to myself and the world in this quote. The dynamics of the sports environment have proven to be a very worthy topic and have provided a rich amount of material that investigates the actions, thoughts, and behaviors of people as they navigate their way through a social environment that we have come to know as sport. By avoiding the study of fleas, I have instead had to navigate the deep blue waters of research into finding the causes, roots, and solutions to a social problem that has become figuratively as large as the mythical Moby Dick that my great-great uncle was in search of.
    [Show full text]
  • The Oxford V Cambridge Varsity Sports
    Fixtures 2013 Changing Times 1 The format of the Achilles Annual Report went largely un‐ ACHILLES CLUB changed from 1920 unl the 1960’s (and if any one can Saturday 16th February ‐ Varsity Field Events & Relays ‐ Lee Valley unearth the lost Reports of 1921‐23 we would be thrilled!). 23‐24th February ‐ BUCS Indoors ‐ Sheffield EIS It was then a small A5 booklet, containing a couple of pages ANNUAL REPORT Saturday 9th March – CUAC Dinner describing the Club’s acvies during the year, the results of the Varsity Match and other compeons, and a compre‐ 13th‐23rd March—OUAC Warm Weather Training ‐ Portugal hensive list of members and their addresses. 24th‐31st March ‐ CUAC Warm Weather Training‐ Malta 3rd‐19th April ‐ Oxford & Cambridge US Tour 6th April ‐ Oxford & Cambridge v Penn & Cornell ‐ Cornell www.achilles.org th 2012 15 April – American Achilles Foundaon Dinner, at Harvard ‐ contact Tom Blodge [email protected] 16th April ‐ Oxford 7 Cambridge v Harvard & Yale – Harvard Saturday 27th April ‐ Achilles: Kinnaird/Sward Meeng – Kingston‐upon‐ Thames Sunday 28th April ‐ CUAC Sports ‐ Wilberforce Road 4‐6th May ‐ BUCS Outdoors ‐ Bedford Saturday 18th May ‐ Varsity Sports ‐ Wilberforce Road, Cambridge During the 1970’s and early 1980’s publicaon lapsed, and Achilles Dinner, at St Catharine’s. Chief Guest: Jon Ridgeon. Contact Tom Dowie when I revived it in 1986 it was in A4 format. Over the [email protected] years, as technology and my IT skills have improved I’ve Wednesday 29th May ‐ Achilles v Loughborough ‐ Loughborough sought to expand the content and refine its presentaon, Saturday 29 June ‐ Achilles, LICC Round One ‐ Allianz Park (formerly but always maintaining the style and identy of the Reports Copthall Stadium) of the Club’s first 50 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Relationship Marketing in Sports – the Fan Perspective
    CHAPTER 4 Relationship Marketing in Sports – The Fan Perspective Learning Outcomes CONTENTS On completion of this chapter the reader should be able to: Overview of Chapter - describe the nature of supporters Introduction - explain why fans are so important for professional sporting organisations The Importance of - provide examples of special offers to fans Fans for Professional Sporting - discuss the various opportunities for sporting organisations to obtain information about their fans Organisations - describe how sporting organisations can react to fans’ complaints The Nature of Fans - illustrate how sports entities can build good relationships with their fans The Relationship Between Sporting Organisations and their Fans OVERVIEW OF CHAPTER Establishing and Maintaining Healthy This chapter starts off with a brief section on the importance of fans for Relationships with professional sporting organisations, followed by a detailed description of the Fans nature of sports fans. Then the relationship between sports entities and their Conclusions fans will be analysed and specific examples of relationship marketing Discussion Questions instruments provided. The chapter includes various case studies, involving the English Football Association as well as clubs from the NHL, the NBA and Guided Reading different football leagues around the world. Websites INTRODUCTION Imagine the business of sports without fans. No spectators at sports matches, no buyers of merchandising, no potential customers for sponsoring 63 64 CHAPTER 4: Relationship Marketing in Sports – The Fan Perspective companies, no recipients for the sports media. Such a scenario would be unthinkable. The sports business in general (and professional sporting organisations in particular) need fans who are willing to spend their time, their emotions and their money for their favourite sports team.
    [Show full text]
  • Dear Sir Or Madam, the Fort Bend Gridiron Football League
    Dear Sir or Madam, The Fort Bend Gridiron Football League has been a part of our local communities for over 10 years, with a single mindset of “Building Character and Community Through Youth Football" and providing athletes with a “Smarter, Safer Way to Play.” When Bucky and Tracey Richardson started our league a decade ago, they created an organization with the mentality that all children in our communities desiring to play youth football should have the opportunity, and through their involvement, we could help provide the youth of our community with the necessary tools for them to become successful young adults. A lot of excitement regarding our league exists within Fort Bend County. We believe it is primarily because of how we differ from other youth sports organizations. The key differences of our league are that it is a zoned youth football league, where the team on which you play, is the same as the high school to which you are zoned, and the fact that it is our unique culture to support the local high school football teams and booster clubs within our communities. Often, the same kids will go on to play for their middle school and eventually high schools. The league strives to align its goals and mission with the local school district wherever possible, creating and building a “small town” feel where kids grow up wanting to become a future Panther, Longhorn, Ranger, Falcon or Charger and play under the lights on Friday night. Our organization believes that kids going to school together should be playing football together and building a trust and friendship that play a key role in building a community.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Andrew Bryant SHC Thesis.Pdf
    THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS REVISITING THE SUPERSTAR EXTERNALITY: LEBRON’S ‘DECISION’ AND THE EFFECT OF HOME MARKET SIZE ON EXTERNAL VALUE ANDREW DAVID BRYANT SPRING 2013 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for baccalaureate degrees in Mathematics and Economics with honors in Economics Reviewed and approved* by the following: Edward Coulson Professor of Economics Thesis Supervisor David Shapiro Professor of Economics Honors Adviser * Signatures are on file in the Schreyer Honors College. i ABSTRACT The movement of superstar players in the National Basketball Association from small- market teams to big-market teams has become a prominent issue. This was evident during the recent lockout, which resulted in new league policies designed to hinder this flow of talent. The most notable example of this superstar migration was LeBron James’ move from the Cleveland Cavaliers to the Miami Heat. There has been much discussion about the impact on the two franchises directly involved in this transaction. However, the indirect impact on the other 28 teams in the league has not been discussed much. This paper attempts to examine this impact by analyzing the effect that home market size has on the superstar externality that Hausman & Leonard discovered in their 1997 paper. A road attendance model is constructed for the 2008-09 to 2011-12 seasons to compare LeBron’s “superstar effect” in Cleveland versus his effect in Miami. An increase of almost 15 percent was discovered in the LeBron superstar variable, suggesting that the move to a bigger market positively affected LeBron’s fan appeal.
    [Show full text]
  • All the Flowers in Shanghai
    William Morrow An Imprint of HarperCollins Publishers FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Contacts: Andy Dodds, (212) 207-7498 [email protected] Amy Jacobs, (212) 843-8077 [email protected] AA FFAATTHHEERR FFIIRRSSTT How My Life Became Bigger Than Basketball By Dwyane Wade Publication Date: September 4, 2012 In A FATHER FIRST: How My Life Became Bigger than Basketball, Dwyane Wade, a current co-captain for the Miami HEAT and eight-time NBA All-Star, shares insights on his life both on and off the court with a large focus on fatherhood, a topic of deep personal significance. Wade reveals his thoughts on fatherhood, detailing his personal experiences as a parent, and tracing his transformation from being the child of a single parent to now serving as one himself. In the book, Wade opens up and reveals for the first time the intimate and traumatic details of his growing up and also the prolonged battle with his ex-wife for sole custody of his two sons, touching on: · His mother’s struggles as a drug addict, and his growing up in Chicago among gangs, drug dealers and police raids (including a gut-wrenching story of young Dwyane finding a dead body in a garbage can) · How he pulled himself up from such a life, thrived through basketball and maintained his devotion to his mother · He has never talked about the prolonged battle with his ex-wife over sole custody of his two sons and why doing so was the most important thing in his life; and how the constant media attention has affected him and his boys · His advocacy for fathers taking a strong
    [Show full text]
  • ACRONYM 12 - Round 1
    ACRONYM 12 - Round 1 1. A subreddit inspired by this physical action banned over 300,000 of its members in July 2018. A ​ figure from Nidavellir [nid-uh-vell-EER] named Eitri created an object used to perform this action, after which his people were slaughtered. After performing this action, its perpetrator converses with a girl who asks (*) "What did it cost?". After being injured by the axe Stormbreaker, a native of Titan ​ claims "you should've gone for the head" before performing this action. Trillions were turned to dust by, for 10 points, what action taken using a completed Infinity Gauntlet? ANSWER: Thanos snapping his fingers (accept The Snap; prompt by asking "what action did he take?" ​ ​ ​ ​ answers like "Thanos killing half the universe" or "Thanos using the Infinity Gauntlet") <Nelson> 2. In a 2014 fake documentary, a man made of this product claims "life is sweet, at least for me." In ​ lieu of a proper commercial, this product was advertised via a one-time-only, 30-minute musical staged on Super Bowl Sunday in 2019. In a 2018 ad, a man produces this product by milking a (*) giraffe. Another ad for this product set behind a set of bleachers depicts a girl contracting a "pox" in which this product manifests on her skin. For 10 points, name this fruity candy whose aggressively weird commercials order you to "taste the rainbow." ANSWER: Skittles <Vopava> ​ ​ 3. In 2001, an NFL player at this position tore his ACL while celebrating after a play. Mark Moseley ​ won the NFL's MVP award playing this position in 1982, the only such player to do so.
    [Show full text]
  • Ike Hi-Life December 2016 Vol
    EARTHQUAKE OLD VS. NEW IS CHEERLEADING SURVIVOR WORKS HIP HOP: WHAT A SPORT? 2 TO ACHIEVE GOALS 3 DOES PIKE THINK? 4 PIke High School 5401 W. 71st St. Indianapolis, IN 46268 ike Hi-Life December 2016 Vol. 75 Issue 3 Is the dress code fair? Many believe it disproportionately targets girls, while others think it’s OK HALEIGH STINER guys, it should be stricter for things like sagging, what kind Editor-in-chief of logos and symbols and The dress code policies words are written on them,” at many schools around the science teacher Ms. Danielle country have caused a lot of Lord said. controversy. Pike also has a Brown, who personally has dress code that some people been called out for wearing disagree with. Many people leggings with a jacket, agrees find the dress code sexist. with Ms. Lord. “(The dress code) is mostly “I feel like it should be less focused on (girls),” junior Dar- focused on females,” Brown ling Brown said. said. “In general, it’s just kind For example, Brown said, of unnecessary.” the rules about showing Certain students feel it shoulders and wearing leg- Sarah Medrano / Hi-Life should just be enforced dif- Juniors Michael Condon, Kiran Patel, Monica Pineda and gings target females more ferently. Anisha Mahenthiran wear hooded sweatshirts without the than males. “I don’t really think the hoods up, abiding by the school dress code. Junior Elizabeth Bowers dress code specifically should said, in reference to the dress as girls cannot wear leggings like junior Natalie Benedict, be changed. I just think the code, “The sexualization of without proper coverage.
    [Show full text]
  • Within the International Federations
    Within the International Federations Towards a new Winter Festival Fédération Internationale de Ski by Sigge Bergman (FIS) former Secretary-General of the FIS When summer sunshine is warming Europe the World CUD will provide the climax of the and the beaches are filled with enthusiastic season. The first will be in Laax (SUI), 5th swimmers, the ski officials the world over are December (Men), and Val d’lsére (FRA) 7th- seated around green tables in the South and 8th December (Women). Thereupon and up to in the North, putting together competition 18th-19th March, when the Cup final will be programmes for the coming winter. And at the organised in Furano (JPN), the élite will meet same time, the competitors start their training in all the 69 events (Men 38, Women 31) at 35 on snow-either in Australia, in Chile or, if they different competition sites in 11 countries and wish to stick to Europe, on the glaciers of the on three continents. It will be of a very special Alps and of Norway. interest to follow the cup events on the future Olympic venues in Sarajevo. The working schedule of modern skiing com- prises all the months of the year. The Men’s Cup programme contains new In lnterlaken (SUI) the Alpine competition events: the “Super G” will have its world programme has been put into shape. As the première, as will also the new combined season 1982/83 does not include Winter events : Downhill-Super G and Slalom-Super Olympics or World Ski Championships (WSC), G. As distinguished from former events of the 603 same kind, each combined competition, also A new evidence of the extension of skiing all those for women, will be organised at the same over the world was given at the latest FIS site.
    [Show full text]