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Australia and Oceania (1911) UNIVERSITY OF CAUIpRNIA LIBRARY Los^j^gelj This bd^kris bL)&^fi,the lastUate stamped below. IVev 1/ 1964 A.M. 1 This book is DUE on tl date stamped belo FORNIA, LIF. Digitized by the Internet Arcliive in 2007 witli funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation littp://www.arcliive.org/details/australiaoceaniaOOIierbiala AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA ©escrtpti&£ ©eograpfjics from ©risinal ^cuices AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA SELECTED BY F. D. HEKBEKTSON, B.A. (Lond.^^ EDITED BY A. J. HERBERTSON M.A. (Oxon.), Ph.D. (Freiburg i. B.) PROFESSOR OF GEOGRAPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD LONDON ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK 1911 ^ T\;' is to me a standing marvel how scholars can cendflie. for all these centuries, to have only the name of . lips, . • . never one , ^ , hills and rivers on their and I Une of conception of them in their mind's sight." '.1' John Ruskin. First published, 1903 Uniform u-ilh this Volume 2s. 6d. each ^ Price Afbica America (North) America (Central AND South) Asia British Empire British Isles Europe 8 1 3 By the same Author. MAN AND HIS WOEK An Introduction to Human GEOORArHY Second Edition. Illustrated. Small Crown &vo. Cloth. Price Is. Qd. PEEFACE The modern teaching of geography, like that of history, lays increasing stress on the value of original authorities. One of the first steps in this direction was the biblio- graphy appended to Sir Archibald Geikie's Teaching of Geography, followed in 1897 by Dr. H. R. Mill's Hints to Teachers and Students on the Choice of Geographical Books, compiled at the request of the Geographical Association. The present series goes a step farther, and attempts to depict the world in the language of men who have seen it. The task of preparing the present volume has not been an easy one. Our colonies at the other side of the world are too new to offer many attractions to travellers, and most of the available books of travel lay more stress on the material aspects of city life than on the natural geographical features ; the rate of progress is so rapid that authorities soon get out of date. Great use has been made of the official publications of the various Colonial Governments, and teachers are advised to apply for samples to the Agents- General of the various colonies, who will supply some of them at a nominal cost. The journals of the Australasian Geographical Society often contain useful articles, but are practically inaccessible in this country. For the Asiatic and Pacific Islands there are several standard books of travel. VI DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALASIA The editors desire to express their thanks to Lord Brassey, H. M. Cadell, Esq., of Grange, Dr. H. 0. Forbes, Dr. Furness, Dr. F. H. H. Guillemard, Dr. A. C. Haddon, Professor S. J. Hickson, Dr. A. R. Wallace, and other authors; to Messrs. W. H. Allen and Co., A. and C. Black, Long- mans, Macmillan, Sampson Low, Sonnenschein, the Religious Tract Society, and other publishers ; and to the Royal Geographical Society, the Royal Scottish Geo- graphical Society, and the National Geographic Society (U.S.A.), for permission to make use of copyright works, and to H. M. Cadell, Esq., and Dr. A. C. Haddon for the loan of photographs. Oxford, 1903. CONTENTS I. The Malay Archipelago PAOE 1. Through the Sunda Strait Dr. H. 0. Forbes 1 2. Scenery of Sumatra . D. G. Fairchild 2 ^ 3. Java .... Sir Stamford Baffles 7 4. The Seasons in Java Sir Stamford Baffles 11 i/ 5. Batavia .... Anon. 12 6. Travelling in the Forests of Borneo3 . Carl Bock U^ 7. A Borneo Long House . Dr. A. C. Haddon 16 8. The Bamboo in Borneo Sir Spencer St. John 19 9. The Edible Birds'-Nest Trade . Dr. W. H. Furness 19^ 10. The Philippine Islands . F. F. Hilder 22 11. In the Coffee District of Celebes Professor S. J. Hickson 29 12. The Home of the Nutmeg Dr. F. H. Ouillemard 32 13. Uses of the Sago Palm . Dr. A. B. Wallace 33 II. New Guinea 14. The Ascent of the Astrolabe Mountains . J. H. Shaw 3(3 15. A New Guinea Tribe (Port Moresby District) Alexander Morton 38 ^ III. AUSTIIALIA 16. Surf on the Great Barrier Reef . J. B. Jukes 43 17. The Wonders of a Coral Reef . J. B. Jukes 44 vii . viii DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALASIA PAGE 18. Vegetation of Australia . , . J. P. Thomson 46 "\.19. Aspects of the Australian Landscape Charles Darwin- 53" ' — 20. A Glimpse of Australian Animal Life . Anon. 55 21. The Murray River . J. P. Thomson 57 22. The Gates of the Murray . Henry Kingsley 60 23. Discovery of the True Character of the Murray-Darling System . Captain Sturt 24. An Australian River coming down in Flood Sir T. L. Mitchell 67 25. Australian Lakes .... J. P. Thomson 69 26. In the Australian Scrub . Ernest Gfiles 70 V 27. In the Australian Desert . Captain Sturt 73 - 28. Heat in the Australian Desert . Captain Sturt 29. Camels in the Australian Desert . J./. F. Conigrave 77 •30. Glimpses of Native Life in the Central Australian Desert . Captain Sturt 78 y 31. An Australian Native Climbing a Tree J. F. Mann 81 32. Natural Divisions of Queensland . A.J.Boyd ,82 / —33. Fruits and Vegetables of Tropical Queensland ...... T. Wright 84 34. Sugar Planting in Queensland . Hon. H. Finch Hatton 87 35. Mountain Scenery of Southern Queensland .... E. Evans 36. .The Darling Downs . E. Evans 92 37. Sheep- Shearing on a Queensland Sheep Farm .... W. Stirling 98 38. A Queensland Gold Mine . Anon. 101 39. Brisbane .... H. Willoughhy 103 40. Across the Blue Mountains Charles Darvnn 104 41. Resources of New South Wales 109 42. Sydney Harbour . J. A. Frovde 111 43. Victoria as a Pastoral Colony . G. A. Brown 114 44. The First Sight of Melbourne . J. A. Froude 118 45. The Gold-Mining Towns of Victoria . H. Willoughby 120 46. The Colony of South Australia . J. F. Conigrave 121 — CONTENTS FADE • 47. Agriculture in South Australia J. F. Conigrave 123 48. Adelaide .... J. F. Conigrave 124 49. The Overland Telegraph Line H. Willoughhy 126 50. From Albany to Perth J. M. Price 127 51. Gold in "Western Australia . J. S. Battye 131 52. Tasmania .... J. Bonwick 133 53. First Sight of Hobart Town . J. Martineau 136 IV. New Zealand 54. New Zealand . H. M. Cadell 138 55. In the Hot Lake District of the North- Island .... W. P. Beeves 140 56. The Kauri Districts of the North Island ...... P. W. Barlow 144 57. Auckland J. Murray Moore 146 58. The Southern or New Zealand Alps . J. Bradshaw 149 59. Lake Scenery of the South Island . Hon. J. Inglis 150 60. Across the Plains of the South Island ...... IV. Westgarth 152 61. The New Zealand Frozen-Meat Trade J. Bradshaw 155 V. The Pacific Islands 62. Agriculture and Food Plants in the Pacific Islands (a) The Yam, Taro, and Banana in Fiji . J. Home 157 (A. W. Greely and {b) The Coco-nut in Samoa . 1«2 \j. H. Mulligan (c) The Bread-Fruit Tree . W. Ellis 165 63. Some Characteristic Features of Island Life— (a) The Manufacture of Tapa Cloth . Captain Cook 168 (6) Kava Drinking .... Captain Cook 169 (c) Some Domestic Arts of the Solomon Islanders . H. B. Guppy 170 {d) An Ingenious Method of Baking . Captain Cook 172 — X DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALASIA p 64. Two Types of Dwelling (a) Fijian Houses . T. Williams 173 (6) Tree -Houses in the Solomon Islands W. Coote 177 65. Hawaii and its Lake of Fire . Lady Brassey 180 66. First Impressions of Tahiti . Lady Brassey 186 67. A Walk in Tahiti .... Charles Darwin 188 68. Samoa Commander H. Webster 193 69. Cruising in the Friendly Islands . E. Reeves 196 70. A Glimpse of Fiji . C. F. Qordon-Cumminrj 199 71. Ascent of Mount Tanna in the New Hebrides . J. W. Lindt 202 72. Scenery of the Solomon Islands . H. B. Guppy 205 73. New Caledonia . Hon. H. Abercromby 206 Bibliography 208 Indkx 217 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS On the Muuuay Rivku Frontisiricce PAGE 1. Coco-nut Palm, Xouth Bouneo .... 9 " " 2. A Borneo Long HousK . .17 3. Blowpipe Siiooteus, Bokneo . .21 4. Manila Hemp Puepauation . .2.5 5. Paddy Field recently planted . .20 C. Tobacco Plant ...... 27 7. Pottery-making, Port Moresby . .39 8. Great Barrxepv Reef ..... 45 9. Saltbush in Queensland . .49 10. Timber-cutting (Karri) . h\ 11. Pine-apple Field, Queensland . .85 12. Arrowroot Field, Queensland . .86 13. Tree-Ferns . .91 14. Bullock Team drawing Timber in Queensland . 94 1.5. Harvest-field on the Wap.wick Downs, Queensland 9.5 16. Travelling Sheep to Water during a Drought . 99 17. Brisbane ....... 105 18. Sydney Harbour ...... 113 19. Wool Barges on the Murray River . 115 h xii DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALASIA PAGE 20. Orchard Work in Victoria 117 21. Melbourne 119 22. Adelaide . 125 23. Perth, Western Australia 129 24. Sheep Farm in Tasmania 135 25. Artesian Bore in Queensland 137 26. Wairoa before and after th^ Eruption 143 27. Auckland Harbour from Mount Eden . 147 28. Fijian House .... 175 29. Tree-House, Gasiri, Central District of New Guinea 178 30. Honolulu—the Seat of Government . 185 31. Tai-o-hai—Port of Entry to the Marquesas 191 32. Apia, on Upolu .... 195 33. Fijian Canoe under Sail 201 INTEODUCTION Australia and Oceania In the present volume the islands of South-Eastern Asia, tlie continent of Australia, and the islands of the Pacific Ocean are described. It will be convenient to discuss each separately. The Islands of Sodth-Eastern Asia The islands which lie between the mainlands of Asia and Australia, strictly speaking, belong to Asia, and the dividing line between the two continents may be drawn along the margin of the Australian continental shelf west of New Guinea and the Aru Islands.
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