Franklin Mineral Digest Franktin glineraltTical (Association AND FRANKLIN MINERAL DIGEST

BOX 408 - MIDDLEBURGH, N. Y.

The following statements are taken from letters received by the secretary from Association members during the past year regarding the FMA, its activities and the Digest: "I want to compliment you on this Digest, because I am certain it represents a great deal of work on your part and it is something you may well take pride in." G.J.S., White Plains, N. Y. "Enjoyed the Digest and wish to compliment the Association for the nice job. I cer- tainly feel the Association is setting out to perform a very valuable and worthwhile work." J.M.P., Bountiful, Utah "I want to congratulate you and your club there in N.Y. I have just finished your fine work (Digest) on the Franklin complex. It will make a nice textbook, and I treasure it." G.C.D., Overland, Missouri "This is a mighty fine issue, carrying a great deal of valuable data, and printed on extra good paper with a mighty fine mechanical job. You have done a lot of work here and I do hope it gets the support so justly deserved." H.C.D., Portland, Oregon "It's a great service you folks have done in reprinting the Palaehe article as well as the other items in the first issue of the Digest." R.G.H., Des Moines, Iowa "The Digest seems to have gone over very big in this section. Many of my friends were interested so I was able to get several to join the FMA." R.H., Bloomfield, N.J. "I think this a wonderful organization (FMA) and the Franklin Mineral Digest is a very interesting document. I am proud indeed to be a part of this fine organization." E.J.A., Pittstown, N.J. "We found this Digest extremely interesting and useful and would like to dis- tribute these extra copies to some friends. I feel that every member of the club owes you a sincere vote of thanks for your efforts in producing this book." F.Z.E., Sparta, N.J. "It looks like you have done an excellent job, and you and your organization are to be commended for your efforts and objectives in wishing to preserve the informa- tion about the Franklin minerals." K.W., Trenton, N.J. "Congratulations on the first FMA Digest. For a mineral association so young, this is a truly great accomplishment. The publications alone are worth the price of mem- bership." D.H., Gettysburg, Pennsylvania "I was more than pleased to learn of the aims of the new Franklin Mineralogical Association. I should think that these aims will certainly fill a long-felt need." H.K., Union, N.J. "I was greatly interested in the copy of the Digest you sent us." E. L., Los Angeles, California "The copies of the Digest have been very well received here at the North Jersey Mineralogical Society." J.J.D., Clifton, N.J. "I must compliment you and tell you what a marvelous accomplishment you have in this volume. That this represents an enormous amount of spare-time work is evi- dent. Your material is well chosen, well edited, apparently complete and current, and beautifully presented. Again, my congratulations." C.A.B., Lansdale, Pennsylvania

Volume 1 Franklin Mineral Digest December 19 5 8

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREAMBLE TO THE CONSTITUTION 2

THE MINERALS OF FRANKLIN AND STERLING HILL, SUSSEX COUNTY, NEW JERSEY — Charles Palache 3

CONTRIBUTIONS TO FRANKLIN MINERALOGY — THE FLUORESCENT MINERALS — Cook, Fisher, Mutschler, Navratil _19

THE BUCKWHEAT AND PARKER DUMP MINERALS, FRANKLIN, N. J. _27

THE POST-PALACHE. FRANKLIN AND STERLING HILL MINERALS— Sunny Cook Collection _31

The Franklin Mineral Digest is the official publication of the Franklin Mineralogical Association. It is pub- lished once a year at Middleburgh, New York. Copies are available through membership of two dollars a year in the Association.

MAILING ADDRESS

Franklin Mineralogical Association, Gerald J. Navratil, Secretary-Treasurer and Editor,

Box No. 70, RFD No. 2, Middleburgh, New York Preamble to the Constitution of the Franklin Mineralogical Association

We of the Franklin Mineralogical Association dedicate ourselves to the following principles and objectives: (1) to unite all individuals interested in the Franklin-Sterling Hill, Sussex County, New Jersey district and to coordinate independent activities for mutual benefit. (2) to gather and disseminate information relative to the district to all members via: a) a circulating library b) the Franklin Mineral Digest c) other means as prove workable (3) to foster a spirit of individual responsibility to the group objectives. (4) to safeguard, preserve and transmit to posterity the historical, geological and mineralog- ical knowledge pertinent to the Franklin district. ( 5) to honor the memory of Bauer, Berman, Palache and the other giants of the Franklin era. (6) to promote a campaign of safety-mindedness among collectors visiting the Franklin col- lecting areas. (7) to aspire to a high order of scientific inquiry. (8) to perpetuate the prominent position enjoyed by the Franklin district in the mineral- ogical world. (9) to enhance the collections of individual members. (10) to confirm the authenticity of minerals from the district. (11) to establish a mineral museum representative of, and devoted exclusively to minerals from the Franklin district. (12) to cooperate with existing groups and societies of kindred spirit. THE MINERALS OF FRANKLIN AND STERLING HILL, SUSSEX COUNTY, NEW JERSEY, BY CHARLES PALACHE, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 180, 1935

ABSTRACT inspired the hope that it might be possible, even The mineral deposits of the Franklin area are after a century of mining, to prepare a fairly remarkable alike for their great size, their complete and detailed description of the miner- wealth of mineral species, and the unusual char- alogy of these remarkable deposits, in many acter of the minerals composing them. More respects the most interesting that this country possesses. than 140 minerals, described in this paper, have This paper contains a full description of the been found in the district, 32 of which were minerals of the district, preceded by a brief first found there, and 30 are not known else- where in the world. This proportion is the more statement of their occurrence, geologic rela- tions, and associations in the rocks and a resume noteworthy because among the 30 are included of the several hypotheses of the origin of the 2 of the 3 principal ore minerals of the district. The chemical composition of the ore bodies ore deposits. is not less unusual than their mineral complex- ity. Oxides of zinc, iron, and manganese, in a INTRODUCTION ratio of 3 to 21/4 to 1, make up two thirds of Sources of Material their mass, and the remainder consists chiefly The study of the minerals of the Franklin of calcite and silicates in a ratio of about 3 to 1. area spans more than a century and is still far No other ore has an even remotely similar com- from complete. In this paper, data scattered position. It is therefore not remarkable that the through a score of journals have been compiled interest of mineralogists has long been attracted and combined to prepare a consistent and de- to the deposits. tailed description of the many minerals already Geologists, too, find interesting problems in found. The author has endeavored to summar- the area. The occurrence of similar deposits of ize what has been published on the minerals roughly identical form at Franklin (formerly known in the area and has therefore made many called Franklin Furnace) and at Sterling Hill, references to the literature. In order to avoid the age of the limestone containing them and numerous footnotes, the papers in the practic- its relation to other rock formations, the genesis ally complete bibliography, are listed chrono- of the ores and the processes through which they logically and numbered serially, and references have acquired their present peculiar characters, are made by inserting in the text, in parentheses, and several minor problems—all have been and the numbers, as listed in the bibliography, of in part still are subjects of interested study and the papers cited. speculation. It has also been possible, through the study Investigation of the Franklin ore deposits and of collections, to fill many gaps in the knowl- minerals has extended over more than a cen- edge of some species, and the data regarding tury, but none of the many papers published the place and mode of occurrence of all known concerning them includes an adequate descrip- species were obtained as completely as possible tion of 'both the deposits as a whole and of all Of the numerous collections studied, four the minerals found in them. Especially is there stand out preeminently. Easily first is the Can- no comprehensive statement of the grouping of field collection, now in the United States the minerals, as the lists of species issued from National Museum. Begun about 18 5 0 by Fred- time to time give the reader little clue to the erick Canfield and actively increased by his son, association of the minerals in the rocks. The Frederick A. Canfield, it was long preserved in preparation of this paper was first suggested the family home near Dover, N. J. The suites by the realization of this lack, and the knowl- of specimens from the earliest workings at both edge that the local collections are exceptionally Mine Hill and Sterling Hill are very complete complete and yet are inadequately described and are quite unrivaled. The collection is also 3

Page 4 Franklin Mineral Digest rich in representative specimens of later discov- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS eries. The frequent references to this collection Through a variety of circumstances unnec- in the mineral descriptions give some idea of essary to enumerate, this study has extended the importance of the Canfield collection to the over a period of 25 years, and several of those to student of Franklin minerals. whom I am personally indebted are no longer The collection of Mr. E. P. Hancock, of Burl- living. Certain obligations, however, are too ington, N. J., was particularly informing be- great to remain unmentioned. cause most of its specimens were personally Dr. John E. Wolff first suggested that I un- collected by him. During annual visits each dertake the comprehensive study of the min- mineral locality was watched and studied by eralogy of the Franklin district, my first visit him in company with Mr. Losey, of Franklin, to which was made in his company, and his aid and many new finds were made. Mr. Hancock has always been freely given. His intimate was therefore able to furnish much valuable in- knowledge of the geology and mineralogy of formation regarding the occurrence of several the New Jersey Highlands, gained by years of minerals. After his death in 1916 his collection close study, scant credit for which was given was acquired by Harvard University, where it in the reports dealing with the area, has made is preserved intact as part of the Holden col- his counsel particularly valuable. lection. To Mr. F. A. Canfield, who died in 1927, The Losey collection was long one of the mM- thanks were due for hospitality extended on re- eralogic sights of Franklin. It had about the peated occasions, for invaluable information, same range as the Hancock collection, as regards for material for study, and for an excellent col- the earlier finds, but as the maker was no longer lection of photographs of his choicest specimens. living when it was studied by the author it had Col. W. A. Roebling, until his death in 1927, to be viewed through Mr. Hancock's knowledge repeatedly supplied material for investigation of it alone. It was acquired by Mr. A. F. Holden and comparison, and the study of his collection in 1911 and came to Harvard University as on more than one occasion yielded valuable part of his bequest. data. Mr. Lazard Cahn has brought to the Har- The collection of Mr. W. J. I. Kemble, at vard mineral collection, through a long term of Newton, N. J., was also interesting, particu- years, many unusual specimens which his keen larly for its personal associations. It was rich in and discriminating eye had discovered in the series of the earlier mineral discoveries, and as local collections at Franklin, and these were Mr. Kemble's memories of Franklin reached placed freely at my disposal for study. back to the days when its mineral treasures Mr. R. B. Gage, chemist of the Highway were first being brought to light, and as many Commission of New Jersey, has supplied valu- of his specimens had been collected on trips with able chemical analyses and much material for visiting mineralogists of that earlier period, study. Dr. C. H. Warren has contributed some much valuable information was gained from unpublished analyses, and his friendly counsel study of this collection with its owner. The col- has often been sought. During the last few years lection was dispersed after Mr. Kemble's death the most prolific source of information has been in 1915. the staff of the chemical laboratory of the New Other collections that furnished valuable data Jersey Zinc Co. at Franklin. Mr. David Jenkins regarding Franklin minerals were those of J. J. and Mr. L. H. Bauer have collaborated with McGovern, T. Lang, G. Rowe, E. D. Shuster, me in many investigations, and several chemical H. H. Hodgkinson, and G. Stanton, all in analyses of Franklin minerals, made by them, Franklin; that of W. A. Roebling, of Trenton, are published here with the permission of the N. J., now in the National Museum; the collec- company. tion at Rutgers College; the Bement, Caswell, To my colleague, Prof. E. S. Larsen, I am in- and Columbia School of Mines collections in debted for numerous optical determinations New York; the Brush collection at New Haven, and for kindly advice, freely given. Also my with its many types of Franklin species; the assistants, Harry Berman and L. W. Lewis Fiss collection of microminerals at Philadel- (died, 1933), have given me constant and un- phia; and the collections at Harvard University, failing help in optical and crystallographic de- among which the Stanton collection is now in- terminations, in the separation of samples for cluded. chemical analysis, and in the preparation of Franklin Mineral Digest Page 5 many of the figures of crystals. Mr. Berman has chiefly of franklinite, willemite, zincite and also collaborated in the preparation of several calcite, the first three commercially valuable papers on the minerals of the district. Mr. F. A. ores of zinc, manganese, and iron, and the Gonyer has made several of the most recent fourth the only important gangue mineral. analyses. Dr. Laurence LaForge has made a crit- Normally these minerals are intimately inter- ical revision of the whole manuscript and has mixed in granular form, the grains of the ore done much to eliminate from it the discrepan- minerals being in general noticeably rounded cies resulting from repeated rewriting of parts and the interlocking calcite grains forming the of the text through a long period of years. He matrix of the mass. Generally also one or more also made several of the drawings of crystals. of the ore minerals is somewhat concentrated in layers roughly parallel to the walls of the Bibliography (omitted) deposit, giving a markedly banded appearance to the mass of the ore. THE FRANKLIN MINING DISTRICT General Features History Scientific knowledge of the Franklin minerals Geology began with the discovery of zincite by Bruce in The geologic relations of the ore deposits 1810, but scanty records of earlier date show were described by A. C. Spencer in the Franklin that the deposits had long before attracted the Furnace folio (no. 161) of the Geologic Atlas attention of miners. Old deeds exist in which of the United States, issued in 1908. The rocks Sterling Hill, then known as the "Stirling of the district comprise limestone, sedimentary tract," when returned to the heirs of Anthony gneiss, igneous gneiss, and intrusive lenses of Rutgers in 1730, was called the "copper tract." pegmatite, all of pre-Cambrian age, overlain According to Farrington, mining engineer of on the west by the Hardyston quartzite (Cam- the first New Jersey Zinc Co., the locality was brian) and Kittatinny limestone (Cambrian probably first exploited by Dutch miners from and Lower Ordovician) . The pre-Cambrian the Hudson Valley, who worked copper de- rocks are cut by a few camptonite dikes of post- posits in the Delaware River drainage basin in Ordovician age, and on the east the Kittatinny 1640, sending their product through the Wall- limestone is faulted down against the Franklin kill Valley to the Hudson at what is now Kings- limestone. Glacial deposits of several sorts mask ton. What ore they sought at Sterling Hill is the bedrock of considerable areas. not certain, but to them are assigned consider- The structure and composition of the ore able mine workings there that were already bodies and the enclosing rocks are fully de- ancient when Lord Stirling owned the property scribed in the folio, with maps and sections about 1770. They had probably mistaken the showing the extent and form of the ore bodies red zinc oxide for copper oxide, as did Lord as known in 1908. The geologic map of the Stirling, who about 1772 shipped some tons of mining district published in the folio is repro- it to England for smelting as an ore of copper. duced as plate 1 in this paper, with the addition The ore shipped seems neither to have been of the mineral localities most frequently re- smelted nor to have been recognized as really ferred to in the description of the minerals. a zinc ore. Pieces of it, however, found their Little has been published since 1908 regard- way into English mineral collections and ing the geology, and there has been no detailed later, their origin having been forgotten, were description of the extensive mining develop- credited to various localities where zincite has ments of recent years, but the papers by Ries never been found. Lord Stirling's attempt to and Bowen and by Spurr and Lewis contain utilize the abundant franklinite on his property some valuable new information. as a source of iron was similarily unsuccessful. The two main ore bodies are essentially alike He sent a large amount of it to his furnace at in form and composition. Both are tabular Charlottesburg at great expense, but the un- masses, folded in warped synclines with hook- suspected zinc and manganese in the ore pre- shaped outcrops and both are wholly enclosed vented its successful smelting, and for years in Franklin limestone, their folds pitching it lay on the ground unused. In spite of this northeastward in accord with the general struc- failure an iron furnace was erected at Franklin ture of the pre-Cambian rocks. Both consist about 1770, which was unsuccessful for the Page 6 Franklin Mineral Digest same reason and by 1820 had fallen into ruin. newly discovered ores. He was not very suc- The paper of Dr. Bruce, an enthusiastic min- cessful but Ballou, one of his associates, was eralogist of New York City, describing the able to prepare white zinc oxide directly from zincite and calling attention to its abundance zincite and, grinding it in oil, to make paint and value as a zinc ore, was the first step toward that was used on the Fowler house at Franklin a right understanding of its chemical composi- some years before that pigment was developed tion. He did not, however, discover the true in Europe. In 1838 metallic zinc was reduced character of the more abundant franklinite, from zincite on a small scale, at Colonel Fow- which he mistook for magnetite, as all before ler's suggestion, to make brass for a new set of him had done. Still, Bruce's description of zinc- standard weights and measures for the United ite caused the geologist Maclure to send abroad States government. Ultimately, Colonel Fowler specimens of it, which contained franklinite. sold the mineral properties, reaping but a scanty Some of these reached the French chemist Ber- reward for his unceasing labor in making them thier, by whom that mineral was properly de- known. scribed as an oxide of zinc, manganese and In 1850 the ore bodies were first successfully iron. He named it from its place of origin and exploited by the first New Jersey Zinc Co., and pointed out its value as an ore of all three of since then there has never been a question of the contained metals. their value and usefulness. The complicated In 1816 the mineral-bearing property came history of the mining and litigation during the into the hands of Dr. Samuel Fowler, a man of development of the district to its present flour- scientific attainments and business talent of a ishing status will not be given here, but that high order. He was the first to appreciate the history and that of the progress in the dressing unusual character and great potential value of and metallurgical treatment of the ores has been his mineral deposits, and he took every means related by Wetherill, one of the participants in of informing himself about them. His son, Col. the events described. Further details of the early Samuel Fowler, who later inherited the tract, history of the mines may be found in the resumed mining operations. The two Fowlers pamphlet 'by Shuster. Those interested in the interested many leading chemists and geologists present method's of mining the ores will find of the period, who visited the locality and an excellent account in the paper by Haight recorded their observations in a number of and Tillson. papers. Between 1820 and 1844 the district was The outlines of the geologic structure and visited by Alger, Gibbs, C. T. Jackson, Keating, the principal minerals in the ore deposits having Maclure, Nuttall, Seybert, Torrey, Troost, and been described in the early papers, considerable Vanuxem, and doubtless others of similar tastes time ensued during which little of scientific made the pilgrimage to the hospitable home of interest appeared. Local collectors, however, the Fowlers. Nuttall and Torrey, especially, were actively watching developments at the were deeply interested, visited the area fre- mines, and several new and interesting minerals quently, and sent many specimens abroad, were found and preserved during those years. which were studied by European mineralogists Colonel Fowler, Frederick Canfield, Woodruff, and added much to our knowledge of the min- Losey, Hancock, and Kemble were the best erals. Vanuxem and Keating discovered wille- known among the collectors of that period. mite, the third important ore mineral, and The exploitation of the calamine deposits at they and Troost described jeffersonite and other Sterling Hill, in 1870 led to the discovery of new minerals. Alger, who about 1844 became several new minerals, with whose description part owner of the property, was also interested are associated the names of Moore, Roepper, in the minerals, experimented at his Boston and Brush. Active interest in the geology of the foundry on the reduction of the ores—unsuc- deposits was renewed with the sinking of the cessfully, it must be said—and was active in Trotter shaft in 1880 and the opening and distributing broadcast to the scientific world stripping of the hook-shaped mass of ore in the specimens of the unique minerals of the district. Buckwheat open cut on Mine Hill. The dis- Dr. Fowler also attempted to develop his cussion of the age of the ores and the white property commercially. Failing to enlist capital limestone containing them was settled only to work the deposits on a large scale, he used his with the paper by Wolff and Brooks in 1898. own means to experiment on the uses of the The many minerals developed in pneumatolytic Franklin Mineral Digest Page 7 zones about the pegmatite at the Trotter shaft In 1897 all the properties at Mine Hill were were described by Koenig and Penfield and re- consolidated under the management of the awoke mineralogic interest in those unique present New Jersey Zinc Co. and a new method deposits, which was further heightened by the of mining was established. remarkable suite of new species found by Han- The Palmer shaft, an incline 1,500 feet long cock and Ferrier in the workings at the Parker sunk in the footwall gneiss near the north end shaft in 1896 and described by Penfield and of the western outcrop of the ore body, was Wolff. driven to the bottom of the syncline, and Since 1900 there have been many interesting through it all ore is hoisted to a single concen- additions to the list of Franklin minerals. As trating plant. The ore is removed 'by a system of the bibliography shows, new species are fre- stope slicing and topslicing introduced by R. M. quently discovered and described. Every large Catlin and described in a paper by Haight and collection of Franklin minerals contains much Tillson, engineers of the mine. The ore as it material not yet identified, and there seems to reaches the shaft head is thrown on a grizzly, be almost no end to the variety of chemical and the oversize passes on, after being washed, compounds that might be formed under the to a circular picking table, where waste is re- peculiar conditions attending the development moved by several men. Specimens found on the of this mineral deposit. picking table may therefore have come from any part of the mine, and only specimens ac- Mines and Mineral Localities tually found in the mine and located by the finder can be assigned to any definite locality More than a century has passed since minerals other than merely Franklin. Many exact loca- from this area were first described. Few of the tions in the mine are given, however, in recent earlier papers gave details of the localities and papers. Localities are designated by the depth the mode of occurrence of the minerals, and and by pillar numbers, north or south of an changing conditions of mining operations have east-west line through the Palmer shaft. made obsolete some of the locality names form- As pillars and slices are emptied of ore they erly used. In order to make clear many of the are filled with waste, part of which is tailings references to such localities a brief statement and waste from the picking table but much of the mining operations in the district seems more of which is rock broken from the mass of necessary. limestone between the two legs of the ore body The original outcrop at Franklin (named and conveyed into the mine by chutes. All the Franklin Furnace until 1913) in the township older localities on and about Mine Hill that of Hardyston, was a small eminence named at were within the original outcrops of the ore an early date Mine Hill. The outcrop, half a body, including all the older mines, have been mile long, of the western leg of the ore body obliterated by the later operations. was first opened by cuts and inclined shafts At Sterling Hill, in the township of Sparta, worked independently. Such were the Ham- where the ore originally cropped out, as at burg mine, the Trotter mine, and the Dingdong Franklin, in an eastern and western leg or shaft. In 1852 the eastern leg of the ore body "vein," were the earliest authentically known was discovered in what was then called the workings, the Lord Stirling pits. The space be- Buckwheat field. The pitching synclinal con- tween the two legs of the ore body was worked nection of the two legs was laid bare much for calamine by two open-cut mines called the later and came to be known as the Buckwheat Passaic and the Noble. Work on the main ore mine or Southwest opening, and still later, body ceased about 1900, and the property was when worked by stripping, as the Buckwheat idle for a time. About 1913 a shaft was sunk open cut. The Taylor mine was on the eastern and extensive underground development was leg of the ore body near the north end of the begun. At Sterling Hill also there is a picking outcrop. About 1890 diamond drilling on the table, on which specimens are sometimes found. east side of Mine Hill proved the northward Caving operations to obtain filling material extension underground of the eastern leg of have obliterated the evidence of earlier mining the ore body, which was reached by sinking the in considerable parts of the Sterling Hill area, vertical Parker shaft, nearly 1,000 feet deep. as at Franklin. Page 8 Franklin Mineral Digest THE ORE DEPOSITS Apatite-A,B,C,D. Friedelite-A. Average Composition of The Ore Apophyllite-A. Gageite-A. Aragonite-A. Gahnite-A,D. The average mineral and chemical composi- Arseniosiderite-A. Galena-A,B,D,E. tion of the ore of the Franklin district, as es- Arsenopyrite-A,C, Ganophyllite-A. tablished by many hundred mill and assay tests, D,E. Glaucochroite-A. is approximately as follows: Aurichalcite-A. Goethite-A. Mineral Chemical Azurite-A. Graphite-D. composition Percent composition Percent Barite-A. Greenockite-A. Franklinite 43 ZnO 31 Barylite-A. Gypsum-A. Zincite 1 FeO 25 Barysilite-A. Halloysite-A. Willemite 26 Mn0 10 Bementite-A. Hancockite-A. Other silicates, Beryllium vesuvi- Hardystonite-A. such as garnet anite-A. Hastingsite-A. and rhodonite 5 Si02 9 Bornite-A. Hedyphane-A. Calcite 25 CaCO3 25 Bustamite-A. Hematite-A,D. Cahnite-A. Hetaerolite-A. 100 100 Calamine-A. Heulandite-A. The data in the first column was kindly sup- Calciothomsonite- Hodgkinsonte-A, plied by the New Jersey Zinc Co., with A. D. permission to publish them. The chemical com- Calcite-A,D,E. Holdenite-A. position was computed from them and is not Calcium larsenite- Hyalophane-A. exact, as some of the iron and manganese should A. Hydrohetaerolite be stated as sesquioxide. Celestite-A. A. In contrast to the rather simple mineral com- Cerusite-B. Hydrozincite-A. position of the ore bodies as a whole are the Chalcocite-A. Ilmenite-D. number and variety of the minerals they con- Chalcophanite-A. Jeffersonite-A,B. tain in very minor amount. Of the more than Chalcopyrite-A, Kentrolite-A. 140 minerals found in the district, at least 120 B,D. Larseni'te-A. are found in the zinc-ore deposits, and nearly Chloanthite-A. Lead-A. 100 are found only in those deposits. (See list Chlorite-A. Leucaugite-A,C,D. below). In the following sections the associa- Chlorophoenicite- Leucophoenicite- tion of the minerals in groups according to their A. A. geologic occurrence, is described, with special Chondrodite-D. Limonite-A. reference to the further grouping of the min- Clinohedrite-A. Lollingite-A. erals in the zinc ores according to their genetic Copper-A. Loseyite-A. relations. In order to concentrate attention on Corundum-D. Magnesium chloro- the problem of the origin of the zinc ores, the Crocidolite-A. phoenicite-A. minor mineral associations will be described Cuprite-A. Magnetite-A,B,C, first. Cuspidine-A. D. Alphabetic list of the minerals of the Frank- Cyprine-A. Malachite-A. lin district, showing their geologic occurrence: Datolite-A. Manganbrucite-A. (Occurrence in the zinc ores is indicated by Desaulesite-A. Manganite-A. A, in the pegmatite bodies by B, in the magne- Descloizite-A. Manganoaxinite- tite ores by C, in the Franklin limestone by D, Diopside-A. A. and in the Kittatinny limestone by E. Minerals Dolomite-A,D. Manganophyllite- seen only as essential constituents of the rocks Edenite-D. A,C. of the district are not included.) Epidote-A,B,C. Manganosite-A. Ferroaxinite-C. Marcasite-D. Actinolite-A,B,C, Andradite-A,B,C, Ferroschallerite-A. Margarosanite-A. D. D. Fluoborite-A. Mcgovernite-A. Albite-A,D,E. Anglesite-A. Fluorite-A,B,D,E. Microcline-B,C. Allactite-A. Anhydrite-A. Fowlerite-A,B. Millerite-A. Allanite-B,C. Anorthite-D. Franklinite-A. Molybdenite-C,D.

Franklin Mineral Digest Page 9 Mooreite-A. Siderite-A. jigs for the coarser material and on tables for Muscovite-B,D. Silver-A. the finer material. The willemite concentrate Nasonite-A. Smithsonite-A. from the Franklin mine, which constitutes Neotocite-A. Sphalerite-A,B,E. about 18 percent of the crude milled ore, con- Niccolite-A. Spinel-B,C,D. tains 44 to 49 percent of zinc, 1.2 to 3 percent Norbergite-D. Stilbite-A,B. of iron, 4 to 6 percent of manganese, and 3 to Pargasite-A. Sussexite-A. 7 percent of lime. From willemite is made a Pectolite-A. Svabite-A. high-grade spelter. Phlogopite-C,D. Talc-A,D. Zincite constitutes less than 1 percent of the Prehnite-A. Tennantite-A. crude ore and in the milling is separated with Psilomelane-A. Tephroite-A. the willemite. Pyrite-A,C,D. Thorite-B. Besides these definite mineral concentrates, Pyrochroite-A. Titanite-B,C,D. about 25 percent of the crude ore is comprised Pyrrhotite-D,E. Tourmaline-D. in products known as half-and-half, dust fines, Quartz-A,B,D,E. Tremolite-A,D. and slimes. The first is an intermediate magnetic Rhodochrosite-A. Willemite-A. product consisting of mixed grains of franklin- Roeblingite-A. Xonotlite-A. ite and silicates; the other two are mill products Roepperite-A,D. Zincite-A. and are, of course, not of simple mineral com- Rutile-C,D. Zinc cumming ton- position. Scapolite-C,D. ite-A. The minerals separated as waste in milling Schallerite-A. Zinc schefferite-A. constitute at the Franklin mine about 20 per- Schefferite-A. Zircon-B,C. cent of the crude milled ore. Calcite, more or Serpentine-A. Zoisite-B. less manganiferous, forms 92 to 96 percent of the tailings, and next in abundance is andradite Utilization of The Ores garnet, which sometimes is scarcely appreciable The minerals that are saved as ore concentrates and at other times forms as much at 2 percent or that are recognized in milling operations as of the crude ore. Part of it is separated with the considerable constituents of the waste are not magnetic fraction and part with the willemite numerous. The ore minerals are franklinite, concentrate, in both of which it is an undesir- willemite, and zincite, and the chief waste min- able impurity. Fowlerite and tephroite are rarely erals are calcite, garnet, fowlerite, tephroite, present in large amounts. Both are separated zinc schefferite, and sphalerite. mainly with the willemite and are undesirable Franklinite, the most abundant mineral in the because they increase the manganese content ore, is removed from the crushed ore by mag- of the concentrate. Zinc schefferite is rare at netic separators, and the concentrate, shipped Franklin, but at Sterling Hill it is in places to the smelting works as franklinite, constitutes sufficiently abundant to lower the grade of the about 36 percent of the crude mineral ore. The willemite concentrate. Sphalerite is rare at concentrate from the Franklin mine contains Franklin but is common at Sterling Hill, both 14 to 18 percent of zinc, 34 to 40 percent of disseminated in the ore and as a vein filling. It iron, and 12 to 16 percent of manganese. The may at times amount to nearly 1 percent of franklinite from Sterling Hill has about the he willemite concentrate, in which it is sepa- same composition, but some of it runs higher rated. As it is not reduced in the smelting pro- in both zinc and iron, and it is generally lower cess it can be regarded only as a waste product. in manganese. The silica rarely exceeds 3 per- Another element of economic importance in cent. The variation in the composition of the the mineralogy of the ore deposits is the pres- concentrate is due partly to the wide range in ence of minute amounts of compounds of lead the composition of franklinite itself and partly and arsenic, as even a trace of lead in the con- to tiny particles of various silicates that may centrate is objectionable. Besides its sparse oc- still be attached to the grains of franklinite, currence as native lead and in galena, lead is after the crushing. Franklinite is used in the found in the very rare silicates margarosanite, manufacture of zinc oxide and of spiegeleisen. barysilite, nasonite, calcium larsenite, larsenite, Willemite is the most abundant constituent and roeblingite and in the arsenate hedyphane. of the nonmagetic part of the ore. It is sepa- Of more importance is its persistent presence rated from the waste minerals by treatment in in hardystonite, as that mineral is much less rare Page 10 Franklin Mineral Digest than the true lead compounds. The arsenic Minerals In The Magnetite Deposits compounds, though rather numerous, are rare Minable deposits of magnetite are found at and local. They include the arsenides chloanthite several places in the Franklin district, both in lollingite, and niccolite; the arsenates allactite, the Franklin limestone and in the gneiss, and arseniosiderite, cahnite, chlorophoenicite, hedy- so intimately associated with the pegmatite phane, holdenite, and svabite; and the arseni- 'bodies that the genetic relation of the two can osilicates schallerite and ferroschallerite and scarcely be doubted. The minerals composing some of the friedelite. the iron ores, most of them except magnetite All the minerals listed in the preceding para- being in small amounts or very locally devel.. graph are removed from the crude ore wherever oped, are magnetite, microcline, leucaugite, epi- possible, both in the mine and on the picking dote, allanite, biotite, phlogopite, scapolite, iron table. Their total amount in the ore as mined axinite, iron garnet, iron spinel, apatite, pyrite, is inconsiderable, and such are the pains taken arsenopyrite, molybdenite, rutile, titanite, and to check the lead content of the concentrate zircon. This grouping of minerals makes highly before smelting that the zinc manufactured probable the genetic relations of the magnetite from the ore is practically lead free. bodies to the pegmatites that is indicated by their geologic relation. The absence of zinc and PARAGENESIS OF THE MINERALS manganese compounds is also a noteworthy Minerals In The Pegmatite Bodies feature of the iron ores, although minute traces Masses of pegmatite, ranging from rather of both those metals have been detected in the large lenses to small dikes, form a considerable magnetite. part of the pre-Cambrian complex. They cut both the gneiss and the limestone, and some of Minerals In The Franklin Limestone them at least are younger than the zinc-ore The Franklin limestone, commonly called the deposits, hence their intrusion probably con- "white limestone" from its color, is a coarsely tinued through a long period. Spurr and Lewis crystalline rock, ranging in composition from pointed out that in some places the pegmatite nearly pure calcium carbonate to a magnesian dikes have been squeezed into lenses or even carbonate with almost the ratio of dolomite. sheared into blocks that have reacted on their The differences in compostition do not affect whole surface with the enclosing limestone. A its appearance or degree of crystallinity. Near shearing movement sufficient to dissect the peg- the ore deposits the rock is manganesian and matite dikes so effectively could hardly have weathers black. failed similarly to affect the nearby ore bodies The white limestone, quarried as a flux had they been then in existence. As they are at Franklin, Sterling Hill and Rudeville, is well not so dislocated, it seems more reasonable to exposed and has yielded much material to min- suppose that they were formed after the intru- eral collectors. It contains a group of minerals sion and deformation of the older pegmatites. that carry neither zinc nor manganese and are The later pegmatites, on the contrary, cut the either very rare or unknown in the zinc-ore ore deposits and are not extensively deformed. deposits. In some places these minerals are found The pegmatites are of granitic composition near dikes of pegmatite or of basic rocks, and and consist essentially of dominant microline their formation was probably due to interac- and oligoclase, subordinate quartz, and acces- tion with the igneous material. More com- sory apatite, muscovite, titanite, epidote, and monly, however, they are quite isolated in the allanite and rarely thorite and zircon. Mag- limestone and either are products of its re- netite is rarely absent and may be dominant, as crystallization during metamorphism or were described in the next section. Galena and sphal- formed by the introduction from intrusive erite in minute grains are common and are rocks of new elements that had migrated far believed to be original constituents. Zoisite oc- from their source. curs as an alteration product of microcline. At The minerals in the pegmatite contact zone in the contacts of the pegmatite with the lime- the limestone include amphiboles, mainly trem- stone and with the zinc-ore bodies, groups of olite and edenite; pyroxenes, especially diopside reaction minerals and of pneumatolytic min- and leucaugite; scapolite; green and brown erals have generally been developed. They are magnesian tourmaline; and chondrodite and described on the next few pages. norbergite, intergrown or separate. The author Franklin Mineral Digest Page 11 has never seen garnet in the limestone away Primary minerals. from the zinc ores, though Spurr and Lewis Minerals of the pegmatite contact zones. describe it from the wall of the ore body. All Reaction and recrystallization products, the minerals named above except pyroxene con- or "skarn." tain some "mineralizer" such as hydroxyl, Pneumatolytic products. chlorine, fluorine, or boron—a fact that hardly Minerals of the hydrothermal veins. supports the statement of Spurr and Lewis that Minerals resulting from surface oxidation, the minerals are due to simple heat reactions hydration and carbonization. without the presence of gas. It is clearly recognized that the several groups The minerals found in isolated crystals or merge more or less, as all stages of alteration are grains in the Franklin limestone include all those represented, and several of the minerals are named in the preceding paragraph and also found in more than one group. graphite, molybdenite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, This suggested classification in genetic groups pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, fluorite, quartz, cor- is of course hypothetical, but it serves to sim- undum, hematite, ilmenite, magnetite, spinet, plify the description of the paragenesis. Most rutile, anorthite, phlogopite, titanite and apat- of the conclusions here presented are based pri- ite. This group is typical of such highly meta- marily on the study of the hand specimens, as morphosed limestones, and it is duplicated, with no detailed or systematic study of the ores in minor changes, at the well-known mineral lo- place has been made by the author nor, so far calities in Orange County, N. Y., a score of as he is aware, by any other geologist or min- miles to the north in the same belt of Franklin eralogist of the many who have visited or who limestone, and in many other limestones. In its have written About these deposits. formation it clearly owed nothing to the agen- cies that produced the ore bodies. Primary Minerals Minerals In The Kittatinny Limestone The minerals certainly to be regarded as pri- The Paleozoic strata have not been notably mary are the four—franklinite, willemite, zinc- metamorphosed or mineralized, but they were ite, and calcite—that make up nearly the whole invaded, presumAbly late in Triassic time, by mass of the two ore bodies, at Franklin and at dikes of camptonite and nephelite syenite, and Sterling Hill. To these may be added tephroite they have been profoundly faulted, probably as a rare, probably primary associate of wille- late in the Paleozoic era and again at the end of mite. The average percentage of each of the the Triassic period. Spurr and Lewis record four principal minerals in the ore has previ- "irregular subsequent impregnations of fluorite, ously been given. There are, however, several arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena and wide departures from the average. Franklinite, many other minerals" of the sort associated with alone or with calcite, forms some large masses such dikes cutting limestone. At several places of ore, and zincite is segregated in some masses in the limestone there are irregular cavities on almost to the exclusion of the other minerals. whose walls are crystals of fluorite, quartz, cal- Willemite is in a few places the only ore min- cite, al'bite, and sphalerite. eral in the calcite gangue. The typical ore, how- These occurrences are of minor significance in ever, is a layered mass of all four minerals in the mineralogy of the district but show the rather coarse grains. presence of sulphide-bearing solutions, probably The relative age of the four ore minerals was during the latest marked deformation. To such determined by Ries and Bowen through the solutions, quite possibly, are due the small and study of thin sections of the ore. These show rare veins of quartz, pyrite, sphalerite, and car- that tephroite and willemite are the earlier min- bonates that cut the ore deposits. erals and that their formation was followed by that of the franklinite and zincite but with Minerals In The Zinc Ores some overlap in time. Genetic Classification Of the four ore minerals, only tephroite and There remain for consideration the minerals willemite have been found elsewhere, and only found in the zinc-ore deposits, by far the most as subordinate constituents of ores of mangan- valuable as well as the most numerous associ- ese and zinc. The exceptional mineral character ation found in the district. They have been of the Franklin ores is convincing evidence of grouped for discussion as follows: unusual conditions controlline, their deposition. Page 12 Franklin Mineral Digest Minerals In The Pegmatite Contact Zones of them are direct reaction products between ore minerals and the silica and alumina of the General features.—The minerals in the peg- pegmatite. The other subgroup is termed pneu- matite contact zones form a complex group matolytic because it includes mostly minerals that includes more than half of the species that contain volatile elements or metals clearly peculiar to the district, as listed below: derived from the pegmatite magma. Minerals found only at Franklin or Sterling Skarn and recrystallization products. The Hill, N. J. skarn minerals, are chiefly characterized by (Species found at Franklin, F; at Sterling containing zinc, iron, or manganese, or all three. Hill, S; Margarosanite and nasonite first found Rhodonite is particularly abundant at Franklin, at Franklin, are known elsewhere only at Lang- in great masses crystallized against calcite. At ban, Sweden.) Sterling Hill the skarn was composed chiefly Cahnite, F. Mooreite, S. of jeffersonite and gahnite, but roepperite was Chalcophanite, S. Roepperite, S. abundant in places, as were large crystals of Magnesium chloro- Sussexite, F. manganese hornblende. The cyprine variety of phoenicite, F. vesuvianite occurs at Franklir intergrown with Zinc cummington- pegmatite and with rhodonite. Hardystonite, Desaulesite, F. ite, F. Calcium larsenite, found only at Franklin, seems to be transitional F. Gageite, F. to the next subgroup, as it invariably contains Chlorophoenicite, Hancockite, F. traces of lead. F. Hetaerolite, F. The primary ore minerals, in coarse aggre- Clinohedrite, F. Holdenite, F. gates and large well-formed crystals, are found Ferroschallerite, F. Larsenite, F. with skarn in many places and also in inde- Franklinite, F, S. Loseyite, F. pendent masses. Franklinite in octahedrons and Glaucochroite, F. Mooreite, S. dodecahedrons as much as 6 inches in diameter; Hardystonite, F. Roeblingite, F. willemite, particularly the manganiferous va- Hodgkinsonite, F. Schallerite, F. riety troostite, in stout hexagonal prisms a foot Jeffersonite, F, S. Zincite, F, S. or more long; and zincite in broad plates as Leucophoenicite, F. Zinc schefferite, F, much as 6 inches across, are examples of re- Mcgovernite, S. S. crystallization. Their association with skarn in some places indicates that they are related to There is a lack of detailed observations in the pegmatite intrusions, but in some places most of the mines to support conclusions based they have no such visible relation. The most on the chemical nature of the minerals, but in notable occurrence of the latter sort was found the Trotter mine the relations displayed were in the early workings at Sterling Hill, where definite and conclusive. Plainly the great heat pegmatite is less abundant than at Mine Hill. of the intrusive pegmatite not only caused re- At such places local accumulations of water crystallization of the primary minerals of the may have become an active solvent through ore but also set up a vigorous interaction be- heating by intrusions at some distance. tween those minerals and the constituents of In a few places recrystallization seems to have the pegmatite magma near the contact, and the been accompanied by some breaking down of magma was rich in volatile constituents, differ- the original minerals. This is indicated by the ing from place to place, which combined with occurrence of manganosite, although the MnO the ore minerals in a variety of new compounds. molecule is usually present only as a constituent These reactions seem to have continued through of franklinite or in solid solution in zincite. a long period of fallinc, temperature to merge Another example of it is the development of at length with purely hydrothermal processes, masses of hematite with a remarkable cubelike whose products are classed in another group. parting, intergrown with franklinite. These The group of contact—zone minerals com- masses may have been formed by the separa- prises two overlapping sub-groups. One, to tion of some of the iron of franklinite during which the convenient Swedish mining term the recrystallization. "skarn" is applied, includes silicates and oxides, Pneumatolytic products. — The subgroup which are conspicuous, especially at Franklin, composed of pneumatolytic products, which is for their abundance and brilliant colors. Most practically confined to Franklin, includes a

Franklin Mineral Digest Page 13 great variety of minerals, chiefly silicates, con- grouping may be mentioned chalcocite sur- taining some element not normally present in rounding octahedrons of magnetite and sepa- either the ore or the pegmatite, such as lead, rated from them by films of native silver; films chlorine, fluorine, boron, arsenic, and sulphur, of native copper and of native lead in axinite- with or without hydroxyl. A number of metal- willemite-barite veins; and granular aggregates lic sulphides are placed in this subgroup with of galena, chalcopyrite, bornite, pyrite, lolling- considerable doubt. ite, and sphalerite, alone or variously mingled. The mode of occurrence of these minerals is All these occurrences of sulphides are small and various. Some of them form irregular masses rare. mingled with skarn minerals, which they seem There is no sharp delimitation between the to replace; others fill definite veins in ore or pneumatolytic veins and those of the next or skarn, along whose walls more or less replace- hydrothermal group. Some species of minerals ment of the older minerals has occurred. The are found in both, but in the hydrothermal detailed paragenesis is almost infinitely variable, group there is less evidence of replacement in and only a few examples are mentioned. the walls, the veins being in general clearly The early development of the Trotter mine fissure veins. brought to light a pegmatite which was notable for the presence of green microcline and allan- Minerals of The Hydrothermal Veins ite. At the surface about the mine there was an abundance of garnet skarn, and throughout the The mineralogy of the hydrothermal veins is mine rhodonite and manganese axinite were scarcely less complex than that of the pneu- plentiful. Niccolite and chloanthite were found matolytic veins. Many of the minerals, how- in considerable masses mingled with sphalerite ever, were obviously formed at lower tempera- and purple fluorite. tures than the pneumatolytic minerals and The ore body in the vicinity of the Parker either farther from the pegmatitic intrusions shaft contained great masses of garnet-rhodon- or during later fissuring. The fissures are either ite-axinite skarn, associated with which were wholly filled or are open and crystal-lined, and many lead silicates. Here were first found nason- the veins are of characteristic form with clean- ite, margarosanite, roeblingite, and hancockite, cut walls. They are generally short and small, and with them the hydroxyl silicates leucopho- as a rule 'but a few inches thick, and many are enicite, clinohedrite, pectolite, and prehnite. At mere seams less than an inch thick. Thus, al- this locality fluorine is a constituent of fluorite, though they are fairly numerous, their total bulk is insignificant compared to the great mass cuspidine, and apatite, and copper occurs native and in cyprine. Much the same suite of min- of the ore bodies. Their most notable character- istic is their great variety of mineral contents, erals was found in the replacement veins con- as may be gathered from the following selected taining the recently found lead silicates, larsen- examples of associations found in the collec- ite and calcium larsenite. Cahnite, a calcium boroarsenate, was found in cavities in axinite, tions. in veins with willemite, hedyphane, and datol- A typical example is the paragenesis, garnet, ite, and in open vugs in rhodonite veins. willemite, zincite, leucophoenicite, gageite, Veins with the succession garnet, tephroite, chlorophoenicite, pyrochroite, calcite. Another willemite, barite, calcite seem to belong in this is the combination hodgkinsonite, willemite, subgroup. Hodgkinsonite and leucophoenicite, hetaeroiite, calcite. Rhodonite, friedelite, schal- the latter especially likely to be associated with lerite, and mcgovernite are each found as the sussexite, are widespread both as replacement sole filling of numerous fissures. Friedelite is and as vein minerals. Willemite in particularly ordinarily followed by barite and calcite. Wil- fine, complex crystals is characteristic of the lemite, especially the light-green or white fib- subgroup, and franklinite, where developed in rous variety, low in manganese and highly open veins, has a rare cubical habit. phosphorescent, is a common vein filling. Zinc- The metallic sulphides of this subgroup occur ite is known in crystals only from vugs in cal- mostly in ill-defined masses that apparently cite veins, and the form called "calcozincite" have replaced normal ore. They rarely show any is really a mixture of granular zincite with relation to the pegmatites and may be of much fibrous calcite, generally coating slickensides later introduction. As typical examples of their in ore. Page 14 Franklin Mineral Digest The arsenates hedyphane, holdenite, and al- pyritic veins at Franklin, and small amounts lactite are found in veins with calcite, whereas of calamine and hydrozincite are found in the chlorophoenicite is found with gageite and aci- gossans of veins of sphalerite. The ordinary cop- cular willemite. Ganophyllite and heulandite per oxidation minerals form about the rare are found in veins with rhodonite or sulphides. copper sulphides, and descloizite, cerusite, and The other zeolites of the list are minor vein anglesite are the alteration products of galena minerals. Sussexite is typically a vein mineral, in a pyroxene skarn at Sterling Hill. its asbestiform fibers filling narrow cracks or The exception noted above was so remarkable coating slickensides in ore. It is closely simulated that it requires special description. During the by veins of fibrous tremolite mixed with calcite. seventies the Nobel and Passaic mines, open pits Another type of vein common at Franklin in two great bodies of calamine lying in the consists dominantly of some carbonate, as a rule angle between the two legs of the ore body were strikingly layered parallel to the walls. In some the chief sources of zinc ore mined at Sterling places the filling is calcite with or without fib- Hill. When mining was begun there that area rous willemite, in other places it is siderite or an was a shallow watercourse, and the pits were intermediate calcium - magnesium - iron car- carried to a depth of more than 40 feet below bonate, and in still others it is rhodochrosite the original surface. In 1906 the sites of the ore or smithsonite. Dolomite constitutes the filling bodies were occupied by two great excavations, of a few veins with open vugs lined with crys- having roughly the shape of inverted cones, sep- tals of dolomite, calcite, albite, quartz, or sphal- arated by a wall of barren pegmatite. The bare erite, and more rarely with millerite, marcasite, limestone walls of the ore bodies then remained or the oxides goethite, manganite, and hematite. as they were left by the stripping and were Pyrochroite and chalcophanite are also found clearly seen to be solution surfaces, probably in calcite veins, and aragonite, in radiating the result of long-continued action by ground needles, coats cracks. water. These exposures have long since been Compact quartz, alone or with massive sphal- caved in by the later mining at Sterling Hill. erite or pyrite, forms thin clean-cut veins and Mr. 0. J. Conley, superintendent of jle in places shows crystals on free surfaces. On the Nobel mine in 1878, kindly went over the whole, quartz is rare at Franklin. The paragene- ground with the author and described the de- ses calcite, sphalerite, and calcite, sphalerite, posit, of which no contemporary account was quartz, willemite, crocidolite are common and published. According to Mr. Conley the cala- conspicuous vein formations. In fact, it is only mine formed a layer 6 to 12 inches thick, lying in these veins that sphalerite occurs in any note- directly on the limestone. The principal filling worthy amount at Franklin, except in the mass of the excavated mass was more or less frag- at the Trotter mine. mental, consisting of sand, clay, limestone Bementite and the closely related manganese- fragments, and loose and broken crystals of bearing serpentine are not uncommon as vein franklinite, willemite, garnet, and the like, all fillings, alone or more commonly with a carbon- stained by oxides of iron and manganese. Sepa- ate such as rhodochrosite or smithsonite. rating this loose material from the calamine It seems highly probable that the carbonate layer on the north side of the pit was a layer, and quartz veins containing sulphides were as much as 4 inches thick, of greasy black mud, formed during the much later post-Paleozoic rich in manganese, which was the cause of dan- deformation, as suggested in an earlier para- gerous slides in the pit. On the south side, in a graph. similar relation to the calamine, were found the Minerals Resulting From Surface Oxidation deposits of chalcophanite and hydrohetaerolite characteristic of this locality. Excellent speci- And Other Alteration mens of the calamine are preserved in collec- With one notable exception the minerals tions, and nearly all those examined showed formed by surface alteration are of minor in- considerable harsh brown or yellow clay ad- terest in the Franklin district. Manganese-bear- hering to their lower surfaces. This clay is rich ing serpentine forms pseudomorphs after rho- in zinc and has been called vanuxemite. donite, and desaulesite has replaced niccolite The relations of the calamine deposits to the and chloanthite at the Trotter mine. Quartz, main ore bed, as described by Mr. Conley, fully hematite, and limonite form gossans on a few established their secondary nature. There is Franklin Mineral Digest Page 15 however, other direct evidence in the presence, bedding of the limestone, and it does not ex- in the fragmental material from the pit, of plain the structure of the Sterling Hill deposit crystals of willemite still retaining their form as now developed 'by more recent mining oper- but wholly covered with needles of calamine ations. stained with manganese and of deeply corroded Contact—metamorphism hypothesis. — The franklinite crystals enclosed by and embedded hypothesis of the development of the ores in calamine. These zinc and manganese ore de- through contact metamorphism due to the in- posits resulted from the weathering of a part of trusion of the pegmatites was first proposed the outcropping ore body, the products of solu- by Nason in 1890 and was advocated in 1893 tion being carried to a lower position, where by Kemp, who misinterpreted the relations of they replaced the limestone with zinc silicate the pegmatite dikes, then poorly exposed, to and hydrous oxides of zinc, iron, and mangan- the ore bodies. It was rejected by Ries and Bo- ese. The reason for describing this deposit at wen on evidence similar to that given above, such length is that it seems to throw some light proving that the pegmatites that are in contact on the origin of the major deposits, as shown in with the zinc-ore bodies are intrusive into them. the next section. Hypothesis of replacement from magmatic solutions.—This hypothesis was adopted by Ries ORIGIN OF THE ZINC ORE DEPOSITS and Bowen. They were in some doubt whether The vexed question of the origin of these the replacement preceded or followed the fold- unique ore deposits has often been discussed, ing of the limestone but decided that it pre- and a full treatment of the matter will not be ceded the folding. According to them the "pri- attempted here. The paper by Ries and Bowen mary" minerals — willemite, franklinite, and contains an excellent summary of the several zincite — were deposited directly, in the order hypotheses that have been proposed, and this given, from magmatic solutions. may well be repeated with some comments. The chemical nature of these minerals is such Among these hypotheses those outlined below that it seems unlikely to the author that they are outstanding. originated through deposition from magmatic solutions. As far as he is aware, wherever zinc Igneous — injection hypothesis. — This hy- ores have indubitably been so deposited, it was pothesis was first offered by Rogers in 1836 and the sulphide that was formed, and the absence was suggested by Spencer in the Franklin Fur- of metallic sulphides is one of the characteris- nace folio in 1908 as the best of several alterna- tics of the primary ores of the Franklin district. tives. It was rejected by Ries and Bowen in 1922 Metasomatic—emplacement hypothesis.—The on the ground that it does not account for the author has reached the conclusion that the ore admixture of grains of Franklin limestone with bodies were formed by metasomatic emplace- the ore minerals. Nevertheless it was advocated ment in the limestone in pre-Cambrian time, by Spurr and Lewis in 1925, the ores being re- before its regional metamorphism. He believes garded by them as igneous vein dikes of sul- also that they were deposited near the surface phide magma that lost their sulphur by a later under oxidizing conditions, and that they prob- distillation at a temperature above that of fu- ably consisted largely of the hydrous zinc sili- sion. How the required oxygen was supplied is cate, calamine, together with hydrous oxides of not revealed. To the present author it seems iron and manganese and perhaps carbonates of that the strongest evidence against this hypoth- zinc and manganese. The depositing solution is esis lies in the mineral and chemical character believed to have derived its metallic contents of the ores. from the products of oxidation of a previously Sedimentary — deposition hypothesis. — The existent mass of mixed sulphides. hypothesis that the zinc ores were originally These oxidized minerals were probably de- sediments deposited with the enclosing lime- posited in more or less well layered masses whose stone and since metamorphosed with it was form may have been determined by a previous first proposed by Kitchell in 1855 and was folding of the limestone, which directed the maintained by the geologists of the New Jersey flow of the depositing solution. The minerals Survey as late as 1896. It is difficult to estab- at present constituting the deposits were, on lish, as there is no way of determining whether this hypothesis, formed by dehydration and re- the layering of the ore is parallel to the original crystallization during later profound and long- Page 16 Franklin Mineral Digest continued regional metamorphism of all the bodies may be quite independent of the sedi- pre-Cambrian rocks of the region. Thus the mentary structure. The pitching synclines con- minerals of the ore deposits acquired their char- form in attitude to the general structure of the acteristic texture and structure, so very like gneiss, but how much of the folding may have those of the enclosing limestone. The established been effected during metamorphism cannot be sequence in the ages of the minerals, the oxides determined. However, that does not matter, as being developed after the silicate, seems entirely the original form of the deposits may have been consonant with the suggested mode of origin. anything from a simple layer to a mass whose That these ore 'bodies originated through form was not unlike that now seen. The iden- metasomatic emplacement was first suggested tical texture of ore and country rock, the layer- to the writer by the characters of two other ing of the ore, the abrupt passage from ore to deposits of zinc ores having a related origin. barren limestone, the dying out of the ore The first is a small-scale illustration that has northward along the strike at Mine Hill, the the advantage of being situated in the Franklin sporadic occurrence of disseminated ore within area — the calamine deposit at Sterling Hill. the fold in the limestone at Sterling Hill—all There had been accumulated a rich ore deposit are satisfactorily accounted for by the suggested made up of parallel layers of calamine, smith- process. sonite, zinciferous clay and hydrous oxides of The chemical composition of the ore is un- iron and manganese, and the layering followed usual, chiefly in the association of zinc with the walls of the cavity in the limestone by whose both iron and manganese, but metamorphosed solution a place for the new ore was formed. metasomatic deposits of iron and manganese ore The source of this ore was the nearby franklin- are not unknown, and the addition of the ite-willemite mass, and the new ore was con- third metal merely indicates deposition under stituted in such a fashion that, had it and the unusual original conditions. The mineral com- surrounding limestone been subjected to a vig- position of the ore is conformable to the hy- orous deep-seated, high-temperature metamor- pothesis---,there is no comparable example for phism, there might well have resulted from its willemite, 'but franklinite is a spinet and is dehydration and recrystallization a new deposit therefore to be expected as a product of the closely analogous to the parent mass. postulated mode of formation. Light is thrown The second illustration is drawn from the on the presence of zincite in the recent study published descriptions of the well-known de- by Magnusson of the Langban deposits, where posits of zinc ore at Ivloresnet, Belgium, where manganosite (Mn0) and periclase (Mg0 with there are vast sphalerite replacement deposits a trace of ZnO) are shown to have been formed in Paleozoic dolomite. The sphalerite has under- from the carbonates of manganese and mag- gone profound oxidation, and the soluble pro- nesium, respectively, by high-temperature met- ducts have been transferred to the nearby amorphism. In such fashion zincite may have dolomite and have there been accumulated in been formed by the breaking down of smith- synclinal folds that 'halted the circulation. Ex- sonite in these deposits. tensive deposits consisting principally of cala- The modifications that have affected the ore mine, with some smithsonite and limonite, have bodies since their primary crystallization in thus been formed in bodies whose shape, al- their present form are relatively insignificant though in general determined 'by the structure and have been sufficiently illustrated in the of the dolomite, is independent in detail of any- foregoing paragenetic study. The only clear thing except the solvent action of the depositing evidence of the direct introduction of mag- solution. It seems not unlikely that the Belgian matic materials is found in the contact zones deposits of desulphurized zinc and iron ores are about the pegmatites, which were certainly far in all respects except in the absence of mangan- later than the ore deposits themselves. ese a good presentment of the New Jersey zinc This theory, originally outlined about 1915, ores before the great metamorphism. was first published by the author in 1929. It This hypothesis of metasomatic emplacement was followed a month later by the paper by of the ore seems to account for the observed Tarr in which the same mode of origin is postu- facts without essential conflict. The localiza- lated, but the effort is made to determine quite tion in the limestone is necessary, and the dupli- exactly the mineralogic nature of the metasom- cation is not remarkable. The form of the ore atic deposit before metamorphism. In Tarr's Franklin Mineral Digest Page 17 paper attention is drawn to Rastall's brief form- Brucite (v) Rutile ulation of a similar theory, which had escaped Cahnite Schallerite the notice of the author. Calciothonisonde Serpentine Silver Calcium larsenite Sphalerite THE MINERALS Cerusite Form of Description Stilbite Chalcophanite Svabite Chloanthite The minerals are, with a few exceptions, de- Tennantite Chlorophoenicite Thomsonite (v) scribed under the same classification and in the Clinohedrite same serial order as in Dana's "System of Min- Titanite Corundum Tremolite eralogy," sixth edition, 1892. For each the order Cum-mingtonite of treatment is, in general, first, crystallogra- Willemite (v) Zincite phy, including both facts previously noted by Cuspidine other authors and new observations, if any, Zinc schefferite Datolite Zoisite made in the course of this investigation; sec- Descloizite ond, physical and optical properties, including Dolomite Albite the latest data obtainable; third, composition, Epidote Allanite with tabulated chemical analyses and for some Ferroschallerite Andradite species a discussion of the chemical formula; Fluorite Anhydrite fourth, occurrence at Franklin and at Sterling Franklinite Apatite Hill; and lastly, for the more important species, Gageite Aragonite notes on the history of the minerals as known Galena Arsenopyrite at Franklin. Garnet (v) Axinite (v) This paper contains descriptions of 148 min- Goethite Barite erals, many of which, of course, are of slight Greenockite Barysilite importance and require but brief notes. Min- Halloysite Beryllium vesuvi- erals seen only as essential constituents of the lo- Hardystonite anite cal rocks are not included. Many species already Hedyphane Bornite known elsewhere were added to the list of those Hetaerolite 13 ustamite found in the district, and 18 new species were Hodgkinsonite Calamine discovered and described in the course of this Hyalophane Calcite investigation. Much new information on the Hydrozincite Celestite crystallography, optical constants, and compo- Jeff ersonite Chalcocite sition of the already known minerals was ac- Larsenite Chalcopyrite quired during the course of the work, and the Leucaugite Chlorite more important data of the sort have already Limonite Chondrodite been published in scientific periodicals. Loseyite Copper In the table that follows all the species and Magnetite Crocidolite varieties of minerals that have been definitely Manganbrucite Cuprite identified in the district and described in this Manganoaxinite Cyprine paper are listed in alphabetic order. Manganosite Desaulesite Margarosanite Diopside Alphabetic List of Minerals Described Microcline Edenite (Names in italic are those of varieties; names Molybdenite Ferroaxinite followed by (v) are those of species represented o-Mooreite Fluobori to by more than one variety or only by an un- Nasonite Fowlerite common variety.) Niccolite Friedelite Pargasite Gahnite Actinolite Arseniosiderite Phlogopite Ganophyllite Allactite Aurichalcite Psilomelane Glaucochroite Amphibole (v) Azurite Pyrochroite Graphite Anglesite Barylite Pyrrhotite Gypsum Anorthite Bementite Rhodochrosite Hancockite Apophylli te Biotite (v) Roeblingite Hastingsite

Page 18 Franklin Mineral Digest Hematite Prehnite The specimens, of which but a few are pre- Heulandite Pyrite served and which were received in 1909, con- Holdenite Pyroxene (v) sist chiefly of massive steel-gray chalcocite. Fracture surfaces reveal scattered, sharply Hydrohetaerolite Quartz Ilmenite formed octahedrons of magnetite, whose faces Kentrolite Rhodonite (v) are faintly marked with triangular striations. Lead Roepperite The silver forms thin sheets or films between Leucophoenicite Scapolite the chalcocite and the magnetite, exactly out- Lollingite Schefferite lining the form of the octahedrons. It does not Magnesium chloro- Siderite coat all the crystals nor does it completely en- phoenicite Smithsonite velop all on which it is present. The silver is Malachite Spinel discolored when freshly exposed, but it is per- Manganite Sussexite fectly malleable and possesses the typical color Manganophyllite Talc and other characteristics. Marcasite Tephroite The specimens contain a little massive white Mcgovernite Thorite quartz, which is later than the magnetite and Milleri'te Tourmaline is of the same age as the chalcocite. There is, Mooreite (v) Vesuvianite (v) however, no evidence of a distinct vein, and all Muscovite Xonotlite the minerals merge insensibly into typical, mas- Neotocite Zinc cummington- sive, franklinite-willemite ore. Norbergite ite It is stated by Mr. Nitchie, spectroscopist in Pectolite Zircon the Palmerton laboratory of the New Jersey Zinc Co., that silver is present in spectroscopic NATIVE ELEMENTS traces in many of the Franklin minerals. GRAPHITE COPPER C. Hexagonal-rhombohedral Cu Isometric Graphite is abundant in the Franklin lime- stone in cleavage scales and plates, at both Forms.—a (100) , o(111), d (110) , and an Franklin and Sterling Hill, and in the iron ores undetermined tetrahexahedron (1101). in the limestone. At all the limestone quarries Habit.- - ( pper crystals are very rare. Foote near Franklin it is more or less abundant describes minute distorted dodecahedrons, and wherever metamorphism through invasion by in the collection of Mr. Shuster are two crystals pegmatite has 'been effective. It has been found a quarter of an inch in diameter—one a cube occasionally in the immediate wall rocks of the modified by the dodecahedron and a flat tetra- zinc-ore bodies but not in either ore body. hexahedron, the other a dodecahedron modified In a unique specimen in the Canfield collec- by the octahedron. These crystals are but thin tion graphite forms spheroids about half an inch shells of copper enclosing cores of granular in diameter, with fibrous structure and mam- datolite, and they are embedded in a matrix of rnillary surface. The specimen is labeled from massive axinite, datolite, and willemite. Franklin, but its exact source is not known. Occurrence.—Commonly the copper is found SILVER in irregular hackly masses, films, wires or spangles, generally associated with one or more Ag Isometric of the minerals willemite, hancockite, roebling- Silver is exceptionally rare at Franklin, hav- ite, datolite, axinite, cyprine, garnet, caswell- ing 'been found there, so far as known, only ite, or barite. It was first known from the once. This occurrence, according to Mr. E. D. Parker shaft and was apparently fairly common Shuster, was on the 1,050-foot level of the there, some pieces weighing a pound having mine, about 400 feet south of the Parker shaft been found in the crushed ore after it had passed and a few feet from the footwall but entirely through the rolls. within the ore body. The total amount of Copper was first noted by Wolff in specimens material was probably not more than a few taken from a depth of about 800 feet in the pounds, of which silver formed an insignificant Parker shaft. He regarded it as surely later than part. the zinc ore and as having been introduced Franklin Mineral Digest Page 19 along shear zones by solutions. In some speci- especially with the lead silicate roeblingite and mens, however, it is embedded in clear with hancockite, native copper, and garnet. crystalline willemite, and must have been con- It was first noted by Foote. The author has temporaneous with that mineral. The associated seen it in several specimens, together with barite minerals indicate a pneumatolytic origin and and the altered mica caswellite, and in one spec- a derivation from the intrusive pegmatite. It imen as faint films in cracks in green willemite. has also been found in thin veins containing It is also found in thread-like disseminations in .hodgkinsonite, with barylite, and with the re- rhodonite, which it stains gray, and as scales in cently discovered arsenate hedyphane. veins in manganese serpentine.

LEAD (to be continued) Pb. Isometric Lead is found, in minute amount, as scales, globules, and irregular branching masses, among the rare minerals of the Parker shaft, associated

CONTRIBUTIONS TO FRANKLIN MINERALOGY -- THE FLUORESCENT MINERALS by 000K, FISHER, MUTSCHLER, NAVRATIL The purposes which prompted the following THE MINERALS work are multiple. First, it was our purpose to SPHALERITE present the findings of not just one individual but rather to present a composite drawn from As far as has been determined the common the knowledge and experience of a number of zinc sulphide so abundant at Franklin and Sterl- collectors. In this respect it was our hope that ing Hill, is not fluorescent. In the variety named we had managed to present a comprehensive cleiophane, an iron-free zinc sulphide, the min- cross section of a number of amateur mineral eral does fluoresce and phosphoresce. In daylight collectors who we further hope, typify the heart the mineral generally will be colorless with a and mind of the dedicated Franklin collector. pearly luster. No crystals have been reported Secondly, attention is given to the colloidal and usually the mineral is found in isolated, nature of a number of fluorescent minerals. small grains or as massive, compact bunches. Third it is our intention to show that a de- Two distinct characteristic occurrences have pendence solely on fluorescent properties as a been noted at the Parker and Buckwheat means of positive identification of some of the dumps. The more common occurrence is small, minerals is currently inadequate. scattered grains of cleiophane in a matrix of Fourth we hope to show that some of the massive bustamite with granular franklinite and fluorescent minerals are variable in their re- willemite. In this same matrix may also occa- sponses. sionally be encountered grains of chlorophane We concede the margin of error which may (see Fluorite) . exist where the human element is a deciding factor. The other occurrence is what appears to be Lastly it is our purpose to draw attention to transverse veins cutting the ore at Franklin. the fact that additional research work in many Here the cleiophane forms seams and tiny vein- areas of the Franklin fluorescents is imperative. lets which cut willemite-franklinite ore. Asso- Least among the purposes of this paper is that ciated with the cleiophane is what appear to be it should serve as a guide to the amateur in tiny cubic pyrite crystals. determining the identity of a Franklin mineral As a minor constituent in other mineral as- solely on the basis of ultra violet inspection. sociations, cleiophane has been noted frequently. Page 20 Franklin Mineral Digest As Mutschler noted (1) in some of its forms, waves. This statement is in general agreement the mineral may be mistaken for friedelite, with the findings of most investigators of the willemite and other minerals. He also showed Franklin fluorescents. Cook contends however, that the mineral is usually triboluminescent and that a very weak, deep red fluorescence can be thermoluminesces orange. Fisher (2) is in agree- detected with the short wave lamp but is not ment with Mutschler on the triboluminescent readily apparent. qualities of the mineral. Some specimens of the mineral can be de- CALCITE tected with the short wave ultra violet light but At the Buckwheat dump calcite is unques- unlike most fluorescents from the district, nor- tionably the most conspicuous fluorescent mally the mineral is more readily detected, mineral. In daylight the mineral is normally and, appreciated under long wave ultra violet. colorless, white or grey. In the variety mangan- Here it will commonly fluoresce with a salmon- ocalcite, it will take on strongly pink or orange orange and occasionally a sky-blue response. It shades. In some of the weathered, manganese- will also usually phosphoresce the same color. rich varieties, the calcite may have a brownish Cook (3) contends that it has not yet been or 'black color due to surface alteration. This determined Whether the blue-fluorescent min- latter variety quite normally will fail to react eral is actually sphalerite or an alteration pro- to ultra violet radiations. duct of that mineral. The mineral occurs in granular or cleavage FLUORITE blocks and crystals are considered rare. Being a common gangue mineral of the ore body, it Most of the fluorite of the district which has a wide range of mineral associations. Com- fluoresces is commonly of the variety, chloro- monly it will form the matrix for willemite or phane. In daylight the mineral is normally franklinite or both. flesh, rose or pale red in color. At Franklin the In short wave ultra violet the mineral com- mineral commonly occurs as isolated granular monly fluoresces various shades of red, pink and masses in bustamite, willemite, franklinite mix- rarely lavendar. Occasionally it will have an tures. Normally the bustamite will be altered orange-red fluorescence. It has a very brief possibly due to surface oxidation of the man- phosphorescence. Under long wave ultra violet ganese content. The mineral will be encountered light the mineral may also fluoresce a faint red at the dump localities only with difficulty ex- or pink. Also in long wave it may fluoresce a cept on specimens exhibiting a fresh fracture dull yellowish. Several specimens were recently for this reason. encountered which react under long wave with Some specimens of chlorophane are therolum- a bluish-white color. Whether this is true fluor- inescent, meaning that when heated sufficiently escence or merely reflection of visible light they will exhibit a luminescence in the dark. could not be determined. For this reason specimens of the mineral should Cook shows that the short wave phosphor- not be exposed to direct sunlight for appreci- escence of the Franklin-area, red-fluorescing able periods as they have been noted to lose or calcite is invariable and characteristic, and lessen their fluorescent properties. serves as a positive identification of the mineral, The mineral generally will fluoresce long wave especially in distinguishing it from axinite with a blue-green color. It will also usually which likewise fluoresces red under short wave phosphoresce 'briefly the same color. Some spec- but does not show the same type of phosphor- imens have been shown to react with similar escence. She further shows that the calcite results to short wave only while still others are afterglow which is so fleeting as to be merely known to fluoresce and phosphoresce a char- a flash, shows a distinct change of color from acteristic blue-green color in both wave lengths. the red or pink of the fluorescent response to a The cause for this variability has not as yet been vivid, true orange. determined. Mutschler reported that calcite from the Franklin limestone occasionally fluoresces and CORUNDUM phosphoresces bright blue in short waves and Mutschler stated that red and purplish gray that crystallized calcite from the magnetite ores crystals and grains of the mineral in crystalline may fluoresce and phosphoresce a delicate limestone may fluoresce 'bright red under long bluish-green.

Franklin Mineral Digest Page 21 He also cited from Brown (4) who found In short wave the mineral normally fluores- the presence of manganese carbonate, varying ces blue to blue-white. from 0.24% to about 17 per cent, to activate Cook calls the fluorescence of hydrozincite the fluorescence of calcite with about 3.5 % chalky blue; Mutschler showed that the mineral giving maximum brilliance. More recently, he was found infrequently as an alteration pro- continues, Schulman, Evans, Ginther and Mu- duct on zincite and responded to ultra violet rata (5) have presented evidence that the pres- radiations with a pale blue fluorescence. ence of lead as a coactivator is essential for the red luminescence of manganiferous calcite AN ORTHITE from Franklin. Anorthite from the pegmatites which cut the ore body at Franklin sometimes exhibits a pale SMITHSONITE blue fluorescence under short waves, Mutschler Mutschler stated that smithsonite usually maintained. fluoresces a yellowish-cream tone under the Specimens from the Franklin limestone con- long wave lamps. Material from the Parker sisting of isolated, colorless grains exhibit a dump collected by the editor showed isolated white or creamish fluorescence in short wave. coatings on thin fractures in a matrix of mas- sive franklinite with some cleiophane. Long DIOPSIDE waves only produced a dull yellow or yellow- Commonly this mineral is found in the Frank- creamish response. It has since been noted on a lin limestone as small grains either isolated or number of other specimens, notably on one as in bands. It is usually associated with the meta- crusts and coatings on manganophyllite, with morphic minerals abundant in the limestone. andradite, willemite and calcite. Usually the grains are colorless or faint green. Fisher noted on his smithsonite, which was Short waves commonly produce a whitish fluor- not crystallized material but coatings on zinc- escence and may exhibit a bluish-white fluor- ite, no fluorescent response whatsoever. escence. Cook observed that on both of her smithson- Mutschler stated that light grey crystals from ites she received negative results with both short the Franklin limestone may give a pale bluish- and long wave ultra violet. cream fluorescence under short waves. Mutschler (6) further noted later that he had collected several additional Franklin smith- PECTOL ITE sonite specimens, not all of which fluoresced, Pectolite is commonly found in association so the reaction is not a diagnostic test. He also with variable amounts of franklinite and wille- stated that some calcites and aragonites which mite. In daylight the mineral may have a grey, have a response like that of smithsonite were white, flesh or colorless appearance. With short also detected by him. waves it commonly fluoresces orange or yellow- orange. ARAGONITE Mutschler noted that pectolite fluoresces and Mutcshler noted that some crystalline ara- phosphoresces yellow under the iron-arc and gonite from secondary hydrothermal veins at gives a feeble yellow reaction with other lamps. Franklin fluoresces a yellowish-cream and phos- Cook calls the fluorescence of pectolite chalky phoresces briefly with the long wave lamp. Short orange-yellow. She further remarks that all the wave responses, he added, were less intense. Franklin pectolite she has examined under short Cook described a number of aragonite speci- wave shows a fleeting flash of phosphorescence mens consisting mostly of small crystalled or afterglow comparable in duration to that of material which reacted similarly. Franklin calcite, and similar to calcite in the distinct change in color response from the HYDROZINCITE chalky orange-yellow of the fluorescence to the This mineral is encountered not infrequent- bright orange of the phosphorescent flash. She ly at the Buckwheat dump as films and crusts believes that this characteristic is peculiar to upon calcite or as disseminations on dolomite. pectolite alone of all the yellow and orange When associated with calcite it forms attrac- fluorescing Franklin minerals and that it can tive fluorescent specimens. Pyrite and other be considered to serve as a positive identifica- sulphides may also be present in the dolomite. tion of pectolite from that area.

Page 22 Franklin Mineral Digest WOLLASTONITE yellow, or green; also orange. Less commonly it will be grey, 'brown or colorless. It is but Mutschler showed the mineral as Franklin in rarely found in the "horse flesh" variety. origin, as occurring in crystalline masses which fluoresce a brilliant orange to orange-pink in It is abundant as isolated grains scattered short waves and sometimes gave a weaker pink- throughout much calcite with granular frank- ish response to long wave. He noted the presence 1 Mite. Less commonly at the Buckwheat dump of manganese in his material and concluded, it may have a banded nature, occurring in from tests, that the manganese was probably streaks and bands throughout the matrix, a the activator for the fluorescence in the mineral. form which was considered common in the Wollastonite has not been discovered by the mine workings at Franklin. editor in all dump specimens studied, the min- In short wave the mineral commonly will eral having apparently been discovered only fluoresce yellow-green or greenish-yellow, this after dumping operations ceased at Franklin. latter the editor would describe as about three Colorless grains and masses of the mineral parts yellow to one part green. Some material found in specimens of fluorescent calcite may will also fluoresce various shades of green. Some also be associated with minor amounts of barite. willemite may exhibit a bluish-green reaction, Some of the wollastonite noted by the editor possibly due to mixtures of other minerals with also phosphoresces briefly an orange color in the willemite. The yellow-green fluorescent short wave ultra violet. willemite tends to be the most phosphorescent Cook reports that quite rarely the mineral type, the very deep green-fluorescing willemite will be found with fluorescent calcite, barite seldom showing any visible phosphorescence. and a little willemite. Most yellow-green fluorescent willemite will MARGAROSANITE phosphoresce for appreciable periods. Mutschler showed that the mineral fluoresces Most dump willemite is in the massive or a distinctive vivid pale blue-violet under the granular form and distinct crystals are quite iron-spark and short wave apparatus. The min- rare. The few crystals collected in recent years eral is white with a distinctive pearly luster. by the editor are usually isolated, single crystals, Like wollastonite, the mineral has not been generally about a half inch in diameter and an noted among the various dump fluorescents, ap- inch in length, being prismatic in form. Calcite parently having been uncovered in that part or is the dominant associate mineral with minor parts of the ore body which were worked after amounts of franklinite. Three or four such the termination of dumping operations. specimens have been collected of this type. In one specimen of Parker origin about five or six CALCIUM LARSENITE prismatic crystals are readily detected. Calcite This mineral may yet be found sparingly at and granular yellow-brown andradite are also the Parker dump but has not been noted as yet present. by the editor at the Buckwheat dump. In day- Cook mentioned the sidewall, radiating wille- light the mineral usually is dull white or grey. mite, in fans, that phosphoresces for a consid- It commonly may be associated with willemite, erable time. calcite and franklinite. In short wave it re- Mutschler declared that some willemite crys- sponds with an intense lemon-yellow color. In tals may show a zoned fluorescence. He also long waves it is dull yellow or negative. contended that many specimens of the mineral Mutschler's material was a whitish mass asso- also tribolumin esce and thermoluminesce. He ciated with other pneumatolytic products added that the fluorescence is activated by man- which resulted in short waves with an intense ganese and that it further seems possible that lemon-yellow fluorescence. He states that this the presence of beryllium may in part, control serves as a positive test for the mineral's identi- phosphorescence. He found that two strongly fication. phosphorescent specimens, one of white radiat- ing crystalline material, the other of massive WILLEMITE white willemite, were analysed spectrographic- Found at both dumps, willemite is second ally, 'beryllium was found to be present in both. only to calcite in abundance. In daylight it will A non-phosphorescent white specimen did not have a wide range of colors. commonly red, contain beryllium.

Franklin Mineral Digest Page 23 Mutschler further showed that at Sterling in the center fluoresced cream-white. She thinks Hill small crystals of willemite, containing it possible that the associated clinohedrite may traces of lead and copper, were found recently have been in some way responsible for the in secondary veins. These crystals, he reported, cream-white reaction of the thomsonite. fluoresce and phosphoresce with a strong lemon- yellow color. Bauer reported similar material APATITE from the same mine. Mutschler stated that bluish crystals of apatite Similar specimens were reported by Cook but in limestone may show a very pale greenish she calls the fluorescence not lemon-yellow but fluorescence with short waves. a true chrome yellow. Material collected by the editor which was not tested, reacted similarly. Associated with BARYLITE this material were a number of the metamor- Mutschler stated that in short waves the min- phic minerals. eral was pale blue or negative. Palache described Cook's blue apatite crystals reacted similarly. a bright blue fluorescence under the iron-arc. Her manganapatite, a variety of apatite, fluor- Cook's material fluoresced blue in short wave esced an old-rose in short waves. but not what she would call bright. Fisher has a number of apatites, from light blue to dark green (daylight colors) and he re- AXINITE ports that not one of them fluoresced. How- Mutschler said that the mineral, variety man- ever, one of his manganapatites from the time ganoaxinite, sometimes gives a red fluorescence of the last mining at Franklin, fluoresced and rarely a red phosphorescence under short orange, not as vividly as clinohedrite. waves. He added that crystallized axinite is SVABITE more likely to respond than massive material. Cook states that much, if not all, fluorescent As noted by Palache the limestone apatites axinite is most-equally responsive to powerful appear to be free of arsenic while the apatites long wave apparatus. found in the ore bodies associated with the zinc minerals, do contain arsenic. Palache conceded CLINOHEDRITE that apatite and svabite are so alike as possibly The editor noted this mineral in fair abund- not to be identified from each other except ance at the Parker dump. In daylight it appears through a quantitative chemical test for arsenic. grey or colorless. It is normally associated with Whether svabite and manganapatite can be willemite, franklinite and calcite. When asso- identified from each other solely by ultra violet ciated with hardystonite, it may present quite apparatus has not presently been conclusively striking specimens. Many specimens of the min- proven. Material identified 'by John L. Baum eral obtained from local collectors show traces (7), resident geologist of the N. J. Zinc Com- to large masses of the mineral in association with pany which fluoresced short wave orchid to hardystonite. pink, was indeed svabite. This material was pale Clinohedrite will usually fluoresce orange or greenish, granular in a matrix of andradite and chalky orange in short waves. Much of the massive franklinite. material is also phosphorescent the same color Mutschler showed that svabite sometimes flu- but some specimens phosphoresce only with dif- oresces yellowish-orange with short wave ap- ficulty or not at all. Long wave responses are paratus, while Cook reports the fluorescent less pronounced or negative. color of svabite as a pinkish-orange. Mutschler's and Cook's material reacted sim- BARITE ilarly. This mineral has not been positively identi- THOMSONITE fied by the editor in material he has collected Mutschler's material, variety calciothomson- at either of the dumps. Some specimens obtained ite, fluoresced pale blue under long waves and from local collectors are white or colorless in negative with short waves. daylight and occur as grains or granular masses Cook's material which was a thick coating on in calcite, usually with willemite and franklin- clinohedrite crystals fluoresced blue under long ite. Most specimens react uniformily in short wave on one edge of the specimen. Several areas waves with a creamish fluorescence. Page 24 Franklin Mineral Digest Mutschler's material, as pale blue masses dis- overlooked as a fluorescent mineral as the editor seminated in calcite, fluoresced a delicate blue had considered it merely as reflection since the to greyish-cream upon exposure to short waves. mica, reacting under the short wave apparatus, He added, some specimens of crystallized barite did so only at certain given angles. also exhibit a bluish luminescence. Similar material from the Tuckahoe marble Cook reports that some of her barite speci- quarry, Tuckahoe, New York, also responds mens fluoresce pale blue; some blue-white; with a similar response. some a rich cream. Drusy barite crystals, she continues, often associated with pectolite, fluor- MICROCLINE esce a navy blue. Just as the Digest went to press, information TREMOLITE was received from Sunny Cook that microline has been identified as one of the fluorescent Mutschler reported that elongated, grey white minerals from the Franklin district. Not all crystals of tremolite from the Franklin lime- microcline fluoresces. Specimens uncovered at stone exhibit a very faint greenish fluores- the Buckwheat dump early in 1958 show light cence (?). Similar cystals in the Cook collec- green microcline associated with epidote, quartz tion fluoresce pale 'blue-green or blue-white. and calcite. In short wave ultra violet light the microcline fluoresces blue-white and occasion- RECENT DISCOVERIES ally white or cream. In several such specimens shiny, drusy dark TOURMALINE green crystals in micromount size, proved to Cook drew the editor's attention to fluores- be gahnite. cent tourmaline from the Franklin district. Thanks to the persistence and determination Several other collectors, one in New Jersey, an- of Sunny Cook, this to our knowledge is the other in Pennsylvania, have confirmed this find- first factual reporting of fluorescent microcline ing. Cook describes her material as fluorescing from Franklin. We are pleased indeed to add short wave a soft, clear yellow. Similar tour- this mineral to her list of firsts. The identifica- maline in the Fisher collection fails to fluoresce. tion of the fluorescent microcline was substan- It is therefore conceded that the fluorescence tiated by Mr. John L. Baum, resident geologist of the Franklin district tourmaline is variable. of the New Jersey Zinc Co., at Franklin. Cook's material is from Sterling Hill. DISPUTED MINERALS MICA Included under this heading are a number of Cook may also be credited with being re- minerals, or the properties of some, which were sponsible for the announcement of the first not mentioned at length with the usually ac- specimen of fluorescent mica from the district. credited fluorescent minerals from the district. Her specimen consists of ruby-red, long wave In this category are mentioned the "half-breed" fluorescent corundum with some calcite from or colloidal minerals such as bustamite, fowler- Sterling Hill. Upon exposure to short waves she ite, leucaugite and roeblingite. Attention is also discovered several spots at the end of the speci- given to the dispute between chondrodite- men fluorescing a decided dull yellow. It was norbergite as well as to hardystonite-larsenite. mica. Brief mention is also given to pectolite plus a Mr. Frederick H. Pough examined her speci- description of what may be sphalerite. men visually. It was mica, he agreed, and prob- ably phlogopite and beyond all question it did SPHALERITE fluoresce. What has 'been termed "Golden Sphalerite" Cook has recently further noted that other by some collectors, fluoresces pale chalky orange mica specimens from the Franklin limestone in long wave ultra violet light. The mineral which she has collected also fluoresce yellow. occurs either in massive bustamite with gran- Material collected by the editor at the Buck- ular willemite and franklinite or, associated wi di wheat dump several years ago fluoresced ( ?) a the secondary transverse veins. Few specimens dull yellow. This material is associated with have been observed and preserved. Some of the chondrodite and other metamorphic minerals material is white or colorless in daylight. Some in limestone. The material thus described was of the material may phosphoresce a faint chalky Franklin Mineral Digest Page 25 orange or not at all. None of the material in LARSENITE the editor's knowledge has been accurately an- alyzed as yet. Palache showed that under the iron-arc spark gap larsenite shows either a pale-violet fluores- PECTOLITE cence or none at all. Mutschler contended that the inconsistent The reliability in determining some pectolites pale violet reactions of Palache was probably by the removal of the short wave filter which due to visible light. results in a rich, reddish-orange phosphores- Cook states that one of her specimens of lar- cence, is questioned by some investigators. senite crystals on clinohedrite crystals appears to fluoresce pale violet but that the reaction LEUCAUGITE may be reflection. She also reports that massive At present it is not considered a fluorescent material sold to her for larsenite "fluoresced," mineral from the district. Material occurring much like the best hardystonite, but perhaps in a colloidal state with pectolite, does give a with a more translucent appearance. Whether short wave fluorescent response. The mixture this reaction is in fact fluorescence or merely is generally grey to steel-blue in daylight color. a reflection of the ultra violet light, has not yet Commonly it is associated with massive garnet, been determined to her satisfaction. manganophyllite and occasionally willemite A noted chemist conceded that he himself and franklinite. In short waves it may usually could never tell larsenite from hardystonite fluoresce various shades of brown. The identifi- without a chemical test. cation of the leucaugite-pectolite combination While Palache did not specifically mention was kindly confirmed by John L. Baum, N. J. massive larsenite, apparently both Mutschler Zinc Company. and Cook have maintained the possible exist- ence of the massive form of the mineral. BUSTAMITE Fisher stated that he had an excellent crystal- Much of the material collected at both dumps lized larsenite from the Billy Ball collection, by the editor and Obtained by him from the the authenticity of the crystals confirmed by local collectors which undoubtedly from visual Mr. Lawson Bauer, and these did not fluoresce. means is taken to be 'bustamite, does not fluor- Since larsenite and hardystonite are apparent- esce. A number of collectors at Franklin con- ly so much alike in many of their properties, sider bustamite to be a non-fluorescent mineral. the question of identification of either mineral Fisher also concurs in this belief. either by normal visual or ultra violet inspec- Mutschler's material fluoresced pink to deep tion does not appear to be at present resolved. red under long wave. However, he does not ap- HARDYSTONITE pear to be completely convinced of the diag- nosis of bustamite. He reports (6) that in 1954 Palache noted that the mineral reacted under he felt certain he had one specimen of bustamite the iron-arc spark gap with a dull, faint violet that actually fluoresced. He had several how- or not at all. ever, that did not. After the specimen was Mutschler's material sometimes fluoresced a soaked in HC1 to remove any calcite, it con- dull, deep violet with the short wave lamp and tinued to fluoresce. Later, he continues, optical the iron-arc. To him it was negative with long and X-ray defraction studies indicated that the waves. specimen was indeed bustamite but suggested Material collected by the editor at the Parker the presence of some carbonate material. He which appears to conform to hardystonite, is does not therefore consider the test conclusive grey or colorless masses commonly associated and the question whether the 'bustamite itself with franklinite and willemite and not infre- is fluorescent or if admixed calcite causes the quently with clinohedrite. In short wave ultra fluorescence, is still unanswered in his mind. violet the mineral reacts with a violet response. Cook contends that specimens which are Much of the same material reacts similarly either bustamite or fowlerite, do fluoresce a under long waves. deep crimson under a powerful long wave light Cook contended that her hardystonite con- such as a B-50. However, she considers a col- tinued to respond with the same visible reaction loidal mixture of calcite causes the fluorescence. when viewed under glass. Page 26 Franklin Mineral Digest NORBERGITE-CHONDRODITE specimens which clearly show crystal faces. These crystals, though small, are readily de- There exists some question in the minds of tected by the unaided eye. many as to the proper use of short wave ultra Mutschler maintains that without petrogra- violet inspection in the determination of these phic examination the chondrodite-norbergite two minerals which normally occur in the question may not be satisfactorily resolved. It Franklin limestone and are associated with the is possilble that these crystals may provide us metamorphic minerals of that formation. with some of the answers. What is generally conceded to be norbergite occurs usually as dull yellow grains or granular ROEBLINGITE masses in limestone and fluoresce in short waves a dull, golden yellow. Fisher's material gave a dull, red reaction The material which has been designated as which he feels certain is fluorescence. chondrodite is similar in form and occurrence. Cook's material reacts similarly, pink in short Here however, the material in daylight is of a wave but she believes it is due to colloidal cal- brown or orange color and fluoresces short cite. Her pure roeblingite failed to fluoresce. wave a rusty-brown to tawny color. Much Mutschler found that some of his material material of this type was collected by the editor had admixed calcite and upon removal of at the Buckwheat some years previously. In- the calcite, the remaining roeblingite failed to cluded in this material were a small number of fluoresce.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS BIBLIOGRAPHY

SUNNY COOK was in charge of fluorescent (1) Felix Mutschler, The Luminescent Min- minerals for Ultra-Violet Products of Califor- erals of Franklin, New Jersey," Rocks and Min- nia from August 1953 to September 1956. As erals Magazine, Sept.-Oct. 1954, p. 482-485. an amateur mineral collector for some years (2) Kenneth Fisher. From notes and other prior to this post, her private collection con- correspondence Mr. Fisher made available to tains approximately 150 different varieties of the editor for use by the FMA. Franklin and Sterling Hill minerals. (3) Sunny Cook. Mrs. Cook's voluminous KENNETH FISHER has been an amateur correspondence concerning the Franklin min- mineral collector of the Franklin and Sterling erals contained considerable invaluable informa- Hill minerals for more than twenty-five years. tion much of which is incorporated into this paper. FELIX MUTSCHLER has been a collector (4) W. L. Brown. This information was con- of the district's minerals for many years and tained in the Mutschler paper. has contributed invaluable information partic- ularly about the district's fluorescent minerals (5) Schuman, Evans, Ginther and Murata. to mineral publications. He is currently serving Same as (4). with a mining concern in Utah, (6) Felix Mutschler. From a letter to the editor in 1958. GERALD NAVRATIL has been an amateur mineral collector of Franklin minerals since (7) John L. Baum. In a letter some time ago, 1954. He was the founder of the Franklin Min- Mr. Baum identified svabite and the leucaugite- eralogical Association. pectolite combination. THE BUCKWHEAT AND PARKER DUMP MINERALS-FRANKLIN, N. J.

This paper, the first of a series, is designed to dump since the host dolomite appears to be con- act as a guide to the amateur mineral collector fined solely to the Buckwheat open cut. in becoming better acquainted with the min- In one specimen of Buckwheat dump origin erals which may be collected at the popular brownish and yellowish resinous masses of Buckwheat and Parker dumps at Franklin, sphalerite coat fracture surfaces in grey massive New Jersey. dolomite. The sphalerite appears to be second- Particular attention has been given to describe ary to the dolomite. Apparently contempor- the minerals with as much information as pos- aneous with the sphalerite are masses of yellow sible, to show the various forms and colors in pyrite. Bluish-grey crusts of hydrozinci'te coat which the minerals are known to occur and to part of one end of the specimen. give special attention to the associate minerals Massive brown sphalerite is also noted cover- accompanying each mineral under discussion. ing an entire surface of one specimen of grey Since many of the minerals of the district dolomite. are not unlike identical minerals from other In another specimen small brownish crystals localities, it has been proven that where a refer- of sphalerite protrude from a specimen of grey ence with descriptions is available, many ques- massive dolomite. Parts of two other crystals tionable or "mystery" minerals may readily be also are present. In several spots the dolomite is identified. crystallized in cavities. Massive brown sphalerite As many of the known associations of many is also disseminated throughout the dolomite. of the minerals appear to be nearly limitless, Small, scattered bronze and yellow pyritohed- in the course of future studies this first and rons of pyrite are also present on several sur- any subsequent parts of the series will of neces- faces embedded in the dolomite. sity be amended and brought up to date. Not the least among the purposes of this ser- BORNITE ies is to focus attention upon the various dump minerals and in their value in the study of and Although bornite has not been noted as a appreciation for, the mineralogy of the district. major constituent of any single specimen, its occurrence in dump specimens is quite common. THE MINERALS It has been collected at both the Parker and the Buckwheat dumps. GALENA In its most abundant form at the Buckwheat Galena has been observed in but one specimen dump bornite has been noted as blue, green and from the Buckwheat dump which was collected purple iridescent disseminations in granular early in 1958. The specimen is composed largely calcite. The associate minerals are granular of massive greyish-green willemite, white cal- franklinite and greyish willemite, the latter us- cite and quartz, brown granular sphalerite and ually as small granular masses embedded in the traces of cleiophane. Franklinite is conspicuous calcite. Zincite as blood-red and orange grains by its absence. The galena consists of two small may also occasionally be present. isolated bluish-grey masses neither more than a The same type of specimen is encountered at quarter of an inch in diameter. the Parker dump. At the Parker however, bor- SPHALERITE nite is found in a specimen consisting mostly of granular white calcite and colorless hardyston- The mineral is quite common in the Buck- ite with some scattered grains of willemite. wheat dolomite. Frequently it is noted as Franklinite as grains and bunches are present. brownish and yellowish masses embedded in Some yellow-green andradite garnet is present. grey dolomite. The mineral has not been ob- The bornite, implanted upon and next to the served to date in material from the Parker franklinite grains, is of typical peacock colors. 27

Page 28 Franklin Mineral Digest In another of the Buckwheat type specimens, ite. Though the pyrite crystals are small, they bornite is encountered in a less common asso- are readily detectible. ciation. Here the matrix is composed of a In one specimen of small bronze-colored py- crumbly, decomposed granular quartz which is ritohedrons of pyrite, in grey dolomite, scat- in part coated with limonite. The quartz is also tered grains of franklinite are also present. Some stained with malachite. The malachite is also of the pyrite in granular form has an iridescent present as minute crusts on some of the frank- tarnish. linite which is present as granular masses. The Both the pyritohedron and the cube are in bornite is implanted upon and throughout the evidence on adjoining faces of one specimen franklinite. The bornite displays typical blue of massive grey dolomite. The yellow crystals and purple iridescence. Small scales of hematite occur as minute clusters. Yellow and brown also are present. grains of sphalerite are present in the dolomite. Bornite is seen in a specimen with zincite, as (See Dolomite.) reddish grains in a gangue of colorless grains of willemite and white calcite. The bornite is QUARTZ in small granular masses associated with grains Quartz is not to be considered uncommon of franklinite. at the Buckwheat dump. It is frequently en- From both the Parker and Buckwheat dumps, countered in the Buckwheat dolomite and has bornite has been seen as minor amounts with also been noted in pegmatite specimens as well. zincite, franklinite and willemite in white bus- It is more common in the white, massive form tamite. but it may also be found as single crystals or From the Parker in massive grey hardyston- in small groups. ite devoid of either calcite or andradite, A specimen of massive grey dolomite reveals iridescent masses of purple, green, and blue numerous shallow cavities covered with groups bornite occur with granular franklinite and of colorless and grey rhornbohedral crystals of colorless willemite. dolomite. In some cavities the dolomite crystals have a yellowish tinge. In three small cavities on PYRITE one face of the specimen, quartz crystals, none Though pyrite is not known from the zinc longer than half an inch, are found. In two of ores, it is quite common in the Buckwheat dolo- the pockets the crystals are in small groups, mite and in the Franklin limestone. It may also four to six crystals clustered together. The be found occasionally in secondary transverse crystals are of simple prismatic habit. In the veins which cut the ore in a number of places. third pocket, a terminated, slender crystal of The mineral commonly is not unlike pyrite quartz juts from the bottom where its attach- from other localities. Generally it is brass- ment to the matrix is obscured. yellow in color. It may show tarnished or Several small terminated white crystals of bronze-colored surfaces. Generally it is massive quartz are also noted in one specimen with and granular but small crystals, either singly willemite and slender "pencil" epidote crystals or in groups, may be found without difficulty. of typical yellow-green color. Two, small pyritohedrons of pyrite of bronze In one specimen of Buckwheat origin, mas- color are seen in a specimen of white crystalline sive colorless quartz is present on the end of limestone. Several elongated gray masses of the specimen with granular franklinite, color- diopside are also present. Several flakes of color- less to flesh-colored willemite and a small less phlogopite and lead-grey graphite are also amount of brown andradite. noted. What is probably a secondary vein specimen In the Buckwheat dolomite, granular and shows quartz as milky white masses associated crystallized pyrite appears to be conspicuous. with granular masses of cleiophane. Colorless In one large specimen bronze-colored pyritohe- willemite is disseminated throughout the drons of pyrite are liberally sprinkled over the quartz. A black, manganese mineral masks some surface of the grey dolomite. Granular, yellow of the surfaces of the specimen, which is of pyrite also is present. Besides the dolomite and Buckwheat origin. pyrite are hydrozincite as whitish films and Quartz is also present in a stained, decom- crusts, calcite in white cleavable masses and to posed form with malachite and bornite and is one end of the specimen massive brown sphaler- discussed under those two minerals. Franklin Mineral Digest Page 29 From the Buckwheat milky-white granular HEMATITE quartz is found associated with pale greenish, massive microcline. The mineral has 'been noted in many speci- It is also found in minor amounts in the color- mens from the Buckwheat dolomite and should be considered as common. It has been noted but less, massive form in a specimen with traces of sparingly in zinc specimens. Its occurrence willemite, white calcite, pale green microcline and brownish andradite, the latter of which is at the Parker has not been confirmed in the writer's experience. partially crystallized. The color is usually lead-grey and normally ZINCITE it occurs as flakes or small plates embedded in Almost everywhere zincite is abundant in the matrix material. specimens from both the Buckwheat and Parker Typical of the Buckwheat material is a small dumps but it is rarely present in large amounts specimen of grey massive dolomite, partly crys- in any given specimen. Crystals of the mineral tallized in one small cavity. Two small crystals have not 'been observed in the various dump of gown sphalerite are attached to the walls specimens collected. Normally the mineral is of the cavity. The hematite as lead -grey found as isolated grains. flakes, is conspicuously scattered throughout In typical Buckwheat dump material zincite the dolomite. occurs as small, scattered reddish grains dissem- In a specimen of porous grey dolomite, part inated throughout a matrix of granular black of which is crystallized in a number of small franklinite, white calcite and pale-green or cavities, hematite is abundant as lead-grey yellow-green willemite. Also in this type ma- masses scattered throughout the matrix. Some of terial, zincite may occur in layers or banded these inclusions of hematite are an eighth of an streaks. Not infrequently too, the willemite as inch to a quarter of an inch in diameter. Sev- granular masses, will occur in layers or bands, eral colorless, transparent crystals of quartz, usually parallel to the zincite. one with a perfect termination, are attached The common form of zincite at the Parker to the crystals of dolomite. is as small grains attached to franklinite in a Plates of shiny hematite, several a quarter of matrix of white calcite. Willemite as colorless an inch to half an inch in diameter, are em- or green or yellow masses usually is present. In bedded in massive, colorless quartz'. Massive one such specimen the zincite is attached to the dark-green epidote is present as well as granular grains of franklinite or is perched upon the reddish-brown andradite. franklinite. In many such specimens zincite The association of hematite with bornite and appears to have an affinity for such attachment malachite is discussed briefly under those two to franklinite. Some grains of franklinite in headings. In one specimen showing all three this specimen display a blue iridescent tarnish. minerals in fair abundance, malachite as green From the Parker was collected a single speci- streaks and films is closely united with blue and men consisting of massive franklinite, ash-grey purple masses of iridescent bornite which is at- tephroite with minor amounts of colorless tached to or next to franklinite grains which and orange-colored willemite. Zincite as small, are partly enclosed in a white, massive quartz. isolated reddish grains is present but constitutes The hematite, of a lead-grey color, is embedded but a small fraction of the specimen. as flakes and plates in both the quartz and Bright reddish and orange granular masses of franklinite. zincite are present with franklinite and bornite in a matrix of colorless willemite. FRANKLINITE Small, reddish grains of zincite are also noted in a matrix of colorless bustamite. Granular As the dominant ore mineral of the district, willemite and franklinite are scattered through- franklinite is conspicuous in specimens from out the mass. the Parker and Buckwheat dumps. Normally With the same above minerals of the preced- the mineral is confined to typical zinc-ore spec- ing paragraph, zincite in typical reddish grains imens. It has not been observed in the limestone is also noted with chlorophane which is present specimens and has been observed but once in a as small granular masses. In some such specimens specimen of Buckwheat dolomite. collected at both dumps, cleiophane has been The minerals which are associated with frank- observed as colorless or white disseminations. linite are almost too numerous to list. The Page 30 Franklin Mineral Digest preceding mineral descriptions are only a sample such as pyrite, quartz, sphalerite and hydro- of the many mineral associations. For the pur- zincite. Dolomite is readily recognized by two pose of this paper, therefore, attention has been prominent features — its grey color and the concentrated primarily on the crystallized numerous cavities present in the massive mater- specimens and other noteworthy forms of the ial. Not uncommonly such cavities will reveal mineral. groups of grey or colorless rhombohedrons of The mineral is black and has a metallic luster. dolomite. It is sparingly found as small octahedral crys- In a large specimen of massive dolomite, a tals, the edges of which may be truncated. cavity approximately six inches across exhibits Generally it is most commonly found as small, a large group of dolomite crystals. Pyrite as rounded grains or misshapened crystal aggre- very small cubic crystals are seen here and gates. It may also be found in granular form or there attached to the dolomite crystals. A num- in large massive chunks. ber of smaller scattered cavities are devoid of A number of crystallized specimens have been any crystallized material. found at both dumps. Typical of the Buck- On a similar specimen, three-fourths of whose wheat dump material is a specimen consisting surface is exposed 'by open cavities, small, pearly largely of white calcite. Four or five small oc- rhombohedrons of dolomite are present. Isolated tahedrons of franklinite are embedded here cubic pyrite crystals are attached to the crystal- and there in the calcite. In such specimens lized dolomite. An unidentified, black mineral phlogopite and willemite may also be noted in coats part of one side of the specimen, possibly association. a product of alteration. A group of five or six octahedrons of frank- Additional information and descriptions of finite approximately 1/8 to 1/4 inch in size, are dolomite are included under the headings of noted in a matrix of calcite, granular franklin- Quartz and Pyrite. ite and orange zincite with traces of willemite. The specimen is from the Parker dump. MALACHITE In another Parker specimen three crystals In material from the Buckwheat dump, mal- protrude from a matrix of granular franklinite, achite has been observed 'but sparingly. It has Nvillemite and calcite. Also, a specimen of mas- been noted only as small crusts and coatings on sive, grey willemite with calcite encloses a other minerals. number of bruised franklinite crystals. In one specimen of massive, grey willemite A single, half-inch crystal of franklinite was with massive franklinite and colorless calcite, found recently at the Parker. Three faces of malachite is present as pale greenish dissemin- the rough crystal are visible and one edge is ations in the willemite. truncated. In the matrix is bright red zincite, The association of malachite with bornite and grey to black willemite with franklinite inclu- quartz is partially mentioned under those two sions and a lavender fluorescent calcite. headings. In this type of material, malachite is From the Buckwheat too was found a single present as small, greenish coatings and crusts on crystal of franklinite with granular franklinite grains of franklinite. Bornite and hematite are and traces of willemite in a matrix of calcite. also present. Quartz: and franklinite are con- Grains of leucophoenicite were also noted in spicuous, the quartz being of a decomposed abundance. nature, crumbly and partly stained by limonite. Some franklinite displays an iridescent tarnish. What may be a trace of chalcopyrite, is also This has 'been noted only recently in material noted. from both dumps. In a specimen of cleavable Far less common an occurrence of malachite calcite, granular franklinite and willemite, al- was found in a single specimen, probably of most every grain of the franklinite reveals a contact origin. Green granular epidote forms bright, blue iridescence. the matrix and white massive quartz with some traces of purple fluorite are present. The mala- DOLOMITE chite is conspicuous for its abundance as it covers almost all of one side of the specimen, Greyish masses of granular and cleavable dol- as bluish-green crusts and films. omite is abundant at the Buckwheat dump and forms the matrix for the common minerals, (to be continued) THE POST-PALACHE FRANKLIN AND STERLING HILL MINERALS-SUNNY COOK COLLECTION

ANKERITE are translucent, gemmy fowlerite crystals of a My only specimen and the only one I have very deep pink color, and highly-phosphores- seen, is 1"x2", with very small pale-yellowish cent willemite. hexagonal crystals of ankerite implanted on a thin layer of calcite which fluoresces red in ANDRADITE, Variety CEYLONITE short wave. The calcite encrusts a calcium-car- This is a 1 V2"x11/2" specimen with groups bonate that looks like a 'brecciated quartz, of almost 'black twinned garnet crystals, the seamed and coated with a reddish mineral, prob- largest one-half inch long, in a quartz matrix. ably earthy hematite, and also coated with small The identification was made by the Stevens In- patches of an unknown moss-green mineral. stitute of Technology. The ankerite crystals are non-fluorescent. PYROXENE, Variety JOHANNSENITE KUTNAHORITE The johannsenite looks like minute dark- In all of my specimens the kutnahorite is brown specks in a 21/4"x23/4" specimen of bus- associated with fluorescent calcite and small tamite, glaucochroite and green-fluorescing wil- amounts of fluorescent willemite, but does not lemite. Johannsenite is the manganese analogue itself appear to fluoresce. It has a more "sugary" of diopside and hedenbergite. The identification sparkle. The color is a very pale pink. was verified by Dr. Wolfe of Boston University in January of 195 8. ANDRADITE, Variety TOPAZOLITE DATOLITE, Variety BOTRYOLITE This specimen is from the Hoadley and the This is a 2"x21/2" specimen of hancockite, D'Agostino collections and the identification was verified by Bauer in May of 1952. It is a non-fluorescent axinite, andradite, mangano- 1 1/4"xl 1/4"x1" specimen of fluorescent calcite, phyllite, fluorescent clinohedrite and fluorescent fluorescent willemite, franklinite and very pink willemite — obviously from the Parker Shaft. The botryolite, in the form of china-white fowlerite. The microscopic topazolite crystals minute "balls," coats transparent honey-colored are a sparkling clear, topaz color; they com- pletely coat the botryoidal surfaces of a vug axinite crystals and transparent red hancockite that reaches from the center to one edge of the crystals in several small areas. specimen. Implanted on the topazolite crystals ( to be continued)

31 To Mr. Gerald S. Wharton, publisher of The Middleburgh News who accepted the task of printing the Franklin Mineral Digest for the Association and to his entire staff, I wish to express my personal heartfelt thanks as well as the gratitude of the membership of the Asso- ciation. Mr. Wharton in the course of this printing extended to me many personal cour- tesies for which he has my deepest appreciation. The Digest represented a formidable challenge to him and his staff and the finished product is a tribute to their journalistic acumen.—Editor, FMA. In memory of Bauer, Berman, Palache and the other giants of the Franklin era.