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Developing Protocols for Reconstructing Submerged Paleocultural Landscapes and Identifying Ancient Native American Archaeological Sites in Submerged Environments

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OCS Study BOEM 2020-024 Developing Protocols for Reconstructing Submerged Paleocultural Landscapes and Identifying Ancient Native American Archaeological Sites in Submerged Environments: Geoarchaeological Modeling US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Office of Renewable Energy Programs OCS Study BOEM 2020-024 Developing Protocols for Reconstructing Submerged Paleocultural Landscapes and Identifying Ancient Native American Archaeological Sites in Submerged Environments: Geoarchaeological Modeling March 2020 Authors: David S. Robinson, Carol L. Gibson, Brian J. Caccioppoli, and John W. King Prepared under BOEM Award M12AC00016 by The Coastal Mapping Laboratory Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island 215 South Ferry Road Narragansett, RI 02882 US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Office of Renewable Energy Programs DISCLAIMER Study collaboration and funding were provided by the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Environmental Studies Program, Washington, DC, under Agreement Number M12AC00016 between BOEM and the University of Rhode Island. This report has been technically reviewed by BOEM and it has been approved for publication. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the US Government, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. REPORT AVAILABILITY To download a PDF file of this report, go to the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Data and Information Systems webpage (http://www.boem.gov/Environmental-Studies- EnvData/), click on the link for the Environmental Studies Program Information System (ESPIS), and search on 2020-024. The report is also available at the National Technical Reports Library at https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/. CITATION Robinson, DS, Gibson CL, Caccioppoli BJ, King JW. 2020. Developing protocols for reconstructing submerged paleocultural landscapes and identifying ancient Native American archaeological sites in submerged environments: geoarchaeological modeling. Sterling (VA): US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. OCS Study BOEM 2020-024. 175 p. ABOUT THE COVER Left image: United States Geological Survey (USGS) stratigraphic framework of the subsurface continental shelf off Rhode Island. Upper panel shows an idealized stratigraphic section with a simplified description of each stratigraphic unit after Needell et al. (1983a). Lower panel shows an excerpt of a seismic reflection profile obtained by the project team south of Narragansett Bay and interpreted according to the established stratigraphic framework illustrated in the upper panel. (Illustration by Carol Gibson and Brian Caccioppoli.) Right image: BOEM Marine Archaeologist and Environmental Studies Coordinator, Melanie Damour, examines quartz chipping debris found at the newly identified “West Beach UW-1” (RI 2719) submerged site, Block Island, RI. (Photograph by David Robinson.) i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The modeling effort required a large interdisciplinary, multi-cultural team with a wide range of knowledge and technical skills. The following individuals and organizations were involved in the initial (and subsequent) project workshops, and in the fieldwork, data analyses, and data interpretation that together informed the preparation of this modeling report: • AECOM: Jean Pelletier • Aroostook Band of Micmacs: Norman Bernard; Fred Corey; and Rick and Tammy Getchell • Coastal Environments, Inc.: Amanda Evans • Connecticut State Archaeologist’s Office: Brian Jones • CR Environmental, Inc.: Christopher Wright • Eastern Connecticut State University: Bryan Oakley • Lenape Indian Tribe of Delaware: Dennis Coker • Mashantucket (Western) Pequot Tribal Nation Historic Preservation Office: Kathleen Knowles and Nakai Clearwater Northup • Massachusetts Board of Underwater Archaeological Resources: Victor Mastone • Massachusetts Historical Commission: Jonathan Patton • Mashpee Wampanoag Tribal Historic Preservation Office: Ramona Peters and David Weeden • Mohegan Tribal Historic Preservation Office: Elaine Thomas • Narragansett Indian Tribe: Leah Hopkins; Chali Machado; Norman Machado • Narragansett Indian Tribal Historic Preservation Office: John Brown, IV; Max Brown- Garcia; Doug Harris; Muckquashim Hopkins; and Kiowa Spears • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Coastal Resources Center/Northeast Regional Ocean Council: Katie Lund • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Ocean Exploration and Research: Brian Kennedy and Catalina Martinez • Nipmuc Nation/Project Mishoon: Cheryl Stedtler • Northeast Underwater Research, Technology and Education Center, University of Connecticut: Ivar Babb • Public Archaeology Laboratory, Inc.: Joseph Waller, Jr. • Rhode Island Coastal Resource Management Council: Grover Fugate ii • Rhode Island Historical Preservation & Heritage Commission: Timothy Ives and Charlotte Taylor • Shinnecock Indian Nation: Chenae Bullock; Arrow Johnson; and Gerrod Smith • United States Army Corps of Engineers, New England District: Marcos Paiva • United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management: David Ball; Brandi Carrier; Melanie Damour; Jennifer Ewald; William Hoffman; Douglas Jones; Brian Jordan; and James Moore • United States Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center: William Schwab • University of Connecticut: Kevin McBride • University of Maine (Orono): Daniel Belknap • University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography, Coastal Mapping Laboratory (staff, students, associates, and volunteers): Monique LaFrance-Bartley; Danielle Cares; Michael Dalton; Sean Davis; Sierra Davis; Jorgen Dencker; Carol Gibson; Casey Hearn; Clifford Heil; Mitchell Kennedy; Taylor Losure; Chali Machado; Norman Machado; Cameron Morissette; Robert Pockalny; Neil Redmond; Michael Robinson; Noah Robinson; and Sean Scannell • University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography, Inner Space Center: Dwight Coleman; Alex DeCiccio; Andrea Gringas; and Gail Scowcroft • University of Rhode Island Coastal Resource Center/Rhode Island Sea Grant: Jennifer McCann • University of Rhode Island Geosciences Department: Jon Boothroyd; Simon Engelhart • University of Ulster, School of Geography and Environmental Sciences: Kieran Westley • Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam: Philip Verhagen • Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah): Elizabeth James Perry; Jonathan Perry; and Bettina Washington • The 2015 and 2016 captains and crews of the University of Rhode Island’s R/V Endeavor Special thanks to the individuals who provided assistance and logistical support during project fieldwork: Alberta and Michael Baccari; Vincent Carlone (Block Island Police Department); Barbara and Raymond Chace (Ponaug Marina); John and Robin Cooney; Andrew Gallonio; Maryellen Hall; Anya Hansen (University of Rhode Island); Joseph Houlihan (Block Island Ferry); Thomas Jacques; Joseph Mangiafico (University of Rhode Island); Kevin McBride (University of Connecticut); Clifford Payne (Payne’s Dock); David and Leann Pickering; and Christopher and Gretchen Willis iii Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................. x List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................................................. xi Lexicon ........................................................................................................................................................ xiii 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Project Inception............................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Document Context and Scope ...................................................................................................... 1 2 Geoarchaeological Modeling Overview ................................................................................................ 4 2.1 What is a Geoarchaeological Model? ................................................................................................ 4 2.1.1 Components of a “Good” Model.................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Use of Predictive Models for Paleocultural Sensitivity Assessments ........................................... 5 2.2.1 Overview of Theoretical Concepts .............................................................................................. 5 2.2.2 Current Use of Geoarchaeological Models in Submerged Environments .................................. 6 2.3 Challenges with Modeling in Submerged Environments ............................................................ 10 2.4 Key Points ................................................................................................................................... 12 3 Development of the Project Modeling Process ..................................................................................
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