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Stratigraphic Relationships Across the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary, Northwest Bighorn Basin; Park County, Wyoming

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Stratigraphic Relationships Across the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary, Northwest Bighorn Basin; Park County, Wyoming STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIPS ACROSS THE TRIASSIC-JURASSIC BOUNDARY, NORTHWEST BIGHORN BASIN; PARK COUNTY, WYOMING A Thesis By JonAthAn LogAn WooDs Bachelor of Science, Oklahoma State University, 2016 Submitted to the Department of Geology anD the faculty of the GrADuate School of WichitA StAte University in pArtial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science December 2018 ãCopyright 2018 by Jonathan LogAn Woods All Rights ReserveD STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIPS ACROSS THE TRIASSIC-JURASSIC BOUNDARY, NORTHWEST BIGHORN BASIN; PARK COUNTY, WYOMING The following faculty members have examined the final copy of this thesis for form AnD content, AnD recommenD thAt is be AccepteD in pArtial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MAster of Science with A major in EArth, Environmental, and Physical Sciences. ____________________________________ William Parcell, Committee Chair ____________________________________ Bill Bischoff, Committee Member ____________________________________ Collette Burke, Committee Member ____________________________________ Donald Blakeslee, Committee Member iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, William Parcell, for his invaluable guidance and support in both the field and laboratory stages of this project. I thank the members of my committee and the faculty of the Wichita State Department of Geology for the beneficial discussions and ideas along the way. I thank the Wichita State Department of Geology and the Sedimentary Basin Analysis and Modeling Lab for accesses to software, data, equipment, and facilities utilized throughout this project. I would also like to thank Robert Baker and David Bruce for their assistance with field work. iv ABSTRACT Early Mesozoic stratigraphy in the foreland Rocky Mountains of Wyoming records deposition in a variety of depositional environments and tectonic settings which have led to contrasting interpretations of the stratal relationships of these units. In particular, the boundary between the Triassic and Jurassic represents a complex relationship consisting of multiple unconformities, formations, and lithologies. Since the 1970s, regional studies have relied on laterally extensive erosional surfaces or unconformities across the Western Interior as time constraining correlation tools. However, since the formal establishment of these unconformities, the recognition and proper placement of these surfaces within local areas has come under increasing scrutiny. This study was undertaken to demonstrate the complexities of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and to clarify simplifications and generalizations made during previous research. This study will allow future researchers to take into account the complexities of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and avoid previous generalizations. v ABBREVIATIONS MD = Measured Depth TVT = True Vertical Thickness TST = True Stratigraphic Thickness XRD = X-Ray Diffraction WGS = Wyoming Geological Survey SP = Spontaneous potential (well log curve) API = American Petroleum Institute (unit of subsurface gamma ray measurement) TCGR = Total count gamma ray (unit of surficial gamma ray measurement) vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1 1.1. Previous Studies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………1 2. GEOLOGIC SETTING & NOMENCLATURE.….………………………………………………………………………….7 2.1. Current Setting of the Bighorn Basin…………………………………………….……………………………….7 2.2. Geologic Setting of the Triassic…………………………….……………………………………………………….7 2.2.1. Triassic Nomenclature……….……………………………………………………………………………..10 2.3. Geologic Setting of the Jurassic………………………….……………………………………………………….11 2.3.1. Jurassic Nomenclature…………………………………………………….……………………………….12 3. GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY……………………………………….………………………………………………………….16 3.1. Red Peak Formation……………………..…………………………………………………………………………….16 3.2. Alcova Formation……….……………………………………………………………………………………………….19 3.3. Crow Mountain Formation………………………………………………………………………………………….20 3.4. Unnamed Red Beds…………………………………………………………………………………………………….22 3.5. Popo Agie Formation…………………………………………………………………………………………………..22 3.6. Gypsum Spring Formation………….……………………………………………………………………………….24 4. PURPOSE OF STUDY & METHODS….…………………………………………………………………………………..27 4.1. Purpose of Study…………………………………………………………………………………………………………27 4.2. Methods…....……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….27 5. LITHOFACIES DISTRIBUTION………………………..……………………………………………………………………..34 5.1. Lithofacies I – Red Peak siltstones………..….………….………………………………………………………34 5.2. Lithofacies II – Red Peak silty mudstones…..….……….……………………………………………………39 5.3. Lithofacies III – Red Peak sandstones……..….…………….…..…………………………………………….42 5.4. Lithofacies IV – Siltstone conglomerate….…….…………………………………………………………….47 5.5. Lithofacies V – Siltstone breccia….………………….…….…………………………………………………….49 5.6. Lithofacies VI – Basal gypsum…………………….……………………………………………………………….51 6. REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATIONS..……………………………………………………………………..56 6.1. Red Peak Parasequences….…………………………………………………..…………………………………….57 6.1.1. Red Peak Parasequence 1…………………………………………………………………………………58 6.1.2. Red Peak Parasequence 2-4…………..…………………………………………………………………59 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Chapter Page 6.1.3. Red Peak Parasequence 5…………………………………………………………………………………60 6.1.4. Red Peak Parasequence 6…………………………………………………………………………………61 6.1.5. Red Peak Parasequence 7…………………………………………………………………………………62 6.2. Alcova Formation….…………………………………………………………………………………………………….63 6.3. Crow Mountain formation….……………………………..……………………………………………………….63 6.4. Gypsum Spring – Basal Gypsum….…………………..………………………………………………………….64 7. STRATIGRAPHIC MODEL….…………………………………………………..…………………………………………….67 8. CONCLUSIONS….……………………………………………………………………….……………………………………….79 9. FUTURE RESEARCH….…………………………………………..…………………………………………………………….81 REFERENCES….…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………….83 APPENDICES….………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………..88 A: List of Wells….……………………………….……………………..………………………………………………….89 B: Type Log….………………………………….………………………………………..………………………………….96 C: Sample Descriptions….………………….………………………………………………………………………….98 D: Measured Sections….………………….…………………………………………….……………………………104 1. Clark’s Fork Canyon…………………………………………………………………………….105 2. Hogan Reservoir………………………………………………………………………………….109 3. Chief Joseph Highway “Dead Indian Hill”…………………………………………….111 4. South Cody “Raven Ridge”.………………………………………………………………….113 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Base map of study area……………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 2. Stratigraphic nomenclature of Triassic rocks……………………………………………………………………..5 3. Stratigraphic nomenclature of Middle Jurassic rocks………………………………………………….……..6 4. Generalized global plate distribution of the Triassic………………………………………………………….8 5. Triassic paleogeographic reconstruction of Western U.S. …………………………………………………9 6. Generalized global plate distribution of the Jurassic……………………………………..………………..13 7. Jurassic paleogeographic reconstruction of Western U.S. ………………………………………………14 8. Stratigraphic diagram of Triassic rocks in Wyoming and Idaho………………………………………..17 9. Map of study area displaying location of wells and outcrops…………………..………………………28 10. Annotated photograph of Clark’s Fork Canyon outcrop……………..……………………………………35 11. Thin section photograph of Lithofacies I………………………………………………………………………….37 12. Photograph of ripple marks in Lithofacies I……………………………………………………………………..38 13. Photograph of Lithofacies II in outcrop……………………………………………………………………………41 14. Photograph of anomalous coloration in Lithofacies III…………………………………………………….43 15. Thin section photograph of Lithofacies III………………………………………………………………………..45 16. Photograph of crossbedding in Lithofacies III………………………………………………………………….46 17. Thin section photograph of Lithofacies IV……………………………………………………………………….48 18. Photograph of Lithofacies V in outcrop……………………………………………………………………………50 19. Photograph of Lithofacies VI in outcrop…………………………………………………………………………..52 20. Thin section photograph of dolomitic interval of Lithofacies VI………………….……………………53 ix LIST OF FIGURES (continued) Figure Page 21. Photograph near zone of truncation of Lithofacies VI …………………………………………………….65 22. Stratigraphic Model Stage 1………………………………………..…………………………………………………..71 23. Stratigraphic Model Stage 2………………………………………..…………………………………………………..72 24. Stratigraphic Model Stage 3………………………………………..…………………………………………………..73 25. Stratigraphic Model Stage 4………………………………………..…………………………………………………..74 26. Stratigraphic Model Stage 5………………………………………..…………………………………………………..75 27. Stratigraphic Model Stage 6………………………………………..…………………………………………………..76 28. Stratigraphic Model Stage 7………………………………………..…………………………………………………..77 29. Stratigraphic Model Stage 8………………………………………..…………………………………………………..78 x LIST OF PLATES Plate Page 1. Chugwater Group isopach….…………………………………….………………………………………………………..115 2. Red Peak parasequence 1 isopach….………………………..………………………………………………………..116 3. Red Peak parasequence 2 isopach….………………………………..………………………………………………..117 4. Red Peak parasequence 3 isopach….………………………………..………………………………………………..118 5. Red Peak parasequence 4 isopach….…………………………………..……………………………………………..119 6. Red Peak parasequence 5 isopach….………………………………………..………………………………………..120 7. Red Peak parasequence 6 isopach….………………………………………..………………………………………..121 8. Red Peak parasequence 7 isopach….………………………………………..………………………………………..122 9. Gypsum Spring basal gypsum isopach…..……………………………………………….…………………………..123 10. S-N cross-section….………………………………………………………………………..………………………………..124 10.1 S-N cross-section (highlighting left (south) side)………………………………..……………….125 10.2 S-N cross-section
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