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Nickel Laterite Smelting Processes and Some Examples of Recent Possible Modifications to the Conventional Route
metals Review Nickel Laterite Smelting Processes and Some Examples of Recent Possible Modifications to the Conventional Route Ender Keskinkilic Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Atilim University, 06830 Ankara, Turkey; [email protected]; Tel.: +90-533-302-9510 Received: 16 July 2019; Accepted: 1 September 2019; Published: 3 September 2019 Abstract: The treatment of laterites has been a research hotspot in extractive metallurgy over the past decades. Industrially, the pyrometallurgical treatment of laterites is mostly accomplished with a well-established method, namely, the rotary kiln–electric arc furnace (RKEF) process, which includes three main operations—calcination, prereduction, and smelting—followed by further refining for the removal of impurities from the raw ferro-nickel. As indicated in many studies of the RKEF process, the major downside of this method is its high energy consumption. Efforts have been made to lower this consumption. Furthermore, several new processes have been proposed. Among these, low-grade ferro-nickel production is regarded as the most widely and industrially used process after traditional RKEF operation. Although not widespread, other alternative processes of industrial scale have been generated since the start of the millennium. Recently, certain innovative processes have been tested either in the laboratory or at pilot-scale. In this paper, a literature review related to the smelting of laterites is made, and an emphasis on new processes and some examples of new developments in the RKEF process are presented. Keywords: laterite; smelting; RKEF process; low-grade ferro-nickel 1. Introduction According to a review published by Diaz et al., oxide-type nickel ores accounted for 64% of land-based nickel ores, but more than 60% of nickel production was based on the matte smelting of sulfide ores in 1988 [1]. -
Directory of Lakes and Waterbodies of J&K State Using Remote Sensing
DIRECTORY OF LAKES AND WATERBODIES OF J&K STATE Using Remote Sensing & GIS Technology Dr.Hanifa Nasim Dr.Tasneem Keng DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND REMOTE SENSING SDA COLONY BEMINA SRINAGAR / PARYAWARAN BHAWAN, FOREST COMPLEX, JAMMU Email: [email protected]. DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET Title of the project DIRECTORY OF LAKES AND WATERBODIES OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR Funding Agency GOVERNMENT OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR. Originating Unit Department of Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt. Project Co-ordinator Director Department of Environment and Remote Sensing,J&K Govt. Principal Investigator Dr. Hanifa Nasim Jr. Scientist Department of Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt. Co-Investigator Dr. Tasneem Keng Scientific Asst. Department of Environment and Remote Sensing, J&K Govt. Document Type Restricted Project Team Mudasir Ashraf Dar. Maheen Khan. Aijaz Misger. Ikhlaq Ahmad. Documentation Mudasir Ashraf. Acknowledgement Lakes and Water bodies are one of the most important natural resources of our State. Apart from being most valuable natural habitat for number of flora and fauna, these lakes and Water bodies are the life line for number of communities of our state. No systematic scientific study for monitoring and planning of these lakes and water bodies was carried out and more than 90%of our lakes and water bodies are till date neglected altogether. The department realized the need of creating the first hand information long back in 1998 and prepared the Directory of lakes and water bodies using Survey of India Topographical Maps on 1:50,000.With the advent of satellite technology the study of these lakes and water bodies has become easier and the task of creating of information pertaining to these lakes and water bodies using latest high resolution data along with Survey of India Topographical Maps and other secondary information available with limited field checks/ground truthing has been carried out to provide latest information regarding the status of these lakes and water bodies. -
Waste Free Srinagar City
International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research IJETSR www.ijetsr.com ISSN 2394 – 3386 Volume 5, Issue 1 January 2018 Waste Free Srinagar City Danish Ahmed, Dr. M.A.Lone ABSTRACT The paper deals with the concept of a clean Srinagar City. As the population of this city has grown in the recent years, and so has the waste generation. The waste is in the shape of solid waste and liquid waste, apart from generation of pollutants which have created problems in the atmosphere . Although liquid waste in the shape of sewage is being taken care of, yet no solution has been provided to deal with the solid waste. The municipal garbage bins are overflowing and the transportation , disposal and treatment are yet to be finalized. At present, the whole of solid waste is being dumped at the open dump site Achan. This has resulted in an unsanitary condition in the area, and the problem is increasing as the days pass by. A lot of untreated solid waste has accumulated at the site and a large quantity of leachate is polluting the ground water. A number of meetings with the local municipality have resulted in various solutions, but none has been finalized. The paper presents the quantification , qualitative analysis and the most feasible treatment proposed for this problem. KEY WORDS Achan ,Solid Waste , Collection, Segregation, Treatment, Reclamation, Leachate, RDF INTRODUCTION Srinagar is the summer Capital of J & K state. The city is located on both the sides of the Jhelum River, which is called Vyath in Kashmir. The river passes through the city and meanders through the valley, moving onward and deepening in the Dal Lake. -
SIA Newsletter (SIAN)
Volume 35 Summer 2006 Number 3 LITTLE-KNOWN WATT STEAM ENGINE IN AMERICA In Winter 2003, the SIAN ran a query from the Somerset Henry Ford, however, was not the only American entre- (U.K.) Industrial Archaeological Society seeking information on preneur whose interest in innovation led him to have a his- a Watt rotative beam engine that was believed to have been toric Watt engine shipped to this country. In 1957, shipped to America after WWII. R. Damian Nance [SIA] rec- Leighton A. Wilkie, founder of the DoALL Co. in Des ognized the engine as one displayed in the headquarters of the Plaines, IL (just west of Chicago), purchased a rotative DoALL Co. in Des Plaines, IL. He has since done exhaustive beam engine from the Holyrood (lace) Mill of Gifford, Fox research on the engine and submits the following report. & Co., in Chard, Somerset, U.K. Like Ford, Wilkie was interested in the role of industrial enterprise in American he Soho Works of Matthew Boulton and James prosperity. To illustrate the importance of innovation in Watt in Birmingham, England, played such a machine tools that he felt his company exemplified, he pivotal role in the course of the Industrial established a “Hall of Progress” at the company headquar- TRevolution that Henry Ford, in connection ters in 1958-59. The centerpiece of this now-dismantled with his interest in invention, had two of their museum was a giant sunburst, the rays of which symbolized innovative steam beam engines (built in 1796 and 1811) “the 10 broad mainstreams of human activity that, togeth- shipped to his museum in Dearborn, MI, following a visit to er, have created the modern age of abundance.” Britain in 1929. -
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Wealden Iron First Series No 12 1977 Bulletin of the Wealden Iron Research Group WEALDEN IRON RESEARCH GROUP BULLETIN NO. 12 1977 CONTENTS Page No. Reports on Fieldwork C.F. Tebbutt Further Light on Withyham or Stonelands Furnace 2 The Ewhurst/Northiam Furnaces 2 Whitley Park Furnace, Surrey 3 Errata (Bulletin 9) 3 Reports on Excavations Pippingford Cow Park Bloomery C.F. Tebbutt 3 Bloomery Furnaces at Maynards Gate, Jarvis Brook Pam Combes 4 Ashburnham Furnace, Penhurst David Crossley 7 A Reconstruction of a Gun-casting Blast Furnace Roger Adams 8 Antonio Averlino Filarète: Description of a 15th-century Ironworks 10 Review: Ardingly Fulling Mill and Forge 13 Index to BULLETINS I - XII compiled by Margaret Tebbutt 14 Published by the Wealden Iron Research Group in collaboration with the East Sussex County Council Planning Department. Set by Mrs K. Upton Acting Hon. Secretary: Hon. Editor: Mrs D. M. Meades D. W. Crossley, Huggetts Farm, Department of Economic and High Hurstwood, Social History, Uckfield, The University, Sussex. Sheffield, 10 © Copyright 1977 The Wealden Iron Research Group 1 Reports of Fieldwork Further Light on Withyham or Stonelands Furnace In a recent note (see Bulletin no.8 Spring 1975 pp.45-6) I commented on the mystery of the site of Withyham or Stonelands Furnace and the unavailing efforts to locate it. Since this appeared I have chanced to read Straker’s introduction to the Buckhurst Terrier (Sussex Record Society 39 (1933) p.xviii) where he says ‘Lord Thomas Buckhurst had a lease of 50 years, from 1571, of Parrock Forge, adjoining St Tye, but in the manor of Parrock. -
Secondary Lead Smelting at the Beginning of the 21 Century
Secondary Lead Smelting at the Beginning of the 21st Century Secondary Lead Smelting at the Beginning of the 21st Century Dr. Andreas Siegmund RSR Technologies, Inc. 2777 Stemmons Freeway, Suite 1800 Dallas, TX, USA, 75207 Abstract Close to 85% of all products using lead metals are recyclable. One direct consequence is the conti- nuously rising recycling rate of lead bearing scrap. In 1999, refined lead recovered from secondary materials totaled 2.9 million tonnes, equivalent to 47.2% of total production worldwide or 58.9% in the Western World. The majority of the secondary lead comes from spent lead-acid batteries with the remainder coming from other sources such as lead pipe and sheet. Most of the lead secondaries are recycled pyrometallurgically. During the last two decades, lead recycling experienced many technological innovations, mainly by the addition of physical separation and/or hydrometallurgical processing steps, resulting in a remarkable improvement in the utilization of the components con- tained in batteries. Additional advancements were motivated by the introduction of more stringent environmental legislation and health and safety regulations as well as economical considerations. Developments at commercial primary and secondary lead operations are described, covering these implemented modifications and innovations. Proceedings of EMC 2001 1 Dr. Andreas Siegmund INTRODUCTION Notwithstanding the significantly changing patterns in the market segments, the consumption of lead has steadily grown in most countries, regions and overall over the past three decades. Lead usage as gasoline additive as well as in paint, seals and solder has declined and virtually disap- peared, while products like radiation shielding, sheet for roofing, compounds in the glass and plas- tics industries, insoluble anodes for metal electrowinning have survived and grown. -
Woodwork in Šumava and the Bavarian Forest
WANDERINGS THROUGH ŠUMAVA AND THE BAVARIAN FOREST Woodwork in Šumava and the Bavarian Forest 1 Length of Path 1,7 km The old weir on the 98,9th kilometre of the Otava river had been deviating water into several water-powered mechanisms in Baunov (Braunau in German), which lat- er became a part of Dlouhá Ves, since the 18th century. Today, a part of the damaged wooden weir is replaced by an inflatable sack. The weir is almost impassable for ca- noers, as the old wooden crown has nails sticking out of it which can cause damage to passing boats. The earliest depiction of the flume comes from the first military mapping project (1764–1768). Here it powers a water wheel of the local hammer mill (no. 44). In 1788, the mill was owned by Andreas Hatzinger. A point of interest is a hill southeast of the hammer mill, named Einsiedlerey, depict- ed with a chapel and a house, which could potentially be a former hermitage. The ca- dastral map (1824–1843) depicts the flume powering the hammer mill as well as two other mills (house numbers 45 and 46). In those days, the village also boasted a saw- mill and five lordly houses. In 1882, the old hammer mill is purchased by Johannes Schell, originally from the German Hanau am Main, and is rebuilt into a workshop to produce long thin wood- en pieces called wooden wire. In 1885, to- gether with his nephew Theodor Schell, Johannes begins to build a match factory, eventually selling his products under the name Schell & Neffe, Langendorf (Dlouhá Ves). -
National Parks in Germany: Wild and Beautiful
NATIONAL PARKS IN GERMANY Wild and Beautiful Western-Pomerania Lagoons National Park Bavarian Forest National Park Jasmund National Park Im Forst 5 Freyunger Straße 2 Stubbenkammer 2 a D-18375 Born /Germany D-94481 Grafenau /Germany D-18546 Sassnitz /Germany Phone: +49 (0)38234 502-0, fax -24 Phone +49 (0)8552 9600-0, fax -100 Phone: +49 (0)38392 350-11, fax -54 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.nationalpark-vorpommersche- www.nationalpark-bayerischer-wald.de/english www.nationalpark-jasmund.de boddenlandschaft.de Berchtesgaden National Park Kellerwald-Edersee National Park Doktorberg 6 Laustraße 8 Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park D-83471 Berchtesgaden /Germany D-34537 Bad Wildungen /Germany Neuenfelder Straße 19 Phone: +49 (0)8652 9686-0, fax -40 Phone: +49 (0)5621 75249-0, fax -19 D-21109 Hamburg /Germany [email protected] [email protected] Phone: +49 (0)40 42840-3392, fax -3552 www.nationalpark-berchtesgaden.de www.nationalpark-kellerwald-edersee.de/en/home/ www.nationalpark-wattenmeer.de Müritz National Park Lower Saxony Wadden Sea National Park Eifel National Park Schloßplatz 3 Virchowstraße 1 Urftseestraße 34 D-17237 Hohenzieritz /Germany D-26382 Wilhelmshaven /Germany D-53937 Schleiden-Gemünd /Germany Phone: +49 (0)39824 252-0, fax -50 Phone: +49 (0)4421 911-0, fax -280 Phone: +49 (0)2444 9510-0, fax -85 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.mueritz-nationalpark.de/cms2/MNP_prod/ www.nationalpark-wattenmeer.de www.nationalpark-eifel.de/go/eifel/english.html MNP/en/Homepage/index.jsp www.nationalpark-wattenmeer-erleben.de Saxon Switzerland National Park Hainich National Park An der Elbe 4 Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park Bei der Marktkirche 9 D-01814 Bad Schandau /Germany Schlossgarten 1 D-99947 Bad Langensalza /Germany Phone: +49 (0)35022 900-600, fax -666 D-25832 Tönning /Germany Phone: +49 (0)361 5739140-00, fax -20 poststelle.sbs-nationalparkverwaltung@smul. -
German Limes Road REMARKABLE RELICS of EARTHWORKS and OTHER MONUMENTS, RECONSTRUCTIONS and MUSEUMS
German Limes Road REMARKABLE RELICS OF EARTHWORKS AND OTHER MONUMENTS, RECONSTRUCTIONS AND MUSEUMS. THE GERMAN LIMES ROAD RUNS ALONG THE UPPER GERMAN-RAETIAN LIMES FROM BAD HÖNNINGEN /RHEINBROHL ON THE RHINE TO REGENSBURG ON THE DANUBE AS A TOURIST ROUTE. German Limes Road Dear Reader With this brochure we would like to invite you on a journey in the footsteps of the Romans along the Upper German-Raetian Limes recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage site. This journey has been made German Limes Road possible for you by the association “Verein Deutsche German Limes Cycleway Limes-Straße e.V.”, which has laid out not only the German Limes Trail German Limes Road but also the German Limes Cycle- way for you. In addition to this, we would also like to The Upper German-Raetian Limes, the former border of the Roman introduce you to the Limes Trail. Empire between the Rhine and the Danube, recognised today by UNESCO as a World Heritage site, can be explored not only by car, but also by bike The association in which 93 municipalities, administra- or on foot along fully signposted routes. tive districts and tourism communities have come together, aims at generating an awareness in public of The German Limes Road, the German Limes Cycleway and the German the Limes as an archaeological monument of world his- Limes Trail offer ideal conditions for an encounter with witnesses of an torical significance. With its activities based on sharing ancient past as well as for recreational activities in beautiful natural land - knowledge and marketing, it wants to raise interest for scapes. -
Kurtz Ersa Magazine 38
Kurtz Ersa Magazine | Edition 38 | June 2014 1 Kurtz Ersa Magazine For Customers and Business Partners of Kurtz Ersa Corporation 38June 2014 - Kurtz Ersa Corporation Jubilee: 235 years of living technology ......... 4 Electronics Production Equipment Ersa Reflow System wins NPI Award .......... 15 Moulding Machines Lightweight construction: Think bigger, faster, global – and act local! ....18 Metal Components New iron foundry: Ideally equipped for the future .............. 22 2 Kurtz Ersa Magazine | Edition 38 | June 2014 Kurtz Ersa Magazine | Edition 38 | June 2014 3 Vision, Mission, Leadership Excellence In the medium-term, the Kurtz Ersa Leadership Guidelines of the Senior management as a role model Editorial Group is aiming for a turnover volume of Kurtz Ersa Corporation The Kurtz Ersa senior management members over € 250 million. With the investments define tasks clearly – even at the interface already made, and our ongoing Social Behaviour to other areas – and employ professional investment, we have created a solid • I actively live our values and management techniques. Similarly they basis. And our markets offer sufficient ensure that they are applied. appreciate staff acting on their own Kurtz Ersa Corporation potential. But we can only achieve this • I am humane, fair and loyal. responsibility. They know that the Kurtz Ersa 235 years of living technology growth by providing our customer with • I am open and honest. Values are best imparted by living them. With optimum service – which is why we have • I create a positive climate and clear organisational procedures and a realigned our vision, mission and promote cohesion. cooperative style of management, they For Kurtz Ersa, the outstanding feature of 2014 is the 235-year jubilee. -
District Census Handbook, Badgam, Part XII-A & B, Series-2
CENSUS OF INDIA 2001 SERIES-2 JAMMU & KASHMIR DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK Part - A & B BADGAM DISTRICT VILLAGE & TOWN DIRECTORY -c} VILLAGE AND TOWNWISE PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT <7I'l c.n f f~ -:;! iUI PEOPLE ORIENTED Chander Shakher Sapru Deputy Director of Census Operations, Jammu & Kashmir Product Code Number n???-2001 "Ceo-Book (E) BADGAM DISTRICT CHRARI - SHARIEF he Ziarat of Sheikh Noar - ud - DinRA , popularly known as "Alamdar-e-Kashmir" T(the flag Bearer of Kashmir) is situated 28 kms. Sauth of Srinagar. The Saint who is venerated by Hindus and Muslims alike was the founder of a Muslim order of Rishis whose aim was to serve the community and spread the message of peace. The liara! of Sheikh Noor - ud - DinRA has a following from peop1e of all faiths. The seer had formed a Muslim sect to comprise of Saints for the propagation of peace and to serve mankind. The shrine honours his wisdom. According to the legend after death of the Sheikh, his coffin, after flying some distance, descended on the ground at the site of the Shrirle where He was laid to rest. The then ruler of Kashmir, lani-ul-Abiden (1420-70 AD) constructed a shrine on the burial site. The imposing shrine depicting rich -:lncient architecture was an oblong structure with a brick masonry plinth and a terraced roof resting upon wooden pillars before it was set ablaze a couple of years back. However, it has now been rebuilt with all wooden carvings. iii Brief analysis of the data on house and household amenities as , available in Table 200 I Censlis based on inset tables 48"52. -
District Census Handbook, Anantnag, Part XII-A & B, Series-2
CENSUS OF INDIA 2001 SERIES-2 JAMMU & KASHMIR DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK Part - A & B ANANTNAG DISTRICT VILLAGE & TOWN DIRECTORY ~ VILLAGE AND TOWNVVISE PRIMARY CENSUS A8STRACT c~i'l Q,1 f-~ :i~! Pf'()Pl i~ UKli'" I'.r: Chander Shakher Sapru Deputy Directo! of Census Operations. Jarnmu & Kashmir Product Code Number ??-???-2001 - Cen-Book (E) ANANTNAG DISTRJCT . ., ." ...... ~ ... .i' Alllamalh en{' is situated ill a narrow gorge al the !;1I1her end or Liddcr vaile). All1<lrnath stands at the alltitudr of 1~()(J(l1i. and ~6 "-II1S_ from Pahalgam and 141 kms. Ii-(lill Srinagar. Arrnrdill~ 10 Ancient laic. then.' "CIS once a Muslilll shepherd namcd Buta Malik. \\ ilo \\IlS ~i\"L'11 a sac~ of ((lal h: a sadilu. UpOIl rl';lclllll~ home hI.' discO\l.'red -Ihal the sack. in ta~l, containcd gold 0\ cr joyed and ()\"(,!TOIl1l'. Buta Mal i~ rushcd hac"- 10 loo~ I(l(" the saJhu to Ihan~ him bUI on the SpOI of their Illl'cting hl' dbco\ncd a ra\ c and ~\-enlUall: this becal1lt' a place of pilgrimage for allhelievers. The Ire'" from Chandanwari to Alllarnath is on an ancknt peregrine routt'. The 30 klll~ t\\0 "ilh h<llt~ al Shcsilnal: distance is co\ereG in da\'s-.._ ni1!hl .:'_.(\\a\\jan) and Panchtarni. The diSlctnCe from Pahal.:_.:arn Itl Chandall\\ari (16 kms.) IW\\ can be Cll\Crcd by whicular IranSron and the·trail rUlls alll l1f_ lhl' Lidder 1\ i\t'f'. CONTENTS Pages Foreword vii Preface IX Acknowledgement X District Highlights - 200 I Census xii Important Statistics in the district xiv Ranking ofTehsils in the district XVI Statements t-9 Statement-I Name of the headquarters of DistricVTehsil, their Rural-Urban Status xvii Statement-2 Name of headquarters of DistrictJCD Block, their Rural-Urban status xvii Statement-3 Population of the District at each Census from 190 I to 200 I xviii Statement-4 Area; Number ofvillages!Towns and population in the District and xix Statement-S C.D.