The Frontier of Patriotism: Alberta and the First World War

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2016-09 The Frontier of Patriotism: Alberta and the First World War

Davies, Adriana A.; Keshen, Jeff

University of Calgary Press

Davies, A.A & Keshen, J. (2016). "The Frontier of Patriotism: Alberta and the First World War." Beyond boundaries: Canadian defence and strategic studies series; no. 7. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/51593 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 International Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca THE FRONTIER OF PATRIOTISM: Alberta and the First World War Edited by Adriana A. Davies and Jeff Keshen

ISBN 978-1-55238-835-8

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Edited by Adriana A. Davies and Jeff Keshen THE FRONTIER OF PATRIOTISM BEYOND BOUNDARIES: CANADIAN DEFENCE A book in the Campus Alberta Collection, a collaboration of AND STRATEGIC STUDIES SERIES Athabasca University Press, the University of Alberta Press, and the University of Calgary Press. Rob Huebert, Series Editor ISSN 1716-2645 (Print) ISSN 1925-2919 (Online)

Canada’s role in international military and strategic studies ranges from peacebuilding and press.ucalgary.ca | aupress.ca | uap.ualberta.ca Arctic sovereignty to unconventional warfare and domestic security. This series provides narratives and analyses of the Canadian military from both 2015 an historical and a contemporary perspective. Alberta Oil and the Decline of Democracy in Canada Meenal Shrivastava and Lorna Stefanick No. 1 ∙ The Generals: The Canadian Army’s Senior 978-1-77199-029-5 (paperback) | Athabasca University Press Commanders in the Second World War J.L. Granatstein So Far and Yet So Close: Frontier Cattle Ranching in Western Prairie Canada and the Northern Territory of Australia No. 2 ∙ Art and Memorial: The Forgotten History of Warren M. Elofson Canada’s War Art 978-1-55238-794-8 (paperback) | University of Calgary Press Laura Brandon Upgrading Oilsands Bitumen and Heavy Oil No. 3 ∙ In the National Interest: Canadian Foreign Murray R. Gray Policy and the Department of Foreign Affairs 978-1-77212-035-6 (hardcover) | University of Alberta Press and International Trade, 1909–2009 Greg Donaghy and Michael K. Carroll No. 4 ∙ Long Night of the Tankers: Hitler’s War 2016 Against Caribbean Oil The Frontier of Patriotism: Alberta and the First World War David J. Bercuson and Holger H. Herwig Adriana A. Davies and Jeff Keshen No. 5 ∙ Fishing for a Solution: Canada’s Fisheries 978-1-55238-834-1 (paperback) | University of Calgary Press Relations with the European Union, 1977–2013 Seeking Order in Anarchy: Multilateralism as State Strategy Donald Barry, Bob Applebaum, Robert W. Murray and Earl Wiseman 978-1-77212-139-1 (paperback) | University of Alberta Press No. 6 ∙ From Kinshasa to Kandahar: Canada and Visiting with the Ancestors: Blackfoot Shirts in Museum Spaces Fragile States in Historical Perspective Laura Peers and Alison K. Brown Michael K. Carroll and Greg Donaghy 978-1-77199-037-0 (paperback) | Athabasca University Press The Frontier of Patriotism ALBERTA AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR

Edited by Adriana A. Davies and Jeff Keshen

Beyond Boundaries: Canadian Defence and Strategic Studies Series ISSN 1716-2645 (Print) ISSN 1925-2919 (Online) © 2016 University of Calgary Press This project was funded in part by the Alberta Historical Resources Foundation. Financial support was also provided by the Ukrainian Canadian University of Calgary Press Civil Liberties Foundation. 2500 University Drive NW Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 1N4 press.ucalgary.ca

This book is available as an ebook which is licensed under a Creative Commons license. The publisher should be contacted for any commercial The University of Calgary Press acknowledges the support of the use which falls outside the terms of that license. Government of Alberta through the Alberta Media Fund for our publications. We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund for our publishing activities. We acknowledge the financial support of the Canada Council for the Arts for Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication our publishing program.

The frontier of patriotism : Alberta and the First World War / edited by Adriana A. Davies and Jeff Keshen.

(Beyond boundaries : Canadian defence and strategic studies series ; 7) Includes bibliographical references and index. Issued in print and electronic formats. ISBN 978-1-55238-834-1 (paperback).—ISBN 978-1-55238-835-8 (open Cover image: McDermid Studio, Glenbow Archives, NC-6-1210 access pdf).— Cover design, page design, and typesetting by Garet Markvoort, zijn digital ISBN 978-1-55238-836-5 (pdf).—ISBN 978-1-55238-837-2 (epub).— Copy editing by Gretchen Albers, Kerri Rubman, and Peter Enman ISBN 978-1-55238-838-9 (mobi)

1. Alberta—History—1905–1945. 2. Alberta—History, Military—20th century. 3. World War, 1914–1918—Canada. 4. Alberta—Social conditions—1905–1945. 5. Canada—History—1914–1918. I. Keshen, Jeff, 1962–, editor II. Davies, Adriana A., editor III. Series: Beyond boundaries series ; no. 7

FC3672.F76 2016 971.23’02 C2016-905366-0 C2016-905367-9 CONTENTS

Acknowledgments ix 4 Building on the Home Front: Armouries and Introduction xi Other Infrastructure 41 Timeline xxiii KATHRYN IVANY Map xxvii 5 Aboriginal Alberta and the First World War 51 L. JAMES DEMPSEY Section One | Albertans at War: The Military 1 6 Scattered by the Whirlwind: Alberta Chaplains and the Great War 71 1 An Old Soldier Fades Away: Major General DUFF CRERAR Sir Sam Steele in the First World War 5 ROD MACLEOD 7 The Experiences of Lethbridge Men Overseas, 1914–1918 81 2 Raymond Brutinel and the Genesis of BRETT CLIFTON Modern Mechanized Warfare 15 JULIETTE CHAMPAGNE AND MAJOR (RETD.) 8 Sid Unwin’s War 93 JOHN MATTHEWS MICHALE LANG

3 While You Were Away: Alberta’s First World War 9 Alberta Remittance Men in the Great War 103 Aviation History 31 RYAN FLAVELLE PATRICIA MYERS 10 The Effects of the First World War on the Franco- European Immigrants of Alberta 115 JULIETTE CHAMPAGNE vi Contents 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 NORMAN KNOWLES Great War came”: ProtestantResponsestoAlberta’s ARITHA VAN HERK First World War DUFF CRERAR Context andMeaning Section Two KERRANDDOUGSTYLESALLAN Art Belts ANTONELLA FANELLA Love Story J. ROBERT LAMPARD World War: RisingtotheChallenge DAVIESADRIANA A. Burkholder andHer BoysattheFront DAVID BORYS of AlbertaandtheFirst World War “O valiantheartswhotoyourglory Ordinary Life inAlbertathe Alberta1916 Enthusiasm Embattled: Private StephenSmithandHis Trench Harold andEmmaMcGill: AWar-Front Medical Contributionsof AlbertansintheFirst The Gospelof Sacrifice:LadyPrincipal Nettie InstitutionThe Little thatCould:TheUniversity 197 231 187 | The Home Front: 219 201

133 161 203 143 20 19 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 DAVID JOSEPHGALLANT Outbreak of theGreatWar, 1914 DAVIESADRIANA A. for Organization KEN TINGLEY Section Three |Communities at War PETER MCKENZIE-BROWN Petroleum Survey CATHERINE C. COLE the First World War ALVIN FINKEL JEFF KESHEN Alberta duringtheFirst World War JEFF KESHEN STEPHEN GREENHALGH Armageddon: AlbertaNewspapers andthe Alberta Women in theFirst World War: AGenius Edmonton andtheGreatWar The BosworthExpedition:AnEarly The GreatWestern GarmentCompanyduring The GreatWar andLabourinAlberta From LocaltoNational: PictorialPropagandain Voices of War: ThePressandthePersonal Edmonton’s LocalHeroes 245 325 319 279 339 263 297 307

335 287 Contents vii 517 509 485 483 541 527 537 Aftermath |

Soldier Settlement in Alberta, 1917–1931 in Centennial Commemoration War World First War, Public Health and the 1918 “Spanish” and the 1918 “Spanish” Public Health War, Local Government and the Applying Modernity: 1919 Federal Housing Scheme in Alberta Scheme Housing 1919 Federal WETHERELL DONALD G. ALLAN ROWE Alberta Museums CORY RORY Raised in the Appendix: Alberta Formations War World First Contributors List of 545 Index Section Four Section Pandemic in Alberta Influenza HUMPHRIES MARK OSBORNE 39 40 37 38

403 459 443 369 RNWMP 433 415 355 Attack on the 475 383 CEF Canada’s First National Internment Operations Internment National First Canada’s Conscientious Objectors in Alberta in the Student Life on the University of Alberta Campus of University on the Student Life Royal: Capturing Campus Mount Mobilizing Siege: The Under War World Red Deer and the First 1917 Waskatenau The Life: Threads of Theatre in the Great War Grand Calgary’s The First World War as a Local Experience: Experience: as a Local War World The First War World First SHAW AMY J. P. WHITNEY LACKENBAUER WHITNEY LACKENBAUER P. Sanctuary in the Ukrainian and the Search for Association Temple Labour Farmer KASSANDRA LUCIUK Contributions to the Great War JARETT HENDERSON October 1916 Barracks in Calgary, War World during the First STORTZ CHRIS HYLAND AND PAUL Signature Quilt ADRIANA A. SEAN MOIR, AND DAVIES, ANTHONY WORMAN DONALD B. SMITH ROBERT RUTHERDALE RUTHERDALE ROBERT MICHAEL DAWE Mobilization, Citizen Voluntary Support, Voluntary Citizen Mobilization, in the Sacrifice and Memoralizing Alberta Lethbridge, 36 35 33 34 32 31 29 30 28

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The 100th anniversary of the First World War is one found to enable archives to preserve their collections of those benchmark events in our history need- and to continue to make more and more of them ing to be commemorated by new scholarship. We accessible in a digital format. would like to thank Peter Enman, John King, and The authors come from a range of backgrounds John Wright as well as the Board of the University of including academic historians and their masters Calgary Press for being receptive to an anthology that and doctoral students as well as local historians would focus on Alberta and the First World War. undertaking cultural memory and living tradition The co-editors are grateful that they found each research that focuses on individual and community other and were able to combine expertise in mili- experience and transference from one generation tary and twentieth century Canadian history, with to the next. Enormous thanks go to them for their Alberta’s historical, natural, scientific and tech- commitment, in particular in meeting the tight nological heritage. This made the commissioning timelines that the project required. A project of of articles a satisfying and stimulating adventure. such scope – the total number of essays grew to a While we scoped out thematic areas, new authors hefty 40 – normally takes years to plan and execute. came onboard, and they enriched and expanded The commissioning, research, and writing phases these themes. All the contributors brought consid- spanned 18 months, a challenge everyone met with erable knowledge of primary sources – from local grace and understanding. to national – that has made this critical period in We would like to thank Mount Royal University Alberta’s development come to life. Without Library for its institutional support. Matthew Wangler, Exe and Archives Canada, the Provincial Archives of cutive Director of the Alberta Historical Resources Alberta, Glenbow Archives and local archives, the Foundation, was extremely supportive of the project, authors could not have provided the insight into the while Carina Naranjilla, its Grant Program Coor- mobilization of Alberta, and the impact of the war dinator, provided sage advice with respect to grant both in the short- and long-term. Resources must be applications. We gratefully acknowledge the financial x Acknowlegments of inspiration. support andkeen interestinourworkisasource Madelaine,Deborah, andJacob Theirmoral Keshen. and William,DawsonDavies, Sabrina, andOliverDavies, Catherine,Ciaran, families, Alex, Foundation. tion andtheUkrainianCanadianCivilLiberties Fund, theAlbertaHistorical ResourcesFounda support of theGovernmentof Alberta’s Lotteries Finally, eachof uswouldlike tothankour - INTRODUCTION

Alberta was only nine years old when the First World wounded, 5 percent of the population eligible for War started. Its population had reached 375,000 military service.2 by 1911 and 496,000 five years later.1 In 1914, the There is relatively little scholarship on Alberta’s populations of Edmonton and Calgary both exceeded First World War experience. The earliest treatment 70,000, though by 1918, they had dropped to just is John Blue’s “Alberta in the Great War,” a chapter over 50,000. Given the province’s youth and small in his Alberta Past and Present: Historical and population, it would appear unlikely that it could Biographical, published in 1924.3 In 1978, John make a major difference to the war effort. However, Herd Thompson wrote a brief regional analysis, this was not the case at all. Alberta made major con- The Harvests of War, examining the Manitoba, tributions to Canada’s fighting forces. Precise num- Saskatchewan, and Alberta home fronts.4 The first bers are elusive because many Albertans enlisted contemporary, comprehensive examination of outside the province. One comprehensive analysis Alberta’s First World War experience was volume 4 in puts the total at 48,885, or 35.1 percent of the male Ted Byfield’sAlberta in the 20th Century: A Journalistic population aged 18 to 45, placing the province third History of the Province in Twelve Volumes. Titled The behind Manitoba at 47.6 and Ontario at 36.8 per- Great War and Its Consequences, it was published in cent. The figure becomes more impressive given 1994. Byfield, a journalist, publisher, and editor, that in 1911, 43.5 percent of Alberta’s population was produced a heavily pictorial popular history that also born outside Canada or Britain, more than twice devoted a surprising amount of space to national the national average, and 62.1 percent lived in rural issues and trends.5 There is also information to settings compared to 54.5 percent nationwide, a seg- be found in profiles of Alberta military leaders, ment of the population that tended to provide fewer those who trained in the province, regimental and recruits due to the critical need for farm labour. High municipal histories, and accounts of institutions recruitment meant significant losses: 6,140 Alber- such as the University of Alberta and Mount Royal tans were killed in action, and some 20,000 were College (as it was then).6 xii The Frontier of Patriotism popular orevenpropagandistic books,including it ismoredescriptivethananalytical. Thus,more the First World War single-volume until theappearanceof G.W.L. Nicholson’s 1964 gap inscholarshipdidnotbegintobeaddressed were notopentoresearchersuntilthe1960s.This First World War militaryrecords,whichasaresult the outsetof theSecondWorld War. He also hoarded Duguidproducedonlyasinglevolumedocument, by toconsultevery asaresult, and, every detailcorrect, cal sectionintheCanadianArmy. neer bytraining,wasputinchargeof asmallhistori Fortescue anengi Duguid, performance. ColonelA. “Official History” ofitsmilitaryinvolvementand Canada didnotproduceamultivolume scholarly Unlike BritainorAustraliaduringtheinterwar years, erating Canada’s trajectoryfromcolonytonation. accel generatedprideandanationalspirit, battle overseas havecentredonhowtheirperformance in Forcomplex. manyyears,studiesof Canadianforces War hasgrownincreasinglycomprehensiveand general historiographyonCanadaintheFirst World While regionalwartimehistoryremainssparse,the Historiography onCanadaintheFirst World War rather episodicaccountbytwo book onwartimeBritishColumbia isapopular, eral workontheMaritimes; andarecentlypublished comprised of reprinteddocuments; thereisnogen the mostcomprehensiveworkonOntarioislargely Quebec stillfocuses ondebatesoverconscription; arship. Most Thaton workisconsiderablydated. effort remainsanareainneed of furtherschol Regional analysisof Canada’s First World War Official History of the Canadian Army in Official HistoryoftheCanadian . Although thorough and balanced, . Althoughthoroughandbalanced, CBC 9 Determinedtoget journalists. - 7

- 8

- - - the First World War. The1960sand1970sbrought War devotedto didnotseemuchscholarlyattention and notuntil2010thatof CanadianNavy. theRoyal Official HistoryoftheRoyalCanadianAir Force Notconsulted. until1980didthefirstvolume of the those generatedduringthewar, remainedwidely British. relationship betweenCanadian soldiersandthe also examinedthecomplexand notalwayscopacetic the thickof thingsoverseas. the warexperiencethrough writingsof thosein ber’s Up social history, DesmondMorton’s among theAllies. expertly, Canadian-ledformation, arguablythebest and theemergenceof theCanadianCorpsasanelite, proved performance overthecourseof theconflict, notably indiscussionsof Canada’s increasinglyim experience. Still,thenationalisticthemepersists, more completepictureof Canada’s overseasmilitary specialization andsocialhistory, haveresultedina of Canadiansoldiers. fortitude,highlighted thegrit, andaccomplishments of involvingCanadians,butalso otherkey battles gruesome,anddeadlynature that detailedtheharsh, the 1980swithappearanceof popularhistories cided withCanada’s 100thbirthday. Thiscarriedinto especially asthe50th anniversary of theclashcoin autonomy,tionalism, andinternationalrecognition, Vimy Ridge,thatpromulgatedCanada’s growingna at namelyaboutthe battle accounts werepublished, War. Counteringthis,however, upliftingpopular university campusesduringtheunpopularVietnam military andanti-authoritarianethosprevalenton academicmilitaryhistory,little reflectingananti- The immediateperiodaftertheSecondWorld Recent historiographictrends,namelytoward andSandraGwyn’s 14 Analyses have challenged the portrayal of Analyseshavechallengedthe portrayal 12 Demonstratingtheinfluence of 11

Tapestry ofWar 13 Recentscholarshiphas When Your Num reconstruct appear, - -

- - 10

Introduction xiii -

- 26 That - 23 Further work has Further 28 24 Recent academic debate has revolved 27 Other work shows that jingoism and 25 Social friction in wartime Canada has also Social friction in wartime from volunteering in what was termed a “Whitefrom volunteering in what was termed African-Canadians, and, in the case of War” Man’s eventually restricted to labour battalions to support white troops. responded Peoples around the extent to which First to the call and whether their patriotism resulted in meaningful improvements. denominations, particularly Protestant branches, denominations, particularly a righteous cause against evil, promoted the war as support, and pro means of raised money and other spiritual and to men’s vided clerics who ministered emotional needs overseas. the work of theme. Much become a prominent which seeks social history, draws inspiration from long under-represented or groups to tell the story of whiggish historical written mainstream, often out of increasing accounts. Such scholarship has explored of discord and radicalism among large segments working class over wartime hyperinfla Canada’s collective representation,tion, absence of lack of men but of bargaining rights, and the conscription not wealth. nativism, buttressedby wartime hysteria, resulted in extreme German prejudice against Canadians of and Ukrainian background. typically not The latter, as naturalized as British subjects, were classified cases, interned.enemy aliens and, in over 8,500 Scholarship also details the wartime experiences who were initially excluded visible minorities, of Scholarship has also detailed how classrooms and classrooms how also detailed has Scholarship toward cultivating were geared popular literature the begin universities show on patriotism. Works and coordination training programs officer nings of that and academe between government, industry, research.military-related scientific advanced shows that a wide swath of on Canadian churches

22 - - - - While 15 Perpet

20 , provides an 19 Shock Troops and He details the unique world of world of details the unique He 17 Other works examine the war through Other works examine the war through 18 Tim Cook’s monumental two-volume two-volume monumental Cook’s Tim 21 16 s; the application of military discipline; diet s; the application of At the Sharp End Works on mobilization have explored the ways on mobilization Works Earlier works on the Canadian home front Earlier works on the Canadian home front POW in which Canadians were influenced to back total such as through censorship and propaganda and war, state surveillance and repression. of other forms prompted several regional-based studies on the prompted several regional-based studies The trend toward more intensive War. World First in recent works on spe analysis also manifested Winnipeg, cific communities in wartime, namely Rivières, Guelph, Lethbridge, Trois Regina, Toronto, and Halifax. during the First World War typically focused on the typically focused War World during the First was national level—principally on how mobilization managed, munitions production, with recruitment, and conscription being central themes. Careless ual regionalism, or what historian J.M.S. no doubt “limited identities,” called in 1970 Canada’s presenting letters between soldiers and those on the on the experiences home front, through focusing or of and health; and recreation and sports. and their leaders. to the trench routines of soldiers, from the banality techniques, such as seeking various coping men’s or turning to supernatural forces the protection of swearing, singing, and drinking, black humour, womanizing. tance and impact have been exaggerated and that and that impact have been exaggerated tance and were not hugely tactics, while effective, Canadian innovative. work, experiences the Canadian Army’s examination of soldiers both ordinary of from the perspectives Canada’s 1st Division as less prepared and effec prepared as less 1st Division Canada’s at the Second Battletive, namely Ypres. of at their performance Canadians for commending impor that the battle’s other works argue Vimy, xiv The Frontier of Patriotism time wasof theessenceifthey wantedtoparticipate fered withdroughtsin1912 and1913. Many thought andrural areassuf estimated 4,000unemployed, mid-1915. Attheoutsetof the war, Edmontonhadan was miredinadeeprecession thatlasteduntil joined for ajob,astheWest, like therestof Canada, cast asshapingthedestinyof Some civilization. adventure andwantedtopartake ineventsthatwere Manyaggression andmilitarism. cravedtraveland the convictionthatitwasessentialtohaltGerman tivated byasenseof anddutytoBritain loyalty overwhelmed enlistmentcentres.Most weremo In thewar’s earlystages,Alberta’s youngmen at WarAlberta particular agendas. andliterature—oftenple, memorials,art, toserve for anddistorted—through, exam constructed, how Canada’s First World War hasbeenrepresented, explains exploring memoryandcommemoration, initiatives. ings, butstillconstitutedpioneeringsocialwelfare First World War veteranshadprofound shortcom scholarship showsthatprogramstosupportCanada’s creation of afederal Departmentof Health. care systemandplayedakey roleingeneratingthe exposed majorgapsinCanada’s fledglinghealth- dians. AsMark Humphries writes,thepandemic whichtookthelives Spanish flu, of 50,000 Cana aftermath of thewar. Many soldierscarriedhomethe toward equality. probed whethertheyenhancedlonger-termtrends and war-related changesexperiencedbywomen, enriched understandingof thecontributionsand Important newworkhasalsofocused onthe 31 Finally, newer culturalhistoryresearch, 29

30 Recent - - - - - In earlyrecruitsparaded throughcity Edmonton, themselves withoutenoughweaponsoruniforms. have initiallyseemedlike anexclusiveclubfound only months. that theGreatPowers couldsustainamassivewarfor reasoning since expertspredictedashortconflict, Victoria CrossatPasschendaele for singlehandedly whowonthe incentralAlberta, from Lougheed, lads suchasPrivateCecilKinross, a22-year-old Ypres: “I shallhavetopartmyhairinthemiddle.” of serious headwoundsustainedattheSecondBattle the lastisCalgary’s Harry Jennings, whosaidof a Anexampleof maintained alightheartedattitude. or censors, emphasizedtriumphs andheroism, lovedonesorrunningafoul ofupsetting military Most, however, inordertoappearmanlyandavoid blown topieces. reason beingthatthestretcherbearerskept being viously noneof the thesewoundshadbeendressed, alsointheleftknee.Pre hard, in therightlegpretty Ifoundback intothetrench. outthatIhadbeenhit “dead Igotoutandcrawled werelyingallaround. Bruce Davies,aLethbridgecorporal,wrotethatthe mortars, andgrenadestorecapturelostground— the Germansusedflamethrowers,machineguns, counts. In June 1916,fromHooge inBelgium—where involving Canadians.Somesenthomechillingac pared togooverseas. 40,000 menoverthecourseof thewarwerepre camp, whichbecamethesecondlargestinCanada, of days.AtCalgary’sranks inamatter Sarceetraining raised afullcomplementof 35officers and975other EdmontonRegiment, knownastheLoyal Battalion, streets incivilianclothes.In January 1915,the49th Those whosuccessfullyenlistedintowhatmust Alberta newspapershighlighted heroismbylocal Albertans participatedineverymajorbattle . . My itwasawfulagony.” God, 33 - -

34 - Introduction xv - - , ------Bulletin Shortages in farm labour 36 Still, with the war accelerating rural 35 As casualties mounted and Canada’s war econ and Canada’s As casualties mounted depopulation, farm labour was desperately needed, a record and wages increased by 25 percent to reach per month. $50 average of Alberta op reached the point where many in rural Edmonton West, the riding of posed conscription. In from the Interior minister of federal Oliver, Frank the Edmonton of 1905 to 1911 and founder hits as a sniper. Yet, for Aboriginal people, applica Aboriginal for Yet, hits as a sniper. proceed through benefits had to veterans’ tions for against recommended typically, agents who, Indian extending credit, subsidized, even when it was state chil were like Peoples First because it was assumed cope with debt.dren and could not more difficult to obtain omy heated up, it became Albertans were volunteers. of adequate numbers attracted jobs in munitions factories to well-paid ranchers faced in Central Canada. The province’s mills operated beef; its lumber record demand for to pro at peak capacity; and its coal mines struggled industries. vide adequate supplies to cities and war overseas demand, by wheat prices reached Fuelled prewar level. three times the $2.21 a bushel in 1917, cultiva Alberta wheat farms expanded from a total million in 1911 to 3.03 1.8 million hectares tion of was on this of much hectares in 1916. However, to obtain quick lower-quality farmland. Moreover, proper fallow output and profits, and maximum ing was ignored, eventually resulting in declin ing yields. felt loyalty believed who they Crown the British to felt people Aboriginal treaty rights. Young had respected and reserve life of escape the boredom sought to their forebears. of warrior tradition emulate the their renowned for became Natives Some Alberta Norwest, Henry battlefieldCorporal performance. Saskatchewan, had 115 observed a Cree from Fort - , - - Herold , Military Cross and Bar, Bar, Cross and , Military DSO The war also dramatically affected Alberta’s First Alberta’s The war also dramatically affected For other Albertans, it was a much different war. war. Albertans, it was a much different other For Albertans at home rallied to support all major Albertans at home rallied in English. enlist Nations’ Estimates place the First Peoples. Peoples ment rate as high as 35 percent. Some First were fired from government jobs and positions such were fired from government jobs and pass themselves Germans tried to as teaching. Many or Dutch. as Scandinavians The Alberta off did not sur only German newspaper, the province’s government compelled as the federal vive the war, all newspapers written in enemy languages to print received captured German artillery pieces for top for received captured German artillery pieces it came to ping other communities in Canada when Bonds on a per capita basis. purchasing Victory people of The province was home to some 37,000 German and enemy alien background. Germans bazaars and teas, sponsored entertainment, and ran the war effort. second-hand shops to raise money for Children collected scrap, and, when not learning and other patriotic lessons in school, put on plays Alberta, Monitor, events as fundraisers. Redcliff and kills, rose to the rank of squadron commander and squadron commander of kills, rose to the rank the was honoured with Cross, Croix de Guerre, and Distinguished Flying ribbon. Legion d’Honneur groups organized war charities and drives. Women’s Edmonton Regiment and three other battalions Regiment and three Edmonton as the triumph following 7th Brigade, who, the part of Canada’s of Ridge, was given command at Vimy 1st Division. prominently Albertans also figured to aerial combat. contributions Major in Canada’s 54 top ace with the province’s Donald MacLaren, moving across open ground to capture a German a German to capture open ground across moving machine gun, killing six. venerated were Also as Brigadier General leaders such military Canada’s the Loyal of commander MacDonnell, Archibald xvi The Frontier of Patriotism precedented for governments thathadneverbefore assistance providedtoCanadian veteranswasun the veterans gripedaboutstingy state support, the challengeof fundingveteran programs.Although government saddledwithmassive debtandfacing official platform, won officewith39seats. didates injust45of 61ridingsandwithnoleaderor 1921, theUnited Farmers of runningcan Alberta, trade, sparked awaveof In prairiepopulism. July Canadian industrydespitepromisestomovefreer maintained hightariffsinordertoprotectcentral prices inwartime),andpostwarfederal budgetsthat of GrainSupervisorshadcontrolledrisingwheat lish awheatboardtopropupprices(astheBoard itive. Thefederal government’s refusaltoestab expense of drillingandproductionprovedprohib discoveries inTurner Valley, wasinfreefall,asthe oil industry, whichseemedpromisingin1914with Coal mineswerebesetbylabourproblems,andthe dollar abushel,producedcollapseinruralAlberta. postwar wheatprices,ultimatelytolessthanone followed, lastinguntilthemid-1920s.Plunging back topeace.Rapiddeflationandadeeprecession war-charged economydidnoteasilytransition andthe estimated 75percentduringtheconflict, and dauntingproblems.Priceshadincreasedan national pride.Butthewaralsoleftdeepdivisions prompted massivecelebrationsandoutpouringsof tipped thebalancetoGriesbach. untiltheoverseassoldiervote of the49thBattalion, aformer,bach, popularmayorandfirstcommander Union candidate,BrigadierGeneralWilliam Gries November. Oliverledagainstthepro-conscription waskilledinactiontheprevious Allen, eldest son, ran for theLiberals,opposingconscriptionafterhis The endof theconflictsawCanada’s federal News of theArmisticeon11November 1918 - - - - - 11 November 1918woreamaskbecauseCanadawas veteran programs. billionin2015) million (worth$8.4 Bond drivefor November 1919thatraised$660 launchedafifthnational Indeed,Victory Ottawa established significantsocialwelfareprograms. matically to cover Albertans in uniform, in battle, on matically tocoverAlbertansin uniform, inbattle, Theessaysaregroupedthe coverage waswarranted. provided incaseswheretheeditors agreedgreater thoughlatitudewas mained atamanageablelength, most entrieswerekept briefsothatthevolume re Alberta duringtheFirst World War. cases arichtapestryof activitiesandexperiencesin collectively,and localhistorians,whosework, show editors turnedto40contributors,bothacademic reflected inrecenthistoriography. To dothis,the cial level,thecomplexityof thewarexperienceas The Frontier ofPatriotism The Frontier of Patriotism Taber, Legal,andDrumheller. PincherCreek, was quarantinedfor twodays,aswerethepeopleof some places.Theentirecommunityof Lethbridge line, found asmanyhalfthepopulationdeadin reserves alongtheAlberta&GreatWestern Railway Dr. O.D. Weeks, who volunteeredtotreatthoseon assistance, suffered disproportionately. Calgary’s ornomedical tions reserves,wheretherewaslittle as ahospital.Isolated communitiesandFirst Na responses; ClaresholmuseditsSchoolof Agriculture Numerous communitieswereforced intomakeshift by late1919,hadclaimedthelivesof 3,259 Albertans. then inthemidstof theSpanishflupandemicthat, Many whocameoutfor victorycelebrationson Because of thewiderangeof topicsincluded, presents,attheprovin 37 tohelppayfor - - - - - Introduction xvii -

) - - - Al The - The PPCLI Journal Journal

Attack Alberta The Patri vol. 4, (Calgary: All True All True CEF (Toronto: (Toronto: A City Goes Alberta Past Press, 2004); Gallant Canadi , vol. 3 (Chicago: , vol. 3 (Chicago: UBC From the West Coast the West From Catch the Gleam: Mount Catch the Gleam: Mount (Calgary: University (Calgary: University (Edmonton: United (Edmonton: United 28, no. 1 (2003): 45–66; Hometown Horizons: Local Re Horizons: Hometown The Harvests of War: The Prairie of War: The Harvests : Harbour Publishing, 2014); : Harbour (Vancouver: (Vancouver: BC 18, no. 4 (1983–84): 15–26. 18, no. 4 (1983–84): Alberta in the 20th Century: A Journal Ontario and the First World War World Ontario and the First (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, McClelland (Toronto: Barracks in Calgary, October 1916,” Barracks in Calgary, 49, no. 3 (2001): 2–12; Max Foran, Foran, 49, no. 3 (2001): 2–12; Max Prairie Forum (Calgary: Calgary Highlanders Regimental (Calgary: Calgary Highlanders 32, no. 3 (1984): 1–8; R. Stevens, RNWMP (Madiera Park, Park, (Madiera Mark Forsythe and Greg Dickson, Forsythe Mark Ted Byfield, ed., Ted See Robert Rutherdale, C.A. Expedi the Canadian in “Enlistment Sharpe, in in the Great War,” “Alberta Blue, John Thompson, Herd John Things: A History of the University of Alberta, 1908–2008 Alberta Press, 2008). of (Edmonton: University 1978). Volumes, in Twelve istic History of the Province and Its Consequences Great War Communications, 1994). Western sponses to the Great War Contested of “The Politics Whitney Lackenbauer, Currie the Construction of Space: Controversy and Barracks,” Siege: The “Under Whitney Lackenbauer, on the berta History One,” “W.A. War ‘Billy’ Griesbach and World History Regiment (3 History of the Loyal Edmonton to War: Roy Farran, (Edmonton: Charters, 1965); Major History of the Calgary Highlanders 1921–1954 Bryant Dancocks, Press, 1954); Daniel Canadian Infantry Battalion, ans: The Story of the Tenth 1914–1919 Bercuson, 1990); David Foundation, Funds Regiment A Proud History of a Fighting cia’s: Stoddart, 2001); Donald Baker, Royal, from College to University Rod Macleod, Calgary Press, 2011); and of tionary Force 1914–1918: A Regional Analysis,” A Regional Analysis,” 1914–1918: tionary Force Studies of Canadian Historicaland Present: and Biographical 1924). Publishing, Pioneer Historical 1914–1918 West, to the Western Front: British the Great Columbians and Front: to the Western War Barbara Wilson, 7 5 6 2 3 4 - - - : - - SK Peoples of Peoples (Saskatoon, Howard Palmer and Tamara Palmer, eds., Palmer, and Tamara Palmer Howard Alberta: Portraits of Cultural Diversity 217. Prairie Book, Producer 1985), 6–7, Western For many Albertans, these four tumultuous tumultuous Albertans, these four many For Readers will encounter both academic and encounter both Readers will 1 distinctiveness of what it means to be Canadian. what distinctiveness of Notes farmers, and significant numbers of veterans, the farmers, and significant numbers but not all, Many, war left disillusionment and anger. evident elsewhere in Canada, these trends were of explor of something that speaks to the importance as the national ing the regional and local story as well and narrative to understand the commonalities years represented a time of individual valour and years represented a time of for together and sacrificing communities pulling of others, such as what was viewed as a noble cause. For and enemy alien background, German Albertans of labourers, Peoples, conscientious objectors, First found impact of the struggle on communities; what the impact of found material evidence; the impact of one can learn from the postwar Soldier Set the Spanish flu pandemic; provincial commemoration of tlement program; and the conflict. will learn about military leaders and ordinary sol about military leaders will learn Alberta chaplains, of wartime experiences diers; the conscien Peoples, women, First churches, labour, those labelled as enemy aliens; tious objectors, and about the war; the construction what Albertans read and pro war-related infrastructure; the varied of the home front,the home and legacy the aftermath to show and War. World the First of They papers. focused and broad and highly popular, xviii The Frontier of Patriotism 12 11 10 9 8 Canada’s Waging Army: War andKeepingthePeace Catharines, (St. intheLast100DaysofGreatWarCanadian Corps Schreiber, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press,1992);Shane Warfare: Technology 1914–1918 andtheCanadianCorps, (Toronto: Lester&OrpenDennys, 1989). CanadiansandtheGreatWar,Armageddon: 1914–1919 J.L. GranatsteinandDesmondMorton, andmorescholarly,the co-authored, accountby 1988). Thisthemeisalsoevidentin and Stewart, cocks, Passchendaele University of Toronto Press,2010). the RoyalCanadianNavy, 1867–1939 MacFarlane, William G.P. Rawling,RichardH. andJohn Gimblett, University of Toronto Press,1980); William Johnson, Official HistoryoftheRoyalCanadianAir Force S.F. Wise, ary Force, 1914–1919 intheFirstdian Army World War: CanadianExpedition 2007); G.W.L Nicholson, oftheTwoWriting World Wars History andHeritage. at theNational Defence Headquarters Directorate of from 1921to1945.TheFortescue fonds arelocated director of thehistoricalsectionof theCanadianArmy Review dian CorpsandMilitary Overseas,” oration andHistory: TheHistoriography of theCana Veteran, 1920). Nova Scotia’s intheGreatWar Part York: Columbia University Press,1937);M.S. Hunt, abeth Armstrong, See, for example, BillRawling, Daniel Dancocks, Tim Cook, Duguid servedinFrance from1915to1918,andwas See Mark OsborneHumphries, “BetweenCommem (Toronto: University of Toronto Press,1977);Eliz 95,no.3(2014):384–97. Welcome toFlandersField Canadian Airmen andtheFirstCanadian Airmen World War: The Clio’s Warriors Shock Army of the British Empire:The oftheBritish Shock Army The SeaboundCoast:OfficialHistoryof (Edmonton:Hurtig, 1988),andDan ON Legacy ofValour: TheCanadians at The Crisis ofQuebec,1914–18 The Crisis (Ottawa: Queen’s (Ottawa: Printer, 1964); : Vanwell, 2004);J.L. Granatstein, : Official HistoryoftheCana Canadian Historians andthe Canadian Historians (Vancouver: (Toronto: McClelland Surviving Trench (Halifax: Nova Scotia , vol.1 (Toronto: Canadian Historical Canadian Historical Marching to UBC (Toronto: Press, (New

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13 18 17 16 15 14 View ofCanadiansintheGreatWar House, 1993);SandraGwyn, dian SoldierintheFirst World War Penguin, 2010). Wars Currie ofSamHughesandGeneralArthur Cook, no. 3 (2012): 211–26; Tim Cook, “The SingingWar:no. 3(2012):211–26;Tim “The Cook, Souveneering intheGreatWar,” “‘Tokens of Fritz’: Canadian SoldiersandtheArtof War inHistory dian Soldiers’ SlangandSwearingintheGreatWar,” 1999). Warfare intheFirst World War Cook, 1917–1918 Cook, Great War, 1914–1916 1918 stein, Wilfrid LaurierUniversity Press,2007); J.L. Granat eds., told, University of Toronto Press,2008). diers: 1stCanadianDivisionatWar, 1914–1915 HarperCollins, 2007);AndrewIarocci, of YpresandtheForging 1915 April ofCanada, no. 2(2014):131–48. Nationhood?” during the First World War: AReflection of Canadian 931–53; Luke “CanadiansinBexhill-on-Sea Flanagan, 1914–1918,” Officers andtheCanadianExpeditionary Force, las Delaney, “Mentoring theCanadianCorps:Imperial and theTwo World Wars Collins, 1994). Desmond Morton, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press,2002);andTim See, for example, Tim“Fighting Cook, Words: Cana Tim Cook, Geoffrey Hayes, Andrew Iarocci, and Michael Bech Nathan Greenfield, See Jonathan Vance, (Toronto: Oxford, 2014). The GreatestVictory:Canada’s OneHundredDays, The Madman andtheButcher:TheSensational No andGas PlacetoRun:TheCanadianCorps Shock Troops: CanadiansFighting theGreatWar, (Toronto: Penguin, 2008).AlsoseeTim Vimy Ridge:AReassessment At the Sharp End:CanadiansFightingAt theSharp the Journal ofMilitaryHistory 20,no.3(2013):323–44;Tim Cook, British Journal ofCanadianStudies British When Your Number’s Up:TheCana Baptism ofFire: TheSecondBattle (Toronto: Penguin, 2007);Tim Maple Britain LeafEmpire:Canada, (Toronto: Oxford, 2012);Doug (Vancouver: Tapestry ofWar: APrivate (Toronto: Random War andSociety (Toronto: Harper (Waterloo, 77, no.3(2013): Shoestring Sol Shoestring UBC (Toronto: (Toronto: (Toronto: Press, 31, 27, ON - - - : - - - - Introduction xix :

- - - - ON - Cana (Waterloo, (Waterloo, Robert Laird International Journal Canadian Historical Broken Promises: A His . should give to such an . (Toronto: Oxford, 1977); Oxford, (Toronto: (Toronto: Penguin, Penguin, (Toronto: 34, no. 1 (2004): 80–95; Canadian Historical Review 89, no. 4 (2008): 503–40; 89, no. 4 (2008): 503–40; A Canadian Millionaire: The Life 28, no. 3/4 (2011): 604–22. On 28, no. 3/4 20, no. 1 (2011): 45–60, and Jason and Jason 20, no. 1 (2011): 45–60, (Toronto: University of Toronto Toronto of University (Toronto: , 2 vols. (Toronto: Macmillan, 1975, Macmillan, , 2 vols. (Toronto: War Lords: Borden, Mackenzie King, Lords: Borden, Mackenzie War Acadiensis The Decline of Politics: The Conservatives The Decline of Politics: Soldiers of Song: The Dumbells and Other Cana Soldiers of Song: The Dumbells 77, no. 1 (1996): 62–98. Nic Clarke explores the Clarke 1 (1996): 62–98. Nic no. 77, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992); J.L. J.L. Press, 1992); Toronto of University (Toronto: See, for example, Robert Craig Brown, example, Robert Craig See, for Brunswick Acadians and the Conscription Crisis of the of Crisis Conscription the and Acadians Brunswick War,” World First “‘The rich . and David Tough, and Wealth’ extent ‘Conscription of that it will hurt’: Debate on in the Parliamentary Modernism Political Tax,” War the 1917 Income no. 3 (2012): 382–407. 93, Arbiter of Military Fitness in the British Empire—The in the British Fitness Military Arbiter of Mcgee,” Frank ‘One-Eyed’ Case of of the History of Sport soldiers, see Sarah Cozzi, for recreational services Home,” From Long Way A Long, “When You’re dian Military History Wilson, War dian Concert World Parties of the First Press, 2012). Laurier University Wilfrid Borden: A Biography Bliss, 1980); Michael Flavelle, Bart.,and Business Times of Sir Joseph 1858– 1939 Hitsman, Granatstein and J.M. tory of Conscription in Canada English, John and the Party System work on the nationally directed Press, 1977). Newer over conscription and the controversies war effort Cook,include Tim Wars World Two and Canada’s “The Auger, Canadian Government and 2012); Martin Quebec Easter Riots,” the 1918 the Suppression of Canadian Historical Review Loi Extraordinaire:Andrew Theobald, “Une New Great Adventure: The Context and Ideology of Re of The Context Adventure: Great Ideology and Ontario, 1914–1917,” cruiting in Review war through the mil between sport and relationship McGee, Frank Ottawa the star, of itary career hockey Canada’s how up as an example of who was held manhood. the country’s of soldiers were the cream as an Sport See “‘TheGreater and Grimmer Game’: 20 56, ,” - Press, American WWI Press, Histoire UBC Kiss the (Vancou UBC (Toronto: Key (Toronto: 42, no. 1 (2012): Journal of Military Journal International Journal Canadian Historical Death or Deliverance: (Vancouver: (Vancouver: War,” War,”

39, no. 3 (2009): 224–41; 39, no. 3 (2009): (Vancouver: (Vancouver: Silent Battle: Canadian 10, no. 2 (2001): 27–40. The World

(Toronto: University of Toronto Toronto of University (Toronto: 35, no. 70 (2003): 311–30; and 35, no. 70 (2003): 311–30; 22, no. 3 (2005): 315–42; Andrew The Secret Plague: Venereal Disease Disease The Secret Plague: Venereal Objects of Concern: Canadian Prisoners 93, no. 5 (2013): 20–27. no. 5 (2013): 93, (Toronto: James Lorimer & Co., 2013); Lorimer James (Toronto: Press, 2014); Y.A. Bennett, ed., 70, no. 3 (2006): 637–65; Tim Cook, “Wet Cook, “Wet 637–65; Tim 70, no. 3 (2006): 91, no. 3 (2010): 503–31; Kim Pelis, “Taking “Taking Kim Pelis, 91, no. 3 (2010): 503–31; UBC See, for example, Mark Humphries, “War’s Long “War’s Humphries, example, Mark See, for and the Canadian Forces during the First World War,” War,” World during the First and the Canadian Forces Canadian Military History strong relationship between sport and war was also evident in recruiting material that advertised chums’ “The Maroney, battalions. See Paul and sportsmen’s Press, 1992); Craig Greenham, “Canadian Soldiers, Pastime,” National and America’s War, an Imperial American Review of Canadian Studies “Skating to Armageddon: Canada, Wilson, J.J. 34–50; and the First Hockey, of the History of Sport Play the Game! Baseball “Keep-a-Fighting! Horrall, Canadian Court Great War in the Martials ver: Letters to Write: The Wartime Forget Kids for Dad, Don’t of George Timmins, 1916–18 Cassell, 2009); Jay in Canada, 1838–1939 Old Enough to Fight: Canada’s Boy Soldiers in the First Boy Soldiers in the First Canada’s Old Enough to Fight: War World Vance, Jonathan Century through the Twentieth 1997); Desmond Morton, 1914–1919 Germany, Prisoners of War in Iacobella, 1992); Teresa Porter, Politics of Trauma, 1914–1939,” 1914–1939,” Trauma, of Politics Review Corps and the Army Medical Credit: The Canadian in Blood Transfusion British Conversion to and Allied Sciences of the History of Medicine Journal Boileau, Dan Black and John no. 3 (2001): 238–77; and Temperance Groups in the Great War,” in the Great War,” Groups and Temperance sociale/Social History Soldiers,” “Animal Iarocci, Cook and Andrew Tim History Canada’s and the Gendered Medicine, Shadow: Masculinity, Canadian Soldiers’ Songs of the Great War,” War,” the Great Songs of Soldiers’ Canadian Studies Review of Canadian Surrender,” of Cook, “Politics Tim History Alcohol, Soldiers, Mothers: Worrying Canteens and 19 xx The Frontier of Patriotism 24 23 22 21 64, no.2(2012):8–51;DuffCrerar,“The Churchin Qu’Appelle andtheGreatWar,” Front: TheChurch of England intheDioceseof 48–64; Trevor Powell,ChurchontheHome “The War Reconsideration of theMethodist ChurchinWorld 213–33; DavidMarshall, “Methodism A Embattled: War (Toronto: University of Toronto Press,2012). ofCanadianUniversitiesand and Conflict:Histories War and E.LisaPanayotidis, eds., University of Toronto Press,2011);andPaul Stortz Canadian ChildrenandtheFirst World War Susan Fisher, Journal ofCanadianStudies paganda andCanadianFiction, 1915–1921,” 29–44; Peter Webb, “‘A RighteousCause’: War Pro War gence andNational Security 1914–1921,”Counter-Subversion inCanada, lance State:TheOriginsof DomesticIntelligence and no. 3(1992):281–315;GregoryKealey, Surveil “The of the First World War,” 1914–20:TheImpactLabour andtheLeftin Canada, Press, 1996);GregoryKealey, “StateRepressionof Canada’s GreatWar 2002). dian Navy: InquiryandIntrigue Armstrong, University of Manitoba Press,2008);John Griffith oftheGreatWarRegina andtheExperience toba Press,2010);J.M. Pitsula, Winnipeg’s GreatWar 2002); Rutherdale, the GreatWar Ian Millar, Review Canadian Historical See J.M. Methodist Bliss,“The ChurchandWorld Nancy “The Sheehan, Jeffrey Keshen, J.M.S. Careless,“LimitedIdentities inCanada,” I I I ,” ,” ,” ,” Canadian Historical Review Canadian Historical Review Canadian Historical History ofEducationReview Our Glory and Our Grief: TorontoniansOur GloryandGrief: and The Halifax ExplosionandtheRoyalCana (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Boys andGirlsinNo Man’s Land:English Propaganda and Censorship during Propaganda andCensorshipduring (Edmonton:University of Alberta Hometown Horizons (Winnipeg: University of Mani IODE Canadian Historical Review Canadian Historical 7, no.3(1992):179–210. 50, no.1(1969):1–10; 24,no.1(2011):31–48; , theSchools,andWorld Cultures, Communities, (Vancouver: For AllWe Have andAre: Saskatchewan History 13, no.1(1984): 66,no.1(1986): 49,no.3(1968): ; Jim Blanchard, (Winnipeg: (Toronto: UBC British British Intelli Press, - 73, - - - -

26 25 1913–1919,” the Worst Thing’:ThePresbyterianPressin Canada, Press, 1995);andMichelle Fowler, “‘Deathisnot (Montreal andKingston:McGill-Queen’s University in No Man’s Land:CanadianChaplainsandtheGreatWar cal Society the GreatWar,” the Furnace: CanadianAnglicanChaplainsRespondto “The Predicamentof Belonging:TheStatusof“The Enemy tory Detention CentreduringtheGreat War,” Buri, “EnemieswithinOurGates: Brandon’s Alien 1915–1946 ers History Victoria, B.C., duringtheGreatWar,” The Image of GermansinPopular Verse Publishedin (2012): 45–57;RobertTaylor, Mark “The of theHun: Ontario, Canada,” The First World War andtheCuriousCaseof Berlin, Campbell, “‘We Germans. Menace,” Enemy Within: BritishColumbians andtheGerman no. 2(1985):245–60;Peter Moogk, “Uncovering the the First World War,” GermanInvasionMartin “The of Kitchen, Canadain 1900–1935 Roberts, State”; Keshen, 429–48; Kealey, “StateRepression,” and“Surveillance Canada,” (2011): 45–69. during theFirst World War,” Profiteers: The Politics of Classin Newfoundland 3 (1978):131–51;Mike “Producersversus O’Brien, 1916 Hamilton Machinists’ Strike,” Siemiatycki, “Munitions andLabourMilitancy: The Review Historical Independent LabourPolitics, 1916–1917,” David Edward Smith, “EmergencyGovernmentin David EdwardSmith, See Martin and Conscription, “Registration, Robin, : 56(2011):3–11;James Farney andBhadanKordan, The UntoldStoryofWestern Canada’s National Parks, 42,no.3(2009):2–7;BillWaiser, Whence They Came: Deportation from Canada, fromCanada, Whence TheyCame:Deportation Canadian Historical Review Canadian Historical BC 35,no.2(1993):75–103;DuffCrerar, (Saskatoon, (Saskatoon, (Ottawa: University (Ottawa: Press,1988); of Ottawa Studies War andSociety Journal oftheCanadianChurchHistori Propaganda andCensorship 64,no.2(1966):147–67;Myer Canadian MilitaryHistory 182(2014):45–72;William International HistoryReview International SK : Fifth House, 1995);George . 25,no.2(2006):23–38. . areBritishSubjects’: Acadiensis Labour/Le Travail 50, no.4(1969): British Columbia British 40,no.1 Manitoba His Park Prison Canadian ; Barbara 21,no.2 Padres 7, 7, -

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- 89, no. 24, no. 11 (2000): Historical Winning (Toronto: (Toronto: Press, 2012), Press, Give Your Other Other Give Your Press, 1997). Also Journal of Canadian of Canadian Journal UBC History of Education UBC 20, no. 1 (2002): 47–80; Tim 20, no. 1 (2002): 47–80; Tim (Vancouver: (Vancouver: 15, no. 1 (2003): 78–99. 15, no. 1 (2003): 78–99. Canadian Historical Review The Last Plague: Spanish Influenza The Last Plague: Spanish Journal of Canadian Studies Journal (Vancouver: (Vancouver: Press, 2004); and Linda Quiney, Quiney, Press, 2004); and Linda Death So Noble: Meaning, Memory, and Memory, Meaning, Death So Noble: UBC War & Society War (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Toronto of University (Toronto: Fight or Pay: Soldiers’ Families in the Great War Families Soldiers’ or Pay: Fight 37, no. 1 (2002): 109–44; Lara Campbell, “‘We no. 1 (2002): 109–44; Lara Campbell, “‘We 37, 26, no. 2 (1997): 33–48. Jonathan Vance, Vance, Jonathan Mark Humphries, Humphries, Mark and Glenn Wright, See Desmond Morton the First World War World the First Canadian Throw the Torch’: “‘We see Alan Young, of and the Mythology the Great War of Memorials Sacrifice,” Heroic “‘Why Haydon, Are All Those 4 (1989): 5–28; Michael Saskatchewan of The University on the Walls?’: Names (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2007); Desmond Calgary Press, 2007); of (Calgary: University Morton, (Vancouver: Aid as Voluntary Canadian Teachers “Borrowed Halos: during the Great War,” Detachment Nurses Studies in Education in Canada Health of Public and the Politics Press, 2012). Toronto of University and the Return to the Second Battle: Canadian Veterans Civilian Life “Ex-Servicemen and the 1987); Kent Fedorowich, Soldier Settlement of in Canada and Australia, Politics 1915–1925,” to Construction: The Khaki Destruction Cook, “From 1917–1919,” of Canada, University Studies First Flanders’: of in the Mud Wallowed Who Have the De and Unemployment, Veterans, War World in Canada, 1929–1939,” Social Welfare velopment of Canadian Historical of the Journal Association Government 125–49; and Andrew Spaull, “Federal One War World of Training and the Vocational Policies A Comparative Study,” Veterans: Review during the First World during the First university women, topics that include which covers women, indigenous paid workers, voluntary nurses, Brookfield, “Divided Tarah Also see policy. and social and Women Council of Box: The Montreal by the Ballot the 1917 Election,” Debbie Marshall, 4 (2008): 473–501; into the Great War Journey Sister: A Woman’s to the Vote 32 30 31 -

- - The 10 For King For Polyphony 45, no. 1 (2011): Warriors of the King: Warriors Canadian Historical (Edmonton: Cana (Edmonton: 102, no. 1 (2010): 109–24. (Regina: Canadian Plains I

Journal of Canadian Studies of Canadian Journal War Loyalties in Conflict: Ukrainians Loyalties in

A Sisterhood of Suffering and : Enlistment of Visible Minorities in the in the Minorities Visible : Enlistment of 96, no. 2 (2004): 143–69. I Ontario History Journal of Canadian Studies of Canadian Journal 70, no. 1 (1989): 1–26, and Calvin Ruck, 70, no. 1 (1989): 1–26, (Halifax: Nova Scotia Historical Review, 1988). Review, Scotia Historical Nova (Halifax: The most comprehensive source is Amy Shaw and While James Dempsey writes of factors like First First factors like writes of Dempsey While James See James W.St.G. Walker, “Race and Recruitment Walker, W.St.G. See James Ontario History eds., Sarah Glassford, and Girls of Canada and Newfoundland Service: Women Charles Cooke, and the Recruitment of Native Men Men Native of and the Recruitment Charles Cooke, Canadian Expeditionary the in Southern Ontario for 1916,” Force, for reserve land Nations’ First of On the confiscation No “‘Pay military training, see Whitney Lackenbauer, Quinte the Bay of of The Mohawks Attention to Sero’: during the Great War,” Flying Training and Imperial (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2012), and Manitoba of University (Winnipeg: Alone’: Be Best to Leave Us Would “‘It Robert Talbot, Effort, Responses to the Canadian War Nations First 1914–18,” the Inter “‘In 90–120. Also see Katherine McGowan, Affairs, Indian The Department of Indians’: the ests of ing a strong, positive response to the war effort, ing a strong, positive response to the war effort, present the and Robert Talbot Winegard Timothy Nations’ opposite view based on long-standing First Dempsey, grievances. See James Prairie Indians in World Winegard, Research Centre, 1999); Timothy War World and Kanata: Canadian Indians and the First Review Military Kept Black Battalion, 1916–1920: Canada’s Best Secret with whom the British monarchy, support for Peoples’ the warrior ethic as produc they had treaties, and Luciuk, “Ukrainians and Internment Operations in Luciuk, and Internment “Ukrainians War,” World Ontario during the First (1988): 27–31. in World War Force,” Canadian Expeditionary Aliens in Canada, 1914,” in Canada,Aliens 1914,” and John Sywripa Frances 74–89; 39, no. 1 (2005): Thompson, eds., Herd in Canada during the Great War 1983); Lubomyr Ukrainian Studies, of dian Institute 29 28 27 xxii The Frontier of Patriotism 37 36 35 34 33 Byfield, calculator/. www.bankofcanada.ca/rates/related/inflation- Impactof 2002, www.wdm.ca/skteacherguide/ the PrairieGamble” 16December 2005Exhibit, ewan Western DevelopmentMuseum’s “Winning Saskatchewan Families,” preparedfor Saskatch Series 11-516-x/index-eng.htm, Statistics Canadawebsite,www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/ tory and thePolitics of Memory,” “Conscripting Canada’s Past: TheHarper Government Review torical Commemorate theFirst World War,” “1914 in2014:WhatWe CommemorateWhenWe (Toronto: HarperCollins, 2014);ChristopherMoore, da’s GreatWar Album:OurMemories oftheFirst World War (Montreal: de14–18auQuébec lamémoireplurielle la GrandeGuerre: (2006): 4–15;Mourad Djebabla-Brun, and World War Bank of CanadaInflation Calculator, Joan Impact Champ,“The of theFirst World War on 27.Ibid., Historical StatisticsonCanada Historical 49,no.1(2014):49–65. Alberta inthe20thCentury Alberta WWI VLB 95,no.3(2014):427–32;Yves Frenette, .pdf. I éditeur, 2004);Mark ed., Reid, ,” ,” Saskatchewan History Canadian Journal ofHis obtainedfromthe E , 65. 198-208, WDM

Canadian His Se Souvenirde 58,no.2 Research/ M 34-44. -

Cana -

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TIMELINE

4 August 1914 | First World War begins

6 August 1914 | 19th Alberta Dragoons authorized by Department of Militia and Defence and recruited in Edmonton; absorbed as “A” Squadron Canadian Corps Cavalry Regiment

7 August 1914 | 9th Battalion authorized and recruited in Edmonton; reorganized to reinforce the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th battalions.

10 August 1914 | Canadian government announces an expeditionary force of 25,000

22 August 1914 | Passage of the War Measures Act

24 August 1914 | First troops arrive at the Valcartier training camp

30 September 1914 | Internment centre opens at the Lethbridge exhibition grounds

5 November 1914 | 3rd Regiment Canadian Mounted Rifles CMR( ) authorized and recruited in Medicine Hat; absorbed by 1st and 2nd Battalion CMR

11 November 1914 | 31st Battalion authorized and recruited throughout Alberta xxiv The Frontier of Patriotism 17 November 1915 absorbed intothe21stReserve Battalion 11 November 1915 and97thBattalion into the9thReserveBattalion 1 November 1915 absorbed intothe9thReserveBattalion 1 September 1915 4 July1915 and Medicine Hat; absorbedintothe9th ReserveBattalion 1915 28 June into the9thReserveBattalion 1915 21 June 21 April–25 May 1915 12–15 March 1915 February 1915 into 9thReserveBattalion 24 January1915 4 January1915 5 December 1914 andMacleod; Cardston, Creek, absorbedintovariousunits 1 December 1914 Red Deer;absorbedintoCanadianCavalryDepot 1 December 1914

| | Internment campsopeninBanff National Park

| 66th Battalion authorizedandrecruitedinEdmonton;absorbed 66th Battalion 63rd Battalion authorized and recruited in Edmonton, Calgary, authorizedandrecruitedinEdmonton, 63rd Battalion |13th Regiment |12th Regiment

First CanadiantroopsarriveinFrance

49th Battalion authorizedandrecruitedinEdmonton 49th Battalion | | | | 56th Battalion authorizedandrecruitedinCalgary;absorbed 56th Battalion | |

89th Battalion authorizedandrecruitedinCalgary;absorbed 89th Battalion 50th Battalion authorizedandrecruitedinCalgary 50th Battalion 82nd Battalion authorizedandrecruitedinCalgary; 82nd Battalion Battle of NeuveBattle Chappelle(Canada’s baptism of fire) 137th Battalion authorized andrecruitedinCalgary; 137th Battalion 113th Battalion authorized andrecruitedinLethbridge 113th Battalion | Second Battle of YpresSecond Battle CMR CMR authorizedandrecruitedinCalgary authorizedandrecruitedatPincher Timeline xxv Battle St. Eloi of |

151st Battalion federal recruited in the authorized and 138th Battalion138th Edmonton; in and recruited authorized 218th Battalion and recruited in Edmonton; authorized | | 194th Battalion authorized and recruited in Edmonton; 187th Battalion and recruited in the Red Deer authorized 192nd Battalion and recruited in Blairmore and authorized 191st Battalion authorized and recruited in Macleod and 191st Battalion in Macleod authorized and recruited Internment centre opens at the Dominion Park Building Park centre opens at the Dominion Internment 202nd Battalion and recruited in Edmonton; authorized

Prime Minister Borden commits Canada to a Borden Prime Minister | | | | | | |

Following Manitoba (28 January 1916) and Saskatchewan 1916) and (28 January Manitoba Following |

28 April 1916 1916), Alberta women gain the right to vote provincially with passage (14 March the Equal Suffrage Statutory Law Amendment Act of 23 February 1916 23 February amalgamated with 211th Battalion and organized as the 8th Battalion, Canadian Railway Troops April 1916 27 March–16 4 February 1916 4 February absorbed into the 9th Reserve Battalion 1916 8 February in Jasper 25 January 1916 25 January Battaliondistrict; absorbed into the 9th Reserve 1916 28 January absorbed into the 9th Reserve Battalion 20 January 1916 20 January the 9th Reserve Battaliondistrict; absorbed into 1916 21 January in Canada as a draft giving depot battaliondistrict; re-organized ridings of Battle River, Victoria, Strathcona, into the and Red Deer; absorbed Victoria, Battleridings of River, Reserve Battalions7th and 9th 1916 1 January military 500,000-man 22 November 1915 22 November into the 128th Battalionabsorbed 1915 26 November xxvi The Frontier of Patriotism 11 November 1918 1–2 November 1918 8–9 October 1918 27 September–1 October 1918 1918 8–11 August 1918 1 April 11 of 12seatsand61percentof thepopularvoteinAlberta 17 December 1917 27 October–10 November 1917 20 September 1917 191729 August 191715–25 August succeeds Siftonaspremier August tojointheUnion governmentledbyRobertBorden;CharlesStewart 7 July1917 19179–14 April 1 October–11 November 1916 12 July1916 1 July1916 1916 2–13 June

| | | | Liberal ArthurSiftonre-electedAlbertapremier;resignsin Beginning of theSomme campaign

Federal prohibitionorder

Prohibition imposedinAlberta | | |

Passage of theMilitary ServiceAct Battle of VimyBattle Ridge

| Battle of Amiens Battle | Battle of Cambrai Battle Unionists ledbyRobertBordenwinthefederal election;win Armistice endsthewar Battle for HillBattle 70 Passage of theWartime ElectionsAct Battle of ValenciennesBattle

| | | Battle of AncreHeightsBattle Battle for CanalduNordBattle Battle of PasschendaeleBattle Map drawn by Mike Bechthold