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INFORME MUNDIAL | 2015 WATCH EVENTOS DE 2014 Informe Mundial 2015 Eventos De 2014 HUMAN RIGHTS INFORME MUNDIAL | 2015 WATCH EVENTOS DE 2014 Informe Mundial 2015 Eventos de 2014 Extraits en español El falso consuelo de la tiranía ............................................................ 1 por qué los derechos humanos no deben faltar aún en tiempos difíciles par Kenneth Roth Internet en la encrucijada ....................................................................13 Cómo la vigilancia del gobierno amenaza nuestra forma de comunicarnos Por Cynthia M. Wong ARGENTINA ....................................................................................................... 25 BOLIVIA ............................................................................................................ 30 BRASIL ............................................................................................................. 35 CHILE .................................................................................................................41 COLOMBIA ........................................................................................................46 CUBA ................................................................................................................ 52 ECUADOR ......................................................................................................... 57 ES TADOS UNIDOS ............................................................................................. 63 GUATEMALA ..................................................................................................... 73 GUINEA ECUATORIAL ........................................................................................ 77 HAITÍ ................................................................................................................82 HONDURAS ......................................................................................................86 IRÁN .................................................................................................................90 MARRUECOS ..................................................................................................... 95 MÉXICO ........................................................................................................... 101 QATAR ............................................................................................................. 112 UNIÓN EUROPEA ..............................................................................................122 REINO UNIDO ...................................................................................................135 VENEZUELA .....................................................................................................139 El falso consuelo de la tiranía Por qué los derechos humanos no deben faltar aún en tiempos difíciles Por Kenneth Roth El mundo no había sido testigo de tanto revuelo en toda una generación. En casi todas partes, la proclamada primavera árabe ha dado paso a más conflictos y represión. Los extremistas islamistas cometen atrocidades en masa y amenazan a los civiles en todo Medio Oriente y otras partes de Asia y África. En Ucrania han resucitado tensiones reminiscentes de la Guerra Fría, que incluso provocaron el derribo de un avión. A veces parece como si el mundo se estuviera desmoronando. La reacción de muchos gobiernos ante las turbulencias ha sido restarle importancia a los derechos humanos e incluso ignorarlos. Gobiernos directamente afectados por la agitación están a menudo ansiosos por una excusa para reprimir la presión popular que busca un cambio democrático. Otros gobiernos influyentes prefieren volver a las relaciones familiares con los autócratas que lidiar con la incertidumbre de un gobierno popular. Algunos de estos gobiernos siguen denunciando prob- lemas de derechos humanos, pero muchos parecen haber llegado a la conclusión de que las graves amenazas a la seguridad de hoy en día deben tener prioridad sobre los derechos humanos. Parecen argumentar que, en este momento tan difícil, los derechos humanos deben estar en un segundo plano, como si fuesen un lujo para tiempos menos complicados. Esa subordinación de los derechos humanos no solo es errónea, sino también imprudente y contraproducente. Las violaciones de derechos humanos jugaron un papel importante en el surgimiento o agravamiento de la mayoría de los conflictos actuales. La protección de los derechos humanos y permitir que la gente tenga voz a la hora de decidir cómo sus gobiernos abordan las crisis será clave para su resolución. Especialmente en períodos de desafíos y decisiones difíciles, los derechos humanos constituyen una brújula esencial para la acción política. El auge de ISIS Ningún desafío en el último año se ha extendido de una manera tan dramática como la aparición del autoproclamado Estado Islámico, el grupo extremista tam- bién conocido como ISIS. Uno solo puede horrorizarse ante sus ejecuciones en masa de combatientes capturados y civiles. Este grupo armado sunita ha atacado a yazidis, turcomanos, kurdos, chiitas e incluso a otros sunitas que cuestionan su JANVIER 2015 · HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH · 1 interpretación extrema de la ley islámica. Sus militantes han esclavizado, forzado a casarse y violado a mujeres y niñas yazidi. También han decapitado a periodistas y trabajadores humanitarios en grotescos espectáculos grabados en video. Pocas veces una fuerza armada ha despertado una repulsión y oposición tan generalizada. Sin embargo, ISIS no surgió de la nada. En parte es una consecuencia de la guerra y ocupación militar liderada por Estados Unidos en Irak que comenzó en 2003. Esta ocupación creó, entre otras cosas, un vacío de seguridad y provocó los abusos de los detenidos en la prisión de Abu Ghraib y otros centros de detención administrados por EE.UU. La financiación de grupos extremistas de los Estados del Golfo y sus ciudadanos también desempeñó su papel. Más recientemente, las políticas sectarias de los gobiernos de Irak y Siria, así como la indiferencia internacional ante graves violaciones de los derechos cometidas por esos gobiernos, han sido factores importantes. Si las circunstancias que llevaron a la formación de ISIS se quedan sin resolver, el grupo podría arraigar su control en los dos países y expandirse al Líbano, Jordania, Libia y otros lugares. Irak En Irak, ISIS debe gran parte de su levantamiento al abusivo y sectario mando del ex primer ministro Nouri al-Maliki y a la resultante radicalización de la comunidad sunita. Con el respaldo de Irán, Maliki se hizo con el control personal de las fuerzas de seguridad iraquíes y apoyó la formación de las milicias chiitas, muchas de las cuales persiguieron brutalmente a la población minoritaria sunita. Los sunitas se vieron excluidos de determinados empleos gubernamentales, capturados y detenidos arbitrariamente bajo nuevas leyes excesivamente amplias, otros fueron ejecutados de forma sumaria y bombardeados indiscriminadamente. La gravedad de la persecución puede medirse por sus efectos. El predecesor de ISIS, Al-Qaeda en Irak (AQI), fue derrotado con la ayuda de una coalición militar de tribus sunitas en el oeste de Irak conocida como los Consejos del Despertar. Pero muchas de las tribus que, casi sin ayuda, derrotaron a AQI se volvieron tan temerosas de la masacre y las represalias de las fuerzas de seguridad progubernamentales que, cuando estalló el conflicto en 2014, se sintieron más seguras combatiendo contra las fuerzas que contra ISIS. Grupos de derechos humanos denunciaron persistentemente el mando abusivo de Maliki, pero EE.UU., el Reino Unido y otros países, deseosos de dejar atrás su propia participación militar en Irak, en gran medida cerraron los ojos a este reinado sectario e incluso le proporcionaron armas. Hoy en día, hay un mayor reconocimiento de que esta indiferencia ante las atrocidades de Maliki fue un error. Finalmente, fue forzado a dejar el cargo y fue reemplazado por Haider al-Abadi, que ha prometido una forma de gobernanza más inclusiva. Pero conforme la ayuda militar occidental sigue fluyendo hacia Irak, el sectarismo abusivo no ha terminado. Maliki continúa sirviendo como uno de los tres vicepresidentes de Irak, y el débil gobierno ha aumentado considerablemente su dependencia de las milicias chiitas, lo que ha permitido la movilización de casi un millón de combatientes 2 · INFORME MUNDIAL: CAPÍTULOS DE LA REGÍON DE LAS AMERICAS chiitas, sin supervisión ni regulación gubernamental. De hecho, a causa de la des- organización del ejército iraquí, las milicias son las fuerzas terrestres que lideran la lucha contra ISIS, a pesar del continuo asesinato y limpieza étnica de sunitas como ostensibles simpatizantes de ISIS. Hasta que estas atrocidades no sean erradicadas, es probable que las milicias chiitas sean más propensas a contribuir al reclutamiento de ISIS que a derrotarlo en el campo de batalla. Mientras tanto, el gobierno iraquí no ha puesto fin a los ataques militares indiscrim- inados en áreas civiles ni ha puesto en libertad a un importante número de per- sonas detenidas sin orden judicial o que ya han cumplido sus condenas. El poder judicial corrupto y abusivo tampoco ha sido reformado, y las órdenes de Abadi para que se ponga fin al mando abusivo y excluyente siguen sin cumplirse. A largo plazo, completar estas reformas será al menos tan importante como la acción militar para proteger a los civiles de las atrocidades de ISIS. Siria En Siria, ISIS debe su auge a diversos factores, incluyendo las porosas fronteras con Turquía, que han permitido la entrada de combatientes armados y financiados por
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