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Assessment of Indigenous Sheep Production Systems in Bale Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

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Assessment of Indigenous Sheep Production Systems in Bale Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia American Journal of Agricultural Science 2017; 4(6): 126-137 http://www.aascit.org/journal/ajas ISSN: 2381-1013 (Print); ISSN: 2381-1021 (Online) Assessment of Indigenous Sheep Production Systems in Bale Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia Belete Asefa 1, Tadesse Abate 1, *, Eshetu Adugna 2 1Department of Animal and Range Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia 2Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Sinana District Livestock Agency, Bale Robe, Ethiopia Email address [email protected] (T. Abate) * Keywords Corresponding author Bale Zone, Citation Breeding Objectives, Belete Asefa, Tadesse Abate, Eshetu Adugna. Assessment of Indigenous Sheep Production Indigenous Sheep Types, Systems in Bale Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. American Journal of Agricultural Science. Production System, Vol. 4, No. 6, 2017, pp. 126-137. Trait Preference Abstract The present study aims to describe production system of indigenous sheep types, selective breeding objectives and traits preferences of sheep types in five districts of Bale Received: April 25, 2017 zone (Agarfa, Dinsho, Goba, Sawena and DaweKechan). The study was performed Accepted: October 18, 2017 based on household survey using structured questionnaires. Three kebeles from each Published: November 14, 2017 district and 20 households from each kebeles were sampled using simple random sampling techniques. For household survey, 300 households (60 from each district) were involved. Data were analyzed using SAS versions 9. Pastoral, agro pastoral and mixed crop livestock production system were the main production system in the study area with large proportion of sheep per house hold were found in Dinsho (15.6) and Goba (15.4). Across all the districts, Sheep were used primarily as a source of income generations through the sale of live animals with index value of 0.39, 0.42, 0.39, 0.38 and 0.37 for Agarfa, Dinsho, Goba, Sawena and Dawe Kechan District, respectively. In the study area selection was practiced both for male (70.33%) and female (86.33%) and appearance was the most selection criteria both for male and female sheep. Diseases, feed shortage and lack of good genotypes were the 1st , 2nd and 3rd production constraints with index value of 0.28, 0.19 and 0.18, respectively. The study indicated that the information obtained would assist in planning suitable conservation, improvement and extension programs for the indigenous sheep types. 1. Introduction In Ethiopia, sheep are reared mainly by smallholder farmers and are grazed in small flocks on communal open natural pastures. Ethiopia has a diverse indigenous sheep population numbering 25.9 million heads (CSA, 2010). of which, 75% found in the highlands where mixed crop-livestock systems dominate, while the remaining 25 percent of the sheep is reared in the arid pastoral areas of the lowland (DAGRIS, 2006). Sheep is important in the socio-economic lives of people around the world, particularly where crop production is unreliable and where livestock is the mainstay of livelihoods. Sheep have social and economic importance to the producers who keep indigenous breeds for meat, hair production and income generation (Tesfaye et al ., 2008). Ethiopia is home for at least 9 breeds and 14 traditional sheep populations, distributed across diverse ecology, production systems and communities or ethnic groups (Solomon American Journal of Agricultural Science 2017; 4(6): 126-137 127 et al ., 2007). As a result of their wide range of habitat, which is characterized by poor feeding, housing, breeding, behavioral and reproductive adaptations, sheep have evolved and health management that potentially hinders expected into a large number of different geographically separate income from the sale of animal (Dawit et al ., 2012). phenotypic forms or races varying in size, fleeces, The current study identify and categorize the existing conformation, muscling and coat color. Indigenous sheep sheep production system in bale zone, trait preference and breeds have a great potential to contribute more to the breeding objectives. This can open the door for researchers, livelihood of people in low input, smallholder and pastoral extension services to improve the productivity and production systems (Kosgey et al ., 2007), However, their sustainability of these farming systems and it also provides productivity is low due to several factors such as genotype, information needed in strategizing conservation and environmental and institutional constraints (Mulata, 2013). improvement programmes. Therefore, this study was under Characterizing the existing sheep production systems and taken to assess sheep production systems, to assess farmer’s analyzing their production constraints are important tools to selective breeding objectives and trait preferences in the diagnose the status and trends of the system, and thus to study area. identify areas for future interventions (Markos, 2006). Arsi bale sheep is distributed in highlands of bale zone, Arsi, 2. Materials and Methods Hararghe and Sidama (Workneh et al ., 2004). Bale zone is characterized by diverse agro-ecological settings constitute 2.1. Description of Study Area both lowland and highland where sheep play increasingly significant roles for communities that herd them. However, An on-farm survey was conducted in three highland most of the identified and locally recognized breeds of the districts of bale zone (Agarfa, Dinsho and Goba) and two region are not well characterized mainly about their lowland districts of bale zone (Sawena and Dawekechan) in production environment. Again, farmers and pastoralists in year of 2015/2016. Figure 1. Shows locations of the districts the area practices traditional type of sheep production system, that the study were conducted. Figure 1. Districts in bale zone from which the study was conducted. 128 Belete Asefa et al. : Assessment of Indigenous Sheep Production Systems in Bale Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia 2.2. Sample Size and Sampling Techniques 2.4. Data Management and Statistical Analysis Sample size was determined based on the formula recommended by Arsham (2007) for survey studies. All data were coded and recorded in Microsoft excel sheet. 2 Survey results were summarized using descriptive statistics N=0.25/SE like mean, standard deviation and percentage. Indices were With the assumption of 3% standard error, a total sample calculated to provide ranking the reason of keeping sheep, size of 300 households were used for the study. Depending selection criteria for male and female sheep and the major on the information gathered from group discussion, reproduction and production problems, and calculated as: agriculture and rural development office experts, Index (I) = sum of (3 for rank 1 + 2 for rank 2 +1 for rank 3) development agents and communities, three high land given for an individual criteria (attribute) divided by the sum districts from bale zone and two low land districts were of sum of (3 for rank 1 + 2 for rank 2+1 for rank 3) for overall selected using purposive sampling technique and three criteria . Furthermore, rate of inbreeding was calculated in the kebeles from each districts and 60 households from each population. Effective population size for a randomly mated kebele were also selected by using simple random sampling population was calculated using the following formula. The techniques. rate of inbreeding (∆F) was calculated from Neas ( ) 2.3. Data Collection ∆F= and Ne= Data was collected by using semi-structured questionnaire, Where Ne = Effective population size participatory appraisal and discussion with key informants. Nm = Number of breeding male population Data about various aspects of general household Nf = Number of breeding female population characteristics, livestock herd size and composition, husbandry practices, animal health aspects, breeding practices, herd dynamics, production and reproductive 3. Result and Discussion performance, trait preference and purpose of keeping sheep 3.1. Household Characteristics were gathered based on prepared questionnaire. A total of 15 participatory appraisal discussion groups The average household age and family size in the study (one per kebele) which contains 5-10 members per group area were given in Table 1. The average family size of the consisting of male and female farmers who were households in the study area were 5.4 ±0.3, 8.5 ±0.6, 7.7 ±0.4, purposively selected based on their good knowledge of 5.9 ±0.4 and 5.9 ±0.4 for Agarfa, Dinsho, Goba, Sawena and sheep production was organized. Development agents were Dawekechan, respectively. The average age of household involved in the identification of farmers for the group were higher for Dawekechan as compared with other districts. discussion. There is significance difference (p<0.01) between districts for average family size which is higher for Dinsho and Goba. Table 1. Average household and family size in the study areas. Districts Household characteristics Agarfa Dinsho Goba Sawena D/k mean ± mean ± mean ± mean ± mean ± Av. HH age 43.33 ±1.7 bc 47.17 ±1.3 ab 39.58 ±1.5 c 44.1 ±1.5 ab 47.8 ±1.2 a Av. family size 5.4 ±0.3 b 8.5 ±0.6 a 7.7 ±0.4 a 5.9 ±0.4 b 5.9 ±0.4 b Means with the same letter are not significantly different (p<0.05); HH = household; Av. = average Educational level, sex of household and marital status of present study confirmed findings of (Workneh and J. respondents were given in Table 2. Majority of the household Rowlands 2004), who reported that the majority of the in the study area were illiterate (27.67%) followed by households (94%) in Oromia region were male headed, while primary school (20.67%). There is no significance difference the rest 6% were female headed. between districts for sex of household (p>0.05). Male and There is significance difference for marital status (p<0.05). female household constitute 78.67% and 21.33%. The report According to respondents in this study, the overall proportions of (Belete, 2013) in the same area where also showed that of married, unmarried, divorced and widowed households male headed were higher than female counter part.
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