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Explanatory Notes HYDROGEOLOGICAL AND HYDROCHEMICAL MAPS OF GINNIR NB 37-4 EXPLANATORY NOTES Yonas Mulugeta (Chief Compiler) Jiri Sima (Editor) The Main Project Partners The Czech Development Agency (CzDA) cooperates with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the establishment of an institutional framework of Czech development cooperation and actively participates in the creation and financing of development cooperation programs between the Czech Republic and partner countries. www.czda.cz The Geological Survey of Ethiopia (GSE) which is accountable to the Ministry of Mines and Energy, collects and assesses geology, geological engineering and hydrogeology data for publication. The project beneficiary. www.geology.gov.et (www.mome.gov.et) AQUATEST a.s. a Czech consulting and engineering company in water management and environmental protection. The main aquatest contractor. www.aquatest.cz The Czech Geological Service collects data and information on geology and processes it for political, economical and environmental management. The main subcontractor. www.geology.cz Copyright © 2011 AQUATEST a.s., Geologicka 4, 152 00 Prague 5, Czech Republic First edition ISBN 978-80-260-0331-1 AcknowledgmentAcknowledgment Field work and primary compilation of the map and explanatory notes was done by a team from the Geological Survey of Ethiopia (GSE) consisting of staff from the Groundwater Resources Assessment Department; the Czech experts from AQUATEST a.s. and the Czech Geological Survey in the framework of the Czech Official Development Assistance Program. The team is greatly indebted to the Harergie, Arsi and Bale zone administration of Oromia regional state, the Fik zone administration of Somali regional state and the Ginnir city administration for their limitless cooperation. We are indebted to the Ginnir, Rayitu, Seweyna, Legehida and Gololcha Wereda Water Desk Office for providing us with assistance and relevant data which were crucial for our hydrogeological mapping The team is grateful to the manage- ment of the Geological Survey of Ethiopia, particularly to Director General (GSE) Mr. Masresha G/ Selassie and Mr. Yohannes Belete, Head of the Groundwater Resources Assessment Department (GSE) and Mr. Muhudin Abdela, Senior Hydrogeologist and Project Coordinator. Special thanks go to the NGOs and private water drilling and consultant companies for providing data from private databases. Our special thanks also go to Oromia Water Works Enterprise and Construction for providing assistance during the field work. Finally, the team acknowledges the untiring support of the local people who assisted the team by all means possible and facilitated the data collection and those who helped us in different ways. Contents Acknowledgment .........................................................................................................................................................................3 Extended Summary....................................................................................................................................................................11 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................ 15 1. Basic Characteristics of the Area ..................................................................................................................................17 1.1 Location and Accessibility .......................................................................................................................................................17 1.2 Population, Settlements and Health Status ........................................................................................................................18 1.3 Land Use ......................................................................................................................................................................................24 2. Selected Physical and Geographical Settings ............................................................................................................27 2.1 Geomorphology .........................................................................................................................................................................27 2.2 Soil and Vegetation Cover .......................................................................................................................................................28 2.3 Climatic Characteristics ...........................................................................................................................................................32 2.3.1 Climatic Zones and Measurements...................................................................................................................................32 2.3.2 Precipitation ............................................................................................................................................................................37 2.4 Hydrography and Hydrology of the Area ............................................................................................................................42 2.4.1 Surface Water Network Development ..............................................................................................................................42 2.4.2 Surface Water Regime .........................................................................................................................................................44 2.4.3 Baseflow ..................................................................................................................................................................................50 2.5 Water balance ............................................................................................................................................................................55 2.6 Drought and Climate Changes...............................................................................................................................................57 3. Geological Settings ...........................................................................................................................................................61 3.1 Previous Work ............................................................................................................................................................................61 3.2 Stratigraphy ................................................................................................................................................................................61 3.3 Lithology ......................................................................................................................................................................................62 3.3.1 Mesozoic Sedimentary Formations...................................................................................................................................62 3.3.2 Tertiary Volcanic Rocks ........................................................................................................................................................65 3.3.3 Quaternary Volcanic and Sedimentary Rocks ................................................................................................................66 3.4 Structure ......................................................................................................................................................................................66 3.5 Geological History .....................................................................................................................................................................67 4. Hydrogeology .................................................................................................................................................................... 69 4.1 Water Point Inventory ...............................................................................................................................................................69 4.2 Hydrogeological Classification/Characterization ..............................................................................................................72 4.3 Elements of the Hydrogeological System of the Area (Aquifers) ..................................................................................73 4.3.1 Local and Moderately Productive Porous Aquifers .......................................................................................................73 4.3.2 Extensive and Highly Productive Fissured and Karstic Aquifers ................................................................................74 4.3.3 Extensive and Moderately Productive Fissured Aquifers ............................................................................................75 4.3.4 Extensive Formation Consisting Minor Fissured Aquifer with Local and Limited Groundwater Resources Aquitard ..........................................................................................................................................................................80 4.3.5 Formation with Essentially No Groundwater Resources Aquiclude .........................................................................81 4.4 Hydrogeological Conceptual Model .....................................................................................................................................82
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