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Abejas Silvestres (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) Y Sus Interacciones Con La Flora En La Sierra De Quila, Tecolotlán, Jalisco

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Abejas Silvestres (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) Y Sus Interacciones Con La Flora En La Sierra De Quila, Tecolotlán, Jalisco UNIVERSIDAD DE GUADALAJARA Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Abejas silvestres (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) y sus interacciones con la flora en la Sierra de Quila, Tecolotlán, Jalisco Tesis que para obtener el grado de Maestro en Ciencias en Biosistemática y Manejo de Recursos Naturales y Agrícolas Presenta Álvaro Edwin Razo León Zapopan, Jalisco Julio del 2015 UNIVERSIDAD DE GUADALAJARA Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Abejas silvestres (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) y sus interacciones con la flora en la Sierra de Quila, Tecolotlán, Jalisco Tesis que para obtener el grado de Maestro en Ciencias en Biosistemática y Manejo de Recursos Naturales y Agrícolas Presenta Álvaro Edwin Razo León DIRECTOR Miguel Vásquez Bolaños Zapopan, Jalisco Julio del 2015 UNIVERSIDAD DE GUADALAJARA Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Abejas Silvestres (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) y sus interacciones con la flora en la Sierra de Quila Por Alvaro Edwin Razo-León Maestría en Ciencias en Biosistemática y Manejo de Recursos Naturales y Agrícolas Aprobado por: ___________________________________ _________________ Dr. Miguel Vásquez Bolaños Fecha Director de Tesis e integrante del jurado ___________________________________ _________________ Dr. Alejandro Muñoz Urias Fecha Asesor del Comité Particular e integrante del jurado ___________________________________ _________________ Dr. Francisco Martín Huerta Martínez Fecha Asesor del Comité Particular e integrante del jurado ___________________________________ _________________ Dr. Pablo Carillo Reyes Fecha Asesor del Comité Particular e integrante del jurado ___________________________________ _________________ Dr. Gustavo Moya Raygoza Fecha Asedor del Comité Particular e integrante del jurado DEDICATORIA A mi esposa, mejor amiga y compañera de vida Mireya Guadalupe Campos Porras que siempre me ha dado su entusiasmo y apoyo siendo mi inspiración para seguir adelante A mis padres Lourdes León Cortez y Héctor Francisco Razo Saldaña por darme perseverancia con su compañía y apoyo incondicional Para mis hermanos Héctor Jesús Razo León y Etienne de Jesús Razo León por darme una razón más para esforzarme y ver a futuro Y a mis mentores por mostrarme el maravilloso mundo de la biología AGRADECIMIENTOS A todos mis profesores que me brindaron con su esfuerzo y paciencia sus conocimientos y valores para formarme como profesional e impulsaron mi amor por estudiar la vida y me ayudaron a comprender por lo menos un poco este maravilloso mundo. A mi comité particular de tesis. - Miguel Vásquez Bolaños, por aceptar ser mi director, brindarme el apoyo en mi trabajo de tesis y mis estudios de posgrado. - Alejandro Muñoz Urias, por su apoyo en el área de ecología, su compañía durante todo el trabajo y su valiosa amistad. - Francisco Martín Huerta Martínez, por su revisión y oportunos comentarios a lo largo del proyecto. -Pablo Carillo Reyes, por su ayuda con la determinación de los ejemplares botánicos y la revisión para la tesis. -Gustavo Moya Raygoza, por su apoyo para la conclusión de la tesis con sus correcciones y comentarios. - J. Jesús Guerrero Nuño, Claudia Janeth Ramírez Díaz y Arturo Castro Castro Castro por su ayuda con la determinación de los ejemplares botánicos. -Claudia Uribe Mú, por su ayuda a lo largo del posgrado y sus valiosos comentarios durante el mismo. -Hugo Eduardo Fierros López, por su colaboración con la determincion de las abejas y sus opiniones sobre el proyecto. - Chiristrian Barajas, por su apoyo en el análisis de los datos y para tomar fotografías. - Mireya Guadalupe Campos Porras, por los comentarios y su revsión de la tesis. -Comité Regional de Protección, Promoción y Fomento de los Recursos Naturales de la Sierra de Quila A. C. Por todo su apoyo institucional como logístico, que sin su cooperación este trabajo no había sido posible. -Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), por la beca otorgada que me permitió realizar mis estudios de posgrado. -A la Universidad de Guadalajara, por todo el apoyo institucional y brindarme la oportunidad de continuar con mi formación academica. ÍNDICE Sección Página 1.- Resumen .…………………………………………………………………………... 1 2.- Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………. 2 3.- Introducción ……………………………………………………………………….. 3 4.- Antecedentes ………………………………………………………………………. 5 4.1.- Conocimiento taxonómico .....................………………………………….. 5 4.2.- Características morfológicas ……………………………........................... 7 4.3.- Sobre la biología de las abejas …………………………………………... 13 4.3.1.- Ciclo de vida y alimentación …….……………………………………. 13 4.3.2.- Comportamiento social ………………………………………………... 13 4.3.3.- Las abejas y las flores …………………………………………………. 14 4.4.- Importancia de las abejas ………………………………………………... 17 4.5.- Disminución de las abejas y conservación ……………………………… 18 4.6.- Red de interaación abeja-planta ……………………………………......... 19 5.- Hipótesis .…………………………………………………………………………. 22 6.- Objetivos …………………………………………………………………………. 23 7.- Material y métodos ……………………………………………………………… 24 7.1.- Descripción del área de estudio ………………………………………… 24 7.2.- Diseño de estudio y muestreo ………………………………………….. 26 7.3.- Inventario y claves dicotómicas ………………………………………... 28 7.4.- Diversidad α y β ………………………………………………………... 29 7.5.- Red de interacción abeja-planta ……………………………………….. 33 8.0.- Resultados ............................................................................................................ 36 8.1.- Inventario de las abejas silvestres de la Sierra de la Quila ……………… 36 8.1.2.- Clave para la determinación de las especies de la Sierra de Quila ……. 41 8.1.3.- Lista de abejas de la Sierra de Quila ………………………………….. 70 8.2.- Diversidad α …………………………………………………………….. 87 8.3.- Diversidad β ……………………………………………………………... 91 8.4.- Redes de interacción abeja-planta ……………………………..………... 94 9.- Discusión ………………………………………………………………………..... 99 9.1.- Inventario………………………………………………………………… 99 9.2.- Diversidad α y β ……………………………………………………….. 103 9.3.- Redes de interaccion abeja-planta ……………………………………... 105 10.- Conclusiones …………………………………………………………………... 108 11.- Literatura citada …………………………………………………………….... 110 12.- Apéndice A …………………………………………………………………….. 118 13.- Apéndice B …………………………………………………………………….. 124 14.- Apéndice C …………………………………………………………………….. 127 LISTA DE CUADROS Cuadro Página 1. Número de especies de abejas registradas en estudios faunísticos de México ……... 6 2. Riqueza y abundancia de las familias de abejas en la Sierra de Quila ……………… 36 3. Abejas oligolécticas de la Sierra de Quila ………………………………………….. 37 4. Abejas que visitaron el mayor número de plantas …………………………………... 37 5. Plantas que fueron visitadas por un mayor número de especies de abejas ………… 38 6. Afinidades biogeográficas de los géneros de abejas silvestres de la Sierra de Quila ……………………………………………………………………………………….... 40 7. Valores de eficiencia de muestreo de abejas de la Sierra de Quila con diferentes indicadores ……………………………………………………………………………. 87 8. Valores de eficiencia de muestreo de abejas del BTC con diferentes indicadores … 88 9. Valores de eficiencia de muestreo de abejas del BP-E con diferentes indicadores ... 89 10. Riqueza, abundancia, diversidad y uniformidad de dos tipos de vegetación en la Sierra de Quila y valores de t, grados de libertad (gl) y probabilidad (p) …………………….. 90 11. Conectancia y densidad de enlaces (promedio + error estándar) e interacciones de la red de interacciones en Sierra de Quila ………………………………………………... 94 12. Características de la red abeja-planta de Sierra de Quila N=anidamiento, TM= temperatura de la matriz, TN= temperatura de la matriz con el modelo nulo, P= probabilidad …………………………………………………………………………... 95 13. Porcentaje de especies de plantas y abejas que contribuyen al anidamiento y las especies idiosincráticas en BTC y BP-E ……………………………………………… 96 14. Robustez de la red abeja planta en Sierra de Quila, en BTC y BP-E bajo los supuestos de eliminación aleatoria de especies de plantas y eliminación de especies de plantas con mayor número de interacciones …………………………………………..................... 97 15. Especies de plantas y de abejas con mayor número de interacciones en Sierra de Quila …………………………………………………………………………………............ 97 16. Especies de plantas y de abejas con mayor número de interacciones en el BTC … 98 17. Especies de plantas y de abejas con más interacciones en el BP-E ………………. 98 18. Porcentaje de riqueza específica de tres familias en los estudios de Jalisco …… 100 LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura Página 1. Características morfológicas de las abejas, a) Seda ramificada de Centris agilis, b) Metapata de Scaptotrigona hellwegeri …………………………………………………. 5 2. Diagrama de las estructuras de la cabeza de una abeja, a) vista anterior y b) vista lateral ………………………………………………………………………………….............. 8 3. Diagrama de la antena de una abeja ………………………………………………… 9 4. Diagrama del aparato bucal de una abeja …………………………………………… 9 5. Diagrama de las estructuras del tórax de una abeja, a) vista lateral y b) vista dorsal . 10 6. Diagrama de la pata de una abeja ………………………………………………….... 10 7. Diagrama de las venas de las alas de una abeja ……………………………………. 11 8. Diagrama de las celdas de las alas de una ………………………………………….. 11 9. Diagrama del abdomen en vista lateral de una abeja ………………………………. 12 10. Diagrama del ápice en vista dorsal del abdomen de una abeja …………………..... 12 11. (Izquierda) El abejorro Bombus ephippiatus visitando a una planta del género Lupinus. (Derecha) Centris nigrocaerulea visitando a Wigandia urens …………….... 15 12. Representacion
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