SITREP the Royal Canadian Air Force
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March–April 2018 Volume 78, Number 2 RCMI THE JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL CANADIAN MILITARY INSTITUTE FOUNDED 1890 SITREP The Royal Canadian Air Force Three helicopters from 427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron have been deployed to OP Impact in Iraq since May 2016. —DND/OP IMPACT Inside this Issue Four facets of Proposals for Air Defence Integration by Dr. Richard Goette 3 Canadian airpower Education for 21st Century Aviators by Dr. Randall Wakelam 6 “Making Sausage”: RCAF Doctrine 2005-2016 by Dr. Allan English 10 Drones–A History in the Making by Mark Aruja 14 www.rcmi.org @rcmiHQ From the Editor he sheer volume and velocity of recent movements in the international security environment continue unabated, to the point where our current newsfeeds are increasingly Treflective of a Tom Clancy or John le Carré novel. Nonetheless, we remain engaged. In February, RCMI Pres- ROYAL CANADIAN MILITARY INSTITUTE ident Michael Hoare attended the Conference of Defence Associations Congress FOUNDED 1890 on behalf of the Institute, and found the event to be extremely worthwhile. With Patron speakers ranging from the CDS to the NORAD Commander to the Deputy Min- The Governor General of Canada ister for DND, and with the opportunity to interact with participants from across all sectors of the defence and security arena, his presence ensured that the RCMI Vice Patrons The Honourable Elizabeth Dowdeswell, OC, OOnt remains an actively engaged player. I had the opportunity to represent the RCMI Lieutenant Governor of Ontario at yet another February conference entitled Readiness and Resiliance in the Age The Honourable Kathleen Wynne, MPP Premier of Ontario of Disruption, organized by the University of Ottawa. The keynote address was General Jonathan Vance, CMM, MSC, CD offered by Mr. John Brennan, former Director of the CIA, and panel discussions Chief of Defence Staff His Worship John Tory encompassed many of the serious challenges we are facing in the West including Mayor of Toronto cyber attacks, radicalization, artificial intelligence and quantum computing. Officers & Directors Speaking of conferences, by now you will be aware of the RCMI’s annual LCdr/Dr. Michael J. Hoare, CD (Ret’d)—President and conference to be held on 24 April in partnership with Women in International Executive Director Col Jay B. Claggett, CD (Ret’d)—Vice President Security–Canada (WIIS–Canada). Our panel presentations will address a wide Mr. James H. Lutz, MA—Vice President range of critical issues. Our guest of honour will be RAdm Jennifer Bennett who Capt Rodney W. J. Seyffert, CD (Ret’d)—Secretary BGen Paul A. Hayes, OMM, CD (Ret’d)—Director will shortly retire from the CAF following a distinguished career. She will attend Lt(N) Paul Hong, CD—Director Mr. Robert C. Kay, JD—Director our conference in her capacity as leader of the CAF Strategic Response Team on Capt Stewart C. Kellock, MOM, CStJ, CD—Director Sexual Misconduct. Ms. Michele Walkau, MEd—Director In keeping with our new thematic approach to SITREP, this edition should Past President be of great interest to our flyers, as each article relates to the RCAF and airpow- HCol Gilbert W. Taylor er (do not fret soldiers and sailors—your turn is coming!). We are fortunate to Honoraries have submissions from four very well-known members of the Canadian air force HLGen Richard Rohmer, OC, CMM, DFC, O.Ont, community. We are very pleased to publish an excerpt from Richard Goette’s new KStJ, OL, Legion d’Honneur, QC Honorary Vice President book entitled Sovereignty and Command in Canada-US Continental Air Defence, Dr. J. L. Granatstein, OC, FRSC 1940–57. Given current developments in Canada-US relations, and the ongoing Dr. Desmond Morton, OC, CD, FRSC Honorary Historians debate around ballistic missile defence, his chapter on proposals for air defence Mr. Arthur Manvell integration provide a solid background to this vital aspect of national defence. Honorary Librarian LCol J. Roy Weir, CD, AdeC, QC (Ret’d) We then follow with articles by two of Canada’s most respected air force Honorary Solicitor theorists—Drs. Randall Wakelam and Allan English. These articles focus on issues Honorary Chaplains concerning academic and professional military education for members of the LCdr The Rev J. David Mulholland (Ret’d) RCAF, as well as RCAF doctrine. Combined, they provide a significant reference HLCol The Rev Mark L. Sargent, CD and start-point from which to understand the basis of successful air operations General Manager and air-power more broadly. We leap into the future with a piece by Mark Aruja Mr. Michael T. Jones from Unmanned Systems Canada and a detailed examination of the past, present Controller and, most importantly, future of UAVs or ‘drones’ in Canada, and their growing Ms. Elena Trouba importance in both military and commerical settings. He argues that the RCAF Director, Defence and Security Studies Programme, needs to be better connected to the private sector in order to succeed in the (fast Editor, Sitrep approaching) unmanned vehicle world. Maj/Dr Daniel D. Eustace, CD (Ret’d) I look forward to seeing you at our April 24 conference, or at one of our Deputy Director, Defence and Security Studies Programme many informative Defence and Security After Hours events. Mr. Eric S. Morse An Official Publication of the Royal Canadian Military Institute Maj Daniel D. Eustace, CD, PhD (Ret’d) 426 University Avenue, Director, Defence and Security Studies Programme Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1S9 Tel: 416-597-0286/1-800-585-1072 Fax: 416-597-6919 Website: www.rcmi.org Editorial E-Mail: [email protected] Copyright © 2018 RCMI ISSN 0316-5620 SITREP may be fully reproduced in whole or in part for academic research or institutional purposes, provided that the author’s and the institute’s copyright is acknowledged. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the Institute or its members. 2 SITREP Proposals for Air Defence Integration by Dr. Richard Goette fter intense study of the aerial threat, the Air Defence Marshal Slemon [the RCAF Chief of the Air Staff or CAS] Study Group (ADSG) concluded in the autumn of was convinced. Firmly believing in the need for an overall air 1954 that the requirement to make quick decisions in defence commander, he set out to make it a reality. Athe modern air defence battle necessitated a combined Cana- Before Slemon could forward any formal proposals to da–US air defence command under one overall commander. government authorities, however, Canadian political sen- This command would be responsible to both governments sitivities had to be overcome. Although cool to the idea of and ought to be stood up in peacetime to be ready in an air integrating Canadian and American air defences under one defence emergency. The Military Study Group (MSG) con- overall commander, Canadian government officials, notably curred and brought these conclusions to the Canadian and those from the Department of External Affairs (DEA), were American military leadership. not completely opposed to it. Military planners therefore The special April 6 meeting of the Chiefs of Staff Com- needed to find the right command and control authority for mittee was pivotal in convincing Canadian authorities of the a commander that would balance safeguarding Canadian need for integrated continental air defence. It was a rather large sovereignty with ensuring efficient continental air defence. gathering in Ottawa that day. Besides the chiefs themselves, The solution was avoiding the term “command” and using those in attendance also included C.M. Drury, the Deputy the principle of operational control. Minister of National Defence; R.B. Bryce, the Secretary to the Although Joseph Jockel originally noted that the opera- Cabinet; R.A. MacKay, the Associate Under-Secretary of State tional control idea was an American one, recently declassified for External Affairs; Air Vice-Marshal C.R. Dunlap, Chairman records show that it was actually the brainchild of a Canadian, of the Canadian Section MSG; and a few other officers from Air Marshal Slemon. The CAS had previously distinguished Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) Air Defence Command the differences between operational control and command in (ADC) Headquarters in St-Hubert and Air Force Headquar- his 1953 US Northeast Command directive to the Air Officer ters in Ottawa. Air Commodore Clare Annis, an Air Defence Commanding (AOC) ADC. Slemon deduced that assigning Command staff officer and a member of the ADSG, conducted similar operational control authority to an overall continental the briefing. Annis was an authority on air power and one of air defence commander would be “politically acceptable to only a few RCAF airmen who had written and spoken publicly both countries.” He explained this reasoning in a December on the subject of North American air defence. He had an 2 brief for Chief of Staff Committee (CSC) chairman General intimate understanding of the air defence integration issue Charles Foulkes: and was the ideal person to give the briefing. Stressing in great detail the urgent need for North American air defence integra- We are giving consideration now on the military tion, Annis explained that Canada currently faced two main level to the working out of a system of operation- problems: a Soviet military threat; and a potential American al control which will avoid the use of the term defence-against-help threat to Canadian sovereignty “resulting ‘command.’ ‘Command’ infers control of logistics, from the US reaction to the Russian military threat.” Canada which is not necessary, and creates a great many thus needed to act quickly by accepting the establishment of political difficulties, particularly in peacetime. and participation in a continental air defence command. Air However[,] we are completely convinced that operational control of the whole system should be Dr.