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An Imperial Inscription from the Roman Fortress At AN IMPERIAL INSCRIPTION FROM THE ROMAN FORTRESS CARPOWT A , PERTHSHIRE by R. P. WRIGHT IN September 1964 durin excavatioe gth ease th tthirty-acrf e gatno th f eo e legionary fortress at Carpow, near Newburgh, on the south bank of the Firth of Tay, Dr J. Wilkes and Mr J. D. Leach discovered on the surface of the south roadway two portion monumentaa f so l building-inscription presene Th . t write invites wa r y db r WilkeD writo t sinteris hi enota r m efo s foun reporha t d bu thatelaborate th t e decoratio sculpturee th f no dunusuae paneth d an ll feature fragmentare th n si y text have mad t necessarei givo yt fulleea r discussion. receives ha e H 1d invaluable help2 from the Director and Staff of Dundee City Museum, for which he here makes grateful acknowledgment. E SCULPTURETH D PANEL The left-hand panel (PI. X, i) is 33^ in. wide by 38 in. high by 7^ in. thick. It s brokeha n away fro inscribee mth d areae tex flankes i Th t .pelt a y db a which springs from a central boss and terminates in beaked heads. In the upper part of fiele th Victorya d , partly broken away, hold palm-branca s r lefhe t hann hi d dan stand globea n sCapricoro A . n moves left fro uppee mth e peltare th halth n f I .o f lower part of the field are two confronting Pegasi and below them a broken figure which appears to be an eagle with outspread wings. The motif of the pelta termin- ating in bird-heads or rosettes is familiar on elaborate slabs of the Antonine period, uses Legioy dwa b I Augustad detachmentsI s it an d an whicf o , Pegasue e hth th d an s Capricorn are the emblems,3 and also by other units.4 The emblems show that the present stone may be assigned to Legio II Augusta. The dedication-slab of A.D. 205 found5 in 1960 at the east gate of Bainbridge fort has no pelta, but outside the frame of the cable-moulding has among other figure Capricornsa Victora , globa n yo e wit palm-branchha eagln a ed witan , ha 1 The following abbreviations have been used: A,A,'. Archaeologia Aeliana A.E.: L'Annee Epigraphique Bruce Lap. Sept.:J. BruceC , Lapidarium Septentrionale (1875) C.A.H.: Cambridge Ancient History C.I.L.: Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum C. W.: Cumberlan Westmorland dan d Antiquaria Archaeologicad an n l Society Transactions E.E.: Ephemeris Epigraphica I.L.S-: Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae selectae J.R.S.: Journa Romaf o l n Studies Museue e Stafth f Th 2 o fs mad m ha photographe eth provided san a dsqueeze. CouttsH r e M th ., Junior Assistant, supplie excellenn da t recorinscribee th f do d slab. Bruc. 3. cf 33 e . Lap.No , Sept.,33 . p 4 Castell Collen, J.R.S., XLVII (1957), 227, PI. XIII, i; Corbridge, J.R.S., xxvi (1936), 264, PI. XXVIII, ; E.E.,4 ix, 1146, A.A. , iv3 (1908), 262, fig ; Halto8 . n Chesters C.I.L., , 562vn , Bruce Lap.n o Sept., ; 92 the Antonine Wall C.I.L., vn, 1131, E.E., ix, p. 628, Sir George Macdonald, Roman Wall in Scotland (ed. 2), 376, PI. LXIV, 2 (Legio VI); C.I.L., vn, 1138, Macdonald, ibid., 386, PI. LXVII, i; C.I.L., vn, 1136, Macdonald, ibid., 387, PI. LXVIII, i. 6 J.R.S., 1-1(1961), 192. 202 AN IMPERIAL INSCRIPTION FROM CARPOW 2O3 wreath. As Dr J. M. C. Toynbee observes, the figure-work on this is indeed crude. 1 legionare Th y craftsme havy enma perpetuate motie peltda th f fo a with beaked heads a generation or more after the death, of Marcus Aurelius and may have pro- duced a devolved form of the Antonine tradition in the later second or early third 2 century. horizontae th n O l margin belo pelte wth a ther three ear e letters, . highi£in , fro mminora , subsidiary inscription, which read: ]P-FE[CIT. Theperhapy yma s record the sculptor or the date of his work. THE INSCRIPTION inscribee Th d fragment . hig in . thick8 y f ^hin b a6s . widi 322 in f.y eb Muc h of the face of the stone is badly weathered and flakes have broken away from the left-hand margin t mucverticae th Ye .f ho l toolin survives guide-linee gha th d dan s can still be seen on the photograph and the squeeze. 'In antiquity the letters on the inscriptio havy nma e been painted red traces a ,staia f so n still survive, being very FIG. I . Tentative reconstructio inscriptioe th f no n (scale uppee th n rS.t alsd O edg' bu an o quiteE M , stronthere P eth e s cleaei n th g i n i r a dowel hole 6f in. from the right-hand end: it is ij in. in diameter and 2^5 in. deep. The sandstone 'is reddish-brown in colour and is probably of local origin from the Lower Old Red Sandstone series'. Part of the projecting moulding, for a length of 10 in., frames the top of the die and shows that the fragment comes from the first and second lines. The left-hand sculptured panel carrie verticae sth l moulding which forme lefe dth t margie th f no die and also five inches of the die. At its right edge the lower serif and half of the havverticaIMP e beeof lI strokn preservedthe eof . About five inchesurfacthe sof e of the die have been lost between I and the partially preserved M. The die will have contained only four lines, and the letter-heights in lines 3 and 4 will have been less than the 5^ in. of lines i and 2. If [. .]S in the second line is a nominative, IMP must represent Imp(erator) in the nominative singular. After a wide space the second word begin wor. Qa 1 sthref n dI o wit r fou. eo hE r letters ends d witan hS after a wide space the next word begins with F or E. As Caes. does not follow Imp., the alternative formula D(ominus) N(oster] may be suggested,4 with et as the con- necting word. It is extremely difficult to see what e[. can be otherwise. The 1 Art in Britain under the Romans (1964), 148. 2 For the remains of a devolved pelta of the Severan period see E.E., ix, 1114 from Ribchester (frontis- piece to J. H. Hopkinson, The Roman fort at Ribchester, 3rd edn. by D. Atkinson, 1928). 3 PI. X, 2. The quotations and the details presented in this paragraph have been drawn from the report sent by Mr Coutts. e presen4Th t writer gratefully acknowledge Professoo st r laSi nr Richmon restoratioe dth n here pro- pounded. 204 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1963-64 combination of the titles dominus noster imperator, sometimes with the addition of Caesar, begins in the second half of the second century.1 These titles, whether in singular or plural, expanded or contracted, were extensively used from the time of Septimius Severus.2 The formula imperator dominus noster was far less frequent. It seem begio t s n under Septimius cites Severuswa d o witwh , h Caracall A.Dn ai . 197 (A.E. 1904, 75) and again in A.D. 202 (A.E. 1950, 237). Other texts include Geta (A.E. 1938, 146) A.D. 199-209, or Julia Domna with a secondary text replacing Geta's deleted names (A.E. 1922, 54) n A.DI . 213 this formul s usei a n citindi g Caracalla with his fellow-consul for a date (C.I.L., xm, 7338, 8702). The present writer can cite no parallel for et connecting imperator and dominus. This longer and more precise style may have been used because the formula had not yet become fully standardised. e developeTh dpelte forth f am o moti f discussed above supporte data sth n ei late secon r earldo y third century Imp.s A . indicate singlsa e emperor texte th ,d an , limited to four lines, could not include the full titles of a colleague, we may exclude datee th s when ther mors ewa e tha emperore non , A.D. 161-9, 176-80 y 198Ma ,- 211, 2ii—Feb. 212. Septimius Severus is cited with Caracalla as Caesar in A.D. 198 inscriptionn a n i 3 from Brough-under-Stainmore e rebuildinTh . t Bainbridgga s ei dated A.D o 4t wore .th Hadrian' n 205ko d an , t Risingha a snorto t t Wal i d f ho an l m falls within the governorship of Alfenus Senecio, A.D. 205 — about 208. Until this wor s completkwa t seemi e s very unlikely that major structural work woule b d undertaken in an advance fortress on the River Tay at Carpow. The discovery of a coin of A.D. 202 at Carpow tends to support this date. The unusual plan of the east gat t Carpoea 5 wmatcheds i north-wese th y 6b tSeverae gatth f eo n for t Bewcastlea t . Accordin historiane Herodian,d th o an gt o sDi Caracall Getd aan a made terms wit barbariane hth s after Septimiu7 s Severus die Februarn di y 211. 'Oothee nth r han coie dth n perioissuee th f so d indicate tha campaige th t n envisage Severuy db s was actually carried into effect'.
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