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Excavations Directed by J D Leach and J J Wilkes on the Site of A

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Excavations Directed by J D Leach and J J Wilkes on the Site of A Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 129 (1999), 481-575 Excavations directed by J D Leach and J J Wilkes on the site of a Roman fortress at Carpow, Perthshire, 1964-79 JNDore*&JJWilkest with contribution Allason-JonesL y sb CoulstonN C ,J GidneyJ L , , N M McQ Holmes, J P Huntley, C Lucas, J Price & R Tylecote ABSTRACT Excavations conducted between 1964 and 1979 revealed the plan of a Roman fortress of just over 11 ha (27.5 acres). The rampart, ditches and three out of the four gates, together with a number of buildings interiorthe in (the headquarters, commander'sthe residence a granary) and were investigated. Structural evidence suggests that occupation was confined to a single period, of short duration, ceramicand numismaticand evidence suggest that this occurredAD c and between180 AD c 220. Post-excavation analysis publicationand were funded Historicby Scotland. FORTRESE SETTINS TH IT D SGAN SITE DESCRIPTION (ILLUS 1) site Carpof eo Th w (NGR 208179O N : soute ) th lie hn sriverTa o e e ban easth th m f f k o to 3 y1. confluence with the river Earn. A short distance to the west of a stream which marks the boundary between Perthshir d Fiflow-lyine ean th e g field glaciaa o st givy l escarpmenewa t which rises smalla arouno t ,m well-draine0 d3 d plateau excellene ar . p Froto e tm viewsth , north-westwards valley Ta e y th toward p u e Hillth sf Moncrieffo s e distanth d tan ehorizo e southerth f o n n Highlands eastwardd an , s dow Firte n th Tayf ho , where moderDundee th d nean roaraid dlan bridges are clearly visible in normal conditions. situatioe Th f Carpono w enjoys considerable natural protection approace Th . h froe mth sout barrerange s e hOchili e th th y f db so s which close ofsoute fth h sid Strathearf eo whicd nan h overlook the site of the fortress, rising steeply at a distance of less than 1 km to the south. On the wes broae tth d valle lowee th f yro Earn protect site seth from sudden assault. The position of Carpow in the strategically important area of Pictish Abernethy makes it likely thasite th et will have figure morn di e tharecordee non d inciden f earlo t y Scottish history somd an thesf eo suggestee ear Birley db y (1965, 184-5) site likels ei Th . havyo t e been included ingrana tPictis e madth y ehb king Nectonius (Nechtan) (die 465dc Dairlugdacho )t d ha o wh , been abbes Kildarf so Ireland n eweli y thae lma b t t I .11te earlth hn y i centur y Kennet I usehII d e ArchaeologicaTh * l Practice, Departmen f Archaeologyo t , Universit f Newcastleyo , Newcastle upon U 7R Tyn1 eNE T Institute of Archaeology, University of London, 31-34 Gordon Square, London WC1B OPY I SOCIET 2 48 ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1999 ILLUS 1 Location of Carpow fortress including (b) Roman forts and temporary camps in the Tay region and (c) environs of the site (Based on the Ordnance Survey map © Crown copyright) DOR WILKESE& : ROMAN FORTRES CARPOWT SA , PERTHSHIR3 48 | E Carpow as his base before he met the Danes at Loncarty, as may have William I of England in 1072 whe awaitee nh d Malcolm Canmore's acceptanc Peace th Abernethyf f eo o . Later, Carpow passed into the possession of Lindores Abbey, which lies 5 km away on the eastern outskirts of Newburgh in Fife, and subsequently into that of the Oliphant family who in 1745 were honoured with a visit from Bonnie Prince Charlie, an event which brought the forfeiture of the estate in the following year. By 1783 Roman remains had been discovered at Carpow, reported by James Wedderburne of Inveres lettea n ki r publishe Gough'n di s 1806 editio Camden'f no s Britannia (vo 47-9, l4 ; cited by Birley 1965,184). The context of the discoveries may have been extensive landscaping of the site undertakeowner Pattersonw A madne d r e fortunha M ,s th Weseo e hi y nth b ,wh tn e i Indies . It seems likely that this work had the effect of removing Roman remains that lay close to the surface, especially in the north-west area of the fortress. A new house for the owner was then constructed toward northere sth nCarpoe edgth f eo w plateau with fine view north-weso st d an t east. This Carpow House (destroyed by fire in 1961 and replaced with a modern bungalow a short distanc southe th o et ) replace oldee dth r Carpow House, whose overgrown ruin adjacene sli a o t steading driv,e westh f eto leadin latee th ro g t house . EARLIER ACCOUNTS AND INVESTIGATIONS recore Th Carpof do antiquariae th wn i archaeologicad nan l traditio 19te earld th han f yno 20th centuries has been set out by Birley (1965, 184-7) in the introduction to his report on the 1961-2 excavations perceptioe Th . f Carpono w which prevailed unti dramatie th l c discoverie f thosso e excavation summarizes Crawforswa S G 194s O hi 3y n d i b Rhin d Lectures: Carpow can be quickly disposed of. It stands on a bluff one and a half miles north-east of Abernethy, overlookin certainl s neai y mout e Earnt e i estuare Ta rth gth d coastae sitth a e f hf th yan ,o e th o f yo l fort t whebu , nwrotI firse eth t draf thif o t s book onl bathe ybeeth d sha n remaino foundn d f an ,s o fore th t itsel comd fha lighto et . Since Josepht thenS r D , , flying ove site Septemben reth i r 1943s ha , seen remains of the ramparts and subsequently identified them on the ground. Most of the outline of fore visibls th i t crop-marka s ea , witditcheo htw s roun soute deasth d han t sides (Crawford 1949, 59; cfSt Joseph 1951,63). By the time Crawford wrote there was a general acceptance of Richmond's (1922, 289, 294) view, earliebasee th n dro suggestio SkeneF W y n,b that Carpo Orreae th likelPtolemy's f e o b w wa o yt s Geograph Poreodassisd yan Ravenne th f o a Cosmographer thire th dn editio.O Ordnance th f no e Survey's (1956 op f Roman)Ma Britain site th e bor name eth e Horrea Classis, denotin storee gth s basRomaa f eo n fleet. Thoug coie hth n finds then reported include f Faustino e don 11o a(n , below) and pointed to a second-century date, the situation of Carpow seemed to fit well with a sea base that Agricola might have used during an advance in which the army co-operated with e fleete argumenth Th n Antonin. a r fo t e occupatio s advancewa n y Gillab d m (1958, 73), contending that Carpow's situation seemed to belong to a concerted deployment of forces at Ardoch, Bertha and Strageath and Dalginross (all in Perthshire) with the purpose of protecting e morth e settled populatio f southero n n Strathmor d Fifan ee from their more turbulent neighbours to the north and west. The picture altered suddenly in the late summer of 1961 when Birley exposed the remains of a stone headquarters building (principia) and, nearby, what was evidently a part of the 484 SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1999 commander's residence (praetorium). From within and alongside the latter were recovered from stratified contexts the two coins which provided the key evidence for dating the site, a denarius of Caracalla of AD 202 (no 27, below) and another of Plautilla of AD 202-3 (no 30, below), both in mint condition. In addition, the presence of the Legio VI Victrix was established at the site by the discover tile6 s21 bearinf yo legion'e gth s stamp wit hitherte hth o unrecorded VIVI titlG eLE CB (Leg(io)F P (Sexta) Vic(trix) B(ritannica) p(ia) f(idelis)). Carpow, whateve nature y rth an f eo earlier occupation securelw no s y ,wa linke d wit operatione hth emperoe th f so r Septimius Severus against the northern peoples of Britain, begun in AD 208 and concluded, following his death at York early in AD 211, by his sons and successors Caracalla and Geta. For so long a mystery and absent from the archaeological record, when compared with operations of the Flavian or Antonine eras Severae th , n presenc beyonp ma Scotlanlocate n ew i e dth no reasonabls n do dwa e doubt, along wit smallee hth r bas Cramont ea Firte th Forth f hn o d o . BIRLEY'S EXCAVATIONS IN 1961-2 remaine Th s reveale Carpot da w durin 1961-e gth 2 excavation describee b y sma d briefly. Digging started c 60 m north of what was generally believed to be the remains of the external bath-house of an auxiliary fort, where parch-marks had in the summer revealed to the farmer the outline of stone foundations. Trenching soon uncovered the stone footings of the rear range of a headquarters building of legionary size, c 155 ft by 133 ft (47 m by 40.5 m), of half-timbered construction on stone foundations and roofed with Roman tiles (tegulae and imbrices). The plan of the courtyard was traced, and found to be flanked by narrow rooms (armamentaria).
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