Hydrographic Risk Assessment - Vanuatu

Hydrographic Authority LAND INFORMATION NEW ZEALAND PACIFIC REGIONAL HYDROGRAPHY PROGRAMME - HYDROGRAPHIC RISK ASSESSMENT - VANUATU ANNEXES (BOUND SEPARATELY) Report Number : 12NZ246-1 January, 2013 MARICO MARINE NZ LIMITED Report No: 12NZ246-1 Unrestricted Issue: 1 Hydrography Risk Assessment - Vanuatu Annex A WW2 Information - Espiritu Santo and Éfaté Land Information New Zealand Annex A Report No: 12NZ246-1 Unrestricted Issue: 1 Hydrography Risk Assessment - Vanuatu The islands of Vanuatu were not occupied by the Japanese during WWII, although invasion was considered imminent following their occupation of the Solomon Islands. During the course of the war there were no land battles in Vanuatu, but the American base at Espiritu Santo was shelled by Japanese submarines on several occasions. There were also six minor bombing raids recorded on the Espiritu Santo bases and shipping in the Segond Channel. The raids caused little damage but three unexploded bombs were reported on shore. An American invasion fleet arrived in Mele Bay in May 1942, expecting the islands to be under Japanese control and prepared to fight its way ashore. However, this was not the case and the Americans established army, navy and air force bases on Éfaté and Espiritu Santo in preparation for the assault on the Philippines and the occupied islands of Micronesia. The principal bases were: a) Éfaté • Major aviation and supply base; • Bauerfield airstrip, Port Vila (bombers, fighters and transport aircraft); • Navy hospital on the Bellevue plantation; and • Havannah Harbour (main naval base and anchorage with two small fighter airfields nearby). b) Espiritu Santo • Major aviation and supply base; • Three bomber airfields; • Two fighter airstrips; • PT boat base with maintenance and repair shops; • Flying boat base; • Navy yard and bases extending from the western end of Segond Cannal to Turtle Bay; • Dry dock (the largest in the world at that time and capable of lifting battle ships) moored in Palekula Bay. During assembly off Aese Island Land Information New Zealand Page A1 Report No: 12NZ246-1 Unrestricted Issue: 1 Hydrography Risk Assessment - Vanuatu one of the four sections sank in 300 feet of water and was replaced with another section towed out from the USA; • Two other floating docks and a floating crane moored in the Segond Channel; and • Five military hospitals. c) Aore • A rest and recreation camp • Mine depot 1.1.1 Espiritu Santo Over 40,000 men were permanently stationed in Espiritu Santo and it is estimated that over 500,000 passed through during the course of the war. At any time between 1943 and 1944 there could be up to 97 ships in the Segond Channel and many more anchored in Palikulo Bay, which was favoured by larger vessels. At the end of the war there was an understandably rapid repatriation of American troops. Some military equipment was flown off and some used jeeps, trucks and boats were sold locally. However, much equipment was destroyed, ostensibly to protect American manufacturers from a glut of second hand equipment. Such equipment was dumped into the sea using cranes and anything with wheels was driven into the sea. Million Dollar Point was one such dumping area with debris extending down to the 70 metre contour. Coral rock was bulldozed over dumped material to create a ramp to enable further dumping. After the Americans left, much equipment, particularly bulldozers, tyres and non-ferrous metals, was recovered from Million Dollar Point. Although six inch calibre gun barrels can be seen in many images of the dumped equipment there is no indication that munitions were ever dumped at Million Dollar point. This was confirmed by diving company with experience of the area1, who suggested that dumped barrels were worn items removed from destroyers and battleships that had been refitted in the floating drydock that was stationed in Palekula Bay. 1 Allan Power Dive Tours Land Information New Zealand Page A2 Report No: 12NZ246-1 Unrestricted Issue: 1 Hydrography Risk Assessment - Vanuatu 1.1.2 Significant Military Wrecks There are two military wrecks in Espiritu Santo of particular interest: the troop carrier President Coolidge and the destroyer USS Tucker. Neither vessel was informed of the existence of the protective minefields; both sank after contacting mines. During 1943 attempts were made to salvage vehicles, weapons and munitions carried on deck and in the holds of President Coolidge. Little equipment was recovered. Later salvage attempts in 1958 removed live 105mm and 75mm shells, together, with small arms ammunition. USS Tucker sank in 18m of water on a sandy bottom, making salvage relatively simple. Much equipment was removed from the wreck during the war, although a 1954 salvage recovered non-ferrous metal, including several tonnes of 3 inch shell casings. The casings were reportedly packed with cordite but did not have projectiles fitted. Land Information New Zealand Page A3 Report No: 12NZ246-1 Unrestricted Issue: 1 Hydrography Risk Assessment - Vanuatu 1.1.3 Mine-Fields – Espiritu Santo and Éfaté Figure -1 Researched Location of Mine laying – Luganville2 The location of Espiritu Santo minefields was researched for a book about the sinking of the Coolidge. Figure 1 is the reproduced summary result of this research and the five areas of laying are identified. The fleet in Port Havannah, Éfaté, was similarly protected, reportedly between the islands of Moso, Lélépa and Érétoka. Local advice in Vanuatu suggests that all of these minefields were swept and removed, in total. Given that they were floating mines, tethered to the sea bed, confirmation of total removal is likely to be retained in American archives. It is thus recommended that intergovernmental liaison is conducted to clarify further. 2 Image copyright retained by and reproduced with permission of, Mr Peter Stone, Author “The Lady and the PRESIDENT”. ISBN 0-9586657-2-9 Land Information New Zealand Page A4 Report No: 12NZ246-1 Unrestricted Issue: 1 Hydrography Risk Assessment - Vanuatu 1.1.4 Munitions Munition dumping was wide spread throughout the Pacific theatre of war following cessation of hostilities. Local divers in Luganville report that there is no ammunition to be found in the vicinity of Million Dollar Point and the wrecks of President Coolidge and USS Tucker. Similarly Secondo Channel has been dived for many years (there is a sunken tug attraction there), with no reports of munitions being recovered from there. However at Luganville, it is know that small arms munitions can still be found off Chapuis Point off Aoré Island. Local divers also report finding small arms ammunition and shells up to about two inch calibre in other areas, which have not been specified. Munitions are still being recovered by divers and kept as souvenirs. The projectiles are heavily wasted from corrosion and munitions recovered are not considered dangerous by Luganville locals. Further research is needed to identify where these are recovered from, which may assist and future hydrography programme of work. In the island of Éfaté, Port Vila Chart BA1494 records an ordinance dumping ground to the south of Malapoa Point, adjacent to the harbour entrance. Land Information New Zealand Page A5 Report No: 12NZ246-1 Unrestricted Issue: 1 Hydrography Risk Assessment - Vanuatu Annex B Event Trees Land Information New Zealand Annex B Report No: 12NZ246-1 Unrestricted Issue: 1 Hydrography Risk Assessment - Vanuatu MARINE ACCIDENT GROUNDING FOUNDERING COLLISION DOMESTIC VESSEL SOLAS DRY CARGO SOLAS LIQUID BULK SOLAS PASSENGER (Cargo/Passenger) VESSEL VESSEL VESSEL Most Likely Scenario Worst Credible Scenario Vessel grounds heavily at high speed due Vessel grounds lightly at slow speed to navigational error or equipment failure. whilst manoeuvring in anchorage/ Or harbour. Vessel has insufficient power to stem Or strong wind and is blown ashore in heavy Equipment failure. Vessel drifts weather. Anchor fails to hold or cable ashore in light/moderate winds after parts. Water to seaward of reef too deep anchor drags, or shoreline too steep for effective anchoring. for effective anchoring. Or Vessel refloats under own power or Vessel sheltering in cyclone anchorage with local assistance. and anchor drags/cable parts. Vessel has insufficient power to prevent grounding. MOST LIKELY WORST CREDIBLE CONSEQUENCE CONSEQUENCE IMPACTS IMPACTS People Property Environment Stakeholders People Property Environment Stakeholders Vessel out of service for 1 Serious injuries and multiple Some reduction in shipping service to outer island Minor damage repaired at Possibly 1 tonne of gas oil month for minor repairs. fatalities possible, particularly Vessel constructive total loss. Most fuel (gas oil) lost to sea communities until vessel is Santo or Vila, possibly after spilt, dissipates naturally, Some reduction in shipping in bad weather. All but one (15 tonnes). Dissipated No injuries replaced. Damage to reef tow by local vessel. some short term damage to service to outer island domestic vessel carries naturally but has the potential fishing and local aquaculture. local environment. Dudongs, passengers, BIG SISTA to cause significant medium communities whilst vessel out Some loss of tourism turtles, reefs and mangroves carries 208. term local damage. Dudongs, of service. Possibly short term depending on area. at some risk damage to reef fishing. turtles, reefs and mangroves at risk. National media attention. International media attention. Land Information New Zealand Page B1 Report No: 12NZ246-1 Unrestricted Issue:

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