Examen VWO
Voorbereidend 20 03 Wetenschappelijk Onderwijs Tijdvak 2 Woensdag 18 juni 13.30 – 16.00 uur Engels (nieuwe stijl en oude stijl)
Tekstboekje
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I mage control: East London, Friday night
15 weeks of fame … ‘Night after night, shows like Big Brother – watched by impressionable young minds – glamorise the worst kind of people, boasting of their bed-hopping,’ harrumphed a Daily Mail leader-writer yesterday, palms damp and gusset twitching. And on the front page of the Daily Mail? A picture of Big Brother winner Brian, a happy man. It is a token of Brian Dowling’s currency this weekend that the Mail, which despises both Dowling as a person and the programme which has made him famous, should have been cowed into promoting him so fulsomely. The paper is frightened to alienate legions of readers who have followed Big Brother. Dowling is shown here stepping from the relaxed luxury of 24-hour surveillance – don’t try to restrain yourself, because you’ll be on camera anyway – to media property. He is already disoriented at discovering 120 cameramen jostling to photograph him as Big Brother presenter Davina McCall is trying to steer him in a different direction, towards a TV studio couch. Within hours, Brian’s packaging will have begun. Advised properly, he will find in future that every photo opportunity is ‘managed’ and has a specific objective. It will either be to promote him – I’m dippy, cheerful, always kindly – or to promote the product or venue by which he has been hired. Don’t expect to see Brian in public again looking lost, unkempt or carrying his own baggage. Ryanair, where Brian describes his job as ‘trolley dolly’ says it will keep his position open. Most Big Brother contestants have declined similar offers, convinced that celebrity beckons on digital TV or making personal appearances at the opening of supermarkets. Brian, brighter than most of his Big Brother house mates, may have the good sense to keep his options open. He will recognise that after his 15 weeks of fame, obscurity is likely to come knocking once again.
BEN SUMMERSKILL
‘The Observer’
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‘New Statesman’
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De volgende tekst is het begin van het eerste hoofdstuk van Second Nature, een roman van Alice Hoffman.
ONE
y APRIL most people had already enough to look through the glass window Bforgotten about him, except for some in the door, had once seen the raven eating of the nurses on the floor, who crossed right out of his plate while the Wolf Man themselves when they walked past his calmly continued with his dinner. Now, room. The guard stationed outside his the raven watched as the attendants door, who had little to do but read strapped the Wolf Man into a metal chair magazines and drink coffee for more than and held his head back. The barber wanted three months, bragged to his friends that no chances taken; a human bite was the on nights when there was a full moon he most dangerous of all. In the interest of needed a whip and a chair just to set a speed, he used a razor rather than scissors, dinner tray on the other side of the door. and while he worked he quickly recited a But in fact, the guard had never even blessing. dared to look around the room, where the The following morning, two metal bed was made up with clean white attendants helped the Wolf Man into a sheets every week, though it had not once black overcoat, which would be taken been slept in. away once he settled into the State The man who occupied the room had Hospital, since he’d never need it again no name. He refused to look anyone in the and another patient could make use of it. eye or, even after months of work with the The cook who had baked the angel food speech therapists, to make any sound cake for his birthday wept. She insisted he whatsoever, at least not in the presence of had smiled when she lit the candles on the others. Officially he was listed as patient cake, but no one believed her, except the 3119, but among themselves the staff guard stationed at his door, who had been called him the Wolf Man, although they made so anxious by this bit of news that were expressly forbidden to do so. He was he took to biting his fingernails, close underweight and had a long scar along the enough to the skin to draw blood. inside of one thigh that had healed years The cook had discovered that the before but still turned purple on cold or Wolf Man would not eat meat unless it rainy days. For two months he’d needed to was raw. He liked his potatoes unbaked as wear a cast on his reconstructed foot; well, and would not touch a salad or a otherwise he was in surprisingly good pudding. For his last meal, an early health. Since he had no birthday, the staff breakfast, she had simply passed a at Kelvin Medical Center had assigned hamburger patty over a flame for a him one. They’d chipped in to buy him a moment. So what if uncooked meat was sweater, blue wool, on sale at bad for you, and most of the patients liked Bloomingdale’s, and one of the cooks had cereal and toast, she wanted him to have baked and frosted an angel food cake. But what he liked. She had an impulse to hide that was back in January, after he learned a knife or a screwdriver inside the folded to use a fork and dress himself, and they’d napkin, because she knew that as soon as still had hope for him. Now, they left him he’d eaten his breakfast, he would be alone, and when he sat motionless, and handcuffed, then released into the custody sunlight came through the bars on his of a social worker from the State Hospital window, some of the nurses swore that his for the ride along the Hudson. By eyes turned yellow. afternoon he would be signed into a ward The evening before his transfer from which no one was ever released. But upstate, the barber was sent to his room. she didn’t follow her impulse, and after There would be no need to sweep the floor the Wolf Man had his meal, the attendants after his shave and haircut; the raven that dressed him and helped him into the black had been perching on the window ledge overcoat, then clasped the handcuffs on was waiting to dart through the bars and him, quickly, from behind, before he gather up the hair to wind into its nest. could fight back. One lab technician, who had been brave
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AS OTHERS SEE US
The British are deemed worthy but rather dull
1 The past, apparently, is a foreign country – ity remains essential to self-respect. The British which may explain why nations adopt such should now seek to recapture their idiosyncratic outmoded notions of one another. Identity image abroad. depends in large part upon differences. Countries 3 But attempting to define oneself is as difficult define themselves by their contrasts. Once as trying to bite one’s own teeth. That is why established, the stereotypes are hard to shift. The nations depend upon the perceptions of their average Englishman is no longer a rubicund neighbours for their sense of identity. These may oddity who, nurtured in a climate that produces be provocatively exaggerated and almost entirely nothing tastier than mangelwurzels, boils untrue, but they help to promote nonetheless a everything he eats except perhaps his bacon and playful sense of self. Of course, life in Spain is eggs. He no longer warms his beer and chills his not one long siesta occasionally punctuated by the baths or has a hot water bottle where everyone roar of disembowelled bulls. Naturally Austrians else has fun. But such fond illusions linger on are not always frolicking through edelweiss, from the days of Empire. lederhosen-clad. Nor does anyone really imagine 2 Or do they? A MORI poll conducted on behalf that the average Italian man spends his waking of the British Council among the young people of hours looking for someone to shed tears over – 13 nations reveals that the British are respected whether in love or in war. Everyone knows that but regarded as unexciting. Where are the such stereotypes are teasing generalisations, that doughty dowagers of the Edwardian age, the modern society is multicultural, that customs and corseted matrons who quelled fierce foreigners character traits are more and more shared. with one steely glare through a raised pince-nez? 4 But these old-fashioned images do add a Alive and well, albeit largely in our imagination, certain joie de vivre and variety. They prevent is the answer. The world may be a Coca- nations merging into a blandscape. After all, who Colanised planet, trade blocs may expand and really wants his country’s character to be markets merge, multinationals may control econo- represented by some grey-suited Eurocrat? Would mies and food and fashions may increasingly be British men be happy if the average foreigner’s shared, but a fully developed sense of individual- idea of them was forged by certain politicians?
‘The Times’
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oung people want to establish nothing for them to trust. their own identity,’ opines And one of the welcome by- ‘Y David Hieatt of the trendy new products of the advance of science, ad agency, Anti-Corp, aimed at The medicine and higher living standards establishing brands bought by that vital is that growing older is no longer quite section of the market – 15- to 24-year- state the calamity it used to be. New drugs, olds. ‘They want to be seen as something better diets and less backbreaking different, because the one thing youth daily labour mean that the older are hates is to be pigeonholed. There is a I’m in much better physical specimens than group identity, but they want to be seen they were even a generation ago. The as having their own identity.’ at 50 lifestyle, capability and attitudes of I have news for Anti-Corp and their most fiftysomethings are 14 those apparently clever insights into the way Will Hutton of most thirtysomethings. youth wants to 10 . I feel exactly the Yet this social reality is not same way. But today, something has reflected in our formal attitudes. Fifty happened which the current culture has has been turned into a life-defining persuaded me to try to avoid and which I have been event, and the principal architect of this 15 is attempting to feel stoical about for months. It is the eccentric interaction of the rules governing something which makes their fatuous, but typical, pension fund practice and the relentless search by world view the butt of my wrath. Today I’m 50. British companies to maximise their share price. To I feel just the same as I did yesterday. But in become 50 is to become eligible for early cultural, economic and social terms, I have crossed retirement, courtesy of well-funded occupational what is increasingly and maddeningly a Rubicon. pension funds. Companies want to boost their Every culture has celebrated and admired youth. It share price by 16 their core expensive labour is the future, after all. But very few have been so force and contracting out to workers who can be quick as ours to write off those whose capacity to paid less and disposed of more cheaply if economic understand their times is supposed to be at risk conditions worsen. The softest and cheapest option because of their date of birth. I know very well that is to encourage – or compel – fiftysomethings to my 11 is standing me in better and better stead, retire early and live off their pension. From the and that we baby-boomers are as willing to move companies’ point of view it is a win/win means of on as our children. But this is something the lowering costs cheaply. Zeitgeist is unwilling to admit. Fiftysomethings have been cruelly culled. The There is one possible let-out for our mistaken Carnegie UK Trust recently reported that if cultural stereotyping. We do live in revolutionary employment patterns were the same as 20 years times, where the pace is so fast that old knowledge ago, some 600,000 men and 200,000 women aged more quickly ossifies than ever. 12 is a new over 50 would now 17 and Gross Domestic forcefield in which all of us are living. Product would be 10 per cent higher. This is one The old landmarks of British life are palpably in cost, but the more subtle and pernicious cost is the the melting pot. There is a simultaneous search for way this practice is stigmatising what would new anchors along with a relentless pressure to otherwise be a rewarding time of life. discard the old. And it seems true that the young, Fiftysomethings may think and behave in the same with less redundant furniture cluttering up their way as their younger friends and colleagues, but the heads and a natural willingness to experiment, are god of maximising 18 is out to get them, more likely to 13 than the middle-aged, an justified by a wrongheaded view that only the assumption that dominates our culture and which young are in touch with the times. most completely expresses itself in the world of Our civilisation is now constructed around marketing and advertising. whatever business defines as its needs to lower its But even this excuse for contemporary ageism is costs, a curious inversion of our priorities and the wrong. The young, contrary to the tired nostrums cause of needless and unchallenged hardship. of Anti-Corp, are in no less a muddle than their As for me, I’m looking forward to the next seniors, indeed, they are more so. Aware that there period of my life. It’s good to be 50. Really. is so much change, they find there is almost ‘The Observer’
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One idea that needs to be shown the red card
By Christine Skelton
1 THIS SUMMER’S GCSE results to respond to the emphasis on showing girls’ success generated football; and second, football another flurry of newspaper head- is not “just a game”. lines on “failing boys”, following 7 Even a cursory glance at as it did hot on the heels of the studies of boys and education news that girls were now getting a shows the various ways higher proportion of A grades at football is played out. A study A-level. carried out in the North-east 2 The Government is clearly in the 1970s of a group of taking this matter very seriously, white, secondary-age, work- with David Blunkett announcing ing-class boys showed that that local education authorities although they spent every must take steps to address the unsupervised moment playing “laddish culture” which prevents the game, all attempts by the boys from achieving. Mr Blunkett school to motivate the boys Can soccer-obsession lead to numeracy? believes that laddish attitudes to through football were strongly school have arisen because of resisted. Playing football for the excluded. These attempts to boys’ “lack of self-confidence school was seen by them as exclude vary. For example when and opportunity”, and one means colluding. each class is given only one ball of raising their self-esteem and 8 More recently, in interviews to play with at breaktimes, boys increasing their motivation with 10-year-old boys regarded as adopt strategies to monopolise the towards education is through “star” players in a primary school ball. Similarly, girls frequently giving football a central place. which gave a high profile to foot- report how they feel that some 3 The Government has put money ball, it emerged that the boys male teachers collude with the into two initiatives: Playing for were, literally, playing the sys- boys to keep the game an all-male Success is part of the Government’s tem. They regularly received preserve. £200m Study Support strategy and accolades as part of the school 12 Football is the national sport involves clubs providing premises team and got out of homework by and should be included in the cur- and perks for boys who do one or playing after-school matches. riculum of schools. But to regard two sessions a week enhancing 9 And what about the boys who it simply as the way of tackling their literacy, numeracy and IT are not good at football? Numer- “the problem of boys and school- skills. ous studies of both primary and ing” is naive. Not all boys have 4 It is also backing a fantasy secondary schools report how the same interests and even those football league “to make maths boys are aware that their popula- who do have a passion for foot- fun and end the innumeracy of rity is often reliant on their skill at ball are not going to allow it to be many of Britain’s soccer- football. appropriated by school. obsessed children”. 10 Several studies of primary 13 Also, far from being inclu- 5 It is ironic then that the schools have shown how football sive, football can marginalise Government has just launched a offers opportunities for racist entire groups on the grounds of scheme to combat football hooli- taunts, where lunch-time football cultural background, gender and gans travelling abroad. On the games of ethnically mixed teams sexuality. one hand, there are moves to of boys play amicably until fights 14 If the Government is serious counter the extremes to which break out due to the vague rules. about addressing the “laddish some football fans will go, while, These fights usually occur culture” it sees as prevalent in our on the other, steps are being taken between boys from different schools, then utilising a “laddish” to encourage boys to get involved ethnic groups, and sides are taken game will inevitably be counter- more in football. according to ethnicity. productive. 6 There are two fundamental 11 Then there are the studies of issues here: first, boys are not all both primary and secondary ‘The Independent’ the same and so not all are likely schools where girls are actively
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Impartiality does not mean neutrality
1 TONIGHT, I wish to democratisation, that great reflect on the role of the nation was undergoing a Secretary-General. A dramatic period of change. Secretary-General must be Uncertainty and unease were judged by his fidelity to the everywhere, with few able to principles of the Charter and his discern a way out. The death of advancement of the ideals they General Abacha opened a new embody. In my two years as chapter. Today General Secretary-General, I have Abubakar appears determined sought to pursue this role in two PODIUM to honour his pledge to allow distinct ways. popular sovereignty. If only as a 2 First, by speaking out in KOFI ANNAN bridge, my presence may have favour of universal human From a speech1) by the served to support a democratic rights and in defence of the Secretary-General of transition at a perilous moment, victims of aggression or abuse, the United Nations to and in so doing will have wherever they may be. For the Council on Foreign advanced not only Nigeria’s Americans, the presidency has prospects, but also the aims of Relations in New York been seen as a “bully pulpit”, at the Charter. least since the days of Theodore 9 When I went to Libya in Roosevelt. I have sought to I must deal with the world not December, I went at a critical make the office of Secretary- as I would wish it to be, but as it time to place my service in the General a pulpit, too. I have is. I must confront it with a cause of securing justice for the sought to use it as a vehicle for sense of reality about how far a victims of Lockerbie. I went also the promotion of the values of leader can be pushed by in the hope of closing the tolerance, of democracy, of peaceful means and how long it widening gap between Africa human rights and of good will take to bring peace to a and the West in their treatment governance that I believe are state of war. Does this make me, of that country.There, our universal. or anyone in my position, by prospects may be less 3 In Tehran, I have paid tribute definition morally blind? Can a favourable, and certainly no one to the great faith of Islam, while Secretary-General not therefore can predict the time or content denouncing the terrorism so tell good from evil or victim of Libya’s decision. But if my unjustly carried out in its name. from aggressor? visit speeded up, even by one In Harare, I have called on 6 Of course he can, and day, the closing of this tragic Africans to recognise human precisely for that reason he chapter, I believe it will have rights as their rights as much as must persist, for it is ultimately been worth it – to me and to the anyone else’s. In Shanghai, I the aggressor more often than United Nations. have spoken out for freedom as the victim who will benefit 10 Of the missions I embarked the catalyst for China’s from isolation and on last year, none was fraught prosperity.And in the Balkans, I abandonment by the with as much risk to my office have condemned early and international community. and to the United Nations as repeatedly the crimes Impartiality does not – and Iraq. The peace we seek in Iraq, committed in Kosovo, calling on must not – mean neutrality in as everywhere, is one that every concerned party to apply the face of evil; it means strict reflects the lessons of our the lessons of Bosnia. and unbiased adherence to the terrible century: that peace is 4 Second, I have used my principles of the Charter – not true or lasting if it is bought office as a bridge between two nothing more, and nothing less. at any cost; that only peace with or more parties, wherever I 7 If I say that I can “do justice can honour the victims of believed an opportunity for the business” with one leader or war and violence; and that peaceful resolution of disputes other, I am not passing moral or without democracy, tolerance could be found. To do so, I have any other kind of judgment. Nor and human rights, no peace is travelled many miles and am I guaranteeing the future truly safe. embarked on many missions, behaviour of any leader or state 11 To apply those lessons confronting not only the doubts with regard to their relations wherever and whenever of others but my own as well. I with the international possible is a Secretary-General’s have, at times, been as sceptical community. I am simply highest calling and fore- about a leader’s true intentions carrying out the task that I have most duty – to himself, to as anyone, and I have entered been given by the United his office and to the United every war-zone without any Nations to seek peaceful Nations. illusions about the prospects for resolution to a dispute. peace or the price of misrule. 8 When I went to Nigeria, in ‘The Independent’ 5 But I have persisted, because July, to advance the process of
noot 1 delivered in 1999
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Unnatural selection
Paul Evans
1 WO stories to hit the headlines recently make T you wonder about our attitudes to wild nature and worry about the limits of conservation thinking. 2 A fierce debate, with furious letters in the Guardian, followed proposals to control rabbits on the Sussex Downs by gassing them with cyanide. The conservation argument against the rabbits, put forward by the local council and supported by the Wildlife Trust, – motto, “Putting wildlife on the map” – was that the rabbit popu- lation on the Downs has in- creased so much that it is dam- aging important areas for wild flowers through overgrazing. 3 Rabbit populations are ex- tremely variable and can build up massively with a heavy impact on the plants they graze, only to be decimated by myxomatosis in other years. Trying to control them by gassing seemed a brutal of public sympathy for two pigs Britain, and a similar number suf- and very short-term solution. It that escaped from an abattoir fering in fur farms. The conserva- also incensed animal welfare earlier this year did not extend to tion case against mink is that it has groups. The Downs have seen the mink. Hundreds of fugitive mink almost wiped out the native ebb and flow of grazing pressure have been rounded up by volun- population of water voles. Though for many centuries and will teers, including the RSPCA, and it is true that mink mothers with adjust. returned to the misery of the fur hungry kits will gobble up all the 4 In their fervour to protect farm. Farmers and landowners are surrounding water voles, it is not native wild flowers, the more shooting and trapping as many as the whole story. Overgrazing and xenophobic of the ecological they can. The Ministry of the removal of reedy river edges, chauvinists claimed that rabbits Agriculture and Food sent in a hit grubbing up hedgerows, drainage were not native anyway and were squad. and flood defence schemes and the result of human mistakes. 6 American mink were brought other developments have caused Many argued that it was only to Britain for the fur trade in 1929 the damage. The real villain is not because the rabbit’s predators and began escaping from the mink but agricultural intensi- have been so persecuted that its word go. It was not until the fif- fication. numbers have expanded un- ties that they began to breed in 8 Nature conservation is a cultu- checked. the wild, occupying an ecological ral project, and however it’s 5 Then came a story about a pre- niche somewhere between pole- dressed up, the killing is done for dator that no one seemed to want cats, stoats and otters. At that cultural ends. If we are being per- to encourage. Animal Liberation time polecats had been persecu- suaded to protect the nature we Front activists broke into a fur ted to near extinction by the like from the nature we don’t, farm in the New Forest to liberate game-keeping frenzy of the late we’d better have more of an open thousands of captive mink. 19th century. Stoats, too, were a public debate about it than we do Perhaps it was because the mink common sight hanging on at present, and thorough investi- are non-native predators that barbed-wire fences. gation into the attitudes, pre- seemed complicit in an act of 7 It is estimated that there are judices and values that are being terrorism, but the outpouring more than 100,000 wild mink in bandied about.
‘Guardian Weekly’
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WATER THREAT MINISTER BACKS PLAN TO EXTRACT MILLIONS OF GALLONS FROM UNDER CAPITAL
Move to stop London flooding
By George Parker, reverse the situation. new boreholes for drinking lifts inoperable. Political Correspondent Thames Water will for- or industrial use, and says The company is proposing mally announce its plan to it would pay for that part of a five-stage strategy, includ- The government gave its tackle the problem at a the operation. ing developing existing backing yesterday to an meeting attended by those Other water might also be boreholes and opening up ambitious plan to extract with the most to fear from used for watering parks or three new sites in central millions of gallons of water London being submerged. cleaning streets. Some of London. from underneath London to Insurers and London the dirtier water would be New wells would then be stop the capital flooding. Transport are among those put into the sewerage system sunk in the heart of the city, Nick Raynsford, minister who may be asked to help and discharged out into the with extended pumping at for London, is supporting a pay for the pumping opera- River Thames in east Lon- boreholes already owned by proposal by Thames Water tion, which could cost about don. London Underground and to pump out about 15m gal- £10m initially, and about The rising water table has London & Continental Rail- lons of groundwater a day, £2m a year thereafter. been attributed to brewers ways, which is building the from 50 new boreholes. Mr Raynsford has not com- and other industrial users rail link to the Channel The water table under mented on whether the gov- having stopped taking large tunnel. Finally, new bore- London is rising by up to 10 ernment will help to meet amounts of ground water holes would be built in outer feet a year, and is already the bill, but the Department through their own bore London. seeping into deep-level of Environment, Transport holes since the 1960s. The problem has been Underground rail stations. and Regions said yesterday Thames Water says deep getting worse for about 30 Geologists warn that he supported the Thames structures and the founda- years. The Corporation of Londoners could be using solution. tions of buildings in London has brought those gondolas as their regular Thames Water believes London will be affected with vested interests form of transport if that it can use some of the within five years, causing together to hammer out a nothing is done soon to water collected from the lift shafts to shift – making solution on March 17.
‘Financial Times’
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Einde
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