DOCSLIB.ORG

Use of Living and Dying Mulches As Barriers to Protect Zucchini from Insect-Caused Viruses and Phytotoxemias

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Use of Living and Dying Mulches As Barriers to Protect Zucchini from Insect-Caused Viruses and Phytotoxemias Plant Disease Jan. 2008 PD-36 Use of Living and Dying Mulches as Barriers To Protect Zucchini from Insect-Caused Viruses and Phytotoxemias Cerruti R2 Hooks and Mark G. Wright Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences Summary Infected plants are stunted, yield fewer fruits than healthy A field study was conducted to examine the influence plants, and the fruits are frequently distorted, rendering of interplanting zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) with the them unmarketable. In Hawai‘i, cucurbit crop losses cover crops white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and buck- due to aphid-transmitted viruses sometimes approach wheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) on densities of aphids 100 percent. and whiteflies, occurrences of aphid-caused viruses and In addition to aphids, whiteflies can be severe pests of whitefly-induced phytotoxemia, and crop yield. The cucurbit crops. Some can induce phytotoxemias in several white clover and buckwheat cover crops were used as plant species. Phytotoxemia is an adverse, often delayed a living and dying mulch, respectively. Zucchini plants reaction of plants to toxins introduced during insect feed- grown in bare-ground plots had greater aphid numbers ing. The silverleaf whitefly Bemisia( argentifolii Bellows and higher incidences of virus-infected plants than and Perring) is a severe pest of several agricultural crops those in the white clover and buckwheat treatment plots. throughout the world. Silverleaf whiteflies are responsible Whitefly nymph numbers were similar among treatment for a phytotoxemia know as squash silverleaf disorder types. However, the severity of squash silverleaf disorder (SSL). Feeding by immature silverleaf whiteflies causes was significantly lower on zucchini plants in white clover this physiological disorder, and symptom severity is treatments than in buckwheat treatments on each sam- dependant on the number of immature whiteflies per pling date. Marketable fruit yields were also significantly unit of leaf area. If populations become high enough to greater in the mulch treatments than in bare-ground plots. cause significant leaf silvering, there will be a reduction The feasibility of using white clover and buckwheat as in photosynthesis, resulting in smaller plants and severe barrier plants is discussed. yield losses in squash fields. In addition to causing SSL, whitefly damage generally includes a decline in plant Introduction vigor, irregular fruit ripening (such as is seen in tomatoes), Cucurbitaceous crops, such as squash and cucumber, are and transmission of plant viruses. susceptible to several insect-caused viruses and physi- Current control strategies for aphids and whiteflies rely ological plant disorders. Non-persistent viruses (NPVs), mostly on insecticide inputs aimed at killing them before such as zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), transmit- they damage a crop. However, the use of insecticides may ted by several aphid species, are regarded as the most not reliably control the spread of an insect-transmitted destructive pathogens affecting cucurbits throughout the virus, especially non-persistent viruses. Non-persistent world. Among aphids, the melon aphid (Aphis gossypii viruses are transmitted non-specifically by a large num- Glover), a worldwide pest on field crops, is one of the most ber of aphid species after very brief feeding probes (1–2 efficient transmitters of plant viruses. Other important minutes or less). Integrating cultural-control techniques, aphid-transmitted viruses of cucurbits include cucumber such as mixed cropping or the growing of two or more mosaic virus (CMV), watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), plant species within the same field, with other pest-sup- and papaya ringspot virus, watermelon strain (PRSV-w). pression methods has the potential to reduce insect pest Published by the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR) and issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in coopera- tion with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Andrew G. Hashimoto, Director/Dean, Cooperative Extension Service/CTAHR, University of Hawai‘i at Mänoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822. An equal opportunity/affirmative action institution providing programs and services to the people of Hawai‘i without regard to race, sex, age, religion, color, national origin, ancestry, dis- ability, marital status, arrest and court record, sexual orientation, or status as a covered veteran. CTAHR publications can be found on the Web site <http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/freepubs>. UH–CTAHR Mulch Barriers To Protect Zucchini PD-36 — Jan. 2008 numbers and the resulting transmission of viruses and of zucchini 1.5 m (5 ft) apart with plants spaced 1.2 m phytotoxemias. (4 ft) apart within them. Alleyways between plots were a Using zucchini as a model cucurbit system, this minimum of 7 m wide and kept free of weeds. Bordering study investigated the value of mixed-cropping systems the study sites were rows of Sudax (a sorghum–sudan (specifically, use of living and dying mulch) for reduc- grass hybrid), which were sprayed weekly with GF 120 ing aphid and whitefly populations and their associated Naturalyte fruit fly bait to help manage populations of plant impairments (specifically, non-persistent viruses the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett. and squash silverleaf disorder). Dying mulches are cover crops, grown within a main crop, that will began Insect counts to senesce and eventually die prior to completion of the Counts of adult whiteflies and aphids on zucchini leaves main crop harvest period. The dying mulch’s purpose is were taken at weekly intervals beginning 7 days after to serve some benefit prior to dying, such as increasing planting (DAP) and continuing until 49 DAP. A total of the numbers of beneficial organisms, improving soil 16 plants were randomly selected from each plot during fertility, or suppressing nematodes. Living mulches are a sampling period by gently turning over one randomly cover crops interplanted or undersown with a main crop selected leaf from each plant and recording the number that will continue to grow and mature along with the of insects found. Because the alate (winged) aphids are main crop; they are intended to serve a function such as responsible for virus spread, only this aphid morph was weed or insect suppression. Barrier plants are secondary counted. In addition, aphids (winged and wingless) and plants grown within or bordering a primary cash crop for immature stages (eggs, nymphs, and pupae) of whiteflies the purpose of controlling insect-caused plant diseases. were sampled by taking a 3.14 cm2 disc sample from the This paper describes a field experiment designed to use foliage of 12 randomly selected zucchini plants per plot both living and dying mulches as barrier plants to reduce using a cork bore sampler. The disc samples were then occurrence of NPVs and SSL disorder. taken to a laboratory and examined under a microscope. The numbers of immature whiteflies and aphids found Materials and methods on these discs were recorded. Experiment layout Disease and phytotoxemia rating A field experiment was conducted at the University of The percentage of zucchini plants with a non-persistent Hawai‘i at Mānoa Poamoho Research Station on the virus was determined by visually inspecting all zucchini island of O‘ahu in 2003. The three cropping habitats plants in each plot. The percentage of plants showing examined during this study were zucchini plants under- viral symptoms (e.g., mosaic leaves, distorted and/or sown either in (1) a living mulch, white clover var. New mottled fruit) was recorded weekly. Silverleaf disorder Zealand (Trifolium repens L.), seeded at ~54 g per row; was rated on the new leaf growth of all plants in three (2) a dying mulch, buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum randomly selected interior rows of each plot. A scale Moench, Peaceful Valley Farm Supply, Grass Valley, Ca- of 0 to 5 was used during each inspection date, with 0 lif.), broadcast-seeded at a rate of ~1.81 kg (4 lb) per plot; indicating no symptoms and 5 indicating that the entire or (3) grown in bare-ground monoculture (the “control” leaf contained a silver coloring. Plants were evaluated treatment). Experimental plots were 13.7 m x 13.7 m (45 for viral symptoms every five days beginning 30 DAP, ft x 45 ft), with each treatment replicated four times and and silverleaf severity symptoms were assessed every 10 arranged in a randomized complete block design. days beginning 16 DAP. White clover was sown on March 31, 2003 and buck- wheat on September 18, 2003. On September 24, a weed Statistical analysis string-trimmer was used to clear eight 76-cm (2.5-ft) rows The effects of mulch type on each experimental factor in the white clover plots. Afterward, a motorized hand were analyzed using analysis of variance (Proc GLM, tiller was used to cultivate the rows. On October 13, 2- SAS Institute) and predetermined orthogonal compari- week-old greenhouse-grown zucchini plants (‘Spineless sons to separate mean differences. Within the model, Beauty’, Syngenta Seed, Boise, Idaho) were transplanted the following predetermined statistical contrasts were into each treatment plot. Each plot contained eight rows conducted: zucchini monoculture vs. mulches (buck- 2 UH–CTAHR Mulch Barriers To Protect Zucchini PD-36 — Jan. 2008 Figure 1. Mean population densities of winged aphids in bare-ground (zucchini monoculture), buckwheat (zucchini- buckwheat), and white clover (zucchini-white clover). 3.0 Bare-ground * 2.7 Buckwheat White clover 2.4 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.2 * b 0.9 0.6 * Number of winged aphids per leaf * No. of winged0.3 aphids* per leaf 0.0 14 21 28 35 42 49 Days after planting Days after Planting * indicates average numbers in bare-ground were significantly greater than in buckwheat + white clover. b indicates average numbers in buckwheat were significantly greater than in white clover (P < 0.05). wheat and white clover), and buckwheat vs. white clover. counts significantly higher in buckwheat than in white Treatment comparisons were considered significantly clover plots.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Legume Living Mulches in Corn and Soybean
    Legume Living Mulches in Corn and Soybean By Jeremy Singer, USDA-ARS National Soil Tilth Laboratory Palle Pedersen, Iowa State University PM 2006 August 2005 Living mulches are an extension of cover crops used perennial life cycle, been successfully grown as a living to decrease soil erosion, suppress weeds, improve mulch, and have been reported in the scientific literature. soil structure and nutrient cycling, and in the case of For detailed information on plant adaptability, tolerances, legumes, supply nitrogen to a grain crop. Unlike cover and management information refer to ISU Extension crops that are killed before planting the grain crop, living publication Selecting Forage Species (PM 1792). mulches co-exist with the crops during the growing season and continue to grow after the crop is harvested. Alfalfa Mature plants may have from 5 to 25 stems with a height The living mulch can be an annual or perennial plant ranging from 24 to 36 inches. Alfalfa varieties differ in interseeded with a grain crop, or it can be an existing their ability to spread by underground stems (rhizomes). perennial grass or legume stand into which another crop Varieties that can form new stems from rhizomes may be is planted. The latter system usually requires suppression superior for living mulch systems because they can of the existing “living mulch” with herbicides or cultural spread short distances to cover the soil after the grain practices such as tillage or mowing to create what has crop has been harvested. Alfalfa yield may be higher than been referred to as a “sleeping sod.” Interest in living other forage legumes if the living mulch is grazed or mulch systems developed as a tool to mitigate soil mechanically harvested in the spring prior to crop erosion on highly erosive land.
    [Show full text]
  • Corn (Zea Mays L.) Production in a Grass/Ciover Living Mulch System
    Corn (Zea mays L.) Production in a Grass/CIover Living Mulch System by Philip R Greyson Submitted in partial fùlfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Nova Scotia Agricultural College Truro, Nova Scotia, in cooperation with Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia March, 1998 OCopyright by Philip R. Greyson 1998 National Library Bibiiothèque nationale du Canada Acquisions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence dlowing the exc1usive permettant à la National Libmy of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de rnicrofiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownefihip of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celleci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi ABSTRACT xii .- - ACKNOWEDGMENTS xii1 BJTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Corn 2.2 Living Mulches 2.2.1 Mulch suppression 2.2.1.I Chernical suppression 2.2.1.2Mechanical
    [Show full text]
  • Living Mulch Performance in a Tropical Cotton System and Impact on Yield and Weed Control
    agriculture Article Living Mulch Performance in a Tropical Cotton System and Impact on Yield and Weed Control Vinay Bhaskar 1,* ID , Robin R. Bellinder 1,†, Antonio DiTommaso 2 ID and Michael F. Walter 3 1 Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 236 Tower Rd., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; [email protected] 2 Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 306 Tower Rd., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 111 Wing Dr., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-607-280-7104 † Deceased. Received: 19 November 2017; Accepted: 25 January 2018; Published: 31 January 2018 Abstract: Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a major crop in the Vidarbha region of central India. The vertisol soils on which much of the cotton is grown have been severely degraded by the tropical climate, excessive tillage and depletion of organic matter. Living mulches have the ability to mitigate these problems but they can cause crop losses through direct competition with the cotton crop and unreliable weed control. Field experiments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 at four locations in Vidarbha to study the potential for growing living mulches in mono-cropped cotton. Living mulch species evaluated included gliricidia [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp.], sesbania [Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.], sorghum sudan grass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. Drummondii (Nees ex Steud.) de Wet & Harlan] and sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.). Living mulch height was controlled through mowing and herbicides were not used.
    [Show full text]
  • Reduced Tillage and Living Mulches for Organic Vegetable Production
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Plant and Soil Sciences Plant and Soil Sciences 2013 Reduced Tillage and Living Mulches for Organic Vegetable Production Alex G. Hessler University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Hessler, Alex G., "Reduced Tillage and Living Mulches for Organic Vegetable Production" (2013). Theses and Dissertations--Plant and Soil Sciences. 33. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/33 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Plant and Soil Sciences at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Plant and Soil Sciences by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained and attached hereto needed written permission statements(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine). I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless a preapproved embargo applies.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Living Mulch on Young Vine Growth and Soil in a Semi-Arid Vineyard
    Vitis 58, 113–122 (2019) DOI: 10.5073/vitis.2019.58.113-122 Effects of living mulch on young vine growth and soil in a semi-arid vineyard E. VUKICEVICH1), 2), T. LOWERY2), and M. HART1) 1) Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada 2) Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada Summary pollution (LOUCHART et al. 2001) to erosion and grape root and trunk damage (HemBRee et al. 2013). With growing Although the use of under-trellis plants as weed interest in environmentally sustainable production practices control (living mulch) in vineyards has been gaining in many grape-growing regions, exploration of alternative popularity, its effects on soil quality and especially soil strategies is warranted. biology have not been well studied. Due to functional trait Recently the use of living mulch, or actively growing differences, plants may differ in how they compete with plants, underneath vine rows has emerged as an alternative vines, and may also change abiotic and biotic soil proper- weed management scheme (CENTINARI 2016). Although ties. A living mulch trial was established in the semi-arid much of the work to date has focused on competitive ef- Okanagan valley of British Columbia comparing vine fects with vines (e.g. KARL et al. 2016), and there has been growth as well as soil abiotic and biotic outcomes for some work on how living mulch might affect soil properties four living mulch treatments: buffalo grass (Bouteloua (KARL et al. 2016a), only recently has an effect on soil biota dactyloides), Chewing's fescue (Festuca rubra ssp.
    [Show full text]
  • "The Historical Roots of Living Mulch and Related Practices"
    bushels/acre). By A.D. 395, farmers in Campania in southern Italy had abandoned 330,000 acres of land (Simkhovitch, 1937). While the quotation that intro- duces this paper oversimplifies the story, the soil conservation record of past civilizations has not been good. How has western civilization managed its soils? Did our European ancestors Reviews learn anything from the mistakes of earlier cultures? And how do our cur- rent soil husbandry practices compare to those of past cultures? Fallow and early European farming The Historical Roots of Living The farmer has always had to deal with soil depletion. The first and most long-standing method of restoring soil Mulch and Related productivity has been the simple fal- lowing of the land (Fussell, 1965). Practices While the use of manures and green manures was known in very early times, fallowing has, until very recently, been Laura K. Paine1 and Helen Harrison2 the most common practice in dealing with declining soil productivity. Early European farmers followed the path of “Civilized man has marched across the Romans, growing mostly soil-de- Additional index words. soil fertility, the face of the earth and left a cover crop, intercrop, crop rotation, pleting grain crops and depending on desert in his footprints” (Carter and conservation tillage. fallow to ameliorate the effects (Fussell, Dale, 1974). 1972). Europe was “saved” from agri- Summary. Since the domestication of cultural decline by another, more-dev- the first crop species, farmers have Few people consider the impor- astating disaster—the bubonic plague, dealt with the problem of soil tance of agriculture or soil conserva- which rose to epidemic proportions in depletion and declining crop yields.
    [Show full text]
  • Groundcovers—Nature's Living
    The Seed A Publication of the Nebraska Statewide Arbore- Groundcovers—Nature’s Living Inside: Groundcovers for Sun & By Bob Henrickson incredible variety of groundcover Shade Too often, groundcovers are offerings—woody not considered when new landscape or herbaceous; Groundcover Prairie Grasses plantings are installed. Traditionally, the limbing, clumping or soil surface of new planting beds that running; evergreen or Woody Groundcovers incorporate trees, shrubs and herbaceous deciduous—in all kinds perennials is covered with a 2-3” layer of colors, textures and Establishing Groundcovers of organic mulch. The organic mulch fragrances, leaves an helps to conserve moisture, control array of possibilities for weeds and give the landscape a uniform, use as living mulch. finished look. However, it usually takes Mulch rings around a number of years before the plants trees are usually kept mature, prompting a yearly top-dressing to a minimum size to of mulch to keep the open areas covered. reduce maintenance This yearly addition of mulch can be upkeep. Under-planting relatively expensive and excessive mulch trees within the mulch Groundcovers can greatly reduce the need for weed- can build up on the soil. It can also be a zone is a good way to lot of work to mulch use groundcovers, and a good way to between plants. The dense carpet of expand the mulch bed around the tree. shrubbery or growing along a mowed leaves, intertwining stems and abundant By planting around trees, the trunks will edge. roots of living mulch can function in “Bare earth bothers me not be injured by being scraped with a Try planting a combination of many of the same ways as traditional lawn mower.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Living and Synthetic Mulches in Zucchini for Control of Homopteran Pests
    EVALUATION OF LIVING AND SYNTHETIC MULCHES IN ZUCCHINI FOR CONTROL OF HOMOPTERAN PESTS By DANIEL L. FRANK A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2004 Copyright 2004 by Daniel L. Frank ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my major professor, Dr. Oscar Liburd, for giving me the opportunity to acquire my master’s degree at the University of Florida. His support and guidance throughout this project were critical for its completion. I am grateful to everyone working in the Fruit and Vegetable IPM lab for their help and support during my field seasons. I thank Dr. Susan Webb for the use of her lab and equipment, and for the critical review of this thesis. I thank Dr. Frank Slansky for his helpful ideas, and the critical review of this thesis. I am grateful to Scott Taylor and the Plant Science Research and Education Unit for their help in the design and maintenance of my research plots. I thank Alejandro Arévalo for his statistical help. I thank Dr. Cerruti Hooks for his help and guidance during the course of this research. I am grateful to Mike Miller for his help with ELISA testing. Above all, I thank my family for all their encouragement and inspiration. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. vi
    [Show full text]
  • Living Mulch and Vegetable Production: Effect on Crop/Weed Competition
    th RAHMANN G & AKSOY U (Eds.) (2014) Proceedings of the 4 ISOFAR Scientific Conference. ‘Building Organic Bridges’, at the Organic World Congress 2014, 13-15 Oct., Istanbul, Turkey (eprint ID 23772) Living mulch and vegetable production: effect on crop/weed competition 1 2 1 3 CORRADO CIACCIA , HANNE LAKKENBORG KRISTENSEN , GABRIELE CAMPANELLI , FRANC BAVEC , PETER VON 4 3 1 1 FRAGSTEIN , MARTINA ROBACER , ELENA TESTANI , STEFANO CANALI Key words: competitive ability, cover crop, roller crimper, cauliflower, leek Abstract Two field experiments were carried out in order to test the effect on weed management of living mulch introduction in organically managed cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) in Central Italy and leek (Allium porrum L.) in Denmark. Burr medic (Medicago polymorpha L.) and Dyers Woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) were sown as living mulch in Central Italy and Denmark, respectively. Different living mulch managements and cultivars were tested in strip plot designs. The main objective of the research was the evaluation of their effects on both crop growth and weed suppression. Biomass of crops, living mulches and weeds were measured and competitive indices were used to assess their competitive relationships. The burr medic showed the lower weed biomass when sowed later than crop, avoiding competitiveness on crop. Furthermore, dyers woad showed the highest tolerance to competition when late sowed. Introduction Cover crop introduction into rotation can contribute to create an unfavourable ecological environment for weeds, ensuring the biodiversity and soil protection. The weed suppressive potential of the cover crop may depend on plant species, place in crop rotation and management. Thus, interseeded cover crops (living mulch) can be introduced to improve the competitive ability of vegetable crops, which are commonly weak competitors against weeds (Baumann et al., 2000), matching their sowing with the cash crop transplanting.
    [Show full text]
  • Cover Crops and Green Manures
    W235-G TAINABLE US S & C I N N A O G I R T O Cover Crops and Green Manures C U D R O CR OP P Annette Wszelaki, Associate Professor and Commercial Vegetable Extension Specialist Sarah Broughton, Former Graduate Research Assistant Department of Plant Sciences A cover crop is any living ground cover planted to protect the soil from erosion. It may be planted into or after a main crop and is killed before the next crop is planted. Though the primary benefit of cover crops is the reduction of water runoff and soil erosion, they provide many other services, including weed, insect and disease suppression; enhanced soil structural stability; water conservation; increased microbial populations; and preservation of soil nutrients. Because of their many services, cover crops can be used to fill multiple niches within a farming system. Cover Crops and Their Uses Cover crops have multiple uses, providing several Annual ryegrass living mulch in broccoli. opportunities for inclusion in crop rotation. Cover crops may be used as green manures, living mulches, residue may be necessary throughout the growing season to help mulches, catch crops and forages. manage the living mulch. - Green Manures - Residue Mulches Green manures, as the name implies, are used primarily High-residue cover crop mulches are well-adapted for use for the addition of nutrients and organic matter to the soil, in conservation tillage programs. Killed cover crop residue protecting and improving soil quality. Green manure crops is left on top of the soil surface as mulch. The crop residue are typically grown for a specified period during a rotation limits weed seed germination by intercepting sunlight, when a field is not in use, and are then plowed under and preventing it from reaching the soil surface.
    [Show full text]
  • Mulch – What, Why and Wherefore
    Mulch – What, Why and Wherefore Chip Greening, Master Gardener, Clackamas County Metro Master Gardener Study Group April 16, 2018 What is Mulch? Mulch is any material that is left on, applied to, or grows on the soil surface and influences soil characteristics and sometimes plant growth. Mulches can be organic, non-organic, and living. Mulching can occur naturally in forests or in gardens where leaves and organic debris are not removed. A lawn (turf) is an example of a “living” mulch, whether or not the lawn is ‘mulch mowed.’ The most common organic mulches used in the Pacific Northwest include bark products, yard waste compost, wood chips (arborist mulch), mint hay, and deciduous tree leaves. Non-organic mulches can be synthetic (plastic sheeting, geotextiles, and carpet) or natural (crushed rock). (OSU EC 1629-E, p. 1; L. Chalker-Scott, J. Environ. Hort. 25(4), p. 240)1 Why Mulch? Mulch’s job is pretty basic—to keep sunlight and some air off the soil and keep the moisture in. It’s possible to list many benefits of mulch, but six stand out: moisture retention, soil temperature modulation, weed control, soil health, plant establishment and growth, and aesthetic appeal.2 Despite the obvious benefits, mulch can give rise to problems that the attentive gardener can avoid by choosing the right mulch and application for the gardener’s specific objective. http://sonomamg.ucanr.edu/Sonoma_Gardener_Articles/Mulch--a_Gardeners_Best_Friend/ (Lyn Gannon, a Sonoma County Master Gardener) Moisture retention Mulch reduces irrigation needs by reducing surface evaporation and runoff, but it does not eliminate the need for irrigation, especially for Rhododendrons and other shallow-rooted, drought-sensitive plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Red Clover As a Living Mulch: Implications for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Conservation
    University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Master's Theses and Capstones Student Scholarship Fall 2007 Red clover as a living mulch: Implications for sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation Bill Errickson University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis Recommended Citation Errickson, Bill, "Red clover as a living mulch: Implications for sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation" (2007). Master's Theses and Capstones. 296. https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/296 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Capstones by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RED CLOVER AS A LIVING MULCH: IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION BY BILL ERRICKSON B.S., Richard Stockton College of New Jersey, 2004 THESIS Submitted to the University of New Hampshire In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Natural Resources September, 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1447884 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted.
    [Show full text]