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Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of , Volume 146, 2012 9

ESTABLISHING A MONITORING PROGRAM FOR TASMANIA’S MONTANE

by Nicholas B. Fitzgerald and Jennie Whinam

(with five text-figures, four plates, one appendix and one table)

Fitzgerald, N.B. & Whinam, J. 2012 (14:xii) Establishing a monitoring program for Tasmania’s montane conifers. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 146: 9–24. https://doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.146.9 ISSN 0080-4703. Biodiversity Conservation Branch, Department of Primary Industries, , Water & Environment, GPO Box 44, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, (NBF, JW*). *Author for correspondence. Email: [email protected]

Tasmania’s relictual cool temperate is at risk from projected climate change during this century. Montane and conifer exhibit several characteristics which indicate likely vulnerability to environmental change. They are adapted to cool and wet conditions and are highly sensitive to and . Increased moisture stress and fire are therefore expected to drive declines and local extinctions in these species with -changing consequences. A long-term monitoring program has been established to examine trends in condition and recruitment for four Tasmanian endemic conifer species. Permanent monitoring sites have been established at 13 locations in Tasmania’s highlands. The target species include two long-lived, slow-growing rainforest species – Pencil ( cupressoides) and King Billy Pine (A. selaginoides) – and two shrubby conifers typically associated with high elevation coniferous heath – Dwarf Pine ( archeri) and Drooping Pine (Pherosphaera hookeriana). Conifer condition was assessed visually using four condition classes. Presence of juvenile was recorded as were cones (strobili) on mature plants. Conifers were mostly in good condition, with Drooping Pine the only species to frequently exhibit poorer condition. Condition varied significantly between sites for Pencil Pine but not for King Billy Pine. No recruitment of Pencil Pine was evident at the majority of its sites (23 of 34), whereas seedlings and juveniles were present at most King Billy Pine sites (20 of 24). Recruitment appeared to be more or less continuous for the shrubby conifer species. Key Words: conifers, monitoring, climate change, Tasmania, , , Diselma archeri, tetragona, Pherosphaera hookeriana, Pherosphaera lawrenci.

INTRODUCTION limited geographic range; and (iv) predicted exposure to climate change (based on downscaled general circulation Tasmania has 10 native species of conifers (Division models for Tasmania; Grose et al. 2010). Therefore, local Pinophyta) of which eight are relictual species of rainforest extinctions and consequent range contractions are likely to and montane (Hill 1998, Hill & 1999). occur in these species. Uncertainties such as ecological and Within Australia, Tasmania’s cool temperate conifer flora has evolutionary adaptive responses and potential feedbacks high levels of diversity and (Enright & Hill 1995) and interactions make it difficult to predict how fast and and Tasmania is one of five global hotspots of conifer diversity widespread these impacts will be. (Contreras-Medina et al. 2001). The 50% endemism rate at There have been many episodes of rapid climate change the generic level is among the highest rates of endemism in – most recently during the Quaternary glacial cycles – with conifer worldwide (Contreras-Medina & Vega 2002). relatively few extinctions, suggesting that species have Rainforest and alpine vegetation communities dominated by been able to persist, evolve or migrate more successfully conifers are internationally significant due to their primitive than is predicted by current models (Botkin et al. 2007). flora and Gondwanan affinities (Balmer et al. 2004) and However, the additive effects of pressures such as increased presently cover less than 1% of Tasmania’s area. fire, herbivory, low levels of recruitment and physiological A dramatic decline in the extent, diversity and stress may increase the likelihood of extinctions. of Australian conifers during the Tertiary coincides with Dieback symptoms such as chlorosis, foliage thinning increasing aridity in this period, with many of the relictual and death have been observed in several conifer species species now restricted to Western Tasmania, which is a at widespread locations in Tasmania’s highlands. These refugium for conifers (Jordan 1995, Carpenter et al. 2011). symptoms may be pathological (e.g., Whinam et al. 2001, Most Tasmanian conifers exhibit physiological drought Yuan et al. 2000) or environmental. Changes in vegetation intolerance (Brodribb & Hill 1998) and are extremely fire condition can be related to a variety of causes and manifest sensitive (Gibson et al. 1995, Kirkpatrick et al. 2010). at different scales ranging from individuals, to populations, Vulnerability to climate change is determined by a complex to the overall extent of the . Observation and range of factors broadly comprising adaptive capacity, monitoring at different scales is therefore a strategic approach resilience and exposure (Williams et al. 2008). Montane to detect and quantify change, which can inform adaptive conifer species possess many of the characteristics associated management strategies such as protection of refugia, ex situ with vulnerability to climate change (Williams et al. 2008): conservation and assisted migration. (i) poor physiological tolerances to high temperature and Four Tasmanian endemic conifer species have been selected low moisture availability; (ii) life history traits including for long-term monitoring. These species are expected to be longevity, slow growth rates and poor dispersal; (iii) present sensitive to environmental change and consequently are 10 Nicholas B. Fitzgerald and Jennie Whinam likely to be useful indicator species. They exhibit different taller in subalpine . There is a small atypical population life histories, are in several vegetation of this species at Lake Johnston in the West Coast Range communities of conservation significance and are also iconic where it occurs as a tree reaching heights of over 10 m with elements of the Tasmanian environment. Most populations diameter at breast height (DBH) up to 45.5 cm (Fitzgerald of these conifers occur in reserves, particularly the Tasmanian 2011). Drooping Pine (Pherosphaera hookeriana W. Archer World Heritage Area where they contribute to syn. niphophilus J. & L.A.S.Johnson) is the globally significant flora and vegetation values (fig. 1). similar in appearance, and dioecious ; however, King Billy Pine (Athrotaxis selaginoides D. Don) and the two species are in different families. Drooping Pine has Pencil Pine (A. cupressoides D. Don) are slow-growing a more limited distribution (fig. 1) and our observations rainforest­ with a lifespan of around 1300 suggest that it always co-occurs with Dwarf Pine. Both (Cullen & Kirkpatrick 1988a, b, Gibson et al. 1995). species are dominants of coniferous heathland, which may King Billy Pine is a dominant or emergent tree also include Creeping Pine (Microcachrys tetragona Hook.), in mid-elevation climax (typically 360–1100 Mountain Plum Pine (Podocarpus lawrencei Hook.f.) and m), and also occurs in krumholz (dwarf) form in alpine shrubby forms of the two Athrotaxis species. Coniferous scrub. Pencil Pine is a highland species, mostly occupying heathland occurs at high elevations, typically 1070–1490 m. an altitudinal range of 990–1370 m, where it is dominant Observed climate change in Tasmania includes a rise in subalpine rainforest and and also occurs in in mean annual temperature of 0.1°C per decade since alpine vegetation (Kirkpatrick 1996). Both species exhibit the 1950s and changed rainfall seasonality (Grose et al. mast production with seed dispersal by wind typically 2010) with regional variation in magnitude and direction limited to around 100 m, although Pencil Pine relies mostly of change. Ecological impacts in the Tasmanian highlands on asexual reproduction with root suckers observed more are already apparent; notably severe dieback of Cider Gum than 50 m from a parent (Cullen & Kirkpatrick ( gunnii ssp. divaricata McAulay & Brett) on the 1988a, b, Kirkpatrick et al. 2010). eastern Central Plateau which appears to be largely driven Dwarf Pine (Diselma archeri Hook.f.) is a dense by drought associated with a long-term decline in rainfall typically 0.5–1.5 m tall in alpine heathland, but occasionally (Calder & Kirkpatrick 2008).

FIG. 1 — Distribution of vegetation communities dominated by the four conifer species targeted for monitoring. Shaded area is the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area. Vegetation mapping from TASVEG 2.0. Establishing a monitoring program for Tasmania’s montane conifers 11

Recent climatic projections for Tasmania indicate little Pencil Pine, King Billy Pine and Drooping Pine are capable change for central and western Tasmania until after 2040, of asexual reproduction by layering or suckering (Cullen when there is likely to be a reduction in annual rainfall & Kirkpatrick 1988a, Gibson et al. 1995, TSS 2009). The for the Central Plateau (core range of Pencil Pine) and a relative importance of seedling versus vegetative reproduction marked decrease in summer rainfall in the central west which appears to vary between species and sites. coincides with the core range of King Billy Pine (Grose et Cunningham et al. (2007) suggest using the term al. 2010). Based on six global climate model simulations “condition” to describe the appearance of a tree, while downscaled for Tasmania, the Central Highlands and “health” refers to actual physiological and pathological western Tasmania are expected to experience increases (from factors. This paper describes the method employed for the baseline period 1978–2007) in average and maximum monitoring the condition and recruitment of Tasmania’s temperatures of approximately 1–2°C during 2040–2069, montane conifer species and provides a baseline for assessing increasing to 2.5–3°C after 2070; this magnitude of change change in the future. The monitoring method presented here is expected to be -round on the Central Plateau, while is a relatively simple and efficient system for documenting the West Coast is likely to see more warming in summer long-term trends in recruitment and condition of flora than other (Grose et al. 2010). species and can be applied to other species in Tasmania Ecophysiological studies show that King Billy Pine is and elsewhere. adapted to cool temperatures (Read & Busby 1990) and is poorly adapted to water stress (Brodribb & Hill 1998, Jordan et al. 2004). Read & Busby (1990) suggest that low METHODS summer rainfall is the primary limitation for King Billy Pine based on bioclimatic modelling, while their physiological Thirteen localities were selected for conifer monitoring, research indicates high summer temperatures are directly covering much of the geographic extent of the four target limiting, at least at lower elevations where rainfall is conifer species (fig. 2). All sites are recorded on the Parks adequate. The difficulty of interpreting the climatic niche & Wildlife Service Information Management System is compounded by the substantial influence of fire and slow (PWSIMS). dispersal ability on the realised niche and the possibility that present distributions of vegetation with conifers may reflect past climatic events (Read & Busby 1990).

FIG. 2 — Location of montane conifer monitoring sites in Tasmania. 12 Nicholas B. Fitzgerald and Jennie Whinam

Site description and asexual, indeterminate. In addition to the 12 trees per plot any smaller Athrotaxis individuals (under 2 m tall) are For each plot the slope, aspect, geology, , fire history, recorded with location relative to the centre point and a vegetation community and ground cover were recorded height estimate. (see appendix 1). Floristic description involved recording Classification and ordination of plots were performed on dominant species and cover scores by stratum the mean health score of trees using PATN (Belbin 1993). and lifeform categories. Classification used the Agglomerative Hierarchical Fusion, with Gower Metric Association Measure and Flexible Athrotaxis forest monitoring UPGMA and SSH ordination method. Monitoring for Athrotaxis forest and woodland uses a modified point-centred quarter method (PCQM) where each “plot” Highland coniferous heathland monitoring consists of 12 Athrotaxis “individuals’”and sampling is based For coniferous shrubbery (and Athrotaxis vegetation under on a permanently marked centre-point. The nearest three 2 m tall) sampling is based on 10 x 10 m quadrats oriented Athrotaxis trees over 2 m tall are recorded within each of four to magnetic north and marked with permanent aluminium quadrants delineated by the cardinal compass points. PCQM corner stakes. For each conifer species in a quadrat the is widely used for forest inventory surveys as it is more efficient following details were recorded: percentage cover (Braun- than plot-based sampling and although it is designed for Blanquet scale); average and maximum height; cones (absent, single-trunked upright trees it can be adapted to situations present on <50% of branches, present on >50% of branches); where trees have multiple or leaning trunks (Dahdouh-Guebas age and predominant sex of cones; and an overall condition & Koedam 2006, Mitchell 2007). Using this method there score ranging from 1 (dead) to 4 (no dieback symptoms). is theoretically no distance limit for inclusion of trees from Recruitment was noted for all conifer species present with the centre-point; however, in practice with small discrete the following categories: none, seedling, asexual, seedling & stands of Athrotaxis there may be a quarter in which there are asexual, indeterminate. fewer than three trees. In this case a correction factor can be Apart from the four target species, the same observations applied to the PCQM data to adjust for vacant quarters, or were also recorded for other conifer species when present for fewer than 12 individuals (Mitchell 2007). The formula at a site. used to estimate density assumes a random distribution of trees which is rarely the case in nature (Mitchell 2007). Pencil Pine appears to have a distinctly clumped distribution in most RESULTS cases, particularly in woodland communities. Consequently the results must be considered estimates of stand density Recruitment was evident at 11 out of 34 sites for Pencil rather than definitive measures. Pine, with most, or possibly all, juveniles being root suckers. Multi-trunked trees where the trunks clearly arise from a Recruitment was most frequent at Mount Field, followed common base are recorded as an individual, as are distinct by Pine Lake, with very little or no recruitment observed at clusters of stems. Root suckers or trunks distant from the the other study sites. Recruitment was more frequent for A. cluster (more than c. 1.5 m) are treated separately, even if selaginoides with juveniles present at 20 out of 24 sites. All it appears that they may be connected. Suckering in Pencil King Billy Pine recruitment appeared to be from seed except results in clonal stands (Cullen & Kirkpatrick 1998b), at Mount Read where there were apparent root suckers, so it is not feasible or desirable for a field monitoring program although further investigation would be required to determine to define individuals on a genetic basis. their origin. Some sites had large numbers of small seedlings For each of the 12 “individuals” at a site the following (less than c. 3 cm tall) but larger seedlings were infrequent. details were recorded: distance and direction from marker Condition scores for Pencil Pine show a significant post; DBH at 1.3 m (for rare instances where many small difference between sites (Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0.001) stems occur in addition to one or more of larger diameter with Mount Field and Mount Ironstone having a median measure all stems that are more than ¼ the diameter condition score of 3 while the other sites have a median of of the largest stem); chlorosis or death of apical foliage 4 (table 1). There is no significant difference between sites (recent/old/absent); cones (absent, present on <50% of for A. selaginoides with all sites having a median score of 4 branches, present on >50% of branches); age (current (Kruskal-Wallis test, P-Value = 0.067). or older) and predominant sex of cones; and an Pine Lake (fig. 3) is the only location where condition overall condition score ranging from 1 (dead) to 4 (no scores appear to be related to tree size, as measured by DBH dieback symptoms). Reference photographs of conifers (Kruskall-Wallis test, p = 0.012), while Lake Mackenzie representing the different condition scores are used as a and Mount Ironstone display a significant relationship at guideline for assigning the four condition classes (see pls the 10% confidence level. These sites are all located on the 1–4). The simple four-class condition score was chosen to northern part of the Central Plateau and are dominated by provide repeatability and reduce observer bias compared Pencil Pine, although the nearby Mickeys Creek site does to a larger number of classes. not show a similar relationship. While other researchers have used several indices of tree Recruitment of the shrubby conifer species was evident condition (e.g., crown extent, crown density, crown vigour, at most sites, although it was not feasible to distinguish condition) for trees with well-defined architecture and seedlings from root suckers. Instances where no recruitment dieback processes (e.g., Cunningham et al. 2007, Souter was observed were usually associated with very low coverage et al. 2010a, b), this has proved impractical for Athrotaxis of that particular species in the plot (e.g., only one mature species due to considerable variability in tree form, which plant present). Continuous vegetative reproduction appears is likely to be related to age and site characteristics. to be commonplace in Drooping Pine and Dwarf Pine. Recruitment was noted for all conifer species present with Variation in timing of surveys precludes useful comparison the following categories: none, seedling, asexual, seedling of cone production between sites since the strobili (cones) Establishing a monitoring program for Tasmania’s montane conifers 13

A B

C D

E F

PLATE 1 Examples of Pencil Pine, Arthrotaxis cupressoides, condition classes: (A), (B) = 4; (C), (D) = 3; (E), (F) = 2. 14 Nicholas B. Fitzgerald and Jennie Whinam

A B

C D

E F

PLATE 2 Examples of King Billy Pine, Athrotaxis selaginoides, condition classes: (A), (B) = 4; (C), (D) = 3; (E), (F) = 2. Establishing a monitoring program for Tasmania’s montane conifers 15

A B

C D

E F

PLATE 3 Examples of Dwarf Pine, Diselma archeri, condition classes: (A), (B) = 4; (C), (D) = 3; (E), (F) = 2. 16 Nicholas B. Fitzgerald and Jennie Whinam

A B

C D

E F

PLATE 4 Examples of Drooping Pine, Pherosphaera hookeriana, condition classes: (A), (B) = 4; (C), (D) = 3; (E), (F) = 2. Establishing a monitoring program for Tasmania’s montane conifers 17

TABLE 1 Frequency of tree condition scores by species and site.

Species Location Condition1 Score Total 1 2 3 4 Arthrotaxis cupressoides Cradle Valley 1 21 22 Dixons Kingdom 3 24 93 120 Lake Mackenzie 16 32 48 Mickeys Creek 3 14 19 36 Mount Field 3 35 22 60 Mount Ironstone 23 13 36 Pine Lake 4 31 37 72 Total 13 144 237 382 A. selaginoides Cradle Valley 1 9 26 36 Mount Read 27 53 80 North East Ridge 1 1 7 50 59 Winter Brook 1 9 46 56 Total 1 3 52 175 231 A. Xlaxifolia Cradle Valley 2 2 Mount Read 2 2 Total 2 2 4 Diselma archeri Mount Read 14 14 Total 14 14 Total 1 16 198 428 643 1 Condition class ranges from 1 (dead) to 4 (good condition).

FIG. 3 — Condition scores for Pencil Pine individuals at Pine Lake related to trunk diameter. 18 Nicholas B. Fitzgerald and Jennie Whinam are not retained on the plant for more than a few weeks, Extreme events such as drought and heatwaves (White unlike in Athrotaxis. et al. 2010) and consequent increases in fire severity and Dwarf Pine generally exhibited good condition, with frequency (Williams et al. 2009) are likely to have more 26 out of 30 quadrats having an average condition of 4 impact on conifers than shifts in mean temperature and (fig. 4). Drooping Pine quadrats were evenly split between rainfall. Rainforest and alpine vegetation is at risk of those averaging 3 and 4. Ordination analysis (Belbin 1993) increased frequency and intensity of fire events if recent indicates that aspect and slope are the most significant trends of increased incidence of dry lightning and drier variables discriminating the two groups, with good condition conditions in western Tasmania continue (DPIPWE (Group 2, score = 4) associated with steeper slopes and more 2010). Predicting the locations of likely future climatic southwesterly aspects (fig. 5). and fire refugia for montane conifers would help inform the conservation management of these species, especially in terms of fire protection priorities. DISCUSSION In all four conifer species, both plants and are readily killed by fire. The four conifers have poor Size class distributions of conifer trees at the study sites indicate seed dispersal which limits the possibility of successful continuous or episodic regeneration for Pencil Pine with more recolonisation (Kirkpatrick & Dickinson 1984). Although episodic recruitment for King Billy Pine (Fitzgerald 2011), King Billy Pine can recolonise or regenerate after fire in which supports recruitment patterns previously reported for some circumstances, it is more commonly eliminated by these species (Cullen & Kirkpatrick 1988b, Cullen 1991). fire (Cullen 1987). Palynological profiles provide strong Long-term recruitment failure (dating back at least until evidence for local extinctions of conifer species due to the first half of the nineteenth century) of Pencil Pine on fire and in some cases reoccupation has not occurred the Central Plateau in open grassy montane rainforest has after thousands of years (Cullen & Kirkpatrick 1988a, in the past been attributed to high levels of pressure Kirkpatrick & Dickinson 1984). from wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus (Desmarest, 1817)) and Warmer temperatures are expected to increase the altitude (Oryctolagus cuniculus Linnaeus, 1758), possibly due of the treeline (Richardson & Friedland 2009), theoretically to the removal of top order predators (Cullen & Kirkpatrick resulting in subalpine forest migrating upslope. Given 1988a). However, recruitment observed during our study the longevity and slow growth of Athrotaxis, migration of at Pine Lake but not at similar habitat at Mickeys Creek Athrotaxis forest would be slow but the already established suggests that other factors may also play a role. shrubby Athrotaxis at higher altitudes would provide a Natural processes such as intraspecific competition and basis for forest development at sites previously marginal aging can influence tree condition so caution is required when for tree species, dependent on factors such as wind and interpreting tree condition and dieback. For example, at Pine snow in addition to temperature (Green 2009). Observed Lake none of the largest individuals were classified in the mortality of Snow Peppermint (Eucalyptus coccifera Hook.f.) highest condition class, probably due to natural senescence. co-occurring with Pencil Pine is likely due to severe frosts Similarly the poorest condition individuals occur in the (Cullen & Kirkpatrick 1988b), so a reduction in the severity smaller size classes and apparently reflect natural thinning. of frost might be expected to facilitate eucalypt invasion of Seasonal and interannual variations in condition and Pencil Pine woodland. phenology are natural phenomena and therefore robust long- Changes in phenology are expected in response to environ­ term datasets are needed to identify real trends. A further mental change, either through physiological responses to complication is the difficulty of meaningful assessment of environmental cues or as a response to stress. Phenological tree condition in exposed environments, where trees are deformed and defoliated by weather conditions, but may be healthy despite having features such as dead branches (or trunks), reduced crown size or bark stripped by ice storms.

FIG. 5 — Box-plots of the three most significant variables (KW = Kruskall-Wallis statistic) discriminating between two groups of plots based on condition scores for Drooping Pine. Group 1 is plots with an average condition class of 3 (representing somewhat poor condition) while Group 4 plots have an average FIG. 4 — Number of quadrats by average condition class condition class of 4 (good condition). Box represents quartiles, for shrubby conifer species, Diselma archeri, Microcachrys whiskers are the range, vertical line is median, diamond is tetragona. Pherosphaera hookeriana, and P. lawrenci. mean. An eastness value of 1 = due east while -1 = due west, Condition class ranges from 1 (dead) to 4 (good condition. similarly northness value of 1 = due north and -1 = due south. Establishing a monitoring program for Tasmania’s montane conifers 19 changes can be variable and difficult to predict within a Carpenter, R.J., Jordan, G.J., Mildenhall, D.C. & Lee, species, so long-term and geographically broad datasets D.E. 2011: Leaf fossils of the ancient Tasmanian relict are needed to determine trends (Primack et al. 2009). The Microcachrys () from New Zealand. American phenology of Athrotaxis warrants further study and it would Journal of 98: 1164–1172. Contreras-Medina, R. & Luna Vega, I. be informative to undertake annual monitoring of cone 2002: On the distribution of genera, their areas of endemism and production along with germination trials. cladistic . Australian Systematic Botany 15: Drooping Pine produces limited quantities of viable seed 193–203. with a deep physiological dormancy which may result in a Contreras-Medina, R., Morrone, J.J. & Luna Vega, I. 2001: semi-persistent soil seed bank ( 2011, James Wood, Biogeographic methods identify gymnosperm biodiversity pers. comm.). This is supported by field observations which hotspots. Naturwissenschaften 88: 427–430. suggest that seedlings are very rare and reproduction is Cullen, P.J. 1987: Regeneration patterns in populations of largely vegetative in this species (TSS 2009). Athrotaxis selaginoides D. Don. from Tasmania. Journal This survey determines the current condition status across of Biogeography 14: 39–51. the range of four conifer species, providing a baseline for Cullen, P.J. 1991: Regeneration of Athrotaxis selaginoides and other monitoring of spatial and temporal trends. Additionally, rainforest tree species on faces in Tasmania. In Banks, M.R., Smith, S.J., Orchard, A.E. & Kantvilas, G. dendrochronology undertaken on Athrotaxis species at (eds): Aspects of Tasmanian botany: a tribute to Winifred various locations provides centuries-scale data on growth Curtis. Royal Society of Tasmania, Hobart: 191–200. rates and responses to environmental change by these species Cullen, P.J. & Kirkpatrick, J.B. 1988a: The ecology of Athrotaxis (e.g., Allen et al. 2011). Long-term changes in the health of D. Don (). I. Stand structure and regeneration conifers at the stand level are likely to occur over decadal of A. cupressoides. Australian Journal of Botany 36: 547–560. scales. If climate change is a driver of health decline, the Cullen, P.J. & Kirkpatrick, J.B. 1988b: The ecology of Athrotaxis conifers may not show significant effects until a climatic D. Don (Taxodiaceae). II. The distributions and ecological threshold is reached. differentiation of A. cupressoides and A. selaginoides. 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(Accepted 7 August 2012) Establishing a monitoring program for Tasmania’s montane conifers 21 FIRE None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None HISTORY Stags, scars Stags, Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other FORM LAND- Talus slope Talus Talus slope Talus Blockstream Ridge Mid Slope Mid Mid Slope Mid Mid Slope Mid Slope Mid Slope Mid Slope Mid Slope Mid Mid Slope Mid Mid Slope Mid Mid Slope Mid Mid Slope Mid Slope Mid Mid Slope Mid Mid Slope Mid Mid Slope Mid Mid Slope Mid POSITION Lower Slope Lower Lower Slope Lower Lower Slope Lower Lower Slope Lower Lower Slope Lower Upper Slope Upper Upper Slope Upper Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Glacial till Glacial Glacial till, Glacial GEOLOGY Quartzite/Schist Quartzite/Schist Quartzite/Schist Quartzite/Schist Quartzite/Schist Quartzite/Schist Quartzite/Schist Quartzite/Schist Quartzite/Schist Quartzite/Schist RPP RPP RPP RPP RPP RPP RPP RPP RPP RPP RPP RKP RKP RKP RPW RPW RPW RPW HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH TASVEG 34 10 30 300 270 100 160 150 165 160 190 130 150 120 130 220 170 210 160 170 140 200 170 190 ASPECT 7 5 7 4 2 8 4 7 3 5 5 3 3 15 15 10 28 10 18 10 15 12 12 10 SLOPE x 1 1 x A ppendi PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m PLOT TYPE PLOT Site details for conifer monitoring plots. Site N 990 945 956 846 1233 1232 1239 1278 1280 1249 1014 1279 1266 1260 1239 1289 1177 1160 1195 1326 1305 1142 1147 1184 ELEV 5385705 5385733 5385767 5386260 5386363 5386590 5390467 5390562 5389954 5389988 5391381 5369072 5368992 5368914 5368649 5369050 5368052 5367901 5368157 5369227 5369183 5386940 5387619 5387561 NORTHING 412115 412127 412387 412159 412053 412166 413157 413164 411935 411891 412290 442547 442490 442374 442345 442828 442349 442158 442321 442301 442085 449207 449755 450197 EASTING SITE CVPP01 DKPP01 DKPP02 DKPP03 DKPP04 DKPP05 DKPP06 DKPP07 DKPP08 DKPP09 DKPP10 LMPP01 LMPP02 LMPP03 CVKB01 CVKB02 CVKB03 CVKB04 CMCH01 CMCH02 CMCH03 CMCH04 CMCH05 CMCH06 Cradle Plateau Cradle Plateau Cradle LOCATION Cradle Plateau Cradle Plateau Cradle Plateau Cradle Cradle Plateau Cradle Valley Cradle Valley Cradle Valley Cradle Valley Cradle Valley Cradle Walls of Jerusalem Walls Walls of Jerusalem Walls Walls of Jerusalem Walls Walls of Jerusalem Walls Walls of Jerusalem Walls of Jerusalem Walls Walls of Jerusalem Walls Walls of Jerusalem Walls Walls of Jerusalem Walls Walls of Jerusalem Walls Lake Mackenzie Lake Mackenzie Lake Mackenzie 22 Nicholas B. Fitzgerald and Jennie Whinam FIRE None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None HISTORY Stags, scars Stags, Stags, scars Stags, Stags, scars Stags, Stags, Scars Stags, Bog Bog Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other FORM LAND- Talus Slope Talus Talus Slope Talus Talus Slope Talus Talus Slope Talus Blockstream Flat Flat Gully Gully Ridge Ridge Ridge Mid slope Mid Mid slope Mid slope Mid slope Mid Mid slope Mid Mid slope Mid Mid slope Mid Mid slope Mid Lower slope Lower Lower slope Lower Lower slope Lower Lower slope Lower Upper slope Upper Upper slope Upper Upper slope Upper slope Upper Upper slope Upper Upper slope Upper POSITION Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Glacial till Glacial till Glacial Glacial till Glacial Glacial till Glacial Limestone Limestone Limestone Limestone Limestone GEOLOGY quartzite/schist Dolerite, glacial till, Dolerite, RPP RPP RKS RKP RKP RKP RKP RPW RPW MRR HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH RPW/ HHW HCH/ HCH/ TASVEG RPP/ HHE 0 40 45 30 20 20 20 30 30 190 150 120 140 100 270 180 280 310 310 330 355 160 180 200 ASPECT 5 4 2 5 8 6 6 1 8 7 5 3 1 5 18 15 10 14 22 30 13 25 20 25 10 SLOPE PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m PLOT TYPE PLOT N 929 925 916 930 928 780 826 892 937 1132 1230 1264 1282 1291 1258 1238 1207 1181 1095 1070 1089 1226 1210 1215 1208 ELEV 5387112 5243555 5243564 5243496 5243465 5243858 5243792 5243654 5244467 5244483 5244507 5243396 5243492 5243561 5243393 5243426 5247185 5247054 5246895 5246792 5246470 5377055 5376925 5376917 5275568 NORTHING 450079 452577 452493 452465 452420 452637 452708 452713 453262 453544 453628 455512 455542 455411 455273 455177 453963 454036 454094 454110 454329 473880 474087 474990 464485 EASTING SITE LMPP04 MCPP01 MCPP02 MCPP03 MAKB01 MAKB02 MAKB03 MAKB04 MAKB05 MFCH01 MACH01 MACH02 MACH03 MACH04 MACH05 MACH06 MACH07 MACH08 MACH09 MACH10 MACH11 MACH12 MACH13 MACH14 MACH15 Lake Mackenzie LOCATION Mount Anne Mount Anne Mount Mount Anne Mount Anne Mount Mount Anne Mount Mount Anne Mount Anne Mount Anne Mount Anne Mount Anne Mount Anne Mount Anne Mount Anne Mount Anne Mount Mount Anne Mount Mount Anne Mount Mount Anne Mount Mount Anne Mount Mount Anne Mount Mount Anne Mount Mickeys Creek Mickeys Creek Mickeys Mickeys Creek Mickeys Mount Field Mount x 1 cont. 1 x A ppendi Establishing a monitoring program for Tasmania’s montane conifers 23 FIRE None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None HISTORY stags Athrotaxis Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other FORM LAND- Talus slope Talus Talus slope Talus Talus slope Talus Blockstream Blockstream Blockstream Blockstream Flat Flat Gully Ridge Ridge Ridge Mid slope Mid Mid slope Mid Mid slope Mid Mid slope Mid slope Mid slope Mid Mid slope Mid slope Mid Lower slope Lower Lower slope Lower Lower slope Lower Lower slope Lower Lower slope Lower Upper slope Upper Upper slope Upper Upper slope Upper Upper slope Upper Upper slope Upper Upper slope Upper POSITION Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite quartzite GEOLOGY Mt Read volcanics Mt Read Mt Read volcanics Mt Read Mt Read volcanics Mt Read volcanics Mt Read volcanics Mt Read volcanics Mt Read volcanics Mt Read Mt Read volcanics, volcanics, Mt Read RPF RKF RKF RKF RKF RKP RKP RKP RPW RPW RPW RPW RPW RPW RPW RPW HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH HCH TASVEG 40 30 30 70 290 120 160 160 330 190 320 100 280 120 250 330 330 100 220 280 170 180 230 ASPECT 2 1 3 6 5 1 1 6 4 6 5 8 4 8 2 7 22 18 10 15 18 15 12 13 35 SLOPE PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m 10 x m PLOT TYPE PLOT N 892 976 910 968 963 1220 1149 1274 1274 1273 1251 1290 1242 1223 1208 1185 1149 1141 1162 1239 1229 1223 1074 1070 1099 ELEV 5275048 5276825 5274021 5273951 5273327 5273334 5274030 5274579 5274601 5275568 5275691 5276825 5276795 5276074 5366156 5383255 5383363 5383414 5366138 5365299 5366684 5365577 5366286 5366648 5367451 NORTHING 464907 463972 465834 465846 465965 465843 465567 465661 465801 464485 464384 463972 464119 463992 378708 457036 457195 457122 378569 378643 377534 378624 378961 377523 377709 EASTING SITE MIPP01 MIPP02 MIPP03 MFPP01 MFPP02 MFPP03 MFPP04 MFPP05 MRKB01 MRKB02 MRKB03 MRKB04 MRKB05 MRKB06 MFCH02 MFCH03 MFCH04 MFCH05 MFCH06 MFCH07 MFCH08 MFCH09 MFCH10 MRCH01 MRCH02 Mount Field Mount Field Mount LOCATION Mount Field Mount Mount Field Mount Mount Field Mount Mount Field Mount Field Mount Mount Field Mount Mount Field Mount Field Mount Mount Field Mount Field Mount Mount Field Mount Mount Field Mount Mount Ironstone Mount Ironstone Mount Ironstone Mount Read Mount Mount Read Mount Mount Read Mount Mount Read Mount Read Mount Read Mount Read Mount Read Mount x 1 cont. 1 x A ppendi 24 Nicholas B. Fitzgerald and Jennie Whinam FIRE None None None None None None None None None None None HISTORY Stags, scars Stags, Stags, Scars Stags, stags Athrotaxis stags Athrotaxis Bog Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other FORM LAND- Blockstream Blockstream Blockstream Blockstream Blockstream Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Mid Slope Mid Mid Slope Mid Mid Slope Mid Mid Slope Mid Mid Slope Mid Mid Slope Mid Mid Slope Mid Lower slope Lower Upper slope Upper POSITION Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite GEOLOGY Conglomerate Conglomerate Conglomerate Conglomerate Conglomerate Conglomerate Mt Read volcanics Mt Read volcanics Mt Read SRI RPP RPP RKP RKP RKP RKP RKP RKP RKP RML RPW RPW RPW RPW TASVEG 0 10 95 80 50 40 70 298 270 290 110 110 310 320 350 ASPECT 0 2 2 3 4 8 2 8 7 0 18 35 18 15 30 SLOPE PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ PCQ 50 x 2 m PLOT TYPE PLOT N 910 947 967 839 807 743 707 705 621 1195 1185 1196 1198 1203 1195 ELEV 5349114 5367316 5367335 5378439 5378308 5379090 5378989 5378880 5378764 5410168 5410204 5410251 5410445 5410467 5411600 NORTHING 447397 377590 377672 475472 475749 475029 474947 474817 475044 414091 414241 414565 414769 414813 416157 EASTING SITE PLPP01 PLPP02 PLPP03 PLPP04 PLPP05 PLPP06 MRKB07 MRKB08 WBKB01 WBKB02 WBKB03 WBKB04 WBKB05 WBKB06 NRCH01 Nive River Nive Mount Read Mount Read Mount LOCATION Pine Lake Pine Pine Lake Pine Pine Lake Pine Pine Lake Pine Pine Lake Pine Pine Lake Pine Winterbrook Winterbrook Winterbrook Winterbrook Winterbrook Winterbrook x 1 cont. 1 x A ppendi