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“The Imperfect Enjoyment” and Aphra Be THE MASTER AND THE MACHINE: APPLYING THE PERCEPTION OF MIND AND BODY TO ROCHESTER’S “THE IMPERFECT ENJOYMENT” AND APHRA BEHN’S “THE DISAPPOINTMENT” AND OROONOKO Thesis Submitted to The College of Arts and Sciences of the UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Master of Arts in English By Lynn Marie Roesch UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON Dayton, Ohio May 2017 THE MASTER AND THE MACHINE: APPLYING THE PERCEPTION OF MIND AND BODY TO ROCHESTER’S “THE IMPERFECT ENJOYMENT” AND APHRA BEHN’S “THE DISAPPOINTMENT” AND OROONOKO Name: Roesch, Lynn Marie APPROVED BY: _______________________________________________ Elizabeth A. Mackay, Ph.D. Thesis Advisor Assistant Professor of English at The University of Dayton _______________________________________________ Rebecca C. Potter, Ph.D. Faculty Reader Associate Professor of English at The University of Dayton _______________________________________________ Cynthia D. Richards, Ph.D. Faculty Reader Professor of English at Wittenberg University ii © Copyright by Lynn Marie Roesch All rights reserved 2017 iii ABSTRACT THE MASTER AND THE MACHINE: APPLYING THE PERCEPTION OF MIND AND BODY TO ROCHESTER’S “THE IMPERFECT ENJOYMENT” AND APHRA BEHN’S “THE DISAPPOINTMENT” AND OROONOKO Name: Roesch, Lynn Marie University of Dayton Advisor: Dr. Elizabeth Ann Mackay When applying the relationship between the mind and the body to the literature of John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester and Aphra Behn, a relationship forms between a master and a machine. In this case, the master is the mind, and the machine is the body. I argue that using this application with Rochester’s “The Imperfect Enjoyment,” and Behn’s “The Disappointment” and Oroonoko, relationships between the self and others become more difficult and complex. When connecting the theory of the mind/body split to Rochester, the outer relationship between the mind and body is displayed. However, when moving on to Behn’s writings, she corrects the Imperfect Enjoyment genre by turning the relationship inward. In this paper, I also argue that a new reading of the novel Oroonoko should be one which places it within the Imperfect Enjoyment genre. In this novel, Oronooko displays scenes of Imperfect Enjoyment within himself in not being able to kill himself and in his response to his slave master torturing him. iv Dedicated to my husband, Moose, who gave me the opportunity to follow my dream. Without his amazing ability to keep everyone together during these two years of insanity, this accomplishment would not be possible. Thank you also to my children, Jack and Allison, for dealing with my long hours both at school and at home. I am very blessed and grateful to each of them. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My special thanks to Dr. Elizabeth Mackay, my advisor, for providing me with the tools to create a piece of work that I am truly proud of. Thank you for all of the time and effort you put in to giving me amazing feedback and support. I could not have done this without you. I would also like to thank Dr. Cynthia Richards for inspiring me to take on this topic and make it my own. You are an amazing instructor, and I am forever in your debt for providing a learning experience that pushed me to a place I did not realize was possible. Special thanks also go to Dr. Rebecca Potter for agreeing to be one of my reading advisors for this thesis. Thank you for all of your time. Huge thanks go to my TA Advisor, Dr. Bryan Bardine, whose continued encouragement over the past two years has been unmatched. Thank you for allowing me to come to your office to laugh and to cry. You have been an amazing mentor. I’m sure you will miss Amanda and me just standing in your door, waiting for you to look up and invite us in. I know that I will. Finally, I want to thank my TA buddy, Amanda Reed, for being a true friend and confidant these past two years. I will miss being able to yell across the hall to find out an answer to something or to make you laugh. Good luck to you in your next journey. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………...….………...iv DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………...…...…...v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………...….vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION……………………………………………...........….1 CHAPTER II MEDICINE AND PHILOSOPHY IN THE SEVENTEENTH-AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES ……………….……….……..………….5 CHAPTER III HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF IMPERFECT ENJOYMENT GENRE……….…………………………………………………..….….9 CHAPTER IV ROCHESTER’S “THE IMPERFECT ENJOYMENT………….….….11 CHAPTER V BEHN IMITATES ROCHESTER…………………………….………15 CHAPTER VI OROONOKO AS MASTER, MACHINE, AND SLAVE………….....20 CHAPTER VII CONCLUSION………………………………………………….…….32 WORKS CITED.......................................................................................................…....35 vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The Restoration period caused much turmoil and chaos spiritually, politically, and philosophically. Aristotle and John Locke’s views of how the inner workings of the human body were being challenged and corrected by philosophers like Thomas Hobbes and Rene Descartes.1 The body spirits that were once thought to help make the body work and the biles that cause illnesses could be explained by science. Rather than seeing the body as a whole entity, it began being seen as a body with a mind, a mind that could think and choose. Even though the body began to be altered by philosophy and science, philosophers maintained that the soul still exists. Politically, kings were being ousted, wars were ongoing, and the writers of the time were caught up in all of it. An openness to discussing the body and the pleasure it could bring began with the libertine thinking and appeared in the poems during this time. A revival in Lucretian poetry arrived when Thomas Creech translated into English Titus Lucretius Carus’ poem “On the Nature of Things.”2 From there, more translations by Lucy Hutchinson, John Evelyn, and John Wilmot, the Earl of Rochester occurred and began to be interpreted and translated into a new genre called the “Imperfect Enjoyment” 1 Thomas Hobbes. Levianthan. Ed. J.C.A. Gaskin (1651: New York: Oxford University Press, 2008). Rene Descartes is the father of modern philosophy. 2 Thomas Creech translated Lucretius into verse in 1682. Titus Lucretius Carus was a Roman poet and philosopher. 1 genre.3 The group contained few authors but all were connected by their interpretations and responses to each other’s work. John Wilmot, the Earl of Rochester remained the biggest poet in the genre. He created the “Imperfect Enjoyment” poems whose male speaker searches for sex but in the end fails to perform. The performance malfunction exhibited the body being used as a machine, capable of breaking down for many reasons. Although the mind was at play, it was unable to keep the machine functioning. While using Rochester’s “The Imperfect Enjoyment” poem as a tool, I apply the philosophy of the mind and body working together to create movement and expression. In stating that the body is a machine and the mind its master, the poem becomes an example of the mind and body dichotomy and questions who really is in control. As the genre moves throughout time, the poems become more complex to relate to the chaos of the outside world. Aphra Behn takes the poems at this point and adds more speakers, allowing for choices and unfulfilled desires from both sexes. In Behn’s poem, “The Disappointment,” we see the woman take the role of the mind, the master, as she plays with the body, or machine, of the male speaker. As seen in Rochester’s poem, both personas remain unsatisfied. An extension of the Imperfect Enjoyment genre’s complexity is also seen in the relationship between two bodies rather than one, setting up the question of who gets to be the master and who remains the machine. While in “The Disappointment,” Behn extends the boundaries of “Imperfect Enjoyment” poetry and also applies it to scenes in her novel, Oroonoko, where the character Oroonoko has his own mind and body as well as a real slave master. Although other critics have ignored Oroonoko as an Imperfect Enjoyment genre text, I argue that using the lens of the mind 3 Lucy Hutchinson was the first person to translate De rerum natura by Lucretius into English. John Evelyn was a seventeenth century writer and diarist. 2 and body dichotomy to read the novel adds an element of depth to the already complex text. This paper will apply the philosophy of the mind controlling the body to the literature of the times. Scholars such as Amelia Precup and Hannah Lavery have connected the “Imperfect Enjoyment” poems to the historical actions of England under King Charles II; however none directly use the medicine of the eighteenth-century to do the same thing. Ultimately, the philosophical mind/body split not only applies to the inner human being but also to the perception of the outer sense of body as seen in literature such as Rochester’s poem “The Imperfect Enjoyment,” Behn’s poem “The Disappointment,” and her novel Oroonoko. These texts not only can be read as reflecting the more libertine attitudes of the times but as a movement in philosophy, changing the mind/body thought into the master/machine hierarchy. In rereading Rochester’s poem “The Imperfect Enjoyment” with the master/machine understanding, the movements of the characters become more purposeful and the action between the personas engages in a whole new process of thinking. The reader can not only enjoy the poem at face value but also understand the underlying workings of the body as the personas try to please each other. In Behn’s poem “The Disappointment,” the master and machine insight engages two personas rather than Rochester’s one, extending the Imperfect Enjoyment texts to more intricacy. Reading these poems through this lens causes sex to be more than just an action; sex becomes a complex process of the mind and body working together to get all of the parts to engage at once.
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